Carbon offsets and credits

2037: 1767:(CORSIA) is a global, market-based program to reduce emissions from international aviation. It aims to allow credits and offsets for emissions that cannot be reduced by technology and operational improvements or sustainable aviation fuels. To ensure the environmental integrity of these offsets, the program has developed a list of eligible offsets that can be used. Operating principles are similar to those under existing trading mechanisms and carbon offset certification standards. CORSIA has applied to international aviation since January 2019. At that point all airlines had been required to report their CO 1883:

efficiency. Projects that sequester carbon are also called Nature-Based Solutions. Projects with additional social and environmental benefits can command a higher price. This reflects the value of the co-benefits and the perceived value of association with these projects. Credits from a reputable organization may command a higher price. Some credits located in developed countries may be priced higher. One reason could be that companies prefer to back projects closer to their business sites. Conversely, carbon credits with older vintages tend to be valued lower on the market.

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be able to purchase 'adjusted credits' that eliminate the risk of double counting. These may be seen as more valuable if they support science-based targets and net-zero emissions. Other non-adjusted offsets and credits could support claims for other environmental or social indicators. They could also support emission reductions that are seen as less valuable in terms of these goals. Uncertainty remains around Article 6's effects on future voluntary carbon markets. There is also uncertainty about what investors could claim by purchasing various types of carbon credits.

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limited number (a "cap") of permits. These permit a discharge of a specific quantity of a specific pollutant over a set time period. Polluters are required to hold permits in amounts equal to their emissions. Those that want to increase their emissions must buy permits from others willing to sell them. These programs have been applied to greenhouse gases for several reasons. Their warming effects are the same regardless of where they are emitted. The costs of reducing emissions vary widely by source. The cap ensures that the environmental goal is attained.

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credits once it starts. Most carbon offset programs have a library of approved methodologies covering a range of project types. After a project has begun, programs will often verify it periodically to determine the quantity of emission reductions generated. The length of time between verifications can vary, but is typically one year. After a program approves verification reports, it issues carbon offset credits, which are deposited in the project developer's account in a registry system administered by the offset program.

2431: 8801: 9380: 8590: 8578: 632: 2375: 2389: 8614: 8602: 656: 644: 2417: 27: 748: 1857:, the Climate Action Reserve, the American Carbon Registry, and Plan Vivo. Puro Standard, the first standard for engineered carbon removal, is verified by DNV GL. There are also some additional standards for validating co-benefits, including the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standard (CCB Standard), also issued by Verra, and the Social Carbon Standard, issued by the Ecologica Institute. 1548:, or co-benefits, which include better air quality, increased biodiversity, and water and soil protection; community employment opportunities, energy access, and gender equality; and job creation, education opportunities, and technology transfer. Some certification programs have tools and research products to help quantify these benefits. 1541:

companies and governments have adopted. Voluntary carbon markets usually consist of private entities purchasing carbon offset credits to meet voluntary greenhouse gas reduction commitments. In some cases, non-covered participants in an ETS may purchase credits as an alternative to purchasing offsets in a voluntary market.

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require multiple species plantings. Tree planting in high latitude forests may have a net warming effect on the Earth's climate because tree cover absorbs sunlight thus creating a warming effect that balances out their absorption of carbon dioxide. Tree-planting projects can also cause conflicts with

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analyzed a series of CDM projects. It found that 85% had a low likelihood of being truly additional or were likely to over-estimate emission reductions. In 2023, the University of California all but dropped the purchase of offsets in favor of direct reductions in emissions. An additional challenge is

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CDM projects may transition to the Article 6.4 program subject to approval by the country hosting the project, and if the project meets the new rules, with certain exceptions for rules on methodologies. Projects can generally continue to use the same CDM methodologies through 2025. From 2026 on, they

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Renewable energy projects can include hydroelectric, wind, photovoltaic solar, solar hot water, biomass power, and heat production. These types of projects help societies move from electricity and heating based on fossil fuels towards forms of energy that are less carbon-intensive. However, they may

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Offset certification and carbon trading programs vary by how much they consider specific projects eligible for offsets or credits. The European Union Emission Trading System considers nuclear energy projects, afforestation or reforestation activities, and projects involving destruction of industrial

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Demand for VCM offsets is expected to increase five to ten-fold over the next decade as more companies adopt Net Zero climate commitments. This could benefit both markets and progress on reducing GHG emissions. If carbon offset prices remain significantly below these forecast levels, companies could

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Article 6 does not directly regulate the voluntary carbon markets. In principle, it is possible to issue and purchase carbon offsets without reference to Article 6. It is possible that a multi-tier system could emerge with different types of offsets and credits available for investors. Companies may

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Prices on the compliance market are generally higher. They vary based on geography, with EU and UK ETS credits trading at higher prices than those in the US in 2022. Lower prices on the VCM are in part due to an excess of supply in relation to demand. Some types of offsets are able to be created at

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e for the most common types of offset projects. Several factors can affect these prices. The costs of developing a project are a significant factor. Those tied to projects that can sequester carbon have recently been selling at a premium compared to other projects such as renewable energy or energy

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In 2015, REDD+ was incorporated into Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. REDD+ initiatives typically compensate developing countries or their regional administrations for reducing their emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. It consists of several stages: One, achieving REDD+ readiness;

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such as forests and soil. There are a number of different types of LULUCF projects. Forestry-related projects focus on avoiding deforestation. They do this by protecting existing forests, restoring forests on land that was once forested, and creating forests on land that previously had no forests,

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The ITMO system requires "corresponding adjustments" to avoid double counting of emission reductions. Double-counting occurs if both the host country and purchasing country count the reduction towards their target. If the receiving country uses ITMOs towards its NDC, the host country must discount

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Other groups are now advocating for new approaches to ensure that offsets and credits have integrity. The Oxford Offsetting Principles state that traditional carbon offsetting schemes are "unlikely to deliver the types of offsetting needed to ultimately reach net zero emissions." These principles

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An offset project is designed by project developers, financed by investors, validated by an independent verifier, and registered with a carbon offset program. Official registration indicates that a program has approved the project and that the project is eligible to start generating carbon offset

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Deforestation is particularly significant in Brazil, Indonesia, and parts of Africa, accounting for about 20 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon offsets allow firms to avoid deforestation by paying directly for forest preservation or providing substitutes for forest-based products. Offset

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e per year of annual emission reductions between now and 2050. These technologies include reducing deforestation, forest restoration, CCS, BECCs and renewables in least developed countries. In addition, as the cost of using offsets and credits rises, investments in reducing supply chain emissions

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Some pricing forecasts predict VCM prices could increase to as much as $ 47–$ 210 per tonne by 2050. There could be an even higher spike in the short term in certain scenarios. A major factor in future price models is the extent to which programs that support more permanent removals can influence

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Over 50 countries have national REDD+ initiatives. REDD+ is also taking place through provincial and district governments and at the local level through private landowners. As of 2020, there were over 400 ongoing REDD+ projects globally. Brazil and Colombia account for the largest amount of REDD+

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The supervisory board under Article 6.4 is responsible for approving methodologies, setting guidance, and implementing procedures. The preparation work for this is expected to last until the end of 2023. ER credits issued will fall by 2% to ensure that the program as a whole results in an overall

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programs exist at the sub-national, national, and international level. Under these programs, there is a cap on emissions. Sources of emissions have the flexibility to find and apply the lowest-cost methods for reducing pollution. A central authority or government body usually allocates or sells a

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Offsets from past project have to be additional to what would have happened without the project. For future projects, forward crediting is a process where credits are issued for projected emissions reductions, which can be claimed by buyers even before the reduction activities have occurred. When

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were found to use a formula that established fixed boundaries around forest regions. This created simplified, regional averages for the carbon stored in a wide mix of tree species. Some experts have estimated that California's cap and trade program has generated between 20 million and 39 million

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Some initiatives focus on improving the quality of current carbon offset and credit projects. The Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (ICVCM) has published a draft set of principles for determining a high integrity carbon credit. These are known as the Core Carbon Principles. Final

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The voluntary carbon markets currently represent less than 1% of the reductions pledged in country NDCs by 2030. It represents an even smaller portion of the reductions needed to achieve the 1.5°C Paris temperature goal pathway in 2030. However, the VCM is growing significantly. Between 2017 and

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Many different groups exist within the voluntary carbon market, including developers, brokers, auditors, and buyers. Certification programs for VCMs establish accounting standards, project eligibility requirements, and monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) procedures for credit and offset

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where carbon offsets are traded by corporations, individuals and organizations that are under no legal obligation to make emission cuts. In voluntary carbon markets, companies or individuals use carbon offsets to meet the goals they set themselves for reducing emissions. Credits are issued under

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cost of reducing emissions would differ among countries. Studies suggested that the flexibility mechanisms could reduce the overall cost of meeting the targets. Offset and credit programs have been identified as a way for countries to meet their NDC commitments and achieve the goals of the Paris

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Carbon offset and credit programs are coming under increased scrutiny because their claimed emissions reductions may be inflated compared to the actual reductions achieved. To be credible, the reduction in emissions must meet three criteria: they must last indefinitely, be additional to emission

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Similar to the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, it establishes a centralized program to trade GHG emission reductions between countries, supervised by a UNFCCC supervisory board. Countries, companies, and individuals can buy Emission Reduction (ER) credits purchased under this

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There is a diverse range of sources of supply and demand as well as trading frameworks that drive offset and credit markets. Demand for offsets and credits derives from a range of compliance obligations, arising from international agreements, national laws, as well as voluntary commitments that

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Determining additionality can be difficult. This may present risks for buyers of offsets or credits. Carbon projects that yield strong financial returns even in the absence of revenue from carbon credits are usually not considered additional. Another example is projects that are compelled by

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Fleischman, Forrest; Basant, Shishir; Chhatre, Ashwini; Coleman, Eric A; Fischer, Harry W; Gupta, Divya; Güneralp, Burak; Kashwan, Prakash; Khatri, Dil; Muscarella, Robert; Powers, Jennifer S; Ramprasad, Vijay; Rana, Pushpendra; Solorzano, Claudia Rodriguez; Veldman, Joseph W (2020-09-16).

