1885:
2622:
1845:
1683:
1137:
4970:
996:
1440:
1269:. This time has been much reduced by moving the converter closer to the exhaust manifold and even more so placing a small yet quick-to-heat-up converter directly at the exhaust manifold. The small converter handles the start-up emissions, which allows enough time for the larger main converter to heat up. Further improvements can be realised in many ways, including electric heating, thermal battery, chemical reaction preheating, flame heating and superinsulation.
4932:
4980:
1008:
4961:
4953:
4945:
1669:
reaches a stage in its life where it reaches this EGT limit, the engine will require specific maintenance in order to rectify the problem. The amount the EGT is below the EGT limit is called EGT margin. The EGT margin of an engine will be greatest when the engine is new, or has been overhauled. For most airlines, this information is also monitored remotely by the airline maintenance department by means of
1233:
53:
1758:
1864:. A 2005 U.S. EPA report gives road vehicles as the second largest source of VOCs in the U.S. at 26% and 19% are from non road equipment which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations. 27% of VOC emissions are from solvents which are used in the manufacturer of paints and paint thinners and other uses.
1668:
In aircraft gas turbine engines, "exhaust gas temperature" (EGT) is a primary measure of engine health. Typically the EGT is compared with a primary engine power indication called "engine pressure ratio" (EPR). For example: at full power EPR there will be a maximum permitted EGT limit. Once an engine
3153:
IPCC, 2013: Summary for
Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V.
1352:
In 2000, the United States
Environmental Protection Agency began to implement more stringent emissions standards for light duty vehicles. The requirements were phased in beginning with 2004 vehicles and all new cars and light trucks were required to meet the updated standards by the end of 2007.
1619:
The 10% oxygen for "diesel" is likely if the engine was idling, e.g. in a test rig. It is much less if the engine is running under load, although diesel engines always operate with an excess of air over fuel. The CO content for petrol engines varies from ≈15 ppm for well tuned engine with fuel
2153:
Researchers from the
University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health say preliminary results of their statistical study of children listed in the California Cancer Registry born between 1998 and 2007 found that traffic pollution may be associated with a 5% to 15% increase in the
1910:, which blocks the transport of oxygen. At concentrations above 1000ppm it is considered immediately dangerous and is the most immediate health hazard from running engines in a poorly ventilated space. In 2011, 52% of carbon monoxide emissions were created by mobile vehicles in the U.S.
2004:
installed, while the United States has mandated it for diesel only. In 2022, British testing specialist
Emissions Analytics estimated that the 300 million or so gasoline vehicles in the US over the subsequent decade would emit around 1.6 septillion harmful particles.
1128:(MIT) indicates that 53,000 early deaths occur per year in the United States alone because of vehicle emissions. According to another study from the same university, traffic fumes alone cause the death of 5,000 people every year just in the United Kingdom.
2144:
engines is that they produce smaller quantities of toxic pollutants (e.g. oxides of nitrogen) than petrol and diesel engines of the same power. They produce larger quantities of carbon dioxide but less carbon monoxide due to more efficient combustion.
2182:
is due to car emissions. Concentrations of pollutants emitted from combustion engines may be particularly high around signalized intersections because of idling and accelerations. Computer models often miss this kind of detail.
2331:
Caiazzo, Fabio; Ashok, Akshay; Waitz, Ian A.; Yim, Steve H.L.; Barrett, Steven R.H. (November 2013). "Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005".
2137:) of marine exhaust gases. The regulations on marine sulfur dioxide emissions are tightening, however only a small number of special areas worldwide have been designated for low sulfur diesel fuel use only.
3198:
1797:
vapor and related particles. Small particles can penetrate deeply into sensitive lung tissue and damage it, causing premature death in extreme cases. Inhalation of NO species increases the risk of
1984:. Because of the size of the particles, they can penetrate the deepest part of the lungs. A 2011 UK study estimates 90 deaths per year due to passenger vehicle PM. In a 2006 publication, the
3408:
Scientific Study of
Harmful Effects of Diesel Exhaust: Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers
1240:
During the first two minutes after starting the engine of a car that has not been operated for several hours, the amount of emissions can be very high. This occurs for two main reasons:
4681:
776:
4906:
955:
4901:
950:
1255:, which diminishes only as the engine reaches operating temperature. The duration of this start-up phase has been reduced by advances in materials and technology, including
3135:
1464:
the gases resulting from combustion of the fuel and air mix are called exhaust gases. The composition varies from petrol to diesel engines, but is around these levels:
2461:
3250:
1620:
injection and a catalytic converter up to 100,000 ppm (10%) for a richly tuned carburetor engine, such as typically found on small generators and garden equipment.
3166:
1636:
vapour, which is corrosive, and when inhaled causes a muscular reaction making it impossible to breathe. People who are likely to be exposed to it should wear a
2694:
2673:
2846:
2761:
2614:
4919:
1724:
960:
3402:
1813:
3412:
3378:
4614:
1038:
726:
3180:
3108:
2304:
Omidvarborna; et al. (2014). "Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes".
1357:
United States Light-Duty
Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle—Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards (for Bin 5)
4853:
2789:
5023:
3362:
4896:
2263:
1125:
945:
4184:
3996:
3441:
219:
2712:
4149:
4042:
3712:
2076:
There has been research into ways that troops in deserts can recover drinkable water from their vehicles' exhaust gases.
346:
266:
2486:
4914:
4891:
4070:
3730:
3293:
Int Panis L; et al. (2006). "Modelling instantaneous traffic emission and the influence of traffic speed limits".
2228:
1766:
940:
854:
296:
2565:
Turner, MC; Krewski, D; Diver, WR; Pope CA, 3rd; Burnett, RT; Jerrett, M; Marshall, JD; Gapstur, SM (21 August 2017).
