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and property, which many of the inhabitants have lost in the combat; and with great honour and pleasure did they sacrifice themselves in defence of your
Majesty, who may rest well assured that we who have survived (for our misfortune), had we experienced a similar fate, would have died with glory, and would not now suffer the great grief and distress of seeing your Majesty, our lord and master, dispossessed of so loyal a city. Subjects, but courageous as such, we will submit to no other government than that of your Catholic Majesty, in whose defence and service we shall pass the remainder of our lives; departing from this fortress, where, on account of the superior force of the enemy who attacked it, and the fatal chance of our not having any garrison for its defence, except a few poor and raw peasants, amounting to less than 300, we have not been able to resist the assault, as your Majesty must have already learnt from the governor or others. Our just grief allows us to notice no other fact for the information of your Majesty, but that all the inhabitants, and each singly, fulfilled their duties in their several stations; and our governor and alcalde have worked with the greatest zeal and activity, without allowing the horrors of the incessant cannonading to deter them from their duties, to which they attended personally, encouraging all with great devotion. May Divine Providence guard the royal person of your Majesty, Gibraltar, August 5th (N. S.), 1704.
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might be only temporary. When the fortunes of war changed, the
Spanish citizens would be able to re-occupy their property and rebuild their lives. ... Hesse's and Rooke's senior officers did their utmost to impose discipline, but the inhabitants worst fears were confirmed: women were insulted and outraged; Roman Catholic churches and institutions were taken over as stores and for other military purposes ...; and the whole town suffered at the hands of the ship's crew and marines who came ashore. Many bloody reprisals were taken by inhabitants before they left, bodies of murdered Englishmen and Dutchmen being thrown down wells and cesspits. By the time discipline was fully restored, few of the inhabitants wished or dared to remain.
2325:) were pillaged or converted into military storehouses. Angered Spanish inhabitants undertook violent reprisals, with soldier and sailors being attacked and killed in the streets, and their bodies thrown into wells or cesspits. After order was restored, despite the surrender agreement promising property and religious rights, most of the population left with the garrison on 7 August citing their loyalty to Philip. Several factors influenced the decision including the expectation of a counterattack and the violence during the capture, which ultimately proved disastrous for the Habsburg cause. The subsequent siege failed to dislodge the Habsburg forces and the refugees settled around
2105:. News from Lisbon of the French manoeuvres reached Rooke on 5 June. Determined to prevent the junction of the Toulon and Brest fleets Rooke decided to risk a battle. However, owing to the foul bottoms of the Anglo-Dutch ships the swifter French fleet escaped Rooke's pursuit and arrived safely in Toulon; thenceforth, Toulouse became the commander of the enlarged French fleet, now known as the Grand Fleet of France. Rooke could not venture within range of the Toulon forts nor risk attack from a superior force so far from any port of refuge. He therefore turned back towards the Straits where the arrival of an English squadron under
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French fleet the job had to be done quickly or not at all. Captain
Whitaker acted as Byng's aide-de-camp, carrying his instructions from ship to ship, including the final order to cease firing six hours after they had begun. As the smoke lifted Captain Jumper at the southern end of the line could discern the New Mole and the fort that commanded its abutment on the land. The defenders of the fort appeared to have fled, and Whitaker and Jumper agreed that a landing could be effected there unopposed. Rooke granted the request to attack, and a flotilla of row-boats raced for the New Mole.
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2333:. The Alliance's conduct aroused anger in Spain against the 'heretics', and once again the chance of winning over Andalusians to the Imperial cause was lost. Prince George was the first to complain, which was resented by Byng who had led the fighting and who in turn blamed the Prince and his few Spanish or Catalan supporters. Rooke complained in a letter home that the Spaniards were so exasperated against the Alliance that 'they use the prisoners they take as barbarously as the Moors'. Spain attempted to retake Gibraltar in
2221:. Although the governor was determined to resist he knew he did not have the means to do so: his earlier requests for reinforcements and military stores had always been in vain. By his own account, Don Diego had 'no more than fifty-six men of whom there were not thirty in service' and could count on a few hundred civilian militia 'of such bad quality that before they arrived they began to run away.' In addition, he had 100 cannon of various kinds but few were in a state to be fired, and fewer still had gunners to fire them.
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2284:, had forgotten the possibility of a powder-magazine. Whatever the cause of the explosion the Alliance suffered between 100 and 200 casualties. A momentary panic ensued, for the survivors suspected an enemy-laid trap had caused the disaster. There was a rush for the boats, but at this critical moment Captain Whitaker arrived with reinforcements. A battalion of more than 300 Catalans was the spearhead of the landing , to whom one of Gibraltar's main spots,
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sailors. Rooke had given orders that the prisoners were not to be ill-treated, but the desire to recover these women was a further inducement for the defenders to end their resistance. On 4 August, seeing all was lost, Don Diego agreed to terms that guaranteed the lives and property of those committed to his care. Under the capitulation French subjects were taken prisoner, while any
Spaniard who would take an oath of allegiance to
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immediate use as a port was limited for it could only take a few ships at a time, and ministers did not think they could keep it unless a garrison could be found for its security. John
Methuen recommended an English garrison. This was supplied by the marines that had helped take the place, and by several companies of regular troops. Gibraltar was, therefore, held by English troops and at English cost – but it was in
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2206:. The council of war had decided that Prince George would land with 1,800 English and Dutch marines on the isthmus under cover of a naval bombardment. The marines landed at the head of the bay, and met with no resistance except for a small body of cavalry. They cut off Gibraltar from the mainland while the enemy on the nearby hills were dispersed by fire from two ships sent to the east of the rock.
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glorious monarchy to the dominion of the perpetual enemies of it, the French" He laid particular stress on the respect that was to be shown to priests and nuns - "We have already ordered under pain of death of officers and soldiers under out command not to molest any person of what rank or quality so ever in the exercise of their religion in any manner whatsoever.