2329:. They may provide incentives to emit more, so that emitting entities can get credit for reducing emissions from an artificially high baseline. Regulatory agencies could address these situations. This could involve setting specific standards for verifiability, uniqueness, and transparency. 1926:

Verra was developed in 2005. It is a widely used voluntary carbon standard, which also offers specific methodologies for REDD+ projects. As of 2020, there had been over 1,500 certified VCS projects covering energy, transport, waste, forestry, and other sectors. In 2021, Verra issued 300

146:. Article 6.2 enabled countries to directly trade carbon credits and units of renewable power with each other. Article 6.4 established a new international carbon market allowing countries or companies to use carbon credits generated in other countries to help meet their climate targets. 1698:

Creates a program for trading GHG emission reductions via bilateral agreements between countries using credits known as internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs). ITMOs can be purchased by countries to achieve NDCs, and also be used in market-based schemes such as CORSIA

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Forestry projects have faced increasing criticism over their integrity as offset or credit programs. A number of news stories from 2021 to 2023 criticized nature-based carbon offsets, the REDD+ program, and certification organizations. In one case it was estimated that around 90% of

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are expected to have a larger share of this market in the future, compared to renewable energy projects. However, there is evidence that large companies are becoming more reluctant to use VCM offsets and credits because of a complex web of standards, despite an increased focus on

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The use of offsets and credits faces a variety of criticisms. Some argue that they promote a "business-as-usual" mindset, allowing companies to use carbon offsetting to avoid making larger changes to reduce carbon emissions at source. Using projects in this way is called

1598:(EU-ETS) and the California Cap and Trade Program. Eligible credits in these programs may include credits that international or independent crediting systems have issued. There are also standards and crediting mechanisms that independent, nongovernmental entities such as 1949:

was developed in 2003 by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in consultation with an independent standards advisory board. Projects are open to any non-government, community-based organization. Allowable categories include renewable energy supply, energy efficiency,

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of forestry carbon credits. Forestry carbon credits are based on the measurement of forest growth, which is converted into carbon emission reduction measurements by government ecological and forestry offices. Owners of forests (who are typically rural families or

1618:, a developed country can sponsor a greenhouse gas reduction project in a developing country, where the costs of greenhouse gas reduction activities are usually much lower. The developed country receives credits for meeting its emission reduction targets known as 1469:, which introduced the concept of a cap and trade system, which allowed companies to buy and sell offsets created by other companies that invested in emission reduction projects subject to an overall limit on emissions. In the 1990s, regulatory frameworks for the 1742:

is a programme, largely addressed at tropical regions in developing countries, that uses market approaches to compensate landowners for not clearing or degrading their forests in order to create financial value for carbon stored in forests. REDD+ also promotes

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such that cannot be transferred and used. Carbon offsets can be tracked and reported within an offset certification registry, which may contain project information such as project status, project documents, credits generated, ownership, sale, and retirement.

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Methane is a potent greenhouse gas. It is most often emitted from landfills, livestock, and from coal mining. Methane projects can produce carbon offsets through the capture of methane for energy production. Examples include the combustion or containment of

1958:. Projects must meet at least three of those goals besides reducing GHG emissions. Projects must make a net-positive contribution to the economic, environmental and social welfare of the local population. Program monitoring requirements help determine this. 2282:

that carbon pricing and existing policies are still inadequate to meet Paris goals. However, there is evidence that companies that invest in offsets and credits tend to make more ambitious emissions cuts compared with companies that do not.

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focus instead on cutting emissions as a first priority. In terms of offsets, they advocate for shifting to carbon removal offset projects that involve long-term storage. The principles also support the development of offsetting aligned with

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Prices for offsets and credits vary widely, reflecting the uncertainty associated with verifying the indirect value of carbon offsets. At the same time, uncertainty has caused some companies to become more skeptical about buying offsets .

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Tree planting projects in particular have been problematic. Critics point to a number of concerns. Trees reach maturity over a course of many decades. It is difficult to guarantee how long the forest will last. It may suffer clearing,

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2021, both the issuance and retirement of VCM carbon offsets more than tripled. Some predictions call for global VCM demand to increase 15-fold between 2021 and 2030, and 100 times by 2050. Carbon removal projects such as forestry and

3587: 1524:. The Kyoto Protocol was to expire in 2020, to be superseded by the Paris Agreement. Countries are still determining the role of carbon offsets in the Paris Agreement through international negotiations on the agreement's Article 6. 708:. It is a reduction, avoidance, or removal of emissions to compensate for emissions released elsewhere. One carbon credit represents an emission reduction or removal of one metric tonne of carbon dioxide or the equivalent amount of 1464:

offset mechanisms, allowing permitted facilities to increase emissions in exchange for paying another company to reduce its emissions of the same pollutant by a greater amount. The 1990 amendments to that same law established the

2313:, and other key criteria. However, no single standard governs the industry. Some offset providers have faced criticism that their carbon reduction claims are exaggerated or misleading. For example, carbon credits issued by the 5428: 6398: 2322:

regulations. Projects representing common practice in an industry are also usually not considered additional. A full determination of additionality requires a careful investigation of proposed carbon offset projects.

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guidelines for this program are expected in late 2023. The Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative has developed a code of practice that was published in 2022. The UK government partly funds this initiative.

2229:'s net-zero criteria argue that it is important to move beyond offsets based on reduced or avoided emissions. Instead projects should base offsets on carbon that has been sequestered from the atmosphere, such as CO 1719:

those reductions from its emissions budget by adding and reporting that higher total in its biennial reporting. Otherwise Article 6.2 gives countries a lot of flexibility in how they can create trading agreements.

1634:, a developed country with relatively high domestic costs of emission reduction would set up a project in another developed country. Offset credits under this program are designated as Emission Reduction Units. 1661:

continues to support offset and credit programs between countries, including CDM projects from the Kyoto Protocol. Programs now occur to help achieve emission reduction targets set out in each country's

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O reductions represent 71 percent of offsets issued under the CDM. Since many of these are now banned by an amendment to the Montreal Protocol, they are often no longer eligible for offsets or credits.

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plants generate both electricity and heat from the same power source. This improves upon the energy efficiency of most power plants. That is because these plants waste the energy generated as heat.

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At the start of 2022 there were 25 operational emissions trading systems around the world. They are in jurisdictions representing 55% of global GDP. These systems cover 17% of global emissions. The

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from reducing deforestation such as biodiversity. It was introduced in its basic form at COP11 in 2005 and has grown into a broad policy initiative to address deforestation and forest degradation.

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Veldman, Joseph W.; Overbeck, Gerhard E.; Negreiros, Daniel; Mahy, Gregory; Le Stradic, Soizig; Fernandes, G. Wilson; Durigan, Giselda; Buisson, Elise; Putz, Francis E.; Bond, William J. (2015).

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than carbon dioxide by volume. It is easy to capture and destroy these pollutants at their source. So they present a large low-cost source of carbon offsets. As a category, HFCs, PFCs, and N

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independent crediting standards. Some entities also purchase them under international or domestic crediting mechanisms. National and subnational programs have been increasing in popularity.

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This article is about the use of carbon offsets and carbon credits for countries, corporations, and, in some cases, individuals. For more information on carbon credits for individuals, see

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Mitigation of Global Emissions. An additional 5% reduction of ERs will go to a fund to finance adaptation. Administrative fees for program management are still under discussion.

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A variety of greenhouse gas reduction projects can qualify for offsets and credits depending on the scheme. Some include forestry projects that avoid logging and plant saplings,

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schemes using reforestation, such as REDD, are available in developing countries, and are becoming increasingly available in developed countries including the US and the UK.

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A variety of projects can be used to reduce GHG emissions and thus to generate carbon offsets and credits. These can include land use improvement, methane capture, biomass

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The year in which a carbon emissions reduction project — usually the year in which a third party verifies the project — generates the carbon offset credit is known as the

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have received criticism as greenwashing because they overstated their ability to sequester carbon, with some projects being shown to actually increase overall emissions.

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Haya, Barbara K.; Evans, Samuel; Brown, Letty; Bukoski, Jacob; Butsic, Van; Cabiyo, Bodie; Jacobson, Rory; Kerr, Amber; Potts, Matthew; Sanchez, Daniel L. (2023-03-21).

6142: 6823: 5824: 8490: 2753: 3797: 2666: 1982:. The CDM identifies over 200 types of projects suitable for generating carbon offsets and credits. An example of land use improvement is better forest management. 8158: 7615: 4897: 4696: 6798: 5403: 4849: 1931:

e worth of offset credits for 110 projects. Verra is the program of choice for most of the forest credits in the voluntary market, and almost all REDD+ projects.

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must meet all Article 6 requirements. Up to 2.8 billion credits could potentially become eligible for issuance under Article 6.4 if all CDM projects transition.

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reductions that were going to happen anyway, and must be measured and monitored to assure the that the amount of reduction promised has in fact been attained.

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and Xpansiv. Many companies now engage in emissions abatement, offsetting, and sequestration programs, which generate credits that can be sold on an exchange.

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Nuclear energy projects are not eligible for credits under these programs. Country-specific designated national authorities approve projects under the CDM.

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certificates allow polluting companies a business-as-usual approach to continue releasing greenhouse gases and for being, inappropriately trusted, untried

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Besides the certification programs mentioned above, industry groups have been working since the 2000s to promote the quality of these projects. The

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by investing in projects that reduce, avoid, or remove emissions elsewhere. When an entity invests in a carbon offsetting program, it receives

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two, formalizing an agreement for financing; three, monitoring, reporting, and verifying results; and four, receiving results-based payments.

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The International Emissions Trading program enables countries to trade in the international carbon credit market to cover their shortfall in

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forestry credits that do not achieve real climate benefits. This amounts to nearly one in three credits issued through that program.

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Compliance market credits account for most of the offset and credit market today. Trading on voluntary carbon markets was 300 MtCO

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because they overstated their ability to sequester carbon, with some projects being shown to actually increase overall emissions.

8218: 8007: 7165: 5995: 3447: 3303: 2911: 2821: 2111: 1822: 1595: 515: 6990: 4992: 4452: 4255: 3631: 2935:. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved September 21, 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com. 1829:. It covers over 40% of European GHG emissions. California's cap-and-trade program covers about 85% of statewide GHG emissions. 7867: 7830: 7684: 7669: 7578: 7227: 7171: 2470: 1946: 1940: 1854: 1826: 1627: 1603: 1429: 325: 5333: 4792: 3822: 3658: 2702: 8526: 7664: 6957: 5971: 5666: 5658: 5539: 4713: 3480: 3427: 3008: 2890: 1798:

Currently several exchanges trade in carbon credits and allowances covering both spot and futures markets. These include the

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As of 2022, 68 carbon pricing programs were in place or scheduled to be created globally. International programs include the

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enabled mitigation banking and wetlands offsetting, which set the procedural and conceptual precedent for carbon offsetting.

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Allows countries to transfer carbon credits from reducing GHG emissions to help other countries meet their climate targets.

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projects replace a combustion device with one using less fuel per unit of energy provided. They can do this by optimizing

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the risk that countries and sectors may use carbon credits as "a ploy which permits maintaining excessive consumption".

