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688:) and shape-shifting sorcerers turning into animals such as owls or bears "to torture their enemies" are widespread in French-Canadian legends. The presence of demons and priests in many French-Canadian legends attests to the dominant presence of the Catholic church and its rituals in everyday life in New France and
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were one culture with a strict belief in this regard: "During the summer, no stories founded on fiction were ever told; the
Indigenous peoples believing that if any 'fairy' tales were told during that season when they were supposed to use their time to best advantage, the narrator would have his life
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It is very difficult for a stranger to rightly understand the morals of their stories And when you have learned all that language can convey, there are still a thousand images, suggestions and associations recurring to the Indian, which can strike no chord in your heart. The myriad voices of nature
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of the island gave them a "distinctive
Newfoundland flavour". As elsewhere where Jack stories are told, the Jack of Newfoundland lore is "lazy or mischievous, but he is nearly always resourceful when faced with adversity", as when he confronts giants or ghosts. Local folk music and Irish folk music
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or "by custom or practice". It includes songs, legends, jokes, rhymes, proverbs, weather lore, superstitions, and practices such as traditional food-making and craft-making. The largest bodies of folklore in Canada belong to the aboriginal and French-Canadian cultures. English-Canadian folklore and
887:. The family was at the centre of allegations of a crime spree, that ended with a massacre at the hands of a mob. Thomas P. Kelly wrote a popular book on the Black Donnellys in the 1950s, and the story of the family has been retold and fictionalized ever since.
771:. Each group brought their own traditions and created new folklore in their new homeland. In the generations since the early settlers, waves of immigrants have come to Canada from around the world, adding their own folklore to the country's mix.
774:
Oral traditions in Canada mainly have a regional or community-based identity. This has been influenced by Canada's vast geography and early settlement patterns. Folklorists have often focused on specific regional or ethnic communities, as with
532:, a "celestial being", explain the creation of the sun. The Haida word for Raven means "the one who is going to order things", and it was Raven who established the laws of nature and was present when people were first created.
417:
wrote in 1874 that creation myths and myths explaining the origin of sacred ceremonies, "were, in a certain sense, articles of religion and were handed down with scrupulous exactness." As one Native chief explained,
732:) was long celebrated at the end of the Christmas season in both Quebec and in Acadian communities. Food was central to the celebration. It was traditional to use up the remains of the year's wheat harvest by making
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in the 1860s. According to the legend, the logger murdered a camp cook for his money. It has been claimed that eerie screams and howls have been heard in the woods near the
Dungarvon River ever since.
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traditions. Even 19th century folklorists collecting and attempting to translate
Indigenous oral literature recognized the immense challenge of bridging the culture gap.
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406:, often understood to mean "common, uneducated people mostly in villages or rural communities". This definition falls short of capturing the formal aspect of many
1936:
543:, by Muskrat and Turtle. Myths about the origins of landscape features, such as mountains and rivers, are common in several Indigenous peoples oral traditions.
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can vary. Large language families can include Native cultures in geographically distant areas, for example, the
Algonquian language family includes the
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tales, often had French-Canadian origins, but were hugely popular among the itinerant lumberjacks of
Ontario and the northern United States as well.
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711:(songs) they created to help them paddle in unison when canoeing and to build morale. Folksongs and tall tales were part of the festivities at the
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402:, who coined the term in 1846 to refer to "manners, customs of the olden times". The study of folklore grew out of the European concept of
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folklore has several points of origin, due to the various settler groups that came to the country from
England, Scotland, Ireland, and as
1876:
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1986:
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The music and folklore of
Newfoundland's people are influenced by their ancestors, settlers who mainly came from south east Ireland (
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1911:
839:). The folk stories of Newfoundland can sometimes be traced back to Ireland and Great Britain, as with the stock character
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740:. The round, golden shapes alluded to the sun, the coming of Spring, and the full circle of the annual harvest cycle.
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Supernatural beings are prominent in many myths about the origin of places, animals, and other natural phenomena.