2128:. Methuen believed the place to be ungarrisoned and easy to take, but the admirals in the fleet remained sceptical, especially when considering that they were not on this occasion carrying a force comparable to the failed attempt there two years earlier. Cádiz, however, was not the only potential target. As the Alliance fleet lay off
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As the Grand
Alliance prepared for their assault the priests, women, and children who had taken refuge at the chapel of Europa Point at southern end of the peninsula, began to return to their homes in the town. An English ship fired a warning shot in front of the civilian column forcing them back out
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One has but to read the books left to us by the sailors to realize the peculiar horror of the life between-decks. Cooped up there, like sardines in a tin, were several hundreds of men, gathered by force and kept together by brutality. A lower-deck was the home of every vice, every baseness and every
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Orders were issued to respect civilians as the Grand
Alliance hoped to win over the population to their cause. Officers tried to maintain control but (as had happened two years previously in the raid on Cádiz) discipline broke down and the men ran amok. Groups of marauding soldiers began to sack the
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Although
Article V promised freedom or religion and full civil rights to all Spaniards who wished to stay in Habsburg Gibraltar, few decided to run the risk of remaining in the town. Fortresses changed hands quite frequently in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The English hold on Gibraltar
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Letter Of The
Authorities To King Philip V. 115 Sire, The loyalty with which this city has served all the preceding kings, as well as your Majesty, has ever been notorious to them. In this last event, not less than on other occasions, it has endeavoured to exhibit its fidelity at the price of lives
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Consideration was given to what other project might be undertaken by Rooke's powerful fleet of fifty-two
English and ten Dutch ships of the line. In the debate, three reasons were given for selecting Gibraltar as the target: the place was indifferently garrisoned; its possession would be of great
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had added many other works; but its immediate operational benefit was negligible. Gibraltar had little trade and its anchorage was unprotected – there was no question, at this time, of basing a fleet there. Gibraltar was finally selected for its strategic value, weak garrison, and to encourage the
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About 05:00 the following day, 3 August, Byng's squadron of 22 ships fired in earnest on the crumbling walls and forts. Tens of thousands of shells were fired in the attack. The actual damage done was small in proportion to the expenditure of the shot, but in view of the possible approach of the
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Ormonde issued a proclamation. "They were come not to invade or conquer any part of Spain or to make any acquisitions for Her Majesty Queen Anne...but rather to deliver Spaniards from the mean subjection into which a small and corrupt party of men have brought them by delivering up that former
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Byng now came ashore with several hundred more seamen. Thus was the town invested by Byng in the south, as well as on its stronger northern side where the marines had landed with Prince George. Meanwhile, the party of the women and children stranded at Europa Point had been captured by English
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described it as 'of great use to us for securing our trade and interrupting the enemy's'. With the English navy established on the Straits the piratical Moors of the Barbary Coast became reluctant to attack English merchant shipping, and allied themselves with Queen Anne. However, Gibraltar's
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All dates in the article are in the Gregorian calendar (unless otherwise stated). The Julian calendar as used in England after 1700 differed by eleven days. Thus, the main attack on Gibraltar began on 3 August (Gregorian calendar) or 23 July (Julian calendar). In this article (O.S) is used to
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Ultimatums for Velesco to surrender on pain of bombardment were ignored, and the plans for an insurrection from within the city's walls failed to materialize. Rooke, fearing an attack from a French squadron, was impatient for departure. Prince George could do little more than order his local
2136:, a council of war aboard Rooke's flagship discussed the need to please the two kings and save their own reputations. On 28 July the Alliance commanders considered the proposal of Prince George, now commander-in-chief of Alliance forces in the peninsula, for an attack on Gibraltar.
3609:"Great disorders", he found, "had been committed by the boats crews that came on shore and marines; but the General Officers took great care to prevent them, by continually patrolling with their sergeants, and sending them on board their ships and punishing the marines
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The Alliance fleet returned to Tetuan to water. Before fresh orders came from Lisbon there was news of the approach of the French Grand Fleet under Toulouse. In an attempt by the French to retake Gibraltar, the one full-dress naval engagement of the war was fought
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and Italy. With Portugal's change of allegiance, however, the war moved towards Spain. In May 1704 the court at Lisbon received news that French and Spanish troops had crossed the frontier into Portugal. This army of approximately 26,000 men under
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at the land approaches, defended by a small garrison of sailors, soldiers, and marines. In 1711, the British and French Governments started secret negotiations to end the war leading to the cession of Gibraltar to the British by the
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The foremost sailors clambered into the breached and undefended fort at the New Mole; however, by accident or design the magazine at the fort blew up. Some of the landing party carried lighted gun-matches and, according to
1887:. Although not a belligerent, Portugal's harbours were closed to the enemies of the Bourbon powers – principally the vessels of England and the Dutch Republic. However, following the Anglo-Dutch naval victory at
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2073:. The Prince was the great exponent of the Barcelona plan; he had been in touch with the dissidents within Catalonia and counted on the appearance of the fleet to encourage a rising in favour of
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of harm's way, but the shot was mistaken by the rest of the fleet as a signal to resume fire, and the bombardment began again. Under cover of the guns the landing party did its work.
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2 August passed in preliminaries. Don Diego, who in Trevelyan's words was prepared to 'die like a gentleman', sent back his defiant reply to the summons to surrender. Byng's squadron
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in October that year, the combined fleets of the "Maritime Powers", the Netherlands and England, had emerged as the dominant naval force in the region. This strength helped persuade
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within actual musket range of the New Mole. These operations were carried out in a dead calm, and were not impeded by a few shots from the Spanish batteries. At midnight Captain
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Rooke subsequently evaded pressure from his allies to make another attempt on Cádiz. In order to compensate for their lack of success the Alliance commanders resolved to capture
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The capture of Gibraltar was recognised as a great achievement in Lisbon and by all the trading interests in the Mediterranean. A month after its capture Secretary of State Sir
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2198:'s squadron (16 English under Byng and six Dutch ships under Rear Admiral Paulus van der Dussen) anchored inside, ranging themselves within the line of defences from the
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2288:, bears its name. Within a few minutes the attackers had rallied and proceeded north along the deserted ramparts of the seafront towards Gibraltar. On arriving near
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2373:. If he had succeeded in his attempt to ascend the throne in Madrid the difficulty of keeping Gibraltar for England would have been politically very great.
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1768:-controlled Spain, and ally himself with the Grand Alliance in 1703 as the Alliance fleets could campaign in the Mediterranean using access to the port of
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Stanhope puts the figure at 40 dead and 60 wounded: Trevelyan states 200 casualties: Francis states that 40 sailors were killed and 'a few Spaniards'.
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partisans on the alert. Moreover, the dissidents were incensed by the size of the Alliance force and had expected the personal appearance of
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On 30 May, under cover of the ships' guns, Prince George landed with 1,200 English and 400 Dutch marines; but the governor of Barcelona, Don
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They stood under the gallows and diced on a drum. The Englishman threw nine to the Dutchman's ten, and suffered execution before his mates.
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on 8 June. But without supply for their forces, the coming summer heat made it impossible for them to continue with the campaign, and
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a few of them hanged as rioters after the sacking. One Englishman had to throw dice with a Dutchman to determine who should hang
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on 16 July to a hero's welcome. However, the heat did not affect the war at sea where the Alliance was in a position of strength.
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value during the war; and its capture would encourage the Spaniards in southern Spain to declare in favour of the Habsburgs.
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But some of the sailors, before they could be recalled to their ships broke loose in the town and plundered the inhabitants
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had demanded military and financial aid and territorial concessions in Spain; he had also asked that the Alliance send to
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in 1702, and the subsequent attack on the Spanish treasure fleet in Vigo Bay, the war had thus far been limited to the
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97. Velasco had been governor of Catalonia in 1697 at the time of the French siege, and had lately been reappointed.