2075: 320: 267: 7552: 5672: 5478: 5263:(Report). Helsinki: Nordic Initiative for Cooperative Approaches (NICA) and Perspectives Climate Group Gmbh. Pages 23-24 3401: 3334:(Report). Helsinki: Nordic Initiative for Cooperative Approaches (NICA) and Perspectives Climate Group Gmbh. Pages 10-17 2358:. These end up damaging native forests and reducing biodiversity. In response, some certification standards such as the 1974:, or industrial energy efficiency. They also include reducing methane, reforestation and switching fuel, for example to 9330: 8645: 8458: 8319: 8276: 7772: 5564: 5395: 2460: 1663: 1305: 963: 673: 345: 162: 131: 4914: 2363:

local communities and Indigenous people if the project displaces or otherwise curtails their use of forest resources.

9414: 8950: 8385: 8261: 8078: 7271: 7016: 6983: 6556: 5018: 4939: 3895: 232: 5457: 5109:. Helsinki: Nordic Initiative for Cooperative Approaches (NICA) and Perspectives Climate Group Gmbh. pp. 25–26. 3225: 2983: 8618: 8256: 8236: 8183: 8135: 7187: 6737: 6143:"COP26 climate pledges could help limit global warming to 1.8 °C, but implementing them will be the key – Analysis" 5123: 4555:(Report). Helsinki: Nordic Initiative for Cooperative Approaches (NICA) and Perspectives Climate Group Gmbh. Page 3 3724:"What's in a carbon credit? New tools help quantify the sustainable development benefits of carbon offset projects" 3172: 3099: 2226: 1377: 731: 660: 9113: 9038: 8909: 8375: 8326: 7752: 7714: 7659: 7119: 2630: 553: 6671: 8443: 7727: 7474: 6646: 6099: 4850:"A Year in Review: Tracking Carbon Price Highs & Lows in 2022 and Major Policy Shifts to Watch for in 2023" 2846: 2314: 1771:

emissions on an annual basis. International flights must undertake offsetting under CORSIA since January 2021.

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future global climate policy. This could limit the supply of approvable offsets, and thereby raise prices.

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very low costs under present standards. Without this surplus, current VCM prices could be at least $ 10/tCO

1619: 1409: 1405: 1333: 1149: 5207: 4375: 3036: 9365: 9360: 9078: 9053: 9043: 9019: 9014: 8720: 7747: 7590: 6592:"Revealed: more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets by biggest certifier are worthless, analysis shows" 4306:"Market making for the planet: the Paris Agreement Article 6 decisions and transnational carbon markets*" 3924:"Revealed: more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets by biggest certifier are worthless, analysis shows" 2777:

Probst, Benedict; Toetzke, Malte; Anadon, Laura Diaz; Kontoleon, Andreas; Hoffmann, Volker (2023-07-27).

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agreement at a lower cost. They may also help close the emissions gap identified in annual UNEP reports.

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also have detailed guidance on what descriptive terms are appropriate for buyers of offsets and credits.

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includes three mechanisms for "voluntary cooperation" between countries towards climate goals, including

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Several certification standards exist, with different ways of measuring emissions baseline, reductions,

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Systematic review of the actual emissions reductions of carbon offset projects across all major sectors

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Researchers have raised the concern that the use of carbon offsets – such as by maintaining forests,

1807: 1421: 1204: 1097: 835: 568: 510: 460: 440: 170: 7990: 6389:"Mass Audubon promised to preserve wildlife. Then it made millions claiming it could cut down trees" 5208:"The influence of crediting and permanence periods on Australian forest-based carbon offsets supply" 4767: 4599: 3798:"There's a massive bubble in the price of carbon – and yet it won't bring down emissions any faster" 9310: 9118: 9058: 8715: 8485: 8480: 8470: 8411: 8251: 7757: 7722: 7605: 7532: 7373: 7202: 7138: 7099: 2703:"Are carbon offsets all they're cracked up to be? We tracked one from Kenya to England to find out" 2343: 2325:

Offsets provide a revenue stream for the reduction of some types of emissions, so they can lead to

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are now an important element of regulatory programs to control pollution, including GHG emissions.

1561: 1275: 1174: 1107: 953: 943: 918: 873: 558: 465: 417: 335: 189: 69: 53: 4474: 2213:. ICROA's membership consists of carbon offset providers based in the United States, European and 9404: 9249: 9239: 9229: 8594: 8516: 8426: 8168: 8140: 7820: 7469: 7447: 7054: 5850:"Integrity Of The Voluntary Carbon Market: Draft 'Core Carbon Principles' | White & Case LLP" 2380: 2210: 2131: 2003:

not qualify as offset projects. This is because it is difficult or impossible to determine their

1570: 1485: 1348: 1199: 1154: 1139: 1124: 1119: 1062: 985: 802: 772: 767: 739: 395: 20: 5730:(Report). Stockholm Environment Institute & Greenhouse Gas Management Institute. Pages 18-31 4645:"World's first carbon-removal marketplace offers businesses an easy route to net-zero emissions" 9170: 9033: 8816: 8705: 8193: 8013: 7955: 7872: 7857: 7742: 7378: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 5585: 5529: 3255:"Mass Audubon 'Followed The Rules' And Earned Millions From Carbon Offsets. But Was It 'Real'?" 2136: 1285: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1129: 990: 973: 520: 495: 405: 385: 355: 310: 237: 222: 104: 4098: 3558: 2543:"Comprehensive review of carbon quantification by improved forest management offset protocols" 9419: 9305: 9073: 9068: 9048: 8582: 8228: 8105: 7913: 7363: 7286: 4017:"Emissions Trading in the U.S.: Experience, Lessons, and Considerations for Greenhouse Gases" 3496: 2445: 2408: 2165:

Criteria for assessing the quality of offsets and credits usually cover the following areas:

1638: 1343: 1290: 1219: 958: 812: 636: 455: 410: 227: 6119:"The University of California has all but dropped carbon offsets—and thinks you should, too" 5704:(Report). Stockholm Environment Institute & Greenhouse Gas Management Institute. Page 10 5100:

Michaelowa, Axel; Shishlov, Igor; Hoch, Stephan; Bofill, Patricio; Espelage, Aglaja (2019).

4896:

Turner, Guy; Helmke, Elyas; Tetteh-Wright, Teki Anna; Oraee, Atta; et al. (June 2021).

4695:

Turner, Guy; Helmke, Elyas; Tetteh-Wright, Teki Anna; Oraee, Atta; et al. (June 2021).

8899: 8661: 8421: 8299: 7960: 7525: 7452: 6205: 2554: 2267: 2071: 1979: 1967: 1837: 1631: 1338: 1209: 948: 928: 913: 908: 500: 400: 340: 120: 100: 6698:"Where Tree Planting and Forest Expansion are Bad for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services" 5614: 8: 9270: 9103: 9003: 8978: 8931: 8740: 8730: 8695: 8438: 8213: 7437: 7432: 6647:"Planting trees "doesn't make any sense" in the fight against climate change say experts" 6194:"Renewable energy certificates threaten the integrity of corporate science-based targets" 5936: 4669: 4043: 3966: 3748:"How shared value is calculated for Gold Standard Certified Projects | The Gold Standard" 3609: 1975: 1521: 1270: 1214: 1169: 938: 933: 613: 578: 573: 285: 6209: 5966:. Oscar Reyes, Timothy Byakola, Carbon Trade Watch. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute. 2558: 9144: 8755: 8266: 8198: 8115: 7965: 7930: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7442: 7033: 6561: 6241: 5256:

Michaelowa, Axel; Shishlov, Igor; Hoch, Stephan; Bofill, Patricio; et al. (2019).

5227: 5035: 4824: 4548:

Michaelowa, Axel; Shishlov, Igor; Hoch, Stephan; Bofill, Patricio; et al. (2019).

4399: 4354: 4335: 3900: 3327:

Michaelowa, Axel; Shishlov, Igor; Hoch, Stephan; Bofill, Patricio; et al. (2019).

3074: 2962: 2778: 2436: 2326: 2277:

based on its use of carbon credits to support claims of carbon neutrality. In 2016 the

2222: 2087: 2021: 1867: 1841: 1533: 1517: 1425: 1310: 1295: 1194: 1164: 1144: 608: 548: 505: 380: 257: 200: 96: 6850:"Pitfalls of Tree Planting Show Why We Need People-Centered Natural Climate Solutions" 6192:

Bjørn, Anders; Lloyd, Shannon M.; Brander, Matthew; Matthews, H. Damon (9 June 2022).

4524: 3650: 3551:

56 UC Davis Law Review, No. 1, UCLA School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 22-11

2819: 1412:". The label depends on the particular program that certifies a reduction project. At 9295: 9175: 8780: 8500: 8163: 7908: 7674: 7457: 7420: 7207: 7161: 7012: 6971: 6953: 6918: 6867: 6756: 6566: 6420:

Broekhoff, Derik; Gillenwater, Michael; Colbert-Sangree, Tani; Cage, Patrick (2019).

6245: 6233: 6098:

Cames, Martin; Harthan, Ralph O.; Füssler, Jürg; Lee, Carrie M.; et al. (2016).

6074: 6028: 5977: 5967: 5886: 5723:

Broekhoff, Derik; Gillenwater, Michael; Colbert-Sangree, Tani; Cage, Patrick (2019).

5697:

Broekhoff, Derik; Gillenwater, Michael; Colbert-Sangree, Tani; Cage, Patrick (2019).

5662: 5535: 5231: 5223: 5014: 4800: 4600:

A Comparison of Carbon Offset Standards - Making Sense of the Voluntary Carbon Market

4339: 4327: 4146: 3931: 3905: 3830: 3554: 3476: 3078: 3066: 2907: 2886: 2674: 2638: 2602: 2572: 2339: 2298: 2255: 1566: 1466: 1461: 1437: 1265: 1254: 1077: 1005: 797: 792: 330: 217: 112: 5424: 1878:

In 2022 voluntary carbon market (VCM) prices ranged from $ 8 to $ 30 per tonne of CO

9244: 9185: 8889: 8884: 8861: 8770: 8710: 8543: 8110: 8093: 8034: 7925: 7689: 7403: 7276: 7212: 7004: 6996: 6908: 6898: 6857: 6746: 6711: 6393: 6223: 6213: 5337: 5219: 5006: 4998: 4898:

Future Demand, Supply and Prices for Voluntary Carbon Credits – Keeping the Balance

4697:

Future Demand, Supply and Prices for Voluntary Carbon Credits – Keeping the Balance

4317: 3666: 3639: 3056: 3048: 2790: 2782: 2562: 2450: 2359: 2355: 2294: 2123:

projects attempt to preserve or increase the amount of carbon sequestered in soil.

