913:
46:
396:, color and arrangement of buds is useful for identification. The production and appearance of pseudohyphae and blastoconidia may also be useful for identification. Physiological profiles relating to carbon and nitrogen utilization are of value in determining species, as are the presence certain distinctive biochemical features. Increasingly, molecular genetic methods such as DNA sequencing are used as primary tools for the accurate determination of species identifications in this group.
405:
33:
825:
arthroconidia presence, and capsule presence are all important to take into account. If the species are grown using any type of the medium mentioned, the transportation of specimens for testing should be completed in less than two hours. If there is any delay, the samples should be stored at 37 °C with the exception of contaminated specimens that need be stored in 4 °C.
1162:
and isavuconazole. Voriconazole is a new generation from fluconazole with a higher potential of broad spectrum activity. All of the mentioned treatments and drug therapies can also be applied onto neonates and premature newborns taking into account the amount of recommended dose. Although there are
1071:
is high, ranging from 40% to 70%. Risk factors that contribute to the high rate are leukemia, anti-neoplastic chemotherapy, previous neutropenia, central venous catheters, long stay on intensive care and total parenteral nutrition. Although children infections are not as common seen as in adults,
311:
as a sole carbon source. Although there are 200 species identified in this genus, the taxonomy remains undefined and incomplete due to several reasons such as changing the words for some representations, the finding of new species and the reclassification of identified old species. This genus no
824:
per mL to limit bacterial growth and contamination. When the medium is ready, it is optional to add supplement to help and optimize specimen growth. After the growth, features examination including shape, size, bud arrangement, cell wall thickness, temperature of growth, pseudohyphae presence,
837:
is one of the most common colonizer and pathogen causing human disease, especially found on human skin, in the gastrointestinal tract and also in female genitourinary tract. It can be transmitted between health-care workers and patients, especially in environments such as hospitals.
875:
to fully enter and cause infection in the host, it needs some helpers. First, once it is attached onto the host tissues, extracellular enzymes called the proteases will be produced to facilitate the penetration of the pathogen and allow it to interfere with the host defense system.
1046:
colonization is favoured in the gastrointestinal tract; a common risk factor for individuals that are susceptible for invasive candidiasis development. Candidemia is a worldwide bloodstream disease mainly affecting peripheral organs in humans. Usually, candidemia caused by
1037:
and diaper rash, subject is likely to have cutaneous candidiasis. Otherwise, if an infection involves body fluid and internal organs damages, subject will experience pulmonary candidiasis, invasive and disseminated candidiasis, gastrointestinal candidiasis and
980:
is a normal flora which is found on the skin and nails on approximately 10% of the patients. Superficial and localized mucosal infections are mostly reported with a higher risk factor when combined with other diseases found in a patient. Patients with
1118:. Usage of caspofungin will efficiently target against oropharyngeal and oesophageal candidiasis and invasive candidiasis. Micafungin, compared to amphotericin B, it is more efficient. Anidulafungin results are similar to Caspofungin and Micafungin.
1013:
have the ability to invade and colonize orally in the epithelium, commonly seen in cancer patients and higher risk for someone who subsequently develops disseminated invasive disease. Candiduria is referred to as urinary tract infections caused by
1076:
infections. Another infection seen commonly in patients who have leukemia and secondary neutropenia, is chronic disseminated candidiasis (CDC) is another type of disseminated candida infection that mainly develops in the liver, spleen and kidney.
1715:
Porman AM, Alby K, Hirakawa MP, Bennett RJ. Discovery of a phenotypic switch regulating sexual mating in the opportunistic fungal pathogen
Candida tropicalis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2011 Dec 27;108(52):21158-63. doi:
842:
can survive for up to 24 hours therefore be cross-transmitted to a second hand with a probability of 69% and to a third hand with 38% probability. It is the cause responsible for approximately half of the beyond-surface candida infections.
851:
species that can significantly affect by spreading through the weakened immune system host and can occupy the gastrointestinal tract within 30 minutes of inoculation, all this resulting in increased mortality. Impact of
1097:
infections. Topical antifungal agents are commonly taken in 3 forms: oral suspension, ointment and powder. Oral suspension is mainly used to treat thrush whereas ointment is directly applied onto the infected section.