1279:
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency estimates of average passenger car emissions in the United States for April 2000
4956:
4703:
4589:
4083:
4078:
796:
701:
1876:, causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capacity. It also has many negative effects throughout the ecosystem.
4883:
3350:
2385:
Pulkrabek W.W. (2004) Engineering
Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine. Pearson Prentice Hall, new Jersey
2278:
3393:
U.S. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust
4629:
4366:
3756:
3565:
2203:
1164:) (except for fuels without carbon); these are not toxic or noxious (although water vapor and carbon dioxide are
1031:
741:
504:
86:
3268:
3343:
2167:
1985:
1969:
1197:
3167:"Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars"
2417:"Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle -- Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards"
4964:
4939:
4244:
2878:
2213:
2032:
concentrations in the atmosphere which according to the vast majority of the scientific community is causing
1884:
1221:
976:
426:
4415:
4164:
4144:
3896:
3636:
3570:
1455:
514:
366:
341:
136:
4520:
4174:
2258:
2233:
2041:
1801:
and colorectal cancer. and inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases such as
1346:
625:
376:
17:
3152:
2864:
4948:
4848:
4771:
4179:
4009:
3839:
3560:
3532:
1256:
1217:
1106:
1024:
381:
231:
3487:
2000:). In Chinese, European, and Indian markets, both diesel and gasoline vehicles are required to have a
1965:
1739:
terminology the exhaust is steam that is now so low in pressure that it can no longer do useful work.
4651:
4609:
4571:
4136:
3930:
2283:
2155:
2141:
2001:
1895:
1853:
1374:
1247:: When a cold engine is started, the fuel does not vaporize completely, creating higher emissions of
756:
721:
681:
334:
301:
151:
2654:"The Regional Transport of Ozone: New EPA Rulemaking on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (EPA-456/F-98-006)"
2621:
1948:. Benzene causes leukemia and is associated with other blood cancers and pre-cancers of the blood.
4646:
4169:
4110:
4021:
3545:
3434:
1172:). A relatively small part of combustion gas is undesirable, noxious, or toxic substances, such as
751:
371:
306:
243:
2193:
2101:
contained in the exhaust gases from vehicles as well as from industrial flue gas stacks and other
4858:
4624:
4154:
3705:
3651:
3595:
3575:
2997:
Babadjouni, RM; Hodis, DM; Radwanski, R; Durazo, R; Patel, A; Liu, Q; Mack, WJ (September 2017).
2518:"Lung Cancer and Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Traffic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
781:
736:
356:
5003:
4817:
4207:
3502:
2198:
2110:
2089:
919:
406:
4787:
4619:
4495:
4403:
4093:
3986:
3786:
2608:
2416:
1461:
1266:
889:
731:
597:
509:
206:
2208:
4594:
4249:
3945:
3407:
3302:
3072:
2775:
2516:
Hamra, GB; Laden, F; Cohen, AJ; Raaschou-Nielsen, O; Brauer, M; Loomis, D (November 2015).
2341:
431:
164:
3112:
2036:. Motor vehicles are calculated to generate about 20% of the European Union's man-made CO
8:
4661:
4599:
4566:
4505:
4437:
4302:
4297:
4275:
3849:
3427:
2179:
2126:
2052:
emissions figure dropped by 5.4% in the year to the first quarter of 2010, down to 145.6
2048:
emissions of new passenger cars and light vehicles. The
European Union average new car CO
1213:
766:
711:
676:
602:
529:
479:
474:
459:
116:
3397:
3370:
3306:
3076:
2368:
2345:
1844:
5028:
4974:
4935:
4868:
4843:
4838:
4656:
4533:
4327:
4199:
3963:
3834:
3761:
3698:
3555:
3023:
2998:
2974:
2949:
2925:
2900:
2591:
2566:
2542:
2517:
2434:
2218:
1918:
1873:
1826:
1580:
1443:
1000:
761:
637:
399:
181:
121:
91:
36:
2824:
4863:
4723:
4543:
4452:
4420:
4337:
4290:
4217:
4189:
3958:
3953:
3751:
3610:
3590:
3550:
3318:
3216:
3090:
3028:
2979:
2930:
2828:
2797:
2755:
2596:
2547:
2462:"Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Operating Fossil Fuel Engines Inside Buildings (AEN-206)"
2253:
2223:
2094:
2085:
1907:
1872:
Ozone is beneficial in the upper atmosphere, but at ground level ozone irritates the
1703:
1091:
649:
572:
565:
519:
386:
176:
171:
81:
3314:
3111:. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Commission. 2006. Archived from
2635:
5008:
4807:
4708:
4666:
4634:
4528:
4482:
4442:
4349:
4317:
4285:
4270:
4254:
4229:
4014:
3968:
3674:
3492:
3339:
3310:
3080:
3061:"Air Quality Impacts of Climate Mitigation: UK Policy and Passenger Vehicle Choice"
3018:
3010:
2969:
2961:
2920:
2912:
2820:
2586:
2578:
2537:
2529:
2396:"Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks"
2353:
2349:
2313:
1082:. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an
909:
806:
746:
632:
585:
534:
494:
469:
454:
436:
411:
351:
236:
186:
4671:
4581:
4547:
4432:
4386:
4312:
4239:
4159:
4062:
4004:
3859:
3679:
3661:
3585:
2916:
2273:
1899:
1682:
1567:
1252:
1188:, but typically shown simply as "HC" on emissions-test slips) from unburnt fuel,
1173:
694:
654:
524:
489:
421:
361:
289:
226:
126:
2720:
1922:
5013:
4984:
4718:
4604:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4396:
4381:
4332:
4322:
4234:
4088:
3844:
3815:
3605:
3522:
3236:
3136:"Lacking filters, U.S. cars set to emit a septillion more particles - research"
3014:
2965:
2317:
2243:
2033:
2021:
2017:
1774:
1651:
1605:
1554:
1505:
1189:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1087:
1012:
816:
716:
671:
664:
659:
416:
111:
3156:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
2567:"Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II"
2395:
2129:
in cars intend to break down the pollution of exhaust gases using a catalyst.