2091: 2049: 2040:

Chicago Climate Justice activists protesting cap and trade legislation in front of

2025: 1971: 1623: 1513: 1259: 1057: 995: 863: 830: 603: 375: 247: 92: 80: 30: 4322: 4305: 2786: 130:

Carbon offset and credit programs provide a mechanism for countries to meet their

9275: 9234: 9212: 9093: 9063: 9028: 8988: 8790: 8495: 8416: 8380: 8309: 8283: 8271: 8188: 8120: 7995: 7852: 7464: 7415: 7393: 6476:"The CFTC Should Raise Standards and Mitigate Fraud in the Carbon Offsets Market" 2865: 2852: 2839: 2825: 2120: 2067: 1783:

e in 2021. By comparison, the compliance carbon market trading volume was 12 GtCO

1739: 1226: 1025: 980: 868: 450: 445: 435: 305: 135: 6824:""A further act of colonisation": why indigenous peoples fear carbon offsetting" 5055:

Chagas, Thiago; Galt, Hilda; Lee, Donna; Neeff, Till; Streck, Charlotte (2020).

3435:(3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Greenhouse Gas Management Institute. Page 10. 2402: 2278: 9300: 9290: 9088: 8700: 8448: 8304: 8246: 8241: 8083: 7972: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7542: 7479: 7217: 7197: 7156: 7077: 6887:"COP26 and a Framework for Future Global Agreements on Carbon Market Integrity" 6751: 6732: 6218: 6193: 5181: 3151: 3123:

The CFTC Should Raise Standards and Mitigate Fraud in the Carbon Offsets Market

3037:"COP26 and a Framework for Future Global Agreements on Carbon Market Integrity" 2795: 2422: 2274: 2259: 2177: 2060:

for energy. Carbon offsets in this category fund projects of three main types.

1493: 1489: 1477: 1476:

In 1997, the original international compliance carbon markets emerged from the

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press,

5002: 3659:"8. Global, Regional, and National Costs and Ancillary Benefits of Mitigation" 9398: 9320: 9108: 8993: 8973: 8904: 8894: 8851: 8735: 8690: 8521: 8453: 8178: 8000: 7985: 7920: 7815: 6922: 6903: 6871: 6862: 6570: 6237: 6078: 6032: 5981: 5912:"This new 'integrity initiative' is designed to fight corporate greenwashing" 5890: 5649: 5482: 4804: 4331: 3935: 3909: 3834: 3608:

Carraro, C.; Christensen, J.; Edmonds, J.; Flannery, B.; et al. (2001).

3070: 3052: 2678: 2642: 2606: 2576: 2567: 2542: 2455: 2430: 2394: 2310: 2286: 2206: 2172: 2004: 1951: 1505: 1045: 1040: 1030: 1010: 923: 903: 883: 782: 762: 724:

and subsidies. Credits can move among the various markets they are traded in.

563: 525: 242: 6716: 6697: 6501:"Carbon offsets used by major airlines based on flawed system, warn experts" 5754:"New international standards organisation hopes for plenty of carbon copies" 4376:"Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)" 4353:

Sheikh, P. A.; Procita, Kezee; Riddle, A.A.; Hoover, Katie (November 2021).

3855:"Carbon offsets used by major airlines based on flawed system, warn experts" 9340: 9315: 9180: 9149: 8963: 8765: 8406: 8203: 7847: 7837: 7484: 7368: 7281: 6760: 6557:"Do Airline Climate Offsets Really Work? Here's the Good News, and the Bad" 6427:. Stockholm Environment Institute & Greenhouse Gas Management Institute 6325: 5874: 5556: 4626:

The Future of Carbon Offset Markets: Current Trends and Emerging Challenges

3896:"Do Airline Climate Offsets Really Work? Here's the Good News, and the Bad" 3546: 2667:"Carbon credit speculators could lose billions as offsets deemed worthless" 2487: 2251: 2247: 2214: 2063: 1900: 1300: 1015: 893: 807: 717: 700:

A carbon offset or carbon credit is a way of compensating for emissions of

483: 300: 124: 34: 5961: 9165: 9133: 8926: 8914: 8834: 8760: 8750: 8680: 8433: 7950: 7942: 7192: 6261:"World's biggest companies accused of exaggerating their climate actions" 5449: 3402:"CARBON PRICING: Why do prices vary by project type? | The Gold Standard" 2351: 2115: 1545: 490: 252: 6942:(2001), Metz, B.; Davidson, O.; Swart, R.; Pan, J.; et al. (eds.), 6913: 6321:"Scientists urge end to fossil fuel use as landmark IPCC report readied" 4968: 4355:

Reduction in Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)

3353: 3061: 9128: 9123: 8936: 8919: 8775: 8630: 8465: 7842: 7008: 6702: 6419: 5963:

The carbon neutral myth : offset indulgences for your climate sins

5722: 5696: 5010: 3965:. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. January 2011. Archived from 2465: 2354:, or mismanagement. Some tree-planting projects introduce fast-growing 1907:

e, a variety of carbon removal technologies could deliver around 2 GtCO

1404:

There are several labels for one-tonne emission reductions, including "

840: 787: 721: 365: 295: 262: 6168:"Why we can't afford to dismiss carbon offsetting in a climate crisis" 1832: 1532:

The economics behind programs such as the Kyoto Protocol was that the

8844: 8839: 8725: 8685: 7410: 6799:"Climate change could expand forests. But will they cool the planet?" 1825:(EU-ETS) is the second largest trading system in the world after the 1622:(CERs), while the developing country receives capital investment and 1488:

to a global scale, focusing on the major greenhouse gases that cause

1231: 1020: 84: 6731:

Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Jesús; Stevens, Nicola; Berenguer, Erika (2023).

2374: 2078:, for example making it easier to cycle to work instead of driving. 8958: 6622:"How Do You Guarantee Land-Based Offsets Are Permanent? | Greenbiz" 4670:"Social Carbon profile on database of market governance mechanisms" 2114:

have the collective label LULUCF. LULUCF projects focus on natural

878: 116: 6067:"Delta Air Lines faces lawsuit over $ 1bn carbon neutrality claim" 5651:

The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People

4429:"Compliance and voluntary carbon markets: What is the difference?" 2048:

Carbon offsets that fund renewable energy projects help lower the

26: 8879: 8869: 7388: 7046: 6730: 4882:. Berlin: International Carbon Action Partnership. 2023. Page 34. 3607: 2511:"Unlocking Potential: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2017" 2388: 2017: 1765:

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation

1501: 38: 6733:"Valuing the functionality of tropical ecosystems beyond carbon" 1954:, reforestation, and agriculture. The program also promotes the 1416:, negotiators agreed to define offsets and credits issued under 747: 8874: 8401: 6672:"Planting invasive species could make our carbon problem worse" 5648:

Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (2 July 2024).

4649:

RECHARGE Global News and Intelligence for the Energy Transition

41:, Denmark, constitute one common type of carbon offset project. 6846: 6055:, paragraph 171, published 24 May 2015, accessed 21 April 2024 5786:"The Oxford Principles for Net Zero Aligned Carbon Offsetting" 4895: 4694: 3201:"Was COP27 the beginning of the end for corporate offsetting?" 8315:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

7398: 5879:"New carbon offset standards 'should bring greater scrutiny'" 4825:"Carbon Credits Prices by Project Type · Sep 2022 · Abatable" 4172:

Nuclear Power and Market Mechanisms Under the Paris Agreement

1654:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

6695: 6528:"The Climate Solution Actually Adding Millions of Tons of CO 6354:"The Climate Solution Actually Adding Millions of Tons of CO 6291:"Battle over carbon capture as tool to fight climate change" 5258:

Overview and Comparison of Existing Carbon Crediting Cchemes

5103:

Overview and comparison of existing carbon crediting schemes

5099: 4550:

Overview and Comparison of Existing Carbon Crediting Cchemes

3874:"The Climate Solution Actually Adding Millions of Tons of CO 3329:

Overview and Comparison of Existing Carbon Crediting Cchemes

2776: 8829: 6939: 6422:"Securing Climate Benefit: A Guide to Using Carbon Offsets" 5531:

Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) Activities

4525:"What is an Emissions Trading Scheme and How Does It Work?" 4038: 4036: 5996:"Carbon offsets prove risky business for net zero targets" 4903:(Report). UCL-Trove Research-Liebreich Associates. Page 3. 4702:(Report). UCL-Trove Research-Liebreich Associates. Page 2. 3009:"Carbon Offsets vs Carbon Credits: What's the Difference?" 1428:

claims by buyers. Certification organizations such as the

8491:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

6191: 5725:

Securing Climate Benefit: A Guide to Using Carbon Offsets

5699:

Securing Climate Benefit: A Guide to Using Carbon Offsets

4352: 2883:

Regeneration: ending the climate crisis in one generation

2106: 2074:, reducing energy costs per unit. They can also optimize 52:

mechanism that enables entities to compensate for offset

5615:"Tree planting projects for carbon offsetting in the UK" 4915:"Carbon Offset Prices Could Increase Fifty-Fold by 2050" 4235:(Report). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Pages 1-9 4033: 2961:. Carbon Offset Research & Education. Archived from 2056:

Energy conservation projects seek to reduce the overall

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Kollmus, Anja; Zink, Helge; Polycarp, Clifford (2008).

4256:"COP27 FAQ: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement explained" 2217:

markets who commit to the ICROA Code of Best Practice.