767:
Candida species are very pervasive yeasts that are distributed worldwide geographically. They are more likely to be found in tropical climate where temperature and humidity will enhance the adaptability of
470:
and others are also types of media used for growth. The optimal temperature for growth is between 25–35 °C (77–95 °F) and growth is enhanced if sugar or fat is added in the medium. Colonies of
1725:
Seervai RN, Jones SK Jr, Hirakawa MP, Porman AM, Bennett RJ. Parasexuality and ploidy change in
Candida tropicalis. Eukaryot Cell. 2013 Dec;12(12):1629-40. doi: 10.1128/EC.00128-13. PMID 24123269
1102:
is a type of antifungal agent used because it is not absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. These types of agents will function to lower candida species’ phospholipases activities. Flucytosine (
871:
Biofilms are complex structures that are formed from the grouping of microorganisms on a local surface, either biotic or abiotic, dependent on the ability of cellular adhesion to substrates. For
1085:
The most important and most essential step to prevent contact with the fungi species is by washing the hands. There are several types of therapy for the different level of infections caused by
904:. Although different tests are able to use for identification of species, each of the tests will have different limitations such as sensitivity, specificity, cost and equipment availability.
820:
The selection of medium for sample growth is very important accounting for the pros and cons of each type of growth medium. Once decided on the medium, need to add 8 ug of
1734:
Jones SK Jr, Hirakawa MP, Bennett RJ. Sexual biofilm formation in
Candida tropicalis opaque cells. Mol Microbiol. 2014 Apr;92(2):383-98. doi: 10.1111/mmi.12565. PMID 24612417
419:
is a vegetative cell with the shape from round to oval ranging from approximately 2 – 10 micrometers. A mould exhibits dimorphism forming a single-celled yeast or so-called
892:
will hydrolyze phospholipid; assist to break the epithelial cell membrane structure allowing the hyphal tip to enter into the cytoplasm. Many conditions that contribute to
747:
loss during long-term propagation in rich medium resulting in the eventual regeneration of diploid cells. Such diploid cells are again mating competent thus completing a
1142:
towards fluconazole therefore it's not recommended to retreat fluconazole-treated patients with recurrent candidiasis. Other azoles that are highly active against
801:
600:
241:. It is a common pathogen in neutropenic hosts, in whom it may spread through the bloodstream to peripheral organs. For invasive disease, treatments include
208:
2224:
1006:
313:
1055:. According to the data obtained from 2010, frequency of candidemia is 12-25% in the US, 4.5-9% in Europe, 20-24% in Brazil and 20-60% in South Asia.
351:
431:. Conidia are types of simple and unicellular bodies that could also take the form of multicellular cells with different shapes, sizes, and colors.
949:
2163:
1995:
912:
896:
survival and colonization are: a) increase the use of antifungal regimen, b) increased number of immunocompromised patients, c) long-term use of
288:
809:
357:
2047:
2111:
1904:
812:
yeast; microorganisms that are able to survive in high salt concentration and able to develop fungal persistence in saline environments.
300:
494:. Under specific conditions of reduced oxygen level in host tissues, submerged colonies in agar medium, or in the presence of 5-10% CO
2150:
1969:
928:
will vary depending on the location where the species colonizes. With an infection in the mucous membrane, subject will experience
1817:"Candida species: current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options"
2008:
1677:"Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis: biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance"
1122:
are a type of non-competitive inhibitors of cell wall 1,3-b-D-glucan synthase complex mainly used to treat fungal infections.
2013:
388:
relies on morphological and physiological features. Species in the genus are vegetative cells which reproduce asexually by
2234:
1650:
1618:
1506:
1296:
1350:
2239:
720:, diazonium blue B which differentially stains cells from species affiliated with the Division, Basidiomycota. For
2052:
868:, secrete lytic enzymes, adhere to epithelial and endothelial cells, and undergo transition of bud to hyphae.
2034:
2229:
1895:
1090:
1019:
384:
is easily identified using phenotypic and molecular methods. The identification of species in the genus
696:
This test is to detect yeast’s ability to produce enzyme urease. Once there's a compatible substrate,
435:
refer to small and unicellular conidia whereas macroconidia refer to large and multicellular conidia.
2219:
2191:
2142:
2062:
1961:
1815:
Sardi, J. C. O.; Scorzoni, L.; Bernardi, T.; Fusco-Almeida, A. M.; Mendes
Giannini, M. J. S. (2013).