5018:
4997:
4969:
4738:
4639:
4425:
4354:
4126:
3874:
3738:
3450:
2494:
2171:
2114:
2102:
1997:
1941:
1762:
1707:
1699:
1224:. EGT is also a measure of engine health in gas-turbine engines (see below).
1117:
1102:
995:
831:
321:
316:
311:
69:
3403:
Diesel Exhaust Particulates: Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen
1825:
came from on road motor vehicles, with the second largest contributor being
4759:
4733:
4713:
4537:
4500:
4464:
4100:
4047:
3923:
3879:
3864:
3793:
3600:
3540:
3517:
3392:
3322:
3094:
3032:
2999:"Clinical effects of air pollution on the central nervous system; a review"
2983:
2934:
2832:
2600:
2551:
2268:
2248:
2106:
2065:
1736:
1629:
1415:
1136:
1083:
864:
826:
811:
642:
607:
552:
271:
131:
58:
3351:"California Air Pollution Kills More People Than Car Crashes, Study Shows"
2743:
4696:
4691:
4376:
4371:
4342:
4307:
4280:
3641:
3482:
3472:
1977:
1937:
1902:
is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic. It combines with
1798:
1794:
1633:
1592:
1518:
1439:
1248:
1177:
1071:
1063:
786:
484:
464:
2948:
Bourdrel, T; Bind, MA; Béjot, Y; Morel, O; Argacha, JF (November 2017).
2533:
2028:
emissions are part of the anthropogenic contribution to the growth of CO
4873:
4490:
3805:
3798:
3781:
3766:
3631:
3251:"Smog Exposure During Pregnancy Might Raise Child's Cancer Risk: Study"
2719:. United States Geological Survey (USGS). 12 April 2013. Archived from
1996:
emissions came from the exhaust of on-road motor vehicles (mostly from
1903:
1806:
1695:
1059:
836:
592:
96:
3085:
3060:
2811:
Omaye ST. (2002). "Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity".
2653:
1259:, shorter intake lengths, and pre-heating of fuel and/or inducted air.
4802:
4754:
4728:
4676:
4510:
4472:
4222:
4212:
3884:
3746:
3721:
3669:
3626:
3477:
2105:
exhaust sources in various large-scale industrial facilities such as
2098:
1945:
1802:
1786:
1265:: Catalytic converters are very inefficient until warmed up to their
1212:
Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) is important to the functioning of the
1110:
904:
859:
821:
771:
706:
612:
76:
44:
2582:
1832:
The resulting nitric acid may be washed into soil, where it becomes
4447:
4391:
4052:
3901:
3869:
3646:
3507:
3497:
3467:
3239:
AP 42, Fifth Edition, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
2238:
2130:
2122:
2118:
1687:
1637:
1628:
Exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine whose fuel includes
1492:
1145:
1075:
1067:
1055:
276:
2642:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 February 2013.
2423:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 November 2012.
1898:
is the most common type of fatal air poisoning in many countries.
4408:
3911:
3889:
3776:
3771:
3580:
3512:
2853:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
2701:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
2695:"State and County Emission Summaries: Volatile Organic Compounds"
2680:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
1926:
1833:
1790:
27:
Gases emitted as a result of fuel reactions in combustion engines
2867:. Automobile Association Developments Limited. 23 February 2012.
2659:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 1998.
2405:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 19 August 2015.
2158:
study found that diesel fumes cause an increase in lung cancer.
4812:
4792:
4686:
4361:
3854:
2515:
1973:
1888:
1531:
914:
894:
801:
791:
499:
52:
3419:
2996:
4822:
4764:
4105:
4037:
3935:
3827:
1981:
1857:
1670:
924:
869:
261:
57:
This diesel-powered truck emits an exhaust gas full of black
3690:
4797:
3918:
3906:
3822:
3453:
2175:
2121:
production plants. However, these are often referred to as
2053:
1972:
have been widely studied in humans and animals and include
1861:
1655:
1201:
1121:
1079:
899:
146:
141:
106:
3045:
Region 4: Laboratory and Field Operations — PM 2.5 (2008).
2865:"Exhaust emissions: What comes out of your car's exhaust?"
1848:
Non-road equipment is mostly gasoline and diesel stations.
1232:
3181:"EU Average New Car CO2 Emissions Down 5.4 Percent in Q1"
2564:
2436:
Self-Study Programme 230: Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions
1782:
1757:
3398:
Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust
3109:"Transportation Air Quality: Selected Facts and Figures"
2369:"Traffic pollution kills 5,000 a year in UK, says study"
3363:"Automotive Exhaust Chemicals: disease causing effects"
2040:
emissions, with passenger cars contributing about 12%.
1940:. It can also cause excessive bleeding and depress the
1856:(VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, ground level
3199:"recovering water from diesel exhaust - Google Search"
2947:
2847:"State and County Emission Summaries: Carbon Monoxide"
2674:"State and County Emission Summaries: Nitrogen Oxides"
1951:
1891:
satellite computer image of carbon monoxide March 2010
2466:
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
1686:
What looks like exhaust from jet engines is actually
1263:
Inefficient catalytic converter under cold conditions
1094:. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an
2804:
2330:
1988:(FHWA) state that in 2002 about 1 per-cent of all PM
1913:
1449:
3385:. Union of Concerned Scientists. 3 September 2013.