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era) provide more examples of folk heroes based on real historical people. These include the stories told about
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Ghost stories figure prominently in the folklore of the
Atlantic provinces. One example is the story of the
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has been much studied. Folklore traditions brought from
Central and Eastern Europe have survived in
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Some popular folklore in Canada involves lore connected with actual historical people, such as the "
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Among many Native cultures, "storytelling" was normally restricted to the long winter evenings. The
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peoples. Supernatural experiences by ordinary mortals are found in other myths. For example, the
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is the traditional material that Canadians pass down from generation to generation, either as
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Out of the Northwoods: The Many Lives of Paul Bunyan, With More Than 100 Logging Camp Tales
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The folklore of French Canada includes some rituals associated with Church holidays. The
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Point Park College; Pennsylvania Folklore Society; Lycoming College (1956). "Folklore".
386:. The collection and study of Indigenous peoples mythology and folklore is done through
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Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 [M - Z]: A Multicultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1
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folklore has its roots in the folklore of France, with some stock characters such as
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Folk tales about the adventurers in northern Canada (particularly about the Yukon's
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Among the later immigrant groups to Canada, the folklore of settlers in the western
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650:. The earliest French-Canadian folksong celebrates the adventures of Jean Cadieux.
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Terry Culbert's Lucan: Home of the Donnellys : Linger Longer in Lovely Lucan
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Indigenization of Language in the African Francophone Novel: A New Literary Canon
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Lumberjack heroes are one genre of Canadian folklore that spread throughout the
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have myths explaining the first corn and the first robin, triggered by a boy's
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character. Other popular heroes of French-Canadian folklore were created in
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are sometimes collected and studied according to language families, such as
2719:
2150:
2077:
1037:- integrate Canadian history, folklore and myths into dramatic storylines.
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the folklore of recent immigrant groups have added to the country's folk.
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storytellers transformed a real historical figure, the Quebec lumberjack
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region. The lumberjack tall tales, some of which later became popular as
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579:
411:
1881:
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578:. Some myths explain the origins of sacred rituals or objects, such as
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1565:. UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization. 1998. p. 75.
520:
Some broad themes can be identified in Indigenous Canadian mythology.
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Of Kings and Fools: Stories of the French Tradition in North America
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843:. The retelling of these stories over generations in the isolated
653:
504:, showing part of a Haida creation myth. The Raven represents the
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A recent folk tradition that adapts a custom from France is the
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465:
Classification schemes for indigenous languages of the Americas
378:
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sea-songs and ballads, or the many studies of the folklore of
3014:
2103:
1008:
told tall tales about colourful Klondike characters, such as
836:
737:
733:
476:
423:
are dumb to you, but to them they are full of life and power.
663:(The Flying Canoe), a popular French-Canadian folktale. The
428:
1805:
848:
remain popular in Newfoundland, as well as throughout the
1810:
1563:
Forum Mondial UNESCO-OMPI Sur la Protection Du Folklore
524:
are among the most sacred to many Indigenous cultures.
2982:
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music is a recognizable part of the regional culture.
508:
figure common to many mythologies. The work is in the
432:
destroyed by the lizard, which would suck his blood."
374:
Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of North America
1177:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. p. xii-xiii.
596:, or mythical beasts, exist in some Native folklore.
367:
1746:
1539:
Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literature in English
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1433:
906:. Mufferaw was based on the exploits of lumberjack
1402:
1344:
1311:
1278:
1199:
1170:
1141:
1148:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. p. x-xi.
4074:
1094:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. 9.
1069:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. 8.
1701:. GeneralStore PublishingHouse. pp. 55–6.
1375:
1251:
1206:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. p. xi.
747:parade of Acadia, similar to France's Medieval
2968:
1826:
337:
1726:. Wisconsin Historical Society. p. 55.
1380:. University of Toronto Press. p. 391.
1318:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. pp.
1285:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. pp.
754:
539:describes the creation of North America, or
611:
2975:
2961:
1897:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)
1833:
1819:
1649:Ghost Stories of Newfoundland and Labrador
1619:Simpson, Jacqueline; Stephen Roud (2000).
344:
330:
1046:Persons of National Historic Significance
1252:Philip, Neil; Wilkinson, Philip (2007).
1030:Events of National Historic Significance
889:
794:
707:has been much studied, particularly the
652:
490:
377:
2369:
1721:
1696:
1671:
1642:
1640:
1409:. University of Chicago Press. p.