2081: 1647: 6097: 5647: 5118: 5116: 4662: 4499:"Emissions Trading Worldwide: 2022 ICAP Status Report" 3685:"Making Carbon Markets Work for Faster Climate Action" 3475:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 3429:

What is Additionality? Part 1: A long standing problem

3378:"Offset Verification | California Air Resources Board" 2196: 1986:

gases ineligible. Industrial gases include HFC-23 and

8332:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

6386: 4065: 4063: 3636:

6.3 International Policies, Measures, and Instruments

2540: 5275: 5171: 4793:"Many Companies Are Shying Away From Carbon Credits" 4357:(Report). Congressional Research Service. Cover page 3823:"Many Companies Are Shying Away From Carbon Credits" 2724: 2722: 2516:. Forest Trends' Ecosystem Marketplace. p. 10. 2370: 2010: 1915: 1594:. National programs include ETS systems such as the 5113: 5077:"Gold Standard: Why do we carbon offset with them?" 5058:

A close look at the quality of REDD+ carbon credits

4940:"Ten-fold increase in carbon offset cost predicted" 4597: 3663:

8.3.1 International Emissions Quota Trading Regimes

1833:

Voluntary carbon markets and certification programs

1436:credit holders claim the GHG reductions, they must 6101:How additional is the Clean Development Mechanism? 5692: 5690: 5182:"UNEP Risoe CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database" 5054: 4060: 3580:"Carbon Offsets after 2020: the World Under Paris" 3473:Wild by design: the rise of ecological restoration 2332: 2203:International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance 7038:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 6775:"Climate, Community & Biodiversity Standards" 6229:20.500.11820/fd48d7fc-d354-4ed6-bc99-70e515a7b189 5040:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 4460:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 3121:Fredman, Alex; Phillips, Todd (October 7, 2022). 2812:Periodicals that have covered this issue include: 2719: 2160: 9396: 8532:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5145: 5143: 5687: 5396:"How Does Cogeneration Provide Heat and Power?" 5206:Regan, Courtney M.; Connor, Jeffery D. (2020). 4876:Emissions Trading Worldwide: Status Report 2023 3320: 3120: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 3030: 3028: 2906:Goodward, Jenna; Kelly, Alexia (August 2010). 2509:Hamrick, Kelley; Gallant, Melissa (May 2017). 2508: 134:(NDC) commitments to achieve the goals of the 8646: 7267:History of climate change policy and politics 7062: 5479:"F-gases Emissions – Climate Change – US EPA" 5140: 3706: 3704: 3194: 3192: 2905: 1385: 712:that contribute equally to global warming (CO 681: 6938: 5360:"State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2017" 4765: 3672: 3645: 3354:"CDM: Designated Operational Entities (DOE)" 2240: 1555: 7384:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 6976:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6948:, Contribution of Working Group III to the 6891:The International Journal of Social Quality 6884: 6413: 6352:Song, Lisa; Temple, James (29 April 2021). 5779: 5777: 5528:Facility, Global Environment (2012-11-15). 5205: 4768:"Voluntary carbon market value tops US$ 2B" 4742:"Carbon credits: Scaling voluntary markets" 4227: 4214: 3425: 3041:The International Journal of Social Quality 3034: 3025: 2360:Climate Community and Biodiversity Standard 1961: 8653: 8639: 8613: 8601: 8058: 7069: 7055: 6989: 6589: 6525: 6351: 6064: 5747: 5745: 5199: 4178:. International Atomic Energy Agency. 2017 4069: 3921: 3871: 3710: 3701: 3189: 2664: 2592: 1577: 1392: 1378: 688: 674: 655: 643: 8353: 8159:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 7292:United Nations Climate Change conferences 6912: 6902: 6885:Cadman, Tim; Hales, Robert (2022-06-01). 6861: 6750: 6715: 6227: 6217: 5151:"Primer: Carbon Offset Project Types 101" 4985: 4321: 4081: 3993:"How Do Emissions Trading Programs Work?" 3497:"The Mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol" 3093:What is a Voluntary Carbon Market Credit? 3060: 3035:Cadman, Tim; Hales, Robert (2022-06-01). 3006: 2794: 2566: 2273:In 2023 a civil suit was brought against 2205:(ICROA) was founded in 2008. It promotes 2096:much greater potential for global warming 8660: 7863:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 6258: 6018: 5774: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5527: 4622: 4426: 3948: 3632:"6. Policies, Measures, and Instruments" 3610:"Chapter 10: Decision Making Frameworks" 3448:"The Political History of Cap and Trade" 2035: 25: 8219:National Adaptation Programme of Action 8008:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 6992:State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2022 6590:Greenfield, Patrick (18 January 2023). 6387:Lisa Song; James Temple (10 May 2021). 6252: 5742: 5074: 4994:State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2022 4714:"The Voluntary Carbon Market 2022–2023" 4503:International Carbon Action Partnership 4228:Bassam, Fattouh; Maino, Andrea (2022). 4048:Center for Climate and Energy Solutions 4021:Center for Climate and Energy Solutions 3544: 3445: 2020:generated by farm animals by use of an 1823:European Union Emissions Trading System 1806:, Global Carbon Credit Exchange gCCEx, 1596:European Union Emissions Trading System 516:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 9397: 7868:Economics of climate change mitigation 7831:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 7344: 7172:Scientific consensus on climate change 6821: 6526:Temple, L.; Song, J. (29 April 2021). 6333:from the original on November 22, 2022 6271:from the original on November 14, 2022 5909: 5873: 5751: 5554: 4790: 4472: 4230:Article 6 and Voluntary Carbon Markets 3990: 3872:Temple, L.; Song, J. (29 April 2021). 3820: 3547:"Corporate Greenhouse Gas Disclosures" 3470: 3304:"How to Acquire Carbon Offset Credits" 2880: 2547:Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 2471:Chinese national carbon trading scheme 2119:typically for more than a generation. 2112:Land use, land-use change and forestry 2107:Land use, land-use change and forestry 1941:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 1827:Chinese national carbon trading scheme 326:Economics of climate change mitigation 119:. Many projects that give credits for 8634: 8527:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 8352: 8057: 7793: 7343: 7255: 7136: 7088: 7050: 6602:from the original on 14 February 2023 6554: 6301:from the original on November 9, 2022 5959: 5783: 5659:European Council on Foreign Relations 5636: 4963: 4961: 4891: 4889: 4676:from the original on 7 September 2018 4605:(Report). WWF Germany. pp. 11–12 4303: 4253: 4084:"The Economics of the Kyoto Protocol" 4075: 3893: 3629: 3198: 2876: 2874: 2808: 2806: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2628: 1484:(CDM), which expanded the concept of 8549:Representative Concentration Pathway 7490:Tipping points in the climate system 7166:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 5376:from the original on August 14, 2020 5255: 5245:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 4547: 4475:"A Guide to Carbon Credit Exchanges" 4254:Crook, Jonathan (November 2, 2022). 3795: 3656: 3326: 3199:Crook, Jonathan (December 7, 2022). 2939:from the original on October 4, 2018 2660: 2658: 2624: 2622: 2588: 2586: 2504: 2502: 2346:are likely to be "phantom credits". 2266:Many projects that give credits for 2082:Destruction of industrial pollutants 2031: 1873: 1648:Paris Agreement Article 6 mechanisms 1456:In 1977, major amendments to the US 8320:Nationally determined contributions 8030:Individual action on climate change 7235:World energy supply and consumption 4642: 4623:Lee, Henry; Mayer, Abigail (2020). 4522: 3956:"Cap and Trade: Key Terms Glossary" 3617:TAR Climate Change 2001: Mitigation 2925: 2899: 2304: 2197:Approaches for increasing integrity 1997: 321:Economic analysis of climate change 268:World energy supply and consumption 132:Nationally Determined Contributions 103:projects. Further projects include 13: 9331:Renewable energy commercialization 8459:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 7076: 6065:Greenfield, Patrick (2023-05-30). 5334:"Haubenschild Dairy Farm Digester" 4958: 4886: 4759: 3922:Greenfield, Patrick (2023-01-18). 3000: 2871: 2803: 2691: 2665:Greenfield, Patrick (2023-08-24). 2631:"The Great Cash-for-Carbon Hustle" 2593:Greenfield, Patrick (2023-01-18). 2461:Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism 2143:) which are tradeable securities. 1664:nationally determined contribution 1306:Renewable energy commercialization 346:Environmental full-cost accounting 14: 9431: 8386:Satellite temperature measurement 7991:forestry for carbon sequestration 7272:History of climate change science 6738:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6259:Meredith, Sam (7 February 2022). 5675:from the original on 17 July 2024 5184:. UNEP Risoe Centre. 2010-02-01. 4632:. Harvard Kennedy School. Page 6. 4198:"The Clean Development Mechanism" 4147:"International Emissions Trading" 4082:Grubb, M. (July–September 2003). 3796:Böhm, Steffen (19 January 2022). 3545:LoPucki, Lynn M. (May 20, 2022). 3522:"The Clean Development Mechanism" 3100:S&P Global Commodity Insights 2655: 2619: 2583: 2499: 2477: 2011:Methane collection and combustion 1916:Verified Carbon Standard by Verra 1840:carbon markets (VCM) are largely 1609: 716:e). Carbon credits are a form of 111:projects, and the elimination of 9379: 9378: 8799: 8612: 8600: 8589: 8588: 8576: 8237:Climate Change Performance Index 7616:Destruction of cultural heritage 6878: 6840: 6815: 6791: 6767: 6724: 6689: 6664: 6639: 6614: 6583: 6548: 6519: 6493: 6468: 6439: 6401:from the original on 14 May 2021 6380: 6368:from the original on 26 May 2021 6345: 6313: 6283: 6185: 6160: 6135: 6111: 6107:. Berlin: Öko-Institut. Page 11. 6091: 6058: 6045: 6019:Andreoni, Manuela (2022-05-20). 6012: 5988: 5953: 5929: 5903: 5867: 5842: 5810: 5716: 5607: 5578: 5548: 5521: 5497: 5471: 5442: 5417: 5388: 5352: 5326: 5224:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104800 4473:Wagner, Gustav C. (2022-06-08). 3773:"Carbon Offsetting Price Survey" 3446:Conniff, Richard (August 2009). 2429: 2415: 2401: 2387: 2373: 2227:Science Based Targets initiative 1934: 1659:Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 1588:Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 1418:Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 746: 654: 642: 630: 140:Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 8376:Instrumental temperature record 8327:Sustainable Development Goal 13 6945:Climate Change 2001: Mitigation 6457:from the original on 2014-02-16 5830:from the original on 2021-07-26 5798:from the original on 2020-10-02 5784:Myles, Allen (September 2020). 5625:from the original on 2020-05-15 5596:from the original on 2020-05-15 5567:from the original on 2019-01-29 5534:. Global Environment Facility. 5460:from the original on 2020-05-14 5431:from the original on 2020-05-15 5406:from the original on 2019-11-27 5302: 5249: 5238:from the original on 2021-04-16 5188:from the original on 2011-07-25 5093: 5075:Collias, Anthony (2020-11-17). 5068: 5048: 4932: 4907: 4867: 4842: 4817: 4784: 4734: 4706: 4688: 4636: 4616: 4591: 4567: 4541: 4516: 4491: 4466: 4445: 4420: 4392: 4368: 4346: 4297: 4273: 4247: 4190: 4163: 4139: 4115: 4009: 3984: 3847: 3814: 3789: 3765: 3740: 3716: 3677: 3623: 3601: 3590:from the original on 2021-01-21 3572: 3538: 3526:United Nations - Climate Change 3514: 3503:from the original on 2010-02-11 3489: 3464: 3439: 3419: 3394: 3370: 3346: 3296: 3272: 3247: 3226:"Claims Guidelines Version 2.0" 3218: 3165: 3140: 3114: 3085: 2976: 2951: 2914:from the original on 2019-01-17 2523:from the original on 2020-08-14 2333:Concerns with forestry projects 1544:These programs also have other 554:Corporate social responsibility 16:Carbon dioxide reduction scheme 8444:Climate variability and change 7794: 7475:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 5937:"VCMI Claims Code of Practice" 5910:Peters, Adele (June 8, 2022). 5752:Murphy, Mathew (9 June 2008). 5286:"Use of international credits" 4281:"Climate Explainer: Article 6" 3657:Hourcade, J.-C.; et al., 3007:Courtnell, Jane (2023-02-01). 2770: 2746: 2730:"Climate Explainer: Article 6" 2534: 2315:California Air Resources Board 2161:Criteria for assessing quality 2139:) receive carbon tickets (碳票; 2086:Industrial pollutants such as 2024:, in landfills, or from other 1956:Sustainable Developments Goals 1: 9326:Renewable Energy Certificates 9286:Cost of electricity by source 9208:Arc-fault circuit interrupter 9084:High-voltage shore connection 8554:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 8089:Climate emergency declaration 4791:Holger, Dieter (2023-01-17). 