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had committed himself to war, the Alliance fleets gained access to Portugal's harbours, in particular the port of
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The Grand Alliance fleet crossed from Tetuan on 30 July; by 1 August Rooke, flying his flag in the Second Rate
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and its small garrison on 4 August. Three days later Prince George entered the town with Austrian and Spanish
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had previously shown interest in the Rock and fortified it with a castle whose ruins still remained. Emperor
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412. The Union Flag had been in frequent use since the Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland in 1603.
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114. Gibraltar garrison held 80 men. Militia and inhabitants supplied another 350. (Sources vary slightly)
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settlement, and all of the Catholic churches save one (the Parish Church of St. Mary the Crowned, now the
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109. A naval reconnaissance confirmed Rooke's opinion about the supposed weakness of the port's defences.
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followers – a thousand in all – to disperse to their homes. The marines embarked on 1 June without loss.
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Attack on Gibraltar 1–3 August 1704. Prince George of Hesse entered the town on 6 August in the name of
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Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt (1670–1705). Prince George was the Imperial representative in the
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The idea of attacking Gibraltar was old and widely spread. The 'Rock' had caught the attention of
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Statue of Sir George Rooke, erected in Gibraltar in 2004 to celebrate 300 years of British rule
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Using Lisbon as an improvised forward base Admiral Rooke's Anglo-Dutch fleet ventured into the
1895:. Having now the ability to cut off Portugal's food supplies and trade (particularly gold from
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The Anglo-Dutch squadron tasked with attacking Gibraltar was made up of the following ships:
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So the damage was done and the chance of winning the adherence of the Andalusians was lost.
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22 ships of the line(Byng's squadron, 16 English and 6 Dutch) took part in the bombardment.
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scored several victories on the border: Salvaterra fell on 8 May, Penha Garcia on 11 May,
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The New Cambridge Modern History VI: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia 1688–1725,
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throne – to demonstrate the earnestness of their support. Known to his supporters as
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The New Cambridge Modern History VI: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia 1688–1725.
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414. Almost all these casualties were taken when the fort near the New Mole blew up.
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who had enjoyed popularity amongst the Catalans as their governor at the end of the
1733:. Since the beginning of the war the Alliance had been looking for a harbour in the
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as King of Spain could remain in the town with religion and property guaranteed.
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from French forces, the Toulon expedition was abandoned and Rooke sailed for the
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represented the Habsburg cause in the region. In May 1704 the prince and admiral
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had ended in failure in September 1702, but following the Alliance fleet's
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Sketch of Gibraltar by an officer of Admiral Rooke's fleet on 1 August 1704
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The history of Gibraltar and of its political relation to events in Europe
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2285:
2124:
sent word from Lisbon that they now wished another attempt to be made on
2002:
1410:
1375:
1370:
2047:
1741:
and facilitate naval operations against the French fleet in the western
5036:
2293:
2292:
southern wall of the town, Whitaker halted the sailors and hoisted the
2101:
illegitimate sons, was sailing towards the Straits with the fleet from
1822:
1400:
3848:
3763:
3688:
3518:
3171:
2228:
themselves in along the sea front as close as the depth permitted and
2129:
4427:
4258:
4078:
2909:
for a more detailed explanation of the dating issues and conventions.
2326:
2059:
2055:
1810:
64:
2369:
name. A year later the Austrian candidate wrote to Queen Anne about
4405:
4227:
2902:
2043:
1838:
2905:
Julian dates with the year adjusted to 1 January. See the article
2125:
1845:
of Spain. The Grand Alliance failed in its objective of replacing
5261:
3981:
Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century.
3814:
3108:
Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century,
38:
3917:
The Royal Navy, a History from the Earliest Times to the Present
2081:, had managed to keep the city's disaffected elements quiet and
4013:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815.
3160:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815,
2255:
2039:
1991:
1943:
1920:
1912:
1896:
1891:
in 1702 the balance of naval forces had swung in favour of the
1769:
3730:
The First Peninsular War: Seventeen-Two to Seventeen-Thirteen
3655:
The First Peninsular War: Seventeen-Two to Seventeen-Thirteen
3383:
The First Peninsular War: Seventeen-Two to Seventeen-Thirteen
2312:
2152:
2051:
3545:
Article V promised freedom of religion and full civil rights
2027:
2109:
had put the Allies on a numerical parity with the French.
1899:) it was not hard for the Allied diplomats to induce King
5016:
2217:. He refused, and the garrison pledged its allegiance to
3919:. Vol. 2. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company.
3695:. Farleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 99–100.
2248:
led a party against a French privateer anchored at the
3979:
Le Fevre, Peter & Harding, Richard (eds.) (2000).
1942:
of Spain, the young pretender arrived in Lisbon – via
270:
3876:
3852:
The Rock of the Gibraltarians: a history of Gibraltar
3767:
The Rock of the Gibraltarians: a history of Gibraltar
3692:
The Rock of the Gibraltarians: a history of Gibraltar
3522:
The Rock of the Gibraltarians: a history of Gibraltar
3175:
The Rock of the Gibraltarians: A History of Gibraltar
2252:
which had been firing at the marines on the isthmus.
4539:
Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)
3855:. Farleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 113.
3770:. Farleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 100.
3178:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 94.
2381:
on 24 August; afterwards, French and Spanish troops
2010:
and the nominal commander of the Anglo-Dutch forces.
3549:
3525:. Farleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 99.
1950:'s fleet on 7 March 1704, amid great celebrations.
1564:Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population
3470:(in Spanish) (34). Mancomunidad de Municipios del
3468:Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños
2194:, stood at the entrance to the bay while Admiral
1557:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II
5636:
4881:European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)
2184:but effective control remained with the English.
1729:occurred between 1 and 4 August 1704 during the
133:
3965:. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses.
3849:Sir William Godfrey Fothergill Jackson (1987).
3831:
3829:
3827:
3796:
3794:
3764:Sir William Godfrey Fothergill Jackson (1987).
3689:Sir William Godfrey Fothergill Jackson (1987).
3623:Proud fortress; the fighting story of Gibraltar
3555:
3519:Sir William Godfrey Fothergill Jackson (1987).
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3172:Sir William Godfrey Fothergill Jackson (1987).
4030:History of the War of the Succession in Spain.
3147:History of the War of the Succession in Spain,
3066:History of the War of the Succession in Spain,
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2050:; but with Amadeus busy defending his capital
1801:, commander of the main Grand Alliance fleet,
4243:
4061:
3842:
3757:
3726:
3720:
3682:
3651:
3645:
3619:
3512:
3416:
3379:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
1702:
256:
5675:Battles of the War of the Spanish Succession
3824:
3791:
3582:
3341:
3234:
2972:
2970:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2151:'s ministers had marked it for England. The
3613:
3576:
3410:
3373:
3271:The Secret Castle: The Key to Good and Evil
3165:
2921:
4250:
4236:
4068:
4054:
3586:Rock of contention: a history of Gibraltar
3500:
3461:"Aproximación a los gibraltareños de 1704"
3345:Rock of contention: a history of Gibraltar
3214:
3102:
3100:
2042:in conjunction with the Savoyard army and
1709:
1695:
263:
249:
4749:Political development in modern Gibraltar
3448:
3335:
2967:
2851:
2534:To attack the town and the south bastion
2209:Prince George summoned the governor, Don
1772:and conduct operations in support of the
119:
3457:Instituto de Estudios Campogibraltareños
2311:
2254:
2175:
2001:
1907:of May 1703 and join the Alliance. Once
1875:, Portugal was nominally an ally of the
5422:
3097:
5637:
3911:
3882:
2983:
2896:
2894:
1953:Apart from the failed Grand Alliance
5132:
4951:
4689:
4439:
4270:
4231:
4049:
3945:of Spain: The King who Reigned Twice.