1114:
984:, and other communities of the region.
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1806:Community Folk Art Council of Toronto
1623:. Oxford University Press. p. J.
1594:. Athabasca University Press. p.
1536:
1400:
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558:mythology (part of the larger body of
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2599:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations
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1168:
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863:, a tale involving a logger from the
790:
639:, such as the exploits of the hunter
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1590:Contexts of Canadian Popular Culture
959:
486:
2872:Topics by provinces and territories
1505:
934:". Other lumberjack heroes include
13:
2984:Ethnic origins of people in Canada
1754:American Folklore: An Encyclopedia
1477:American Folklore: An Encyclopedia
1441:American Folklore: An Encyclopedia
987:
779:'s work recording and documenting
398:were created by Europeans such as
37:
14:
4099:
1799:
1041:National Historic Sites of Canada
874:
368:Indigenous folklore and mythology
2935:
2934:
2922:
1621:A Dictionary of English Folklore
1378:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
1254:Eyewitness Companions: Mythology
311:
1957:Former colonies and territories
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1665:
1612:
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1310:Clark, Ella Elizabeth (1987) .
1303:
1277:Clark, Ella Elizabeth (1987) .
1198:Clark, Ella Elizabeth (1987) .
1169:Clark, Ella Elizabeth (1987) .
1140:Clark, Ella Elizabeth (1987) .
560:Anishinaabe traditional beliefs
1892:Post-Confederation (1867–1914)
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1220:
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1162:
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514:University of British Columbia
1:
1672:Colombo, John Robert (2000).
1376:Paul R. Magosci, ed. (1999).
1231:. Pustak Mahal. p. 114.
1051:
894:A wooden statue of folk hero
715:(evening gatherings) held in
537:Northeastern Woodlands tribes
382:Indigenous language families
1227:Mittal, Nemi Sharan (1993).
7:
1937:Crown and Indigenous people
1785:Keystone Folklore Quarterly
1401:Dorson, Richard M. (1977).
1023:
535:One creation myth from the
394:The classic definitions of
10:
4104:
3324:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
2827:Provincial and territorial
2750:Inventions and discoveries
1887:British Canada (1763–1867)
1840:
1541:. Routledge. p. 518.
1119:. Peter Lang. p. 56.
1115:Vakunta, Peter W. (2011).
1017:The Shooting of Dan McGrew
1011:The Cremation of Sam McGee
930:, into "Joe Muffreau" or "
815:is a recognizable part of
769:American Revolutionary War
615:
371:
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2014:
1920:
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1722:Edmonds, Michael (2010).
1004:). Verse ballads by poet
755:English-Canadian folklore
1351:. august house. p.
1343:Parent, Michael (1996).
1314:Indian Legends of Canada
1281:Indian Legends of Canada
1256:. Penguin. p. 279.
1229:World-Famous Mythologies
1202:Indian Legends of Canada
1173:Indian Legends of Canada
1144:Indian Legends of Canada
869:Miramichi, New Brunswick
612:French-Canadian folklore
435:Indigenous folklore and
3797:Nordic and Scandinavian
1987:Persons of significance
1982:National Historic Sites
1697:Culbert, Terry (2005).
1676:. Dundurn. p. 46.
1674:Ghost Stories of Canada
1651:. Dundurn. p. 57.
1537:Benson, Eugene (2004).
1506:Roy, Christian (2005).
501:Raven and the First Men
1882:New France (1534–1763)
1647:Butts, Edward (2010).
1090:Fowke, Edith (1992) .
1065:Fowke, Edith (1992) .
953:The Log Driver's Waltz
911:
820:
799:The Big Fiddle of the
678:
608:are popular examples.
517:
510:Museum of Anthropology
425:
391:
42:
2094:Northwest Territories
1997:Territorial evolution
1758:. Routledge. p.
1481:. Routledge. p.
1445:. Routledge. p.
1000:and "Klondike Kate" (
893:
845:Newfoundland outports
798:
673:were featured in the
656:
616:Further information:
554:" spirit and hero of
494:
420:
381:
41:
2068:Prince Edward Island
1791:. Simon Bronner: 56.