45:
1184:
1139:
161:
2244:
945:
490:. As blastoconidia increase in number they may elongate in shape producing structures called the
2168:
2000:
1857:
797:
275:" which has the meaning of “glowing white” and also refers to as smooth and glistering. Genus
548:
140:
2075:
1771:"Candida tropicalis: its prevalence, pathogenicity and increasing resistance to fluconazole"
1930:
1167:’ infections, the best way to improve treatments results is to improve host immune system.
450:
and sugar. This is enough for identifying the species but with a disadvantage of promoting
1130:, the main component of the fungus cell wall membrane, in order to inhibit fungal growth.
279:
referred to any asexual yeast without any of the following characteristics: production of
8:
250:
1675:
Silva, S.; Negri, M.; Henriques, M.; Oliveira, R.; Williams, D. W.; Azeredo, J. (2011).
1567:
1540:
1456:
1242:
596:
170:
107:
40:
1072:
leukemia, secondary neutropenia and bone marrow transplantation are factors favouring
2124:
2116:
2070:
1917:
1909:
1838:
1792:
1698:
1693:
1676:
1646:
1614:
1572:
1502:
1448:
1431:
Chai, L. Y.; Denning, D. W.; Warn, P. (2010). "Candida tropicalis in human disease".
1346:
1292:
1287:
Murray, P. R.; Baron, E. J.; Jorgensen, J. H.; Pfaller, M. A.; Yolken, R. H. (2003).
1234:
1199:
1023:
933:
881:
789:
584:
266:
97:
1460:
1246:
2129:
1828:
1782:
1688:
1562:
1552:
1440:
1226:
1002:
941:
929:
748:
341:
237:
117:
1922:
792:
and some fruits. They are commonly found on plants and in the digestive system of
2214:
2102:
1444:
1230:
961:
669:
214:
200:
186:
157:
87:
2039:
1341:
Wilson, C. B.; Nizet, V.; Maldonado, Y.; Remington, J. S.; Klein, J. O. (2015).
948:. Although provided with oral cavity defenses such as epithelial cells, saliva,
2137:
1956:
443:
427:
are the asexual units that are produced by budding of the tips or walls of the
420:
242:
180:
458:
agar which is useful in inducing formation of conidia. Potato-glucose, potato-
454:
growth and suppressing conidia formation. Another commonly used medium is the
2208:
1880:
1557:
1115:
889:
604:
560:
556:
552:
296:
284:
1842:
1833:
1816:
1796:
1787:
1770:
1702:
1576:
1452:
1238:
1217:
Chai LY, Denning DW, Warn P (2010). "Candida tropicalis in human disease".
1203:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1119:
972:
is reported to secrete additional products that can preferably target onto
432:
246:
1982:
1889:
1343:
Remington and Klein's
Infectious diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant
1131:
1107:
1103:
1052:
957:
901:
888:
to be attached and penetrate deep into the tissues to affect the organs.
853:
821:
736:
491:
447:
280:
1541:"An update on Candida tropicalis based on basic and clinical approaches"
2155:
1974:
1611:
Medical
Mycology: The Pathogenic Fungi and The Pathogenic Actinomycetes
1127:
1111:
1034:
773:
744:
673:
650:
592:
576:
568:
77:
1987:
1769:
Kothavade, R. J.; Kura, M. M.; Valand, A. G.; Panthaki, M. H. (2010).
2181:
2026:
1943:
937:
654:
642:
635:
536:
467:
404:
303:, buds formation on stalks, triangular cells, needle-shaped terminal
292:
194:
57:
32:
1851:
2176:
2096:
2021:
1948:
1874:
1099:
1089:. Normally, antifungal agents are used to treat these infections.
1067:. Mortality rate of invasive and disseminated infections caused by
1039:
1027:
997:
patients with recurrent disease are more likely to get infected by
994:
986:
953:
897:
877:
777:
588:
580:
544:
455:
451:
424:
308:
1814:
1185:"Bacterial vaginosis: a review on clinical trials with probiotics"
1051:
are associated with cancer patients that have either leukemia or
865:
756:
717:
701:
680:
646:
629:
625:
621:
564:
532:
524:
520:
505:
487:
389:
365:
but they can be differentiated by the growth at 35 °C (only
304:
1106:) is another type of therapy treatment including 3 agents used;
486:
reproduces asexually by the production of blastoconidia through
1935:
973:
793:
740:
697:
684:
662:
658:
572:
540:
528:
463:
459:
393:
67:
1183:
Mastromarino, Paola; Vitali, Beatrice; Mosca, Luciana (2013).
