423:
834:. In about a year, the seedlings reach about 30 cm (1 ft) in length, and are ready for transplantation. The flowering season is April to May, and after swelling in August and September, by the first half of October usually attain the desired degree of ripening. The crop is accordingly gathered in October and November, and in exceptionally moist weather, the harvest protracts into December. At the time of harvesting, the scapes or shoots bearing the clusters of fruits are broken off close to the stems and placed in baskets lined with fresh leaves. The fruits are spread out on carefully prepared floors, sometimes covered with mats, and are then exposed to the sun. Four or five days of careful drying and bleaching in the sun is usually enough. In rainy weather, drying with artificial heat is necessary, though the fruits suffer greatly in colour; they are consequently sometimes bleached with steam and sulphurous vapour or with ritha nuts.
1042:
819:) where the wild or acclimatised plant existed are cleared during February and March. Brushwood is cut and burned, and the roots of powerful weeds are torn up to free the soil. Soon after clearing, cardamom plants spring up. After two years the cardamom plants may have eight-to-ten leaves and reach 30 cm (1 ft) in height. In the third year, they may be 120 cm (4 ft) in height. In the following May or June the ground is again weeded, and by September to November a light crop is obtained. In the fourth year, weeding again occurs, and if the cardamoms grow less than 180 cm (6 ft) apart a few are transplanted to new positions. The plants bear for three or four years; and historically the life of each plantation was about eight or nine years. In
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882:. The volume for 1903–04 stated the value of the cardamoms exported to have been Rs. 3,37,000 as compared with Rs. 4,16,000 the previous year. India, which ranks second in world production, recorded a decline of 6.7 percent in cardamom production for 2012–13, and projected a production decline of 30–40% in 2013–14, compared with the previous year due to unfavorable weather. In India, the state of
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domestic purposes, and India is itself by far the most important consuming country for cardamoms in the world. India also imports cardamom from Sri Lanka. In 1903–1904, these imports came to 122,076 kg (269,132 lb), valued at Rs. 1,98,710. In contrast, Guatemala's local consumption is negligible, which supports the exportation of most of the cardamom that is produced. In the mid-1800s,
1319:
1307:
870:) exported about 4,100 kg (9,000 lb) each year. In 1877, Ceylon exported 5,039 kg (11,108 lb), in 1879, 8,043 kg (17,732 lb), and in the 1881–82 season, 10,490 kg (23,127 lb) In 1903, 1,600 hectares (4,000 acres) of cardamom growing areas were owned by European planters. The produce of the
898:
being the principal producing areas. Given that a number of bureaucrats have personal interests in the industry, in India, several organisations have been set up to protect cardamom producers such as the
Cardamom Growers Association (est. 1992) and the Kerala Cardamom Growers Association (est. 1974).
928:
The average annual income for a plantation-owning household in 1998 was US$ 3,408. Although the typical harvest requires over 210 days of labor per year, most cardamom farmers are better off than many other agricultural workers, and there are a significant number of those from the upper strata of
437:
Green cardamom is one of the most expensive spices by weight, but little is needed to impart flavor. It is best stored in the pod, as exposed or ground seeds quickly lose their flavor. Grinding the pods and seeds together lowers both the quality and the price. For recipes requiring whole cardamom
1016:
were among the principal distributing ports of cardamom. India's exports to foreign countries increased during the early 20th century, particularly to the United
Kingdom, followed by Arabia, Aden, Germany, Turkey, Japan, Persia and Egypt. However, some 95% of cardamom produced in India is for
1055:
Cardamom has been used in flavorings and food over centuries. During the Middle Ages, cardamom dominated the trade industry. The Arab states played a significant role in the trade of Indian spices, including cardamom. It is now ranked the third most expensive spice following
837:
The industry is highly labour-intensive, each hectare requiring considerable maintenance throughout the year. Production constraints include recurring climate vagaries, the absence of regular re-plantation, and ecological conditions associated with deforestation.