2898:
1273:
2790:"Ecosystem Effects | Ground-level Ozone | US EPA"
1677:
4995:
3058:
2899:Kurt, OK; Zhang, J; Pinkerton, KE (March 2016).
2888:. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
2297:
2133:in ships intend to remove the sulfur dioxide (SO
1742:
1245:Rich air-fuel ratio requirement in cold engines
1116:Motor vehicle emissions are a common source of
3217:"EPA Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act"
2741:
1829:which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations.
1434:
1196:) from excessive combustion temperatures, and
1120:and are a major ingredient in the creation of
3706:
3435:
3134:Lewis, Barbara; Carey, Nick (27 April 2022).
2306:Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
1839:
1785:) (whether produced this way or naturally by
1032:
2760:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2303:
1113:blow-by and evaporation of unused gasoline.
3292:
2901:"Pulmonary health effects of air pollution"
2613:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1349:EURO III as it was applied in October 2000
1144:The largest part of most combustion gas is
1124:in some large cities. A 2013 study by the
3713:
3699:
3442:
3428:
3286:
3133:
3059:Mazzi, Eric A.; Dowlatabadi, Hadi (2007).
2689:
2687:
2668:
2666:
1207:
1039:
1025:
51:
3369:. Environmed Research Inc. Archived from
3269:"IARC Diesel engine exhaust carcinogenic"
3101:
3084:
3022:
2973:
2950:"Cardiovascular effects of air pollution"
2924:
2810:
2590:
2541:
2427:
2170:found in studies that 50% or more of the
3248:
2366:
1883:
1843:
1793:, moisture, and other compounds to form
1756:
1681:
1623:
1438:
1231:
1156:O) (except with pure-carbon fuels), and
1135:
4854:Pollutant release and transfer register
3169:. European Commission. 7 February 2007.
2684:
2663:
2008:
1879:
14:
4996:
3065:Environmental Science & Technology
2079:
1662:
3694:
3423:
3413:Diesel exhaust: what you need to know
3049:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
2905:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
2264:Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy
1836:, which is useful to growing plants.
1126:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
4944:
4185:Electromagnetic radiation and health
3348:
2776:"Air Quality Planning and Standards"
2161:
1718:
1420:0.015 grams/mile (0.0092 g/km)
1380:0.075 grams/mile (0.046 g/km)
4960:
4952:
4043:Radium and radon in the environment
2954:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
2713:"Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)"
1986:U.S. Federal Highway Administration
1980:, cardiovascular issues, premature
1860:is formed, a primary ingredient in
1407:0.05 grams/mile (0.0305 g/km)
267:Radium and radon in the environment
24:
2717:Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
2421:Emission Standards Reference Guide
2229:Environmental effects of transport
2194:Air pollution#Most polluted cities
2140:One of the advantages claimed for
1852:When oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and
1309:20.9 grams/mile (13.06 g/km)
1257:computer-controlled fuel injection
25:
5040:
3379:"Cars, Trucks, and Air Pollution"
3349:Cone, Tracie (13 November 2008).
3333:
3249:Reinberg, Steven (9 April 2013).
2744:"Ozone Layer Protection - US EPA"
2571:Environmental Health Perspectives
2522:Environmental Health Perspectives
2148:
2071:
1914:Hazardous air pollutants (toxics)
1706:which in some applications shows
1643:
1450:Spark-ignition and Diesel engines
1325:1.39 grams/mile (0.87 g/km)
1298:2.80 grams/mile (1.75 g/km)
1176:(CO) from incomplete combustion,
4978:
4968:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4931:
4930:
3295:Science of the Total Environment
3003:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
2879:"Air Toxics from Motor Vehicles"
2620:
2279:United States emission standards
1730:
1333:Carbon dioxide - greenhouse gas
1006:
994:
3757:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3566:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
3449:
3315:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.017
3261:
3242:
3230:
3209:
3191:
3173:
3159:
3146:
3127:
3052:
3039:
2990:
2941:
2892:
2871:
2857:
2839:
2782:
2768:
2735:
2705:
2646:
2628:
2558:
2509:
2209:Automobile#Environmental impact
2204:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
2154:likelihood of some cancers. A
2059:
1816:study the largest emissions of
1471:Combustion-engine exhaust gases
1391:3.4 grams/mile (2.1 g/km)
1274:Passenger car emissions summary
1236:Steam from tailpipe of cold car
1227:
1105:emissions (and from stationary
87:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3344:California Air Resources Board
3187:. SoftNews NET. 19 April 2010.
3047:PM 2.5 Objectives and History.
2886:Transportation and Air Quality
2479:
2454:
2409:
2403:Transportation and Air Quality
2388:
2379:
2360:
2354:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.081
2324:
2168:California Air Resources Board
2064:Vehicle exhaust contains much
1713:
1678:Jet engines and rocket engines
1339:11,450 pounds (5,190 kg)
1131:
1058:is emitted as a result of the
956:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
13:
1:
5024:Transport and the environment
4245:Electrical resistance heating
3720:
2825:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00387-6
2290:
1222:exhaust gas temperature gauge
427:Electrical resistance heating
3897:Persistent organic pollutant
3637:Automatic transmission fluid
3571:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
3523:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
2917:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000248
1743:Main motor vehicle emissions
1456:Automobile emissions control
137:Persistent organic pollutant
61:when starting up the engine.