1059:
can cause nosocomial fungal bloodstream infections along with
1539:
Zuza-Alves, D. L.; Silva-Rocha, W. P.; Chaves, G. M. (2017).
1340:
1123:
1022:. Although up to 2% of patients are asymptomatic, those with
785:
499:
428:
232:
1093:
is the most common treatment antifungal agent used to treat
1768:
1674:
1538:
1286:
781:
369:
showing negative) and assimilation of soluble starch (only
610:
Positive temperatures from 25–40 °C (77–104 °F).
990:
1182:
920:
infection versus some similar fungi. (CHROMAgar shown)
755:
cells can also form an architecturally complex sexual
475:
are white, smooth and butyrous with a fringed border.
1033:If an infection involves interdigital candidiasis,
1640:
993:infection or irradiation for malignancies. 38% of
442:can grow effectively. A common medium used is the
1764:
1762:
1760:
1641:Barnett, J. A.; Payne, R. W.; Yarrow, D. (1991).
2206:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1492:
1490:
1430:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1216:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
335:, there are other species that are similar to
312:longer includes species that test positive to
1737:
1645:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1515:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1163:several ways to treat the different types of
815:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1496:
1305:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1134:is water-soluble, ready to be taken orally.
1467:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1080:
283:, pigments of colours red, pink or orange,
270:
261:In the history of fungi, the name of genus
2225:Organisms with an alternative genetic code
1643:Yeasts: Characteristics and identification
1627:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
864:is virulent due to its ability to produce
31:
1832:
1803:
1786:
1692:
1659:
1583:
1566:
1556:
1253:
1176:
916:Chromogenic agar can help in indicating
911:
711:
403:
399:
1359:
880:will hydrolyze peptide bonds; secreted
373:showing positive starch assimilation).
349:sharing many pathogenic traits whereas
256:
2207:
1608:
762:
1856:
1855:
1497:Kurtzman, C. P.; Fell, J. W. (1998).
2192:7fdad926-b00b-4d24-b679-a6f943b49085
2063:00e9405c-7ce6-433e-a3bf-1b11c74fca33
772:. They can be found in food such as
743:cells. These cells may then undergo
423:which reproduces by simple budding.
307:, and having the ability to grow on
438:There are different media on which
13:
1501:. New York, US: Elsevier Science.
691:
14:
2256:
960:, histidine-rich polypeptide and
907:
506:Physiological characteristics of
376:
324:were used to represent the genus
1694:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x
1030:are more likely to be infected.
828:
727:
708:is found to be urease negative.
668:negative delay after 7 days for
634:positive delay after 7 days for
44:
1821:Journal of Medical Microbiology
1775:Journal of Medical Microbiology
1728:
1719:
1709:
1289:Manual of Clinical Microbiology
900:, and d) use of broad-spectrum
614:
361:are physiologically similar to
287:, unipolar or bipolar budding,
1613:. Philadelphia, US: Saunders.
1345:. Philadelphia, US: Saunders.
1210:
985:infections are also seen with
1:
1499:The yeasts: A Taxonomic Study
1291:. Washington, US: ASM Press.
1170:
1018:which are often presented as
1009:. Only filamentous growth of
478:
269:, comes from the Latin term "
1445:10.3109/1040841X.2010.489506
1231:10.3109/1040841X.2010.489506
1126:are agents that can deplete
847:is the second most virulent
392:, and the structure, shape,
7:
1091:Amphotericin B deoxycholate
950:salivary immunoglobin (IgA)
924:Types of disease caused by
860:, have increased globally.
700:will split urea to produce
10:
2261:
2235:Fungal pathogens of humans
816:Storage and transportation
735:diploid cells of opposite
679:positive and negative for
345:is taxonomically close to
316:(DBB). The defunct genera
265:, derived from the family
2086:
1864:
1681:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1545:Frontiers in Microbiology
1007:oropharyngeal candidiasis
930:oropharyngeal candidiasis
724:, this test is negative.
549:C32 D-glucono-1,5-lactone
513:
176:
169:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1716:10.1073/pnas.1112076109.
1558:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01927
1081:Treatment and prevention
946:vulvovaginal candidiasis
607:, O2 0.1% cycloheximide.