4462:. IPCC. 2022. Fig.SPM.1, p.7. 4323:10.1080/20414005.2023.2174690 4304:Minas, Stephen (2022-07-03). 3821:Holger, Dieter (2023-01-17). 3426:Gillenwater, Michael (2012). 2910:. World Resources Institute. 2493: 1912:will become more attractive. 1816:NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe 1620:Certified Emission Reductions 1083:Socially responsible business 859:Bright green environmentalism 584:Socially responsible business 9341:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread 9139:Transmission system operator 9099:Mains electricity by country 8676:Automatic generation control 8537:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 7763:Middle East and North Africa 7089: 6822:Bourke, India (2021-11-18). 6555:Astor, Maggie (2022-05-18). 6480:Center for American Progress 5818:"The SBTi Net Zero Criteria" 5586:"Our reforestation projects" 5555:Butler, Rhett (2012-07-27). 4427:Stebbing, Jen (2022-11-01). 4097:(3): 143–189. Archived from 3894:Astor, Maggie (2022-05-18). 3630:Bashmakov, I.; et al., 3148:"Emissions Trading – UNFCCC" 3127:Center for American Progress 2146: 1527: 1410:Certified Emission Reduction 1334:Environmental pricing reform 115:in various settings such as 7: 9366:List of electricity sectors 9361:Electric energy consumption 9079:High-voltage direct current 9054:Electric power transmission 9044:Electric power distribution 8721:Energy return on investment 7611:Depopulation of settlements 7256: 4766:ClimateTrade (2022-08-04). 2885:. New York: Penguin Books. 2787:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3149652/v1 2701:Masie, Desné (2023-08-03). 2629:Blake, Heidi (2023-10-16). 2366: 2151: 1849:projects. They include the 1800:Chicago Mercantile Exchange 1616:Clean Development Mechanism 1584:Clean Development Mechanism 1482:Clean Development Mechanism 1406:Verified Emission Reduction 1088:Social return on investment 589:Sustainability organization 351:Environmental impact design 153: 123:have received criticism as 10: 9436: 9281:Carbon offsets and credits 8999:Three-phase electric power 8371:Global surface temperature 8262:Popular culture depictions 8174:Ecosystem-based adaptation 7904:Carbon capture and storage 7826:Carbon offsets and credits 7137: 6932: 6752:10.1016/j.tree.2023.08.012 6447:"FAQs | The Gold Standard" 6219:10.1038/s41558-022-01379-5 4523:Lam, Austin (2022-12-03). 4453:"Summary for Policymakers" 4310:Transnational Legal Theory 4044:"California Cap and Trade" 3991:US EPA, OAR (2016-03-16). 2984:"What is a Carbon Offset?" 2881:Hawken, Paul, ed. (2021). 2484:Timeline of carbon offsets 1938: 1919: 1863:carbon capture and storage 1774: 1651: 1559: 1451: 1073:Pollution haven hypothesis 1068:Natural resource economics 1053:High-performance buildings 371:High-performance buildings 291:Carbon offsets and credits 208:Carbon capture and storage 109:carbon capture and storage 18: 9374: 9349: 9336:Renewable Energy Payments 9259: 9196: 9158: 9012: 8949: 8860: 8825:Fossil fuel power station 8815: 8808: 8797: 8668: 8583:Climate change portal 8570: 8509: 8476:Extreme event attribution 8394: 8363: 8359: 8348: 8292: 8227: 8149: 8099:School Strike for Climate 8071: 8067: 8053: 8022: 7978:Climate-smart agriculture 7939: 7896: 7806: 7802: 7789: 7713: 7566: 7513: 7356: 7352: 7339: 7262: 7251: 7180: 7149: 7145: 7132: 7115:Climate change adaptation 7110:Climate change mitigation 7105:Effects of climate change 7095: 7084: 7001:10.1596/978-1-4648-1895-0 5369:. Ecosystem Marketplace. 5003:10.1596/978-1-4648-1895-0 4944:University College London 4575:"Offset Project Entities" 3471:Martin, Laura J. (2022). 3280:"Avoiding Overestimation" 2816:Christian Science Monitor 2241:Limitations and drawbacks 1899:be open to criticisms of 1808:Intercontinental Exchange 1758: 1556:Emissions trading systems 1467:Acid Rain Trading Program 1460:created one of the first 1438:retire the carbon credits 1424:" in order to discourage 836:Climate change mitigation 569:Effects of climate change 511:Climate-smart agriculture 461:Sustainability accounting 441:Climate change litigation 185:Co-benefits of mitigation 171:Climate change mitigation 70:carbon dioxide-equivalent 9415:Greenhouse gas emissions 9119:Single-wire earth return 9059:Electrical busbar system 8716:Energy demand management 8486:Global warming potential 8293:International agreements 7940:Preserving and enhancing 7374:Arctic methane emissions 7296:Years in climate change 7203:Greenhouse gas emissions 7100:Causes of climate change 6904:10.3167/IJSQ.2022.120105 5124:"Carbon Offset Projects" 5064:. Climate Focus. Page 5. 3173:"Carbon Offset Programs" 3053:10.3167/IJSQ.2022.120105 2908:"Bottom Line on Offsets" 2568:10.3389/ffgc.2023.958879 2344:Verified Carbon Standard 2169:Baseline and Measurement 2044:building in Chicago Loop 2042:Chicago Climate Exchange 1962:Types of offset projects 1922:Verified Carbon Standard 1851:Verified Carbon Standard 1804:European Energy Exchange 1789:greenhouse gas emissions 1734: 1562:Carbon emissions trading 1486:carbon emissions trading 1422:mitigation contributions 1276:Environmental technology 919:Ecological modernization 874:Corporate sustainability 559:Corporate sustainability 466:Sustainability reporting 418:Verified Carbon Standard 336:Environmental accounting 190:Greenhouse gas emissions 54:greenhouse gas emissions 33:projects, such as these 9250:Residual-current device 9240:Power system protection 9230:Generator interlock kit 8517:Climate change scenario 8169:Disaster risk reduction 7821:Carbon emission trading 7631:U.S. insurance industry 7601:Civilizational collapse 7448:sea surface temperature 7003:(inactive 2024-09-12). 6950:Third Assessment Report 6021:"Spot the greenwashing" 5005:(inactive 2024-09-12). 2381:Renewable energy portal 1578:Regulations and schemes 1349:Green industrial policy 1063:Marginal abatement cost 986:Fiscal environmentalism 803:Personal carbon trading 773:Carbon fee and dividend 768:Carbon emission trading 740:Environmental economics 430:Frameworks and treaties 21:personal carbon trading 9034:Distributed generation 8706:Electric power quality 8510:Research and modelling 8194:Nature-based solutions 8014:Nature-based solutions 7956:Carbon dioxide removal 7873:Fossil fuel divestment 7858:Climate risk insurance 7768:Small island countries 7379:Arctic sea ice decline 6863:10.1093/biosci/biaa094 4404:Emissions with CORSIA" 4123:"Joint Implementation" 3689:The Nature Conservancy 2233:Removal Certificates. 2045: 1546:positive externalities 1286:Fossil fuel divestment 521:Nature-based solutions 496:Carbon dioxide removal 386:Public interest design 356:Fossil fuel divestment 311:Climate risk insurance 238:Low-carbon electricity 223:Fossil fuel divestment 105:carbon dioxide removal 42: 9306:Fossil fuel phase-out 9074:Electricity retailing 9069:Electrical substation 9049:Electric power system 8471:Earth's energy budget 8354:Background and theory 8242:Climate crisis (term) 7914:Fossil fuel phase-out 7808:Economics and finance 7773:by individual country 7715:By country and region 7690:Security and conflict 7685:Psychological impacts 7364:Abrupt climate change 7287:Charles David Keeling 7120:By country and region 6717:10.1093/biosci/biv118 6198:Nature Climate Change 6123:MIT Technology Review 5960:Smith, Kevin (2007). 4433:Respira International 3728:Ecosystem Marketplace 3013:Green Business Bureau 2781:(Report). In Review. 2446:African carbon market 2409:Global warming portal 2209:across the voluntary 2039: 1980:carbon-negative fuels 1853:issued by Verra, the 1639:assigned amount units 1344:Free public transport 1291:Fossil fuel phase-out 813:Social cost of carbon 456:Social responsibility 228:Fossil fuel phase-out 29: 8662:Electricity delivery 8300:Glasgow Climate Pact 7961:Carbon sequestration 7526:Mass mortality event 6995:. World Bank. 2022. 6532:Into the Atmosphere" 6451:www.goldstandard.org 6358:Into the Atmosphere" 6295:The Associated Press 6172:World Economic Forum 5290:climate.ec.europa.eu 4997:. World Bank. 2022. 3878:Into the Atmosphere" 3752:www.goldstandard.org 3452:Smithsonian Magazine 3406:www.goldstandard.org 2268:carbon sequestration 2072:industrial processes 1791:in 2019 were 59 GtCO 1632:Joint Implementation 1571:GHG emission trading 1339:Environmental tariff 964:full-cost accounting 929:Efficient energy use 914:Ecological footprint 909:Ecological economics 501:Carbon sequestration 341:Environmental design 233:Fossil fuel vehicles 121:carbon sequestration 9271:Availability factor 9223:Sulfur hexafluoride 9104:Overhead power line 9004:Virtual power plant 8979:Induction generator 8932:Sustainable biofuel 8741:Home energy storage 8731:Grid energy storage 8696:Droop speed control 8439:Climate sensitivity 8214:The Adaptation Fund 7670:Infectious diseases 7567:Social and economic 6966:on 27 February 2017 6779:Carbon Offset Guide 6210:2022NatCC..12..539B 5856:. 26 September 2022 5657:. Berlin, Germany: 5509:Carbon Offset Guide 5400:Scientific American 5314:Carbon Offset Guide 5128:Carbon Offset Guide 5081:The Treepoints Blog 4797:Wall Street Journal 4579:Carbon Offset Guide 4127:Carbon Offset Guide 3827:Wall Street Journal 3584:Carbon Offset Guide 3308:Carbon Offset Guide 3284:Carbon Offset Guide 3235:. September 6, 2022 3177:Carbon Offset Guide 2988:Carbon Offset Guide 2959:"What are Offsets?" 2796:20.500.11850/620307 2559:2023FrFGC...6.8879H 2327:perverse incentives 1842:unregulated markets 1755:project land area. 1670: 1522:sulfur hexafluoride 1271:Carbon-neutral fuel 934:Energy conservation 579:Ethical consumerism 574:Energy conservation 286:Building insulation 9145:Transmission tower 8756:Nameplate capacity 8010:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 7982:Forest management 7966:Direct air capture 7931:Sustainable energy 7888:Net zero emissions 7883:Low-carbon economy 7878:Green Climate Fund 7665:Indigenous peoples 7558:Plant biodiversity 7346:Effects and issues 6562:The New York Times 6025:The New York Times 5505:"Industrial Gases" 5485:on 18 October 2012 5310:"Renewable Energy" 4831:. 9 September 2022 4748:. January 29, 2021 4672:. United Kingdom. 3963:Climate Change 101 3901:The New York Times 3669:on 11 January 2012 2864:2017-06-25 at the 2857:The New York Times 2851:2008-12-17 at the 2838:2023-01-20 at the 2824:2017-05-24 at the 2437:Environment portal 2254:noted in his 2015 2088:hydrofluorocarbons 2046: 2022:anaerobic digester 1868:net zero emissions 1802:, CTX Global, the 1669: 1628:change in land use 1518:hydrofluorocarbons 1471:US Clean Water Act 1311:Sustainable energy 1296:Low-carbon economy 1135:consumer behaviour 599:Consumer behaviour 549:Conscious business 506:Direct air capture 381:Low-carbon economy 258:Sustainable energy 97:hydroelectric dams 43: 9392: 9391: 9296:Environmental tax 9176:Cascading failure 8945: 8944: 8781:Utility frequency 8628: 8627: 8566: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8501:Radiative forcing 8344: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8164:Adaptive capacity 8049: 8048: 8045: 8044: 7909:Energy transition 7785: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7495:Tropical cyclones 7421:Urban heat island 7335: 7334: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7208:Carbon accounting 7162:Greenhouse effect 7128: 7127: 6959:978-0-521-80769-2 6745:(12): 1109–1111. 6710:(10): 1011–1018. 6297:. 13 April 2022. 6149:. 4 November 2021 5973:978-90-71007-18-7 5854:www.whitecase.com 5763:. The Age Company 5668:978-1-916682-42-9 5541:978-1-939339-47-8 3673:IPCC TAR WG3 2001 3646:IPCC TAR WG3 2001 3482:978-0-674-97942-0 2892:978-0-14-313697-2 2758:gspp.berkeley.edu 2340:rainforest offset 2256:encyclical letter 2076:individual action 2032:Energy efficiency 1874:Determining value 1716: 1715: 1567:Emissions trading 1462:tradable emission 1426:carbon neutrality 1402: 1401: 1266:Carbon neutrality 1255:2000-watt society 1249:Energy transition 1160:development goals 1078:Social accounting 798:Environmental tax 793:Emissions trading 698: 697: 331:Emissions trading 218:Energy transition 113:methane emissions 101:energy efficiency 83:projects such as 46:Carbon offsetting 9427: 9410:Renewable energy 9382: 9381: 9291:Energy subsidies 9245:Protective relay 9186:Rolling blackout 8813: 8812: 8803: 8771:Power-flow study 8711:Electrical fault 8655: 8648: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8616: 8615: 8604: 8603: 8592: 8591: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8544:Paleoclimatology 8361: 8360: 8350: 8349: 8111:Ecological grief 8094:Climate movement 8069: 8068: 8055: 8054: 8035:Plant-based diet 7926:Renewable energy 7804: 7803: 7791: 7790: 7626:Economic impacts 7548:Invasive species 7404:Coastal flooding 7354: 7353: 7341: 7340: 7277:Svante Arrhenius 7253: 7252: 7223:from agriculture 7213:Carbon footprint 7198:Greenhouse gases 7147: 7146: 7134: 7133: 7086: 7085: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7029: 7027: 7025: 6981: 6975: 6967: 6962:, archived from 6927: 6926: 6916: 6906: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6754: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6626:www.greenbiz.com 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6482:. 