3455:Juan Manuel Ballesta GĂłmez, from the
3273:. DigitalPulp Publishing.com, p.112.
3209:of Spain: The King who Reigned Twice.
3027:of Spain: The King who Reigned Twice,
2994:of Spain: The King who Reigned Twice,
244:
16:1704 capture by the Anglo-Dutch fleet
5593:
4257:
3925:The First Peninsular War: 1702–1713.
3423:. Lightning Source Inc. p. 44.
3304:The First Peninsular War: 1702–1713,
3229:The First Peninsular War: 1702–1713,
3134:The First Peninsular War: 1702–1713,
3121:The First Peninsular War: 1702–1713,
3079:The First Peninsular War: 1702–1713,
3053:The First Peninsular War: 1702–1713,
2949:The First Peninsular War: 1702–1713,
2866:The First Peninsular War: 1702–1713,
2259:Admiral George Rooke (1650–1709) by
2164:(the Bourbon Claimant) in favour of
2030:to put himself in touch with Victor
5665:Sieges involving the Dutch Republic
5617:
4040:England Under Queen Anne: Blenheim.
3837:England Under Queen Anne: Blenheim,
3802:England Under Queen Anne: Blenheim,
3733:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 115.
3658:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 115.
3386:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 115.
3291:England Under Queen Anne: Blenheim,
3249:England Under Queen Anne: Blenheim,
3092:England Under Queen Anne: Blenheim,
3040:England Under Queen Anne: Blenheim,
2962:England Under Queen Anne: Blenheim,
2936:England Under Queen Anne: Blenheim,
2891:
1645:History of nationality in Gibraltar
13:
5025:Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation
2397:
14:
5691:
5344:Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned
5212:Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar
2112:Rooke met Shovell on 27 June off
5616:
5604:
5592:
5581:
5580:
4470:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault
4426:
4077:
2879:English and Spanish in Gibraltar
2067:Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt
1883:, and Spain under his grandson,
1857:Gibraltar was ceded to Britain.
1795:Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt
1678:
1342:
201:
191:
179:
168:
149:
135:
121:
37:
3807:
3420:Gibraltar and the Mediterranean
3309:
3296:
3283:
3263:
3254:
3198:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3084:
3071:
3058:
3045:
3032:
3016:
2999:
1974:personally oversaw the fall of
1915:. In return for his allegiance
4793:Black Swan Project controversy
3727:David Francis (1 April 1975).
3652:David Francis (1 April 1975).
3380:David Francis (1 April 1975).
2954:
2941:
2912:
2881:. Buske Verlag, p.10, note 9.
2871:
2213:, to surrender in the name of
2018:in May 1704. After seeing the
290:Low Countries and Upper France
235:420 killed 10 severely wounded
1:
5309:Cathedral of the Holy Trinity
4440:
4329:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
3963:The Rock of the Gibraltarians
3897:Bromley, J. S. (ed.) (1971).
3891:
2907:Old Style and New Style dates
1873:War of the Spanish Succession
1860:
1853:as King of Spain, but in the
1835:agreed to surrender Gibraltar
1787:, known to his supporters as
1731:War of the Spanish Succession
1725:by Anglo-Dutch forces of the
1617:Second sovereignty referendum
1511:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
1491:War of the Spanish Succession
31:War of the Spanish Succession
5354:Shrine of Our Lady of Europe
5163:Bayside Comprehensive School
4690:
3957:
3901:Cambridge University Press.
3506:
3417:G. T. Garratt (March 2007).
2404:
2307:
1578:First sovereignty referendum
1396:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
7:
5133:
5112:Vehicle registration plates
5052:Royal Gibraltar Post Office
4952:
4271:
3639:pour encourager les autres.
3317:"Why is Gibraltar British?"
2833:
2296:in a bastion on the shore.
1760:to sever his alliance with
1751:successful raid in Vigo Bay
1660:Fortifications of Gibraltar
10:
5696:
5057:postage stamps and history
3323:. Gibraltar Heritage Trust
2533:
2392:British overseas territory
2343:American Revolutionary War
2270:
1997:
1864:
1501:Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar
1446:Seventh Siege of Gibraltar
5576:
5533:
5501:
5413:
5387:Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque
5369:
5281:
5272:
5220:
5145:
5141:
5128:
5082:
5007:
4964:
4960:
4947:
4916:Napier of Magdala Battery
4891:
4783:
4757:
4702:
4698:
4685:
4620:
4559:
4552:
4490:
4452:
4448:
4435:
4424:
4284:Neanderthals in Gibraltar
4279:
4266:
4197:
4169:
4131:
4108:
4090:
4042:Longmans, Green & Co.
3321:The Great Siege Gibraltar
3269:Bronchud, Miguel (2007).
2877:Kramer, Johannes (1986).
2721:
2432:
2390:in 1713, which remains a
2171:
2168:(the Habsburg claimant).
1758:Peter II of Portugal
1651:Political development in
1466:Eighth Siege of Gibraltar
1431:Fourth Siege of Gibraltar
1421:Second Siege of Gibraltar
1366:Neanderthals of Gibraltar
776:Italy and Southern France
286:
224:
209:
161:
113:
47:
36:
28:
23:
5655:Sieges involving England
4931:Royal Gibraltar Regiment
4906:Gibraltar Defence Police
4901:British Forces Gibraltar
4304:First Siege of Gibraltar
3556:Frederick Sayer (1862).
3106:Le Fevre & Harding:
2845:
1803:failed to take Barcelona
1516:Great Siege of Gibraltar
1476:Tenth Siege of Gibraltar
1471:Ninth Siege of Gibraltar
1441:Sixth Siege of Gibraltar
1436:Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
1426:Third Siege of Gibraltar
1416:First Siege of Gibraltar
536:Grovestins' Cavalry Raid
5173:University of Gibraltar
4859:Sovereignty referendums
4517:Reptiles and amphibians
3947:Yale University Press.
3923:Francis, David (1975).