499:, green cardamom powder is used as a spice for sweet dishes, and as a traditional flavouring in coffee and tea. Cardamom is used to a wide extent in savoury dishes. In some Middle Eastern countries, coffee and cardamom are often ground in a wooden mortar, a
941:, has provided a key source of income for poor farmers living at higher altitudes in localized areas of China, Laos, and Vietnam, people typically isolated from many other markets. Laos exports about 400 tonnes annually through Thailand according to the
1096:
wrote about its therapeutic properties, identifying it as a digestive aid. Due to demand in ancient Greece and Rome, the cardamom trade developed into a handsome luxury business; cardamom was one of the spices eligible for import tax in
924:
produces 70 percent of
Guatemala's cardamom. Cardamom was introduced to Guatemala before World War I by the German coffee planter Oscar Majus Kloeffer. After World War II, production was increased to 13,000 to 14,000 tons annually.
2032:
827:, and – according to some reports – a full crop may be obtained in the third year. Cardamoms grown above 600 m (2,000 ft) elevation are considered to be of higher quality than those grown below that altitude.
2082:
538:(spiced tea). Both are also often used as a garnish in basmati rice and other dishes. Individual seeds are sometimes chewed and used in much the same way as chewing gum. It is used by confectionery giant
1961:
903:
held the office of
Chairman of the Cardamom Board. The Kerala Land Reforms Act imposed restrictions on the size of certain agricultural holdings per household to the benefit of cardamom producers.
1928:
2046:
815:
Much production of cardamom in India is cultivated on private property or in areas the government leases out to farmers. Traditionally, small plots of land within the forests (called
953:
Cardamom production's demand and supply patterns of trade are influenced by price movements, nationally and internationally, in 5 to 6-year cycles. Importing leaders mentioned are
524:
In Asia, both types of cardamom are widely used in both sweet and savoury dishes, particularly in the south. Both are frequent components in such spice mixes as Indian and Nepali
1501:
1561:
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Cardamom has a strong taste, with an aromatic, resinous fragrance. Black cardamom has a more smoky – though not bitter – aroma, with a coolness some consider similar to mint.
1531:
1438:
1469:
542:; its Eclipse Breeze Exotic Mint packaging indicates the product contains "cardamom to neutralize the toughest breath odors". It is also included in aromatic bitters,
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and mace for reporting to the United
Nations) was 138,888 tonnes, led by India, Indonesia and Guatemala, which together accounted for 85% of the total (table).
422:
1951:
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1918:
180:. They are recognized by their small seed pods: triangular in cross-section and spindle-shaped, with a thin, papery outer shell and small, black seeds;
998:
780:
According to Nair (2011), in the years when India achieves a good crop, it is still less productive than
Guatemala. Other notable producers include
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The
Portuguese became involved in the trade in the 16th century, and the industry gained wide-scale European interest in the 19th century.
2478:
2002:
1762:
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1314:: G. Watt's "The Commercial Products of India: Being an Abridgement of "The Dictionary of the Economic Products of India."" (1908)
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1491:
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1523:
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621:. Other sources report the following contents: 1,8-cineol (20 to 50%), α-terpenylacetate (30%), sabinene, limonene (2 to 14%), and
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1274:
1077:. The Babylonians and Assyrians used the spice early on, and trade in cardamom opened up along land routes and by the interlinked
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2421:
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Species used for cardamom are native throughout tropical and subtropical Asia. The first references to cardamom are found in
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syllabic script, in the list of flavorings on the spice tablets found among palace archives in the House of the
Sphinxes in
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plantations was given as 290,000 kg (650,000 lb), or just a little under that of Ceylon. The yield of the
4122:
2507:
Aubertine, C. 2004, Cardamom (Amomum spp.) in Lao PDR: the hazardous future of an agroforest system product, in '
1632:
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society involved in the cultivation process. Increased demand since the 1980s, principally from China, for both
2501:
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2279:
1604:
1190:
2509:
Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest products systems vol. 1-Asia
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The
Commercial Products of India: Being an Abridgement of "The Dictionary of the Economic Products of India."