2240:Fungi described in 1910
833:In tropical countries,
802:mucocutaneous membranes
249:, or extended-spectrum
1834:10.1099/jmm.0.045054-0
1788:10.1099/jmm.0.013227-0
1609:Rippon, J. W. (1988).
921:
856:, infections cause by
798:gastrointestinal tract
557:C34 5-keto-d-gluconate
553:C33 2-keto-d-gluconate
413:
271:
1020:nosocomial infections
915:
712:Diazonium Blue B Test
407:
400:Growth and morphology
1433:Crit. Rev. Microbiol
1219:Crit. Rev. Microbiol
1138:can rapidly develop
808:is considered as an
796:, especially in the
257:History and taxonomy
251:triazole antifungals
2230:Pathogenic microbes
763:Habitat and ecology
716:This test uses the
704:increasing the pH.
670:F4 Me-α-D-glucoside
1896:Candida tropicalis
1866:Candida tropicalis
1192:New Microbiologica
922:
918:Candida tropicalis
882:aspartic proteases
543:, C28 D-glucitol,
414:
337:Candida tropicalis
228:Candida tropicalis
209:Atelosaccharomyces
150:Candida tropicalis
132:C. tropicalis
108:Saccharomycetaceae
25:Candida tropicalis
2202:
2201:
2071:Open Tree of Life
1858:Taxon identifiers
1024:diabetes mellitus
934:angular cheilitis
739:can mate to form
537:C12 α,α-trehalose
267:Debaryomycetaceae
224:
223:
218:
204:
190:
98:Saccharomycetales
16:Species of fungus
2252:
2220:Candida (fungus)
2195:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2158:
2146:
2145:
2133:
2132:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2088:Oidium tropicale
2079:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2040:NHMSYS0020535118
2030:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1938:
1926:
1925:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1766:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1606:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1536:
1513:
1512:
1494:
1465:
1464:
1428:
1357:
1356:
1338:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1251:
1250:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1189:
1180:
976:deficient host.
749:parasexual cycle
636:F6 α,α-trehalose
498:, true, septate
444:Sabouraud’s agar
412:on a Petri dish.
342:Candida albicans
314:diazonium blue B
274:
231:is a species of
213:
199:
185:
152:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1860:
1850:
1827:(Pt 1): 10–24.
1813:
1804:
1767:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1673:
1660:
1653:
1639:
1628:
1621:
1607:
1584:
1537:
1516:
1509:
1495:
1468:
1429:
1360:
1353:
1339:
1306:
1299:
1285:
1254:
1215:
1211:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1083:
1065:C. parapsilosis
962:lactoperoxidase
938:balanoposthitis
910:
831:
818:
765:
730:
714:
694:
692:Urea hydrolysis
617:
516:
511:
497:
481:
446:which contains
402:
379:
259:
165:
154:
148:
135:
88:Saccharomycetes
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2245:Fungus species
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2173:
2160:
2147:
2134:
2121:
2108:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2067:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1992:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1901:
1886:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1802:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1708:
1687:(2): 288–305.
1658:
1652:978-0521350563
1651:
1626:
1620:978-0721624440
1619:
1582:
1514:
1508:978-0444813121
1507:
1466:
1358:
1351:
1304:
1298:978-1555812553
1297:
1252:
1209:
1198:(3): 229–238.
1174:
1172:
1169:
1082:
1079:
968:’ overgrowth,
909:
908:Human diseases
906:
890:phospholipases
884:(SAP) support
830:
827:
817:
814:
764:
761:
729:
726:
713:
710:
693:
690:
689:
688:
677:
674:F10 Melezitose
666:
639:
632:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
599:, V10 without
545:C29 D-mannitol
515:
512:
510:
504:
495:
480:
477:
401:
398:
378:
377:Identification
375:
258:
255:
243:amphotericin B
222:
221:
220:
219:
205:
191:
174:
173:
167:
166:
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2257:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1781:(8): 873–80.
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1731:
1722:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:(4): 282–98.
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1352:9780323241472
1348:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:(4): 282–98.