1586:Beaty, Bart (2010).
1512:. ABC-CLIO. p.
695:The folklore of the
600:, or Sasquatch, the
4088:Folklore by country
2423:Firearms regulation
1748:Jan Harold Brunvand
1471:Jan Harold Brunvand
1435:Jan Harold Brunvand
950:being the focus of
3027:Canadian ethnicity
2604:Population centres
1092:Folklore of Canada
1067:Folklore of Canada
994:Klondike Gold Rush
928:Joseph Montferrand
912:
908:Joseph Montferrand
850:Maritime provinces
821:
791:Atlantic provinces
679:
675:folklore of Quebec
618:Folklore of Quebec
518:
473:Maritime provinces
471:of the modern-day
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2146:Pacific Northwest
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2010:
2009:
1967:Foreign relations
1405:American Folklore
1002:Kathleen Rockwell
966:Canadian Prairies
960:Canadian Prairies
883:", a family from
861:Dungarvon Whooper
660:La chasse-galerie
487:Themes and genres
388:language families
357:Canadian folklore
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318:Canada portal
31:Culture of Canada
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3848:Southeast Europe
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2314:House of Commons
2298:Governor General
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1080:
1062:
1035:Heritage Minutes
932:Big Joe Mufferaw
896:Big Joe Mufferaw
761:English-Canadian
698:coureur des bois
666:coureur des bois
346:
339:
332:
316:
315:
314:
100:Multiculturalism
18:
17:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4097:
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4094:
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4092:
4073:
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3909:Southern Europe
3904:
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3790:Northern Europe
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3196:Southern Africa
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3076:Irish Canadians
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2692:Social programs
2658:Law enforcement
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2192:Atlantic Canada
2170:Canadian Shield
2165:Northern Canada
2132:
2131:
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2082:
2018:and territories
2017:
2006:
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962:
944:Napoleon La Rue
881:Black Donnellys
877:
865:Dungarvon River
854:Canadian fiddle
831:) and England (
813:Canadian fiddle
793:
777:Helen Creighton
757:
726:Temps des fĂŞtes
623:French-Canadian
620:
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489:
475:as well as the
384:north of Mexico
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3178:
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3100:
3099:Horn of Africa
3093:
3087:
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3081:Black Loyalist
3078:
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3071:Newfoundlander
3068:
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3066:
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2893:Historiography
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2609:Municipalities
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2521:Transportation
2518:
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2506:Stock exchange
2503:
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2474:Communications
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2320:Prime Minister
2317:
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2241:National Parks
2238:
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2201:
2200:
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2187:Eastern Canada
2184:
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2175:Central Canada
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2141:Western Canada
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2020:
2012:
2011:
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2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
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1934:
1932:Constitutional
1928:
1926:
1918:
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1914:
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1800:External links
1798:
1795:
1794:
1775:
1768:
1750:, ed. (1998).
1739:
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1707:
1689:
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1473:, ed. (1998).
1462:
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1006:Robert Service
989:
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958:
936:Julius Neville
885:Lucan, Ontario
876:
875:Central Canada
873:
825:County Wexford
792:
789:
767:following the
756:
753:
613:
610:
522:Creation myths
488:
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479:people of the
463:, and others.