3813:"Gibraltar." Microsoft
3562:. Saunders. p. 115
2646:Lord Archibald Hamilton
2513:Captain J. C. Ockersse
2371:"Ma ville de Gibraltar"
2065:Accompanying Rooke was
1622:Cordoba Agreement, 2006
1486:Marquisate of Gibraltar
572:Germany and Upper Rhine
5660:Sieges involving Spain
5102:Gibraltar–Spain border
4926:Royal Gibraltar Police
4665:St. Bernard's Hospital
4650:King George V Hospital
4339:George Augustus Eliott
4171:Castilian/Spanish rule
4011:Roger, N.A.M. (2006).
3959:Jackson, William G. F.
3620:Allen Andrews (1958).
2341:, when it entered the
2317:
2263:
2185:
2011:
1924:Emperor Leopold I
1867:Battle of Cádiz (1702)
1841:troops in the name of
1747:attempt to seize Cádiz
1074:Santa Cruz de Tenerife
162:Commanders and leaders
5670:18th century in Spain
5107:Shipping in Gibraltar
4372:Explosion of the RFA
3993:Lynn, John A (1999).
3927:Ernest Benn Limited.
3913:Clowes, William Laird
3819:Microsoft Corporation
3589:. Hale. p. 175.
3583:George Hills (1974).
3348:. Hale. p. 165.
3342:George Hills (1974).
2500:Captain P. Schrijver
2468:Paulus van der Dussen
2430:Captain C. Middagten
2329:and the hermitage of
2315:
2258:
2179:
2026:Rooke headed towards
2005:
1955:attempt to take Cádiz
999:Valencia de Alcántara
225:Casualties and losses
5516:Records in athletics
5491:Campo Gibraltar RUFC
5469:Football Association
5318:(Church of Scotland)
5316:St. Andrew's Church
5047:Regulatory Authority
4367:Maltese in Gibraltar
4362:Genoese in Gibraltar
4314:Capture of Gibraltar
3983:Chatham Publishing.
2840:History of Gibraltar
2337:and most notably in
2079:Francisco de Velasco
2020:Levant trading fleet
1871:At the start of the
1723:capture of Gibraltar
1685:Gibraltar portal
1496:Capture of Gibraltar
24:Capture of Gibraltar
5680:Sieges of Gibraltar
5247:Gibraltarian status
5031:Gibraltar Chronicle
4602:Strait of Gibraltar
4526:Iberis gibraltarica
4309:Battle of Gibraltar
4299:Pillars of Hercules
4084:Sieges of Gibraltar
3626:. Evans. p. 35
2423:Wapen van Vriesland
2024:Strait of Gibraltar
2022:safely through the
1739:Strait of Gibraltar
1627:Second constitution
1566:during World War II
837:Castelnuovo Bormida
105:Anglo-Dutch victory
82: /
5506:Commonwealth Games
5361:Trafalgar Cemetery
5349:Our Lady of Europe
5190:LlĂ©vame Donde NacĂ
4911:Gibraltar Squadron
4710:Constitution Order
4592:St. Michael's Cave
3472:Campo de Gibraltar
2318:
2264:
2186:
2107:Cloudesley Shovell
2012:
1855:peace negotiations
1583:First constitution
1361:Prehistoric Iberia
1099:2nd Ciudad Rodrigo
1039:1st Ciudad Rodrigo
275:Spanish Succession
86:36.1397°N 5.3539°W
5650:1704 in Gibraltar
5645:Conflicts in 1704
5632:
5631:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5529:
5528:
5409:
5408:
5329:Roman Catholicism
5294:Diocese in Europe
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5074:Telephone numbers
5019:(Internet domain)
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4854:Political parties
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4587:Rock of Gibraltar
4482:Iberian Peninsula
4422:
4421:
4384:Death on the Rock
4380:Operation Flavius
4324:Treaty of Utrecht
4225:
4224:
3185:978-0-8386-3237-6
2831:
2830:
2628:William Cleveland
2484:Cornelis Beeckman
2443:Wapen van Utrecht
2388:Treaty of Utrecht
2095:comte de Toulouse
2016:Mediterranean Sea
2008:Iberian Peninsula
1934:candidate to the
1930:– the Alliance's
1779:candidate to the
1743:Mediterranean Sea
1735:Iberian Peninsula
1719:
1718:
1597:Death on the Rock
1593:Operation Flavius
1506:Treaty of Utrecht
1481:Catholic Monarchs
1406:Moorish Gibraltar
1313:
1312:
958:Iberian Peninsula
371:2nd Fort Isabella
296:1st Fort Isabella
239:
238:
109:
108:
5687:
5620:
5619:
5608:
5596:
5595:
5584:
5583:
5521:Victoria Stadium
5420:
5419:
5319:
5304:Bishop suffragan
5279:
5278:
5143:
5142:
5130:
5129:
5020:
4962:
4961:
4949:
4948:
4700:
4699:
4687:
4686:
4645:Garrison Library
4567:Bay of Gibraltar
4557:
4556:
4529:
4510:Barbary macaques
4450:
4449:
4437:
4436:
4430:
4347:
4268:
4267:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4082:
4081:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4036:Trevelyan, G. M.