1214:
1154:
632:), the content of essential oil is lower (2 to 4%), and the oil contains mainly 1,8-cineol (up to 70%) plus
4162:
2042:
589:
content of cardamom seeds depends on storage conditions and may be as high as 8%. The oil is typically 45%
1226:
4197:
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2266:(2009). "Archaeological, linguistic and historical sources on ancient seafaring" in Michael D. Petraglia
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as early as the third millennium BCE Early Bronze Age, into western Asia and the
Mediterranean world.
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plantations was approximately 91,000 kg (200,000 lb), and the cultivation was mainly in
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Anwar, Farooq; Abbas, Ali; Alkharfy, Khalid M. and Gilani, Anwar-ul-Hassan (2015). "Cardamom (
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Besides use as flavourant and spice in foods, cardamom-flavoured tea, also flavoured with
8:
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Both forms of cardamom are used as flavorings and cooking spices in both food and drink.
354:, also known as brown, greater, large, longer, or Nepal cardamom, comes from the species
173:
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Agronomy and Economy of Black Pepper and Cardamom: The "King" and "Queen" of Spices
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1796:"Crops/World regions/Production quantity/Year (pick lists) of cardamom for 2022"
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Cardamom production began in ancient times, and has been referred to in ancient
516:
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True or green cardamom (or white cardamom when bleached) comes from the species
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and is native to the eastern Himalayas and mostly cultivated in Eastern Nepal,
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475:, where it is used in traditional treats such as the Scandinavian Yule bread
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2339:
Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia [3 Volumes]
1396:
1105:
became the principal importer of cardamom into the west, along with pepper,
455:
Cardamom is a common ingredient in Indian cooking. It is also often used in
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The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia: Paleoenvironments, Prehistory
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Parthasarathy, V. A.; Chempakam, Bhageerathy; Zachariah, T. John (2008).
1795:
1093:
1089:
1002:
846:
785:
765:
534:
496:
362:, and parts of Darjeeling district in West Bengal of India, and southern
344:. What is often referred to as white cardamon is actually Siam cardamom,
2994:
1088:
The ancient Greeks thought highly of cardamom, and the Greek physicians
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2331:. Vol. II, No. 1 (Public domain ed.). London: John Churchill.
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Pharmaceutical Journal: A Weekly Record of Pharmacy and Allied Sciences
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and Thai curry pastes. Green cardamom is often used in traditional
427:
341:
298:
196:
899:
Research in India's cardamom plantations began in the 1970s while
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Cardamom cultivation and forest biodiversity in northwest Vietnam
2195:
1560:(in Ancient Greek), Perseus Digital Library at Tufts University,
1500:(in Ancient Greek), Perseus Digital Library at Tufts University,
1322:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1310:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1061:
1057:
1026:
1022:
1013:
962:
831:
809:
740:
622:
618:
594:
513:, over wood or gas, to produce mixtures with up to 40% cardamom.
472:
302:
476:
4090:
3847:
3490:
3445:
3385:
3342:
3283:
3228:
3191:
3111:
3106:
3067:
2964:
2954:
2875:
2837:
2777:
2767:
2641:
2629:
2619:
2409:
2144:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1082:
1029:, cardamom is currently the third most expensive spice, and is
1018:
1009:
974:
958:
883:
875:
863:
824:
754:
502:
468:
464:
456:
363:
359:
164:
910:
surpassed India in worldwide production. Guatemala cultivates
886:
is by far the most productive producer, with the districts of
3937:
3780:
3609:
3450:
3410:
3380:
3327:
3302:
3288:
3036:
3021:
2895:
2862:
2847:
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982:
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292:
283:
268:
252:
240:
224:
200:
192:
150:
118:
3842:
3347:
3062:
2692:
2682:
2563:
2073:"Kerala cardamom trying to fight off its Guatemalan cousin"
2039:
1133:
1001:, 80 percent of cardamom's total consumption occurs in the
966:
130:
124:
2454:
The Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of the Higher Plants
2033:"Cardamom – The 3Gs – Green Gold of Guatemala"
1326:: T. C. Owen's "Notes on Cardamom Cultivation" (1883)
942:
543:
409:
Intact and opened cardamom pods, showing the seeds (20mm
1995:
438:
pods, a generally accepted equivalent is 10 pods equals
313:
1800:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2155:
2153:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1769:. Amsterdam: Academic Press. Chapter 33. pp. 295–301.