1224:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1165:C. tropicalis
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:C. tropicalis
1141:
1137:
1136:C. tropicalis
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:anidulafungin
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:C. tropicalis
1078:
1075:
1074:C. tropicalis
1070:
1069:C. tropicalis
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:C. tropicalis
1054:
1050:
1049:C. tropicalis
1045:
1044:C. tropicalis
1041:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:C. tropicalis
1012:
1011:C. tropicalis
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:C. tropicalis
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:C. tropicalis
979:
978:C. tropicalis
975:
971:
970:C. tropicalis
967:
966:C. tropicalis
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:C. tropicalis
919:
914:
905:
903:
899:
895:
894:C. tropicalis
891:
887:
886:C. tropicalis
883:
879:
874:
873:C. tropicalis
869:
867:
863:
862:C. tropicalis
859:
858:C. tropicalis
855:
850:
846:
845:C. tropicalis
841:
840:C. tropicalis
836:
835:C. tropicalis
829:Pathogenicity
826:
823:
813:
811:
807:
806:C. tropicalis
803:
800:, and in the
799:
795:
791:
790:baker’s yeast
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:C. tropicalis
760:
758:
754:
753:C. tropicalis
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:C. tropicalis
728:Parasexuality
725:
723:
722:C. tropicalis
719:
709:
707:
706:C. tropicalis
703:
699:
686:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
655:F11 Raffinose
652:
651:F9 Cellobiose
648:
644:
641:negative for
640:
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
620:positive for
619:
618:
609:
606:
605:cycloheximide
602:
598:
595:, V9 without
594:
591:, V7 without
590:
587:, V5 without
586:
583:, V3 without
582:
579:, V2 without
578:
577:N4 cadaverine
574:
570:
569:N3 ethylamine
566:
562:
561:C39 succinate
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:Positive for
518:
517:
509:
508:C. tropicalis
503:
501:
493:
489:
485:
484:C. tropicalis
476:
474:
473:C. tropicalis
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:C. tropicalis
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:blastoconidia
418:
417:C. tropicalis
411:
410:C. tropicalis
406:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:C. tropicalis
374:
372:
371:C. tropicalis
368:
364:
363:C. tropicalis
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
347:C. tropicalis
344:
343:
338:
334:
331:In the genus
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
306:
302:
299:formation on
298:
297:blastoconidia
294:
290:
289:enteroblastic
286:
285:arthroconidia
282:
278:
273:
268:
264:
254:
252:
248:
247:echinocandins
244:
240:
239:
235:in the genus
234:
230:
229:
216:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
182:
178:
177:
175:
172:
168:
163:
159:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2087:
1865:
1824:
1820:
1778:
1774:
1730:
1721:
1711:
1684:
1680:
1642:
1610:
1548:
1544:
1498:
1436:
1432:
1342:
1288:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1195:
1191:
1178:
1164:
1160:ravuconazole
1156:posaconazole
1152:voriconazole
1148:itraconazole
1143:
1135:
1120:echinocandin
1094:
1086:
1084:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1032:
1015:
1010:
998:
982:
977:
969:
965:
964:to suppress
925:
923:
917:
893:
885:
872:
870:
861:
857:
848:
844:
839:
834:
832:
819:
810:osmotolerant
805:
769:
766:
752:
732:
731:
721:
715:
705:
695:
663:F14 D-xylose
643:F7 Melibiose
626:F2 D-glucose
622:F1 D-glucose
615:Fermentation
585:pantothenate
581:myo-inositol
525:C2 D-glucose
521:C1 D-glucose
507:
492:pseudohyphae
483:
482:
472:
439:
437:
433:Microconidia
416:
415:
409:
408:Colonies of
385:
381:
380:
370:
366:
362:
356:
350:
346:
340:
336:
332:
330:
325:
321:
317:
276:
262:
260:
236:
227:
226:
225:
207:
193:
179:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
24:
18:
1983:iNaturalist
1890:Wikispecies
1132:fluconazole
1108:caspofungin
1061:C. glabrata
1053:neutropenia
1003:oral thrush
958:lactoferrin
942:oral thrush
902:antibiotics
854:candidiasis
822:fluconazole
804:of humans.
737:mating type
603:, O1 0.01%
573:N4 L-lysine
565:C42 ethanol
533:C11 Maltose
529:C6 D-xylose
281:acetic acid
2209:Categories
1171:References
1140:resistance
1128:ergosterol
1112:micafungin
1040:candidemia
1035:paronychia
1001:, getting
774:sauerkraut
751:. Opaque
745:chromosome
741:tetraploid
685:F13 Starch
681:F5 Sucrose
659:F12 Inulin
647:F8 Lactose
630:F3 Maltose
593:pyridoxine
541:C22 Starch
502:may form.