7 October 2022 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6426: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6394:The Boston Globe 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6329:. 3 April 2022. 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6231: 6221: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6062: 6056: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6000:www.spglobal.com 5992: 5986: 5985: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5729: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5703: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5656: 5645: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5481:. 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3642:on 5 August 2009 3638:, archived from 3627: 3621: 3620: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3230: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3097: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3064: 3032: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2878: 2869: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2662: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2626: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2613: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2515: 2506: 2451:Cap and dividend 2439: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2405: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2356:invasive species 2305:Oversight issues 2295:renewable energy 2092:perfluorocarbons 2050:carbon intensity 2026:industrial waste 1998:Renewable energy 1993: 1972:renewable energy 1671: 1668: 1624:clean technology 1514:perfluorocarbons 1394: 1387: 1380: 1260:Alternative fuel 1150:design standards 1058:Impact investing 864:Circular economy 831:Carbon footprint 750: 727: 726: 710:greenhouse gases 706:greenhouse gases 690: 683: 676: 658: 657: 646: 645: 639: 635: 634: 633: 376:Impact investing 248:Renewable energy 158: 157: 93:biogas digesters 81:renewable energy 31:Renewable energy 9435: 9434: 9430: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9425: 9424: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9370: 9354: 9352: 9345: 9276:Capacity factor 9264: 9262: 9255: 9235:Numerical relay 9213:Circuit breaker 9201: 9199: 9192: 9154: 9094:Load management 9064:Electrical grid 9029:Demand response 9022: 9017: 9008: 8989:Microgeneration 8941: 8856: 8804: 8795: 8791:Vehicle-to-grid 8664: 8659: 8629: 8624: 8577: 8575: 8558: 8505: 8496:Orbital forcing 8390: 8355: 8336: 8310:Paris Agreement 8288: 8284:Warming stripes 8223: 8189:Managed retreat 8184:Loss and damage 8145: 8079:Business action 8063: 8041: 8018: 7941: 7935: 7892: 7853:Climate finance 7798: 7777: 7709: 7562: 7538:Extinction risk 7514:Flora and fauna 7509: 7470:Permafrost thaw 7465:Ozone depletion 7394:Extreme weather 7348: 7331: 7258: 7239: 7176: 7141: 7124: 7091: 7080: 7075: 7031: 7030: 7023: 7021: 7019: 6969: 6968: 6960: 6935: 6930: 6883: 6879: 6845: 6841: 6832: 6830: 6820: 6816: 6807: 6805: 6803:www.science.org 6797: 6796: 6792: 6783: 6781: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6729: 6725: 6694: 6690: 6681: 6679: 6676:Popular Science 6670: 6669: 6665: 6656: 6654: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6631: 6629: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6588: 6584: 6575: 6573: 6553: 6549: 6540: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6485: 6483: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6460: 6458: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6257: 6253: 6190: 6186: 6177: 6175: 6174:. 22 April 2021 6166: 6165: 6161: 6152: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6127: 6125: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6083: 6081: 6063: 6059: 6050: 6046: 6037: 6035: 6017: 6013: 6004: 6002: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5974: 5958: 5954: 5945: 5943: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5908: 5904: 5895: 5893: 5872: 5868: 5859: 5857: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5782: 5775: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5750: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5669: 5661:. p. 124. 5654: 5646: 5637: 5628: 5626: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5599: 5597: 5592:. 14 May 2019. 5584: 5583: 5579: 5570: 5568: 5557:"Deforestation" 5553: 5549: 5542: 5526: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5461: 5454:carboncodex.app 5448: 5447: 5443: 5434: 5432: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5409: 5407: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5318: 5316: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5294: 5292: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5241: 5239: 5212:Land Use Policy 5204: 5200: 5191: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5141: 5132: 5130: 5122: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5085: 5083: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5033: 5032: 5025: 5023: 5021: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4975: 4969:"Methodologies" 4967: 4966: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4809: 4807: 4789: 4785: 4776: 4774: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4583: 4581: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4521: 4517: 4508: 4506: 4505:. 29 March 2022 4497: 4496: 4492: 4483: 4481: 4479:CarbonMarketCap 4471: 4467: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4437: 4435: 4425: 4421: 4412: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4384: 4382: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4360: 4358: 4351: 4347: 4302: 4298: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4215: 4206: 4204: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4131: 4129: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4091:World Economics 4086: 4080: 4076: 4070:World Bank 2022 4068: 4061: 4052: 4050: 4042: 4041: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4001: 3999: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3940: 3938: 3914: 3912: 3886: 3884: 3877: 3864: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3839: 3837: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3804: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3730: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3711:World Bank 2022 3709: 3702: 3693: 3691: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3655: 3651: 3628: 3624: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3591: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3543: 3539: 3530: 3528: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3384: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3360: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3312: 3310: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3197: 3190: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3033: 3026: 3017: 3015: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2933:"Carbon offset" 2931: 2930: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2879: 2872: 2866:Wayback Machine 2855: 2853:Wayback Machine 2842: 2840:Wayback Machine 2828: 2826:Wayback Machine 2813: 2811: 2804: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2699: 2692: 2683: 2681: 2663: 2656: 2647: 2645: 2627: 2620: 2611: 2609: 2591: 2584: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2507: 2500: 2496: 2480: 2475: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2342:credits of the 2335: 2307: 2243: 2232: 2199: 2186:Double counting 2163: 2154: 2149: 2121:Soil management 2109: 2101: 2084: 2068:Fuel efficiency 2034: 2013: 2000: 1991: 1987: 1964: 1943: 1937: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1890: 1881: 1876: 1835: 1813: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1761: 1737: 1656: 1650: 1612: 1580: 1564: 1558: 1530: 1511: 1499: 1454: 1398: 1369: 1368: 1324: 1316: 1315: 1250: 1242: 1241: 1227:Thermoeconomics 981:Ethical banking 869:Climate finance 854: 846: 845: 826: 818: 817: 758: 715: 694: 631: 629: 628: 621: 620: 539: 538:Related content 531: 530: 486: 476: 475: 451:Paris Agreement 446:Ethical banking 436:Business ethics 431: 423: 422: 306:Climate finance 281: 273: 272: 203: 156: 136:Paris Agreement 75: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9433: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9405:Carbon finance 9390: 9389: 9387: 9386: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9357: 9355: 9351:Statistics and 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9301:Feed-in tariff 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9267: 9265: 9260: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9253: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9210: 9204: 9202: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9188: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9089:Interconnector 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9039:Dynamic demand 9036: 9031: 9025: 9023: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8969:Combined cycle 8966: 8961: 8955: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8866: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8821: 8819: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8746:Load-following 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8701:Electric power 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8658: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8635: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8610: 8598: 8586: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8451: 8449:Cloud feedback 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8404: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8367: 8365: 8357: 8356: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8307: 8305:Kyoto Protocol 8302: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8259: 8257:Media coverage 8254: 8249: 8247:Climate spiral 8244: 8239: 8233: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8155: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8138: 8136:Public opinion 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8091: 8086: 8084:Climate action 8081: 8075: 8073: 8065: 8064: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7996:REDD and REDD+ 7993: 7988: 7980: 7975: 7973:Carbon farming 7970: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7953: 7947: 7945: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7906: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7800: 7799: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7719: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7705:Water security 7702: 7700:Water scarcity 7697: 7695:Urban flooding 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7543:Forest dieback 7540: 7535: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7480:Sea level rise 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7453:stratification 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7360: 7358: 7350: 7349: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7218:Carbon leakage 7215: 7210: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7159: 7157:Climate system 7153: 7151: 7143: 7142: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7082: 7081: 7078:Climate change 7074: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7017: 6987: 6958: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6877: 6839: 6814: 6790: 6766: 6723: 6688: 6663: 6638: 6628:. 19 June 2009 6613: 6582: 6547: 6529: 6518: 6492: 6467: 6438: 6412: 6379: 6355: 6344: 6312: 6282: 6251: 6204:(6): 539–546. 6184: 6159: 6134: 6110: 6090: 6057: 6051:Pope Francis, 6044: 6011: 5987: 5972: 5952: 5928: 5902: 5877:(2023-01-20). 5866: 5841: 5809: 5773: 5757:(fee required) 5741: 5715: 5686: 5667: 5635: 5619:My Carbon Plan 5606: 5590:Reforestaction 5577: 5547: 5540: 5520: 5496: 5470: 5441: 5416: 5387: 5351: 5325: 5301: 5274: 5248: 5198: 5170: 5139: 5112: 5092: 5067: 5047: 5019: 4984: 4957: 4931: 4906: 4885: 4866: 4841: 4816: 4783: 4758: 4733: 4705: 4687: 4661: 4635: 4615: 4590: 4566: 4540: 4515: 4490: 4465: 4444: 4419: 4401: 4400:"Offsetting CO 4391: 4367: 4345: 4296: 4272: 4246: 4213: 4189: 4162: 4138: 4114: 4074: 4059: 4032: 4008: 3983: 3947: 3875: 3846: 3813: 3788: 3764: 3754:. 