372:Main article:
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24:
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16:
4030:Luxembourger
3981:Scotch-Irish
3507:Anglo-Indian
3402:Central Asia
3319:Puerto Rican
3125:North Africa
2939:
2920:
2888:Bibliography
2810:Coat of arms
2794:
2734:
2715:Architecture
2685:Homelessness
2536:Demographics
2455:Floriculture
2391:Human rights
2370:
2359:Peacekeeping
2288:Constitution
2210:
2151:Great Plains
2126:
2078:Saskatchewan
1921:
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696:
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681:
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664:
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648:Jean Cadieux
644:
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621:
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580:sweat lodges
545:
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519:
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481:Ottawa River
434:
426:
421:
415:Horatio Hale
412:Ethnographer
393:
356:
355:
279:Bibliography
241:Peacekeeping
147:Architecture
69:
15:
3885:Montenegrin
3664:Azerbaijani
3632:Palestinian
3584:Singaporean
3497:Bangladeshi
3217:West Africa
3175:East Africa
2770:Individuals
2578:2021 Census
2563:Immigration
2445:Agriculture
2406:Transgender
2246:Great Lakes
2226:Earthquakes
2180:Great Lakes
2087:Territories
2058:Nova Scotia
1977:Monarchical
1962:Immigration
948:log driving
920:Paul Bunyan
916:Great Lakes
829:County Cork
809:Nova Scotia
781:Nova Scotia
526:Haida myths
229:Video games
85:Immigration
4077:Categories
4052:Australian
3926:Portuguese
3880:Macedonian
3839:Lithuanian
3771:Belarusian
3594:Vietnamese
3569:Indonesian
3541:Sri Lankan
3489:South Asia
3380:Venezuelan
3370:Salvadoran
3360:Guatemalan
3208:Zimbabwean
2998:Indigenous
2898:Historians
2755:Literature
2668:Corruption
2651:Euthanasia
2641:Healthcare
2583:Population
2305:Parliament
2275:Government
1912:since 1982
1329:0771021216
1322:, 55, 63.
1296:0771021216
1213:0771021216
1184:0771021216
1155:0771021216
1101:0771032048
1076:0771032048
1052:References
998:Sam Steele
974:Lithuanian
745:Tintamarre
686:werewolves
682:Loup-garou
643:, and the
637:New France
586:, and the
445:Athabaskan
441:Algonquian
408:Indigenous
288:Historians
219:Newspapers
209:Television
194:Literature
4018:Québécois
3865:Bulgarian
3817:Norwegian
3812:Icelandic
3781:Ukrainian
3750:Slovenian
3735:Hungarian
3622:Jordanian
3604:West Asia
3579:Malaysian
3559:Cambodian
3524:Pakistani
3474:Taiwanese
3469:Mongolian
3452:Hong Kong
3439:East Asia
3375:Uruguayan
3355:Colombian
3345:Brazilian
3340:Argentine
3299:Dominican
3289:Barbadian
3282:Caribbean
3111:Ethiopian
3042:Québécois
2673:Terrorism
2629:Education
2568:Languages
2556:Ethnicity
2551:Canadians
2499:Petroleum
2479:Companies
2381:Elections
2261:Volcanism
2236:Mountains
2118:Geography
2026:Provinces
2016:Provinces
1947:Etymology
1907:1960–1981
1902:1945–1960
1860:Year list
982:Mennonite
978:Doukhobor
970:Ukrainian
940:Louis Cyr
765:Loyalists
749:Charivari
730:Candlemas
704:voyageurs
670:voyageurs
588:sun dance
552:trickster
548:Nanabozho
506:Trickster
496:Bill Reid
449:Iroquoian
437:mythology
179:Festivals
95:Languages
63:Ethnicity
58:Canadians
4057:Hawaiian
4008:Acadians
3986:Scottish
3900:Yugoslav
3890:Romanian
3870:Croatian
3855:Albanian
3829:Estonian
3720:Austrian
3659:Assyrian
3654:Armenian
3627:Lebanese
3564:Filipino
3459:Japanese
3365:Peruvian
3314:Jamaican
3304:Guyanese
3268:American
3254:Americas
3229:Nigerian
3224:Ghanaian
3187:Sudanese
3164:Egyptian
3152:Tunisian
3147:Moroccan
3137:Algerian
3106:Eritrean
3059:Scottish
3037:Acadians
2941:Category
2881:Research
2855:Contents
2837:Heraldic
2745:Identity
2740:Holidays
2735:Folklore
2646:Abortion
2573:Religion
2511:Taxation
2418:Cannabis
2396:Intersex
2372:Politics
2344:Military
2256:Wildlife
2043:Manitoba
1972:Military
1942:Economic
1867:timeline
1024:See also
852:, where
819:culture.
817:Maritime
718:habitant
713:veillées
709:chansons
645:voyageur
633:everyman
594:Cryptids
572:Chippewa
568:Wabanaki
564:Glooscap
550:is the "
483:region.