479:Physiology
352:C. maltosa
301:sympodulae
211:tropicalis
201:Castellani
197:tropicalis
187:Castellani
158:Castellani
78:Ascomycota
74:Division:
2103:Q59452848
1026:and with
898:catheters
878:proteases
468:lima bean
394:septation
295:budding,
293:basipetal
215:Catellani
195:Endomyces
183:tropicale
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
2177:MycoBank
2169:11433828
2138:Fungorum
2117:60022062
2112:AusFungi
2097:Wikidata
2022:MycoBank
2001:11335742
1957:Fungorum
1910:60022061
1905:AusFungi
1875:Wikidata
1843:23180477
1797:20413622
1703:21569057
1577:29081766
1551:: 1927.
1461:36366177
1453:20883082
1247:36366177
1239:20883082
1204:23912864
1100:Nystatin
1028:leukemia
954:lysozyme
778:molasses
589:thiamine
456:cornmeal
452:mycelial
309:inositol
272:candidus
171:Synonyms
162:Berkhout
104:Family:
54:Domain:
2156:3480070
1975:2599567
1881:Q143138
1568:5645804
1095:Candida
987:denture
866:biofilm
849:Candida
794:mammals
757:biofilm
718:azo dye
702:ammonia
488:budding
466:juice,
448:peptone
425:Conidia
390:budding
386:Candida
367:C. sake
358:C. sake
333:Candida
326:Candida
322:Monilia
305:conidia
277:Candida
263:Candida
238:Candida
119:Candida
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
2215:Yeasts
2189:NZOR:
2182:102918
2143:102918
2076:408236
2060:NZOR:
2027:280770
2014:194660
1988:537836
1962:280770
1949:CANDTP
1936:248472
1841:
1795:
1701:
1649:
1617:
1575:
1565:
1505:
1459:
1451:
1349:
1295:
1245:
1237:
1202:
1124:Azoles
974:T-cell
698:urease
597:niacin
514:Growth
500:hyphae
464:tomato
460:carrot
429:hyphae
318:Oidium
217:(1918)
203:(1911)
189:(1910)
181:Oidium
164:(1923)
2164:IRMNG
2130:48ZW8
1996:IRMNG
1457:S2CID
1243:S2CID
1188:(PDF)
786:fruit
233:yeast
68:Fungi
2151:GBIF
2053:5482
2048:NCBI
2009:ITIS
1970:GBIF
1944:EPPO
1923:QLJM
1839:PMID
1793:PMID
1699:PMID
1647:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1573:PMID
1503:ISBN
1449:PMID
1347:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1235:PMID
1200:PMID
1146:are
1114:and
1063:and
1005:and
995:AIDS
944:and
782:miso
683:and
601:PABA
355:and
320:and
2125:CoL
2035:NBN
1931:EoL
1918:CoL
1829:doi
1783:doi
1689:doi
1563:PMC
1553:doi
1441:doi
1227:doi
1104:5FC
991:HIV
2211::
2179::
2166::
2153::
2140::
2127::
2114::
2099::
2073::
2050::
2037::
2024::
2011::
1998::
1985::
1972::
1959::
1946::
1933::
1920::
1907::
1892::
1877::
1837:.
1825:62
1823:.
1819:.
1805:^
1791:.
1779:59
1777:.
1773:.
1739:^
1697:.
1685:36
1683:.
1679:.
1661:^
1629:^
1585:^
1571:.
1561:.
1547:.
1543:.
1517:^
1469:^
1455:.
1447:.
1437:26
1435:.
1361:^
1307:^
1255:^
1241:.
1233:.
1223:36
1221:.
1196:36
1194:.
1190:.
1158:,
1154:,
1150:,
1110:,
1042:.
989:,
956:,
952:,
940:,
936:,
932:,
788:,
784:,
780:,
776:,
759:.
672:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
649:,
645:,
628:,
624:,
575:,
571:,
567:,
563:,
559:,
555:,
551:,
547:,
539:,
535:,
531:,
527:,
523:,
462:,
339:.
328:.
253:.
245:,
160:)
1845:.
1831::
1799:.
1785::
1705:.
1691::
1655:.
1623:.
1579:.
1555::
1549:8
1511:.
1463:.
1443::
1355:.
1301:.
1249:.
1229::
1206:.
687:.
676:.
665:.
638:.
496:2
291:-
156:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