7:
4907:Least polluted cities by PM
3154:Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)
2259:Mobile source air pollution
2234:European emission standards
2186:
2042:European emission standards
1970:airborne particulate matter
1944:, increasing the chance of
1435:Internal-combustion engines
1423:0.41 pounds (0.19 kg)
1347:European emission standards
1328:38.2 pounds (17.3 kg)
1301:77.1 pounds (35.0 kg)
1220:. It may be measured by an
1107:internal combustion engines
1101:It is a major component of
10:
5045:
4849:Pollution haven hypothesis
4772:Brain health and pollution
4010:Ecological light pollution
3840:Internal combustion engine
3561:Dimethyl methylphosphonate
3015:10.1016/j.jocn.2017.04.028
2966:10.1016/j.acvd.2017.05.003
2487:"Race Fuel - Nitromethane"
2318:10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020
2083:
1854:volatile organic compounds
1840:Volatile organic compounds
1649:
1453:
1410:1.4 pounds (0.64 kg)
1383:2.1 pounds (0.95 kg)
1375:Volatile organic compounds
1336:415 grams/mile (258 g/km)
1218:internal combustion engine
1109:), which can also include
4928:
4882:
4831:
4780:
4747:
4652:Nonpoint source pollution
4580:
4572:War and environmental law
4519:
4481:
4463:
4263:
4198:
4135:
4061:
4030:
3995:
3979:
3944:
3931:Volatile organic compound
3737:
3728:
3660:
3619:
3531:
3460:
2284:Vehicle emissions control
2156:World Health Organization
2142:advanced steam technology
1896:Carbon monoxide poisoning
1475:
1368:Annual pollution emitted
1312:575 pounds (261 kg)
1290:Annual pollution emitted
1140:Emission of gas at sunset
682:War and environmental law
302:Health effects from noise
152:Volatile organic compound
4111:Marine mammals and sonar
4022:Radio spectrum pollution
3546:Butylated hydroxytoluene
3340:Health and Air Pollution
2742:EPA, OAR, OAP, SPD, US.
1992:and 2 per-cent of all PM
1921:(long-term) exposure to
1867:
1429:
1180:(properly indicated as C
307:Marine mammals and sonar
4957:WikiProject Environment
4915:Most polluted countries
4859:Polluter pays principle
4590:Agricultural wastewater
3652:Windshield washer fluid
3596:Methyl tert-butyl ether
3576:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
3488:Lead Replacement Petrol
2334:Atmospheric Environment
1394:94 pounds (43 kg)
1208:Exhaust gas temperature
1078:, biodiesel blends, or
782:Freshwater salinization
702:Agricultural wastewater
4975:Environment portal
4208:Agricultural pollution
3503:Compressed natural gas
3389:About diesel exhaust:
2199:Alternative propulsion
2111:natural gas processing
2090:Vehicle-specific power
1952:Particulate matter (PM
1892:
1849:
1770:
1747:
1691:
1462:spark-ignition engines
1446:
1237:
1141:
1001:Environment portal
4630:Industrial wastewater
4496:Clutter (advertising)
4404:Municipal solid waste
4250:Soil guideline values
4094:Sustainable transport
3987:Information pollution
3787:Open burning of waste
1887:
1847:
1760:
1685:
1624:Nitromethane additive
1442:
1267:operating temperature
1235:
1139:
742:Industrial wastewater
510:Municipal solid waste
432:Soil guideline values
4902:Most polluted cities
4595:Biological pollution
4506:Overhead power lines
2851:Air Emission Sources
2699:Air emission sources
2678:Air emission sources
2491:www.turbofast.com.au
2127:Catalytic converters
2107:petroleum refineries
1880:Carbon monoxide (CO)
1345:Comparable with the
951:Most polluted cities
603:Overhead power lines
4965:WikiProject Ecology
4662:Ocean acidification
4567:Unexploded ordnance
4438:Post-consumer waste
4298:Foam food container
4276:Biodegradable waste
3850:Global distillation
3342:Publication of the
3307:2006ScTEn.371..270I
3077:2007EnST...41..387M
2723:on 5 September 2015
2534:10.1289/ehp.1408882
2346:2013AtmEn..79..198C
2180:Southern California
2080:Pollution reduction
2024:. Motor vehicle CO
1809:and heart disease.
1765:as viewed from the
1663:Gas-turbine engines
1358:
1280:
1214:catalytic converter
1168:that contribute to
767:Ocean acidification
677:Unexploded ordnance
598:Advertising clutter
530:Post-consumer waste
475:Foam food container
460:Biodegradable waste
117:Global distillation
4985:Ecology portal
4869:Waste minimisation
4844:Industrial ecology
4839:Cleaner production
4657:Nutrient pollution
4534:Herbicidal warfare
4328:Construction waste
3964:Introduced species
3835:Indoor air quality
3762:Chlorofluorocarbon
3556:1,2-Dichloroethane
3237:US EPA Publication
2442:. AUDI. April 2000
2219:Congestion pricing
2097:focus on reducing
2095:Emission standards
2009:Carbon dioxide (CO
1893:
1874:respiratory system
1850:
1827:non-road equipment
1771:
1767:World Trade Center
1704:propelling nozzles
1692:
1581:particulate matter
1447:
1444:Automobile exhaust
1356:
1278:
1238:
1198:particulate matter
1142:
1013:Ecology portal
638:Herbicidal warfare
182:Introduced species
122:Indoor air quality
92:Chlorofluorocarbon
59:particulate matter
4991:
4990:
4864:Pollution control
4544:Nuclear holocaust
4453:Thermal treatment
4421:Plastic pollution
4338:Mercury poisoning
4291:Battery recycling
4190:Radioactive waste
3959:Genetic pollution
3954:Biological hazard
3752:Air quality index
3688:
3687:
3611:Tetranitromethane
3591:Metal deactivator
3551:1,2-Dibromoethane
3086:10.1021/es060517w
2254:Low-emission zone
2224:Emission standard
2162:Localised effects
2086:Air suction valve
1908:carboxyhemoglobin
1719:From burning coal
1617:
1616:
1427:
1426:
1343:
1342:
1152:), water vapor (H
1092:propelling nozzle
1068:gasoline (petrol)
1062:of fuels such as
1049:
1048:
984:
983:
650:Nuclear holocaust
573:Urban heat island
387:Radioactive waste
172:Biological hazard
82:Air quality index
16:(Redirected from
5036:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4946:
4934:
4933:
4808:Legacy pollution
4667:Oil exploitation
4529:Chemical warfare
4443:Waste management
4350:Industrial waste
4318:Biomedical waste
4286:Electronic waste
4271:Advertising mail
4255:Phytoremediation
4230:Land degradation
4015:Overillumination
3969:Invasive species
3715:
3708:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3675:MTBE controversy
3444:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3386:
3374:
3358:
3327:
3326:
3301:(1–3): 270–285.