4026:Stanhope, Philip
3998:
3976:
3944:
3920:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3846:
3840:
3833:
3822:
3811:
3805:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3724:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3686:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3649:
3643:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3482:. Archived from
3465:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3245:
3232:
3225:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3169:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3104:
3095:
3088:
3082:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2898:
2889:
2875:
2869:
2862:
2610:Sir Andrew Leake
2405:
2368:
2303:
2291:
2220:
2216:
2211:Diego de Salinas
2183:
2145:William III
2123:
2119:
2100:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2033:
1989:
1973:
1965:
1941:
1926:'s younger son,
1918:
1910:
1905:Methuen Treaties
1852:
1844:
1831:Diego de Salinas
1808:
1790:
1785:Archduke Charles
1711:
1704:
1697:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1654:
1653:modern Gibraltar
1610:Modern Gibraltar
1567:
1536:Royal Calpe Hunt
1346:
1336:
1318:
1317:
969:Castello de Vide
281:
280:
265:
258:
251:
242:
241:
205:
198:Diego de Salinas
196:
195:
194:
184:
183:
182:
173:
172:
171:
154:
153:
152:
145:
141:
139:
138:
131:
127:
125:
124:
97:
96:
94:
93:
92:
91:36.1397; -5.3539
87:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
49:
48:
41:
21:
20:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5564:
5525:
5497:
5405:
5399:Great Synagogue
5365:
5317:
5299:Bishop diocesan
5268:
5216:
5207:Public holidays
5168:Westside School
5137:
5116:
5078:
5018:
5003:
4977:Gibraltar pound
4956:
4935:
4887:
4798:Disputed status
4779:
4753:
4694:
4669:
4616:
4548:
4534:Botanic Gardens
4523:
4486:
4444:
4431:
4418:
4345:
4344:Gibraltar real
4275:
4262:
4256:
4226:
4221:
4193:
4165:
4127:
4104:
4086:
4076:
4074:
3996:
3973:
3942:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3847:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3812:
3808:
3799:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3762:
3758:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3725:
3721:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3687:
3683:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3650:
3646:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3614:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3581:
3577:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3550:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3463:
3453:
3449:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3415:
3411:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3378:
3374:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3246:
3235:
3226:
3215:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3098:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3072:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2899:
2892:
2876:
2872:
2863:
2852:
2848:
2836:
2664:Samuel Whitaker
2589:
2400:
2398:Order of battle
2367:'Charles III's'
2366:
2310:
2301:
2289:
2273:
2240:Edward Whitaker
2218:
2214:
2191:Royal Katherine
2181:
2174:
2141:Oliver Cromwell
2121:
2117:
2098:
2093:Meanwhile, the
2086:
2082:
2074:
2071:Nine Years' War
2031:
2000:
1987:
1978:on 23 May, and
1971:
1968:Duke of Berwick
1963:
1939:
1916:
1908:
1879:: France under
1869:
1863:
1850:
1842:
1806:
1805:in the name of
1788:
1737:to control the
1715:
1679:
1677:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1612:
1602:
1601:
1573:Operation Felix
1569:
1565:
1559:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1521:
1520:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1356:
1334:
1327:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1280:Cap de la Roque
892:2nd Castiglione
797:1st Castiglione
282:
278:
277:
274:
271:
269:
231:
216:
192:
190:
180:
178:
177:
169:
167:
150:
148:
136:
134:
132:
122:
120:
90:
88:
84:
81:
76:
73:
71:
69:
68:
67:
55:1–4 August 1704
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5693:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5614:
5602:
5590:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5326:
5321:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5285:
5283:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5226:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5197:Gibraltar Fair
5194:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5180:Miss Gibraltar
5177:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5138:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5022:
5013:
5011:
5009:Communications
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4989:Stock Exchange
4986:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4958:
4957:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4765:Chief Minister
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4706:
4704:
4696:
4695:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4660:The Rock Hotel
4657:
4655:Moorish Castle
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4446:
4445:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4377:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4110:Castilian rule
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4023:
4009:
3991:
3977:
3971:
3955:
3935:
3921:
3909:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3885:, p. 424.
3875:
3861:
3841:
3823:
3806:
3790:
3776:
3756:
3739:
3719:
3701:
3681:
3664:
3644:
3612:
3595:
3575:
3548:
3531:
3511:
3499:
3459:(April 2007).
3447:
3429:
3409:
3392:
3372:
3354:
3334:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3262:
3253:
3233:
3213:
3197:
3184:
3164:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3112:
3096:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3044:
3031:
3015:
2998:
2982:
2966:
2953:
2940:
2920:
2911:
2890:
2870:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2796:William Jumper
2792:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2760:Kerryll Roffey
2756:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2722:To attack the
2720:
2718:Robert Fairfax
2714:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2583:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2551:Robert Kirkton
2547:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2451:Captain Bolck
2449:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2433:To attack the
2431:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2399:
2396:
2362:Charles Hedges
2309:
2306:
2272:
2269:
2230:Captain Jumper
2173:
2170:
2157:Charles V
2087:'Charles III'.
2075:'Charles III'.
1999:
1996:
1976:Castelo Branco
1893:Grand Alliance
1881:Louis XIV
1862:
1859:
1807:"Charles III";
1781:Spanish throne
1727:Grand Alliance
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1588:Border closure
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1243:Saint Gotthard
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
960:
959:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
802:Santa Vittoria
799:
794:
789:
784:
778:
777:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
741:
740:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
574:
573:
569:
568:
563:
558:
556:2nd Le Quesnoy
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
526:1st Le Quesnoy
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
471:Saint Ghislain
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
291:
287:
284:
283:
268:
267:
260:
253:
245:
237:
236:
233:
227:
226:
222:
221:
218:
212:
211:
207:
206:
188:
164:
163:
159:
158:
146:
143:Dutch Republic
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5692:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5625:
5624:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5553:Official flag
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5486:national team
5484:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5474:national team
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5457:national team
5455:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5440:national team
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5230:Gibraltarians
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:postal orders
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4921:RAF Gibraltar
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:EU referendum
4874:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Bristol Hotel
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4612:Windmill Hill
4610:
4608:
4607:Vanguard Cave
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Gorham's Cave
4580:
4578:
4577:Eastern Beach
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4544:Wildlife Park
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4475:Gibraltar Arc
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
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4018:
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4007:0-582-05629-2
4004:
4000:
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3990:
3989:1-86176-062-0
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3972:0-8386-3237-8
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3907:0-521-07524-6
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3883:Clowes (1898)
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3862:9780838632376
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3532:9780838632376
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3489:on 2009-02-20
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3430:9781406708509
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2888:
2887:3-87118-815-8
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2742:James Mighels
2739:
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2585:Rear-Admiral
2584:
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2466:Rear-Admiral
2465:
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2407:
2406:
2403:
2395:
2394:to this day.
2393:
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2302:'Charles III'
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2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2182:'Charles III'
2178:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:rejection of
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2134:Barbary Coast
2131:
2127:
2122:'Charles III'
2115:
2110:
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2096:
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2080:
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2068:
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2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:Duke of Savoy
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1959:Low Countries
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1901:Peter II
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:Philip V
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:Philip V
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:Dutch marines
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
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1778:
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1320:
1319:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:Cabrita Point
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:Naval battles
1268:
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1200:
1197:
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1194:4th Barcelona
1192:
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1187:
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1177:
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1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:3rd Barcelona
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:2nd Barcelona
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:2nd Gibraltar
992:
990:
987:
985:
984:1st Gibraltar
982:
980:
977:
975:
974:1st Barcelona
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
956:
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950:
948:
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766:
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735:
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611:
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584:
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559:
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529:
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522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
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489:
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479:
477:
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467:
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454:
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432:
429:
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389:
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379:
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364:
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332:
329:
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324:
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314:
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309:
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276:
266:
261:
259:
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223:
219:
214:
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208:
204:
199:
189:
187:
176:
166:
165:
160:
157:
156:Bourbon Spain
147:
144:
130:
118:
117:
112:
104:
101:
100:
95:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
5621:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5548:Coat of arms
5511:Island Games
5452:Field hockey
5370:Other faiths
5282:Christianity
5222:Demographics
5202:National Day
5067:Study Circle
5029:
4732:court system
4525:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4373:
4352:World War II
4319:George Rooke
4313:
4199:British rule
4188:
4133:Moorish rule
4092:Moorish rule
4039:
4029:
4012:
3995:The Wars of
3994:
3980:
3962:
3941:
3938:Kamen, Henry
3924:
3916:
3898:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3851:
3844:
3836:
3809:
3801:
3781:. Retrieved
3766:
3759:
3752:
3744:. Retrieved
3729:
3722:
3714:
3706:. Retrieved
3691:
3684:
3677:
3669:. Retrieved
3654:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3628:. Retrieved
3622:
3615:
3608:
3600:. Retrieved
3585:
3578:
3564:. Retrieved
3558:
3551:
3544:
3536:. Retrieved
3521:
3514:
3502:
3491:. Retrieved
3484:the original
3467:
3450:
3442:
3434:. Retrieved
3419:
3412:
3405:
3397:. Retrieved
3382:
3375:
3367:
3359:. Retrieved
3344:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3320:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3270:
3265:
3256:
3248:
3228:
3205:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3107:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3023:
3018:
3007:The Wars of
3006:
3001:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2961:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2914:
2878:
2873:
2865:
2814:Jasper Hicks
2803:
2785:
2778:Edward Acton
2767:
2749:
2731:
2707:
2689:
2682:Francis Dove
2671:
2653:
2635:
2617:
2599:
2576:
2569:John Hubbard
2558:
2540:
2519:
2505:
2491:
2474:
2457:
2442:
2422:
2401:
2375:
2370:
2359:
2319:
2298:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2261:Michael Dahl
2243:
2233:
2232:brought the
2223:
2208:
2189:
2187:
2143:, and later
2138:
2111:
2092:
2064:
2013:
1990:returned to
1952:
1948:George Rooke
1903:to sign the
1870:
1799:George Rooke
1793:
1722:
1720:
1549:20th century
1529:19th century
1495:
1459:Early modern
1305:Lizard Point
1285:Cape Spartel
1159:Villaviciosa
983:
942:Fenestrelles
728:2nd Haguenau
718:1st Haguenau
698:2nd Trarbach
663:Schellenberg
633:Munderkingen
598:1st Trarbach
578:Kaiserswerth
561:2nd Bouchain
516:1st Bouchain
506:Saint-Venant
321:Stevensweert
175:George Rooke
114:Belligerents
29:Part of the
5623:WikiProject
5558:other flags
5481:Rugby union
5289:Anglicanism
4737:LGBT rights
4640:The Convent
4572:Catalan Bay
4492:Environment
4357:Nationality
4334:Great Siege
3835:Trevelyan:
3800:Trevelyan:
3474:: 154–155.