457:Salishan
396:folklore
273:Research
251:Religion
246:Politics
224:Internet
90:Holidays
80:Identity
70:Folklore
23:a series
21:Part of
4044:Oceania
3976:English
3971:Cornish
3966:British
3959:Flemish
3954:Belgian
3931:Spanish
3921:Maltese
3916:Italian
3895:Serbian
3860:Bosnian
3834:Latvian
3822:Swedish
3807:Finnish
3776:Russian
3691:Turkish
3686:Kurdish
3679:Israeli
3669:Iranian
3574:Laotian
3529:Punjabi
3479:Tibetan
3447:Chinese
3350:Chilean
3309:Haitian
3273:Mexican
3054:English
3049:British
3008:by band
2908:Surveys
2903:Studies
2867:Outline
2842:Tartans
2796:Symbols
2785:Theatre
2730:Cuisine
2707:Culture
2680:Poverty
2622:Society
2516:Tourism
2489:Fishing
2462:Banking
2437:Economy
2293:Monarch
2231:Islands
2128:Regions
2099:Nunavut
2063:Ontario
2033:Alberta
1850:History
904:Ontario
900:Mattawa
801:Ceilidh
628:Ti-Jean
606:Ogopogo
602:Wendigo
598:Bigfoot
528:of the
512:at the
469:M'igmaw
453:Kutenai
298:Surveys
293:Studies
261:Theatre
174:Cuisine
105:Symbols
51:History
4013:Breton
4003:French
3936:Basque
3802:Danish
3745:Slovak
3740:Polish
3730:German
3705:Europe
3674:Jewish
3647:Yemeni
3642:Syrian
3536:Romani
3519:Nepali
3502:Indian
3464:Korean
3414:Kazakh
3409:Afghan
3239:Yoruba
3159:Coptic
3142:Libyan
3132:Berber
3116:Somali
3091:Africa
2991:Canada
2805:Anthem
2780:Sports
2725:Cinema
2697:Values
2544:Topics
2484:Energy
2467:Dollar
2332:Courts
2309:Senate
2251:Rivers
2221:Cities
2212:Topics
2073:Quebec
1992:Racism
1923:Topics
1842:Canada
1766:
1730:
1705:
1680:
1655:
1627:
1602:
1569:
1545:
1520:
1489:
1453:
1417:
1384:
1359:
1326:
1293:
1260:
1235:
1210:
1181:
1152:
1123:
1098:
1073:
942:, and
833:Dorset
805:Sydney
759:Early
738:donuts
734:crepes
690:Acadia
641:Dalbec
631:, the
604:, and
584:wampum
576:vision
556:Ojibwa
461:Siouan
256:Sports
204:Cinema
184:Humour
162:Quebec
157:Comics
140:Topics
127:Values
25:on the
4025:Irish
3998:Dutch
3991:Welsh
3875:Greek
3755:Swiss
3725:Czech
3637:Saudi
3617:Iraqi
3512:Tamil
3429:Uzbek
3424:Tatar
3419:Tajik
3294:Cuban
3064:Welsh
3020:MĂ©tis
3015:Inuit
2862:Index
2832:Royal
2765:Media
2760:Music
2663:Crime
2592:Lists
2104:Yukon
2002:Women
867:near
837:Devon
530:Raven
477:Odawa
236:Music
214:Radio
199:Media
169:Crime
122:Women
110:Royal
3612:Arab
3589:Thai
3394:Asia
3234:Igbo
2820:List
2815:Flag
2401:LGBT
2325:list
1764:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1287:44–7
1258:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1014:and
841:Jack
701:and
429:Cree
404:folk
2720:Art
2494:Oil
2283:Law
1789:1–3
1760:242
1596:305
1483:643
1447:634
1411:137
1353:193
898:in
803:in
736:or
562:).
189:Law
152:Art
4079::
1787:.
1762:.
1639:^
1598:.
1516:.
1514:44
1485:.
1449:.
1413:.
1355:.
1320:59
1289:.
980:,
976:,
972:,
956:.
938:,
902:,
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811:.
807:,
787:.
692:.
590:.
582:,
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2307:(
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1526:.
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1390:.
1365:.
1332:.
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1266:.
1241:.
1216:.
1187:.
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1129:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