14 June 2019 3739: 3715: 3700: 3676: 3649: 3622: 3619:. p. 660. 3600: 3571: 3537: 3513: 3488: 3481: 3463: 3438: 3418: 3408:. 12 June 2016 3393: 3382:ww2.arb.ca.gov 3369: 3358:cdm.unfccc.int 3345: 3319: 3295: 3271: 3246: 3217: 3188: 3164: 3152:United Nations 3139: 3113: 3084: 3024: 2999: 2975: 2950: 2924: 2898: 2891: 2870: 2802: 2769: 2745: 2718: 2690: 2654: 2635:The New Yorker 2618: 2582: 2533: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2479: 2478:External links 2476: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2426: 2423:Ecology portal 2412: 2398: 2384: 2368: 2365: 2334: 2331: 2306: 2303: 2291:carbon capture 2275:Delta Airlines 2242: 2239: 2230: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2137:rural villages 2108: 2105: 2099: 2094:(PFCs) have a 2083: 2080: 2033: 2030: 2012: 2009: 1999: 1996: 1989: 1976:carbon-neutral 1963: 1960: 1939:Main article: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1920:Main article: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1834: 1831: 1811: 1792: 1787:e, and global 1784: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1757: 1736: 1733: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1652:Main article: 1649: 1646: 1626:or beneficial 1611: 1610:Kyoto Protocol 1608: 1579: 1576: 1560:Main article: 1557: 1554: 1529: 1526: 1509: 1497: 1494:carbon dioxide 1490:climate change 1478:Kyoto Protocol 1453: 1450: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1364:Rail subsidies 1361: 1359:Green politics 1356: 1354:Green New Deal 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1329:Carbon leakage 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1281:Feed-in tariff 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1237:Value of Earth 1234: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1093:Sustainability 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 988: 983: 978: 977: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 899:Eco-innovation 896: 891: 889:Eco-capitalism 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 855: 852: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 838: 833: 827: 825:Climate change 824: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 778:Carbon finance 775: 770: 765: 759: 756: 755: 752: 751: 743: 742: 736: 735: 718:carbon pricing 713: 702:carbon dioxide 696: 695: 693: 692: 685: 678: 670: 667: 666: 665: 664: 652: 640: 623: 622: 619: 618: 617: 616: 611: 606: 601: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 544:Climate action 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 487: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424: 421: 420: 415: 414: 413: 408: 403: 398: 391:Sustainability 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 361:Green building 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 316:Eco-capitalism 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 282: 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 213:Coal phase-out 210: 204: 199: 198: 195: 194: 193: 192: 187: 182: 180:Climate change 174: 173: 167: 166: 155: 152: 144:carbon markets 89:biomass energy 73: 66:carbon dioxide 50:carbon trading 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9432: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9385: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9348: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9321:Pigouvian tax 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9258: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9218:Earth-leakage 9216: 9215: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9195: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9159:Failure modes 9157: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9109:Power station 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8994:Rankine cycle 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8974:Cooling tower 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8817:Non-renewable 8814: 8811: 8807: 8802: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8736:Grid strength 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8691:Demand factor 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8651: 8649: 8644: 8642: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8621: 8620: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8522:Climate model 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8454:Cloud forcing 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8351: 8347: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8291: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8229:Communication 8226: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8209:Vulnerability 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8179:Flood control 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8052: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8002: 8001:reforestation 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7986:afforestation 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7921:Nuclear power 7919: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7816:Carbon budget 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7788: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7653:Mental health 7651: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7584:United States 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7438:deoxygenation 7436: 7434: 7433:acidification 7431: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7254: 7250: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7228:from wetlands 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7188:Deforestation 7186: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7067: 7065: 7060: 7058: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7041: 7035: 7020: 7018:9781464818950 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6985: 6984:0-521-01502-2 6979: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6829: 6828:New Statesman 6825: 6818: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6727: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6692: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6551: 6537: 6533: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6423: 6416: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6348: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6316: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6048: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5956: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5875:Harvey, Fiona 5870: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5826: 5819: 5813: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5778: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5746: 5726: 5719: 5700: 5693: 5691: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5652: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5524: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5372: 5368: 5367:Forest Trends 5361: 5355: 5340:on 2015-07-30 5339: 5335: 5329: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5259: 5252: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5159: 5158:Second Nature 5152: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5105: 5104: 5096: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5060: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5022: 5020:9781464818950 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4946:. 4 June 2021 4945: 4941: 4935: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4899: 4892: 4890: 4878: 4877: 4870: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4722: 4715: 4709: 4698: 4691: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4601: 4594: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4551: 4544: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4454: 4448: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4231: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4174: 4173: 4166: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4104:on 2011-07-17 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4022: 4018: 4012: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3972:on 2017-10-05 3968: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3883: 3879: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3330: 3323: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3234: 3233:Gold Standard 3227: 3221: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3029: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2965:on 2019-11-21 2964: 2960: 2954: 2943:September 24, 2938: 2934: 2928: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2809: 2807: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2723: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2659: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2456:Cap and Share 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2395:Energy portal 2390: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2311:additionality 2302: 2300: 2296: 2293:– as well as 2292: 2288: 2287:reforestation 2283: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2211:carbon market 2208: 2207:best practice 2204: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2173:Additionality 2171: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2158: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2038: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2008: 2006: 2005:additionality 1995: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:sequestration 1959: 1957: 1953: 1952:afforestation 1948: 1947:Gold Standard 1942: 1935:Gold Standard 1932: 1923: 1913: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1871: 1869: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1855:Gold Standard 1852: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1790: 1772: 1766: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1607: 1605: 1604:Gold Standard 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1507: 1506:nitrous oxide 1503: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1458:Clean Air Act 1449: 1447: 1442: 1439: 1433: 1431: 1430:Gold Standard 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1205:refurbishment 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 993: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 975: 972: 970: 969:impact design 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 941: 940: 939:Environmental 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 924:Ecotechnology 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 904:Eco-investing 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 884:Disinvestment 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 850: 849: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 822: 821: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 783:Carbon offset 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 763:Carbon credit 761: 760: 754: 753: 749: 745: 744: 741: 738: 737: 733: 729: 728: 725: 723: 720:, along with 719: 711: 707: 703: 691: 686: 684: 679: 677: 672: 671: 669: 668: 663: 662: 653: 651: 650: 641: 638: 627: 626: 625: 624: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 564:Disinvestment 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 535: 534: 527: 526:Reforestation 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 485: 480: 479: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 427: 426: 419: 416: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 277: 276: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 243:Nuclear power 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 202: 197: 196: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 176: 175: 172: 169: 168: 164: 160: 159: 151: 147: 145: 141: 137: 133: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 99:, as well as 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 77: 71: 67: 63: 62:offset credit 59: 58:carbon credit 55: 51: 47: 40: 36: 35:wind turbines 32: 28: 22: 9420:Greenwashing 9316:Net metering 9280: 9263:and policies 9181:Power outage 9150:Utility pole 9114:Pumped hydro 9020:distribution 9015:Transmission 8964:Cogeneration 8766:Power factor 8617: 8605: 8593: 8574: 8407:Carbon cycle 8364:Measurements 8059:Society and 7943:carbon sinks 7848:Climate debt 7838:Carbon price 7825: 7660:Human rights 7485:Season creep 7443:heat content 7369:Anoxic event 7282:James Hansen 7022:. 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