3289:Trevelyan:
3247:Trevelyan:
3090:Trevelyan:
3038:Trevelyan:
2960:Trevelyan:
2934:Trevelyan:
2700:Robert Wynn
2587:George Byng
2349:side as an
2290:Charles V's
2286:Catalan Bay
2245:Dorsetshire
2215:Charles III
2196:George Byng
2166:Charles III
2099:Louis XIV's
1940:Charles III
1851:Charles III
1843:Charles III
1789:Charles III
1411:Reconquista
1376:Gibraltar 2
1371:Gibraltar 1
1333:History of
1300:Beachy Head
1263:Nagymajtény
1233:Nagyszombat
1218:Schmöllnitz
1199:2nd Majorca
1059:1st Majorca
1004:Albuquerque
907:Pizzigetone
902:Alessandria
750:3rd Hagenau
708:Lauterbourg
703:Wissembourg
588:Friedlingen
546:Marchiennes
461:Hondschoote
431:Dendermonde
306:Saint Donas
232:200 wounded
217:63 warships
186:George Byng
89: /
5639:Categories
5430:Basketball
5037:Gibtelecom
4842:Parliament
4522:Candytuft
4346:(currency)
3999:1667–1714.
3997:Louis XIV:
3892:References
3566:4 February
3493:2009-11-27
3145:Stanhope:
3064:Stanhope:
3011:1667–1714,
3009:Louis XIV:
2654:Nottingham
2530:John Baker
2414:Commander
2379:off Málaga
2294:Union Flag
2149:Queen Anne
2097:, one of
2083:Philip V's
2044:the rebels
2032:Amadeus II
1984:Portalegre
1980:T'Serclaes
1865:See also:
1861:Background
1791:of Spain.
1401:Al-Andalus
1354:Prehistory
1213:Eisenstadt
1189:2nd Girona
1164:1st Girona
1149:2nd Madrid
1054:El AlbujĂłn
1044:1st Madrid
979:Portalegre
812:Borgoforte
765:4th Landau
760:Rumersheim
755:Stollhofen
723:Drusenheim
693:3rd Landau
678:Ingolstadt
653:2nd Landau
648:Speyerbach
623:Sigharting
583:1st Landau
531:Landrécies
486:Malplaquet
451:Wijnendale
301:Middelburg
273:War of the
74:36°08′23″N
5324:Methodism
5252:Languages
5240:in the UK
5158:Education
5097:Cable car
5084:Transport
4810:Elections
4635:City Hall
4597:Sandy Bay
4442:Geography
4399:New Flame
4259:Gibraltar
4217:1779–1783
4146:1349–1350
4001:Longman.
3480:1133-5319
3302:Francis:
3227:Francis:
3132:Francis:
3119:Francis:
3077:Francis:
3051:Francis:
2976:Bromley:
2947:Francis:
2864:Francis:
2820:3x Dutch
2690:Swiftsure
2592:John Cowe
2331:San Roque
2327:Algeciras
2323:Cathedral
2308:Aftermath
2282:Trevelyan
2060:Barcelona
2058:capital,
1982:captured
1811:Gibraltar
1335:Gibraltar
1169:Aren Fort
1134:La Gudiña
1079:CastellĂłn
1034:Alcántara
1024:San Mateo
882:Calcinato
867:Mirandola
822:Governolo
817:Guastalla
745:Aidenbach
673:Villingen
643:Höchstädt
603:Andernach
593:Rheinberg
551:2nd Douai
496:1st Douai
456:Leffinghe
441:Oudenarde
411:Ramillies
401:Zandvliet
396:Zoutleeuw
381:2nd Liége
341:Groesbeek
331:1st Liége
230:60 killed
77:5°21′14″W
65:Gibraltar
5587:Category
5464:Football
5423:By sport
5377:Hinduism
5274:Religion
5042:Panorama
4994:Taxation
4893:Military
4785:Politics
4770:Governor
4744:Passport
4692:Politics
4414:COVID-19
4409:incident
4401:incident
4393:incident
4374:Bedenham
4289:Timeline
4038:(1948).
4028:(1836).
4015:Penguin
3961:(1986).
3943:Philip V
3940:(2001).
3915:(1898).
3509:, p. 99.