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3203:www.google.co.uk
3195:
3189:
3188:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3056:
3050:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3026:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2796:. Archived from
2786:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2751:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2640:Nitrogen Dioxide
2632:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2604:
2594:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2497:on 13 March 2018
2493:. Archived from
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2312:(4): 2335–2342.
2301:
1824:
1610:possible traces
1467:
1466:
1388:Carbon Monoxide
1359:
1355:
1306:Carbon monoxide
1281:
1277:
1166:greenhouse gases
1041:
1034:
1027:
1011:
1010:
1009:
999:
998:
930:
929:
633:Chemical warfare
535:Waste management
495:Industrial waste
470:Electronic waste
455:Advertising mail
437:Phytoremediation
412:Land degradation
352:Depleted uranium
237:Overillumination
187:Invasive species
55:
32:
31:
21:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5033:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4979:
4977:
4967:
4924:
4910:
4878:
4827:
4776:
4743:
4682:Pharmaceuticals
4672:Oil exploration
4576:
4548:Nuclear fallout
4515:
4477:
4459:
4433:Packaging waste
4387:Deep sea mining
4313:Hazardous waste
4259:
4240:Open defecation
4194:
4160:Nuclear fallout
4155:Nuclear fission
4131:
4057:
4026:
3997:Electromagnetic
3991:
3975:
3940:
3860:Ozone depletion
3733:
3724:
3719:
3689:
3684:
3680:Pay at the pump
3656:
3615:
3586:Ethylenediamine
3527:
3468:Gasoline/petrol
3456:
3448:
3377:
3373:on 5 July 2014.
3361:
3355:Huffington Post
3336:
3331:
3330:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3151:
3147:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3115:on 16 June 2006
3107:
3106:
3102:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3040:
2995:
2991:
2960:(11): 634–642.
2946:
2942:
2897:
2893:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2809:
2805:
2800:on 18 May 2012.
2788:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2753:
2752:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2583:10.1289/EHP1249
2563:
2559:
2528:(11): 1107–12.
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2365:
2361:
2329:
2325:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2274:Space jellyfish
2189:
2164:
2151:
2136:
2092:
2082:
2074:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2015:
2012:
2002:tailpipe filter
1995:
1991:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1934:
1930:
1916:
1900:Carbon monoxide
1882:
1870:
1842:
1823:
1817:
1780:
1775:nitrogen oxides
1755:
1753:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1716:
1702:, exhaust from
1680:
1665:
1658:
1646:
1626:
1568:carbon monoxide
1555:nitrogen oxides
1543:Trace elements
1473:
1458:
1452:
1437:
1432:
1404:
1322:
1276:
1253:carbon monoxide
1230:
1210:
1195:
1190:nitrogen oxides
1187:
1183:
1174:carbon monoxide
1163:
1155:
1151:
1134:
1045:
1007:
1005:
993:
986:
985:
885:
877:
876:
850:
842:
841:
777:Pharmaceuticals
757:Nonpoint source
697:
687:
686:
655:Nuclear fallout
628:
618:
617:
588:
578:
577:
568:
558:
557:
548:
540:
539:
525:Packaging waste
490:Hazardous waste
450:
442:
441:
402:
392:
391:
362:Nuclear fallout
357:Nuclear fission
337:
327:
326:
292:
282:
281:
257:
249:
248:
222:
220:Electromagnetic
212:
211:
202:
194:
193:
167:
157:
156:
127:Ozone depletion
72:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5042:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
4989:
4988:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4897:Law by country
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4719:Surface runoff
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4605:Eutrophication
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4562:Scorched earth
4559:
4556:nuclear winter
4552:nuclear famine
4541:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4397:Uranium mining
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Surface mining
4379:
4374:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:Lead poisoning
4330:
4325:
4323:Chemical waste
4320:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:Bioremediation
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4150:Bioremediation
4147:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:Transportation
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3845:Global dimming
3842:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3816:Diesel exhaust
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3606:Tetraethyllead
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3533:Fuel additives
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3383:Clean Vehicles
3375:
3359:
3346:
3335:
3334:External links
3332:
3329:
3328:
3285:
3260:
3241:
3229:
3208:
3190:
3172:
3158:
3145:
3126:
3100:
3051:
3038:
2989:
2940:
2891:
2870:
2856:
2838:
2819:(2): 139–150.
2803:
2781:
2767:
2734:
2704:
2683:
2662:
2645:
2627:
2557:
2508:
2478:
2453:
2426:
2408:
2387:
2378:
2367:Roland Pease.