3327:2 August
3207:Philip V
3025:Philip V
2992:Philip V
2903:annotate
2834:See also
2812:Captain
2804:Yarmouth
2794:Captain
2776:Captain
2768:Kingston
2758:Captain
2740:Captain
2724:New Mole
2716:Captain
2698:Captain
2680:Captain
2662:Captain
2644:Captain
2626:Captain
2608:Captain
2590:Captain
2577:Ranelagh
2567:Captain
2549:Captain
2528:Captain
2520:Monmouth
2482:Captain
2435:Old Mole
2383:battered
2347:American
2250:Old Mole
2219:Philip V
2204:New Mole
2162:Philip V
2118:Peter II
2048:CĂ©vennes
1988:Philip V
1972:Philip V
1966:and the
1964:Philip V
1932:Habsburg
1917:Peter II
1909:Peter II
1889:Vigo Bay
1877:Bourbons
1839:Habsburg
1827:governor
1777:Habsburg
1774:Austrian
1671:Timeline
1639:See also
1389:Medieval
1324:a series
1322:Part of
1275:Vigo Bay
1174:Venasque
1154:Brihuega
1144:Zaragoza
1129:Alicante
1009:MontjuĂŻc
952:Syracuse
927:2nd Susa
862:Chivasso
847:Vercelli
842:1st Susa
770:Freiburg
738:Sendling
683:Blenheim
658:Augsburg
638:Breisach
608:Neubourg
466:Brussels
391:Elixheim
346:Tongeren
326:Roermond
311:Nijmegen
210:Strength
60:Location
5599:Commons
5535:Symbols
5447:Cycling
5435:Cricket
5394:Judaism
5334:Diocese
5262:Llanito
5257:English
5153:Cuisine
5146:General
5135:Culture
5092:Airport
4999:Tourism
4965:General
4954:Economy
4847:Speaker
4803:isthmus
4703:General
4560:Natural
4505:Mammals
4465:Geology
4460:Climate
4453:General
4273:History
3868:7 April
3821:, 2005.
3817:2006 .
3815:Encarta
3783:7 April
3746:7 April
3708:7 April
3671:7 April
3630:7 April
3602:7 April
3538:7 April
3507:Jackson
3436:7 April
3399:7 April
3361:7 April
3204:Kamen:
3158:Roger:
3022:Kamen:
2989:Kamen:
2750:Burford
2708:Berwick
2618:Montagu
2600:Grafton
2541:Suffolk
2506:Katwijk
2345:on the
2271:Landing
2242:of the
2202:to the
2147:'s and
2132:on the
2056:Catalan
2046:of the
1998:Prelude
1946:– with
1936:Spanish
1928:Charles
1825:. The
1823:sailors
1815:English
1766:Bourbon
1248:TrenÄŤĂn
1206:Hungary
1184:Cardona
1179:Tortosa
1139:Almenar
1119:Minorca
1114:Tortosa
1109:Morella
1089:Almansa
1084:Villena
1019:Badajoz
937:Exilles
872:Cassano
807:Luzzara
792:Cremona
733:Bavaria
713:Homburg
613:Geldern
501:BĂ©thune
481:Tournai
416:Antwerp
386:3rd Huy
376:2nd Huy
366:Limburg
361:1st Huy
351:Stekene
129:England
5611:Portal
5543:Anthem
5339:Bishop
4758:People
4553:Places
4391:Aurora
4293:sieges
4261:topics
4032:London
4019:
4005:
3987:
3969:
3951:
3931:
3905:
3859:
3774:
3737:
3699:
3662:
3593:
3529:
3478:
3444:misery
3427:
3390:
3352:
3277:
3182:
3013:295–96
3005:Lynn:
2885:
2672:Nassau
2475:Æmelia
2458:Veluwe
2355:France
2226:warped
2172:Battle
2130:Tetuan
2040:Toulon
1992:Madrid
1944:London
1921:Lisbon
1913:Lisbon
1897:Brazil
1783:, the
1770:Lisbon
1762:France
1326:on the
1290:Málaga
1253:Kölesd
1104:Lleida
1094:XĂ tiva
1064:Cuenca
1049:Murcia
947:Cesana
922:Toulon
912:Casale
857:Verrua
787:Chiari
566:Knocke
541:Denain
421:Ostend
356:Ekeren
279:Europe
200:
140:
126:
102:Result
5415:Sport
5382:Islam
5185:Music
4982:coins
4972:Banks
4775:Mayor
4622:Built
4500:Birds
4407:Fedra
3487:(PDF)
3464:(PDF)
2846:Notes
2822:bombs
2786:Lenox
2732:Monck
2636:Eagle
2559:Essex
2492:Veere
2417:Role
2411:Guns
2408:Ship
2235:Lenox
2153:Moors
2126:Cádiz
2114:Lagos
2103:Brest
2052:Turin
1849:with
1745:. An
1258:Kassa
1238:ZsibĂł
1124:Denia
1069:Elche
989:Ceuta
964:Cádiz
932:Gaeta
917:Milan
897:Pavia
887:Turin
852:Ivrea
782:Carpi
521:Arras
476:Ghent
446:Lille
426:Menin
406:Diest
336:Hulst
316:Venlo
215:2,000
5235:list
5017:.gi
4869:2002
4864:1967
4835:2023
4830:2019
4825:2015
4820:2011
4815:2007
4720:2006
4715:1969
4212:1727
4207:1704
4189:1704
4184:1506
4179:1467
4161:1462
4156:1436
4151:1411
4141:1333
4123:1333
4118:1316
4100:1309
4017:ISBN
4003:ISBN
3985:ISBN
3967:ISBN
3949:ISBN
3929:ISBN
3903:ISBN
3870:2011
3857:ISBN
3785:2011
3772:ISBN
3748:2011
3735:ISBN
3710:2011
3697:ISBN
3673:2011
3660:ISBN
3632:2011
3604:2011
3591:ISBN
3568:2011
3540:2011
3527:ISBN
3476:ISSN
3438:2011
3425:ISBN
3401:2011
3388:ISBN
3363:2011
3350:ISBN
3329:2018
3275:ISBN
3180:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2351:ally
2339:1779
2335:1727
2120:and
2028:Nice
1821:and
1817:and
1764:and
1755:King
1721:The
1228:Páta
1223:Raab
877:Nice
832:Arco
827:Nago
668:Rain
628:Bonn
618:Kehl
511:Aire
491:Mons
52:Date
4727:Law
3839:415
3804:414
3306:111
3251:411
3231:110
3162:169
3136:109
3094:406
3081:107
3055:104
3042:405
2980:418
2938:410
2868:115
2809:70
2791:70
2773:70
2755:70
2737:60
2713:70
2695:70
2677:70
2659:60
2641:70
2623:60
2605:70
2582:80
2564:70
2546:70
2525:70
2510:72
2497:60
2479:66
2463:64
2448:64
2427:64
2353:of
2200:Old
688:Ulm
436:Ath
220:430
5641::
3826:^
3793:^
3466:.
3319:.
3236:^
3216:^
3211:39
3188:.
3149:98
3110:68
3099:^
3029:38
2996:33
2969:^
2923:^
2893:^
2853:^
2357:.
2116:.
2062:.
2034:,
1833:,
1829:,
4528:)
4524:(
4386:)
4382:(
4295:)
4291:(
4251:e
4244:t
4237:v
4069:e
4062:t
4055:v
3975:.
3872:.
3787:.
3750:.
3712:.
3675:.
3634:.
3606:.
3570:.
3542:.
3496:.
3440:.
3403:.
3365:.
3331:.
1710:e
1703:t
1696:v
1595:/
264:e
257:t
250:v
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