2359:
2323:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:Kyoto Protocol
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2163:
2160:
2150:
2149:Health studies
2147:
2134:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2072:Water recovery
2070:
2061:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2034:climate change
2029:
2025:
2022:greenhouse gas
2018:Carbon dioxide
2014:
2010:
2007:
1998:diesel engines
1993:
1989:
1966:health effects
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1932:
1928:
1915:
1912:
1881:
1878:
1869:
1866:
1841:
1838:
1819:
1778:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:shock diamonds
1700:rocket engines
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1652:Diesel exhaust
1645:
1644:Diesel engines
1642:
1625:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1606:sulfur dioxide
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:carbon dioxide
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1451:
1448:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:Emission Rate
1363:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:Emission Rate
1285:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1229:
1226:
1209:
1206:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1170:climate change
1161:
1158:carbon dioxide
1153:
1149:
1133:
1130:
1088:flue gas stack
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1003:
988:
987:
982:
981:
980:
979:
971:
970:
966:
965:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
946:Law by country
943:
935:
934:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
873:
872:
867:
857:
851:
848:
847:
844:
843:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:Surface runoff
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
717:Eutrophication
714:
709:
704:
698:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
679:
674:
672:Scorched earth
669:
668:
667:
665:Nuclear winter
662:
660:Nuclear famine
657:
647:
646:
645:
635:
629:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
589:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
569:
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
417:Bioremediation
414:
409:
403:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
347:Bioremediation
344:
338:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
297:Transportation
293:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
244:Radio spectrum
241:
240:
239:
234:
223:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
179:
174:
168:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
112:Global dimming
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
68:
67:
64:
63:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5041:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:Air pollution
5002:
5001:
4999:
4986:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4941:
4937:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4739:Water quality
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Traffic signs
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4426:Microplastics
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:Nanomaterials
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4355:Lead smelting
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Radioactivity
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4127:Noise control
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Metal working
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3218:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3186:
3185:autoevolution
3182:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:(2): 387–92.
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2911:(2): 138–43.
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2655:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:(8): 087013.
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:Clean Air Act
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:air pollution
2169:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:petrochemical
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:air pollution
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2069:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2043:
2035:
2023:
2019:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:immune system
1939:
1935:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:) react with
1788:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1763:New York City
1759:
1752:
1740:
1738:
1731:Steam engines
1726:
1723:
1722:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1632:will contain
1631:
1621:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:Hydrocarbons
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:air pollution
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:motor vehicle
1099:
1097:
1096:exhaust plume
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1004:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
990:
989:
978:
975:
974:
973:
972:
968:
967:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:
932:
931:
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832:Water quality
830:
828:
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608:Traffic signs
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515:Nanomaterials
513:
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377:Radioactivity
375:
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343:
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322:Soundproofing
320:
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317:Noise control
315:
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312:Noise barrier
310:
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38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4818:Point source
4760:Heavy metals
4734:Urban runoff
4714:Sulfur water
4692:Septic tanks
4538:Agent Orange
4392:Mining waste
4218:Manure waste
4048:Volcanic ash
3924:Black carbon
3880:Oil refining
3865:Particulates
3810:
3794:Construction
3601:Nitromethane
3541:Butyl rubber
3518:Butanol fuel
3382:
3371:the original
3367:Alpha Online
3366:
3354:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3272:
3263:
3254:
3244:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3211:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3161:
3148:
3139:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3113:the original
3103:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2885:
2873:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2798:the original
2793:
2784:
2770:
2747:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2721:the original
2716:
2707:
2698:
2677:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2609:cite journal
2574:
2570:
2560:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:the original
2490:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2435:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2362:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2269:Rolling coal
2249:Landfill gas
2165:
2152:
2139:
2093:
2075:
2066:water vapour
2063:
2060:Water vapour
2044:limit the CO
2016:
1968:of inhaling
1963:
1917:
1894:
1871:
1851:
1831:
1820:
1811:
1772:
1750:
1737:steam engine
1734:
1693:
1630:nitromethane
1627:
1618:
1593:hydrocarbons
1470:
1459:
1416:Formaldehyde
1401:
1351:
1344:
1319:
1262:
1249:hydrocarbons
1244:
1239:
1228:Cold engines
1211:
1178:hydrocarbons
1143:
1115:
1100:
1095:
1084:exhaust pipe
1051:
1050:
920:Point source
865:Heavy metals
827:Urban runoff
812:Sulfur water
787:Septic tanks
643:Agent Orange
553:Space debris
407:Agricultural
272:Volcanic ash
132:Particulates
101:
29:
4788:Area source
4697:Pit latrine
4620:Groundwater
4377:Gold mining
4372:Coal mining
4343:Toxic waste
4308:Green waste
4281:Brown waste
4264:Solid waste
3811:Exhaust gas
3642:Brake fluid
3493:Electricity
3483:Biogasoline
2794:www.epa.gov
2340:: 198–208.
2117:plants and
1978:lung cancer
1938:bone marrow
1906:to produce
1799:lung cancer
1795:nitric acid
1714:Other types
1696:jet engines
1634:nitric acid
1587:< 0.045
1575:< 0.045
1519:water vapor
1476:% of total
1132:Composition
1072:diesel fuel
1064:natural gas
1052:Exhaust gas
890:Area source
732:Groundwater
485:Green waste
465:Brown waste
449:Solid waste
207:Information
102:Exhaust gas
18:Car exhaust
4998:Categories
4940:by country
4936:Categories
4874:Zero waste
4755:Pollutants
4709:Stagnation
4647:Monitoring
4615:Freshwater
4491:Air travel
4303:Food waste
4223:Pesticides
4213:Herbicides
4117:Industrial
3946:Biological
3806:Demolition
3799:Renovation
3782:Joss paper
3767:Combustion
3632:Antifreeze
3461:Fuel types
2813:Toxicology
2501:23 January
2291:References
2123:flue gases
2099:pollutants
2084:See also:
1936:) damages
1904:hemoglobin
1812:In a 2005
1807:bronchitis
1650:See also:
1613:< 0.03
1600:< 0.03
1597:< 0.25
1562:< 0.15
1559:< 0.25
1454:See also:
1362:Component
1284:Component
1060:combustion
977:By country
969:Categories
860:Pollutants
837:Wastewater
807:Stagnation
752:Monitoring
727:Freshwater
593:Air travel
480:Food waste
422:Defecation
232:Ecological
165:Biological
97:Combustion
35:Part of a
5029:Pollution
4832:Responses
4803:Garbology
4729:Turbidity
4677:Oil spill
4610:Firewater
4511:Vandalism
4473:Satellite
4170:Poisoning
4165:Plutonium
4145:Actinides
4137:Radiation
3885:Wood dust
3747:Acid rain
3722:Pollution
3670:Fuel card
3627:Motor oil
3478:Biodiesel
3009:: 16–24.
2131:Scrubbers
1946:infection
1803:emphysema
1787:lightning
1777:NO and NO
1688:contrails
1546:< 0.6
1481:Compound
1111:crankcase
905:Garbology
822:Turbidity
772:Oil spill
722:Firewater
707:Biosolids
613:Vandalism
372:Poisoning
367:Plutonium
342:Actinides
335:Radiation
77:Acid rain
45:Pollution
4920:Treaties
4892:Diseases
4704:Shipping
4600:Diseases
4448:Landfill
4123:Abstract
4120:Military
4053:Wildfire
3902:Smelting
3870:Asbestos
3647:Gear oil
3508:Hydrogen
3498:Kerosene
3323:17049967
3119:14 April
3095:17310696
3033:28528896
2984:28735838
2935:26761628
2833:12324190
2756:cite web
2636:"Health"
2601:28886601
2552:25870974
2446:23 March
2373:BBC News
2239:Flue gas
2187:See also
2119:chemical
2113:plants,
1814:U.S. EPA
1761:Smog in
1725:Flue gas
1638:gas mask
1493:nitrogen
1200:(mostly
1146:nitrogen
1076:fuel oil
1056:flue gas
961:Treaties
941:Diseases
797:Shipping
762:Nutrient
712:Diseases
277:Wildfire
5009:Engines
4949:Commons
4724:Thermal
4625:Hypoxia
4409:Garbage
4180:Uranium
4031:Natural
3980:Digital
3912:Aerosol
3890:Welding
3777:Biomass
3772:Biofuel
3731:History
3581:Ecalene
3513:Ethanol
3303:Bibcode
3278:18 June
3273:iarc.fr
3222:18 June
3140:Reuters
3073:Bibcode
3024:5544553
2975:5963518
2926:4776742
2592:5783657
2543:4629738
2471:18 June
2342:Bibcode
1923:benzene
1919:Chronic
1834:nitrate
1791:ammonia
1769:in 1988
1487:Diesel
1484:Petrol
855:History
737:Hypoxia
566:Thermal
520:Plastic
382:Uranium
256:Natural
201:Digital
177:Genetic
4813:Midden
4793:Debris
4748:Topics
4687:Sewage
4640:debris
4635:Marine
4483:Visual
4367:Mining
4362:Litter
3855:Mining
3662:Retail
3620:Fluids
3473:Diesel
3321:
3255:USNews
3093:
3031:
3021:
2982:
2972:
2933:
2923:
2831:
2748:US EPA
2727:2 June
2599:
2589:
2550:
2540:
1974:asthma
1956:and PM
1889:MOPITT
1572:1 - 2
1549:~ 0.3
1532:oxygen
1373:NMOG (
1216:of an
915:Midden
910:Legacy
895:Debris
849:Topics
802:Sludge
792:Sewage
747:Marine
586:Visual
505:Mining
500:Litter
37:series
5014:Gases
4884:Lists
4823:Waste
4765:Paint
4582:Water
4465:Space
4106:Sonar
4101:Urban
4079:Water
4063:Noise
4038:Ozone
4005:Light
3936:Waste
3828:Smoke
3454:fuels
3451:Motor
2882:(PDF)
2657:(PDF)
2440:(PDF)
2399:(PDF)
2178:) in
2020:is a
1982:death
1868:Ozone
1858:ozone
1773:Mono-
1671:ACARS
1430:Types
1090:, or
933:Lists
925:Waste
870:Paint
695:Water
547:Space
290:Noise
262:Ozone
227:Light
5019:Smog
4798:Dust
4781:Misc
4200:Soil
4089:Rail
4075:Land
3919:Soot
3907:Smog
3823:Haze
3319:PMID
3280:2023
3224:2023
3121:2010
3091:PMID
3029:PMID
2980:PMID
2931:PMID
2829:PMID
2762:link
2729:2014
2615:link
2597:PMID
2548:PMID
2503:2008
2473:2023
2448:2012
2176:smog
2166:The
2088:and
2054:g/km
1964:The
1862:smog
1805:and
1698:and
1656:Soot
1654:and
1251:and
1202:soot
1122:smog
1080:coal
900:Dust
884:Misc
400:Soil
147:Soot
142:Smog
107:Haze
4909:2.5
4521:War
4084:Air
3739:Air
3311:doi
3299:371
3081:doi
3019:PMC
3011:doi
2970:PMC
2962:doi
2958:110
2921:PMC
2913:doi
2821:doi
2817:180
2587:PMC
2579:doi
2575:125
2538:PMC
2530:doi
2526:123
2350:doi
2314:doi
1994:2.5
1958:2.5
1783:NOx
1735:In
1694:In
1538:10
1526:11
1523:13
1513:12
1510:14
1500:67
1497:71
1460:In
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1192:(NO
1160:(CO
1054:or
626:War
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2068:.
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1976:,
1954:10
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1748:NO
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1148:(N
1098:.
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