1759:
Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety
1601:
Chadwick, John, ed. (1963), "The Mycenae Tablets, 3",
1072:
1046:
1045:
Chinese drawing and description of cardamom from the
830:
Plants may be raised from seed or by division of the
753:
In 2022, world production of cardamom (included with
115:
1888:
1886:
1656:"Spice Pages: Cardamom Seeds (Elettaria cardamomum)"
570:
508:
500:
121:
2244:
2207:
2183:
2150:
2123:
1976:
1898:
1871:
1852:
1814:
858:
Labeled varieties of cardamom in storage containers
133:
127:
112:
2405:(Public domain ed.). A. M. & J. Ferguson.
1919:"Cardamom output to fall for second year in a row"
1021:'s cardamom was chiefly imported by Canada. After
999:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
382:, were distinguished in the fourth century BCE by
199:. In the 21st century, it is cultivated mainly in
1883:
1033:as a spice and flavouring for food and liqueurs.
4134:
3500:
2297:(2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
2005:. Raj Bhavan, Gujarat Government. Archived from
1943:
1608:, vol. 52, no. 7 (New Series ed.)
1124:was an important part of the economy during the
2500:, Agricultural Research and Extension Network,
2003:"Prof. K.M. Chandy – Governor of Gujarat"
1530:, Perseus Digital Library at Tufts University,
1468:, Perseus Digital Library at Tufts University,
2476:Plant Cultures: botany and history of Cardamom
2363:. Center for International Forestry Research.
2356:
2289:
2287:
1846:
3757:
3743:
2556:
2542:
2437:(Public domain ed.). J. Murray. p.
2360:Forest Products, Livelihoods and Conservation
2145:Parthasarathy, Chempakam & Zachariah 2008
2026:
2024:
488:
482:
153:made from the seeds of several plants in the
2495:Buckingham, J.S. & Petheram, R.J. 2004,
2446:CardamomHQ: In-depth information on Cardamom
1949:
1910:
961:, while other significant importers include
2293:
2284:
1113:, which was traded with merchants from the
227:
3750:
3736:
2549:
2535:
2513:Center for International Forestry Research
2336:Cumo, Christopher Martin (25 April 2013).
2227:"Cardamom, Small Cardamom, Green Cardamom"
2021:
1132:noted that cardamom was being imported to
628:In the seeds of round cardamom from Java (
2064:
1756:Maton) Oils". In Victor R. Preedy, (Ed.)
1618:
1280:Cardamom pods as used as a spice in India
1128:(960–1279). In 1150, the Arab geographer
325:
1916:
1600:
1551:
1521:
1489:
1370:): Production, Processing and Properties
1051:(1505), by imperial physician Liu Wentai
1040:
853:
845:
759:
515:
421:
404:
184:pods are light green and smaller, while
94:
82:
1788:
1399:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 5 April 2024
1391:
1389:
1363:
823:the seasons run a little later than in
775:
452:teaspoons (7.4 ml) of ground cardamom.
398:(green cardamom) is used as a spice, a
282:The earliest attested form of the word
4135:
2357:Kusters, Koen; Belcher, Brian (2004).
2030:
1802:, Statistical Division (FAOSTAT). 2024
1552:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert,
1522:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert,
1490:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert,
1472:from the original on 28 September 2021
1459:
1416:
1414:
507:, and cooked together in a skillet, a
3731:
2530:
2471:Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages: Cardamom
2231:University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
2070:
1964:from the original on 18 December 2014
1952:"Cardamom production set to fall 40%"
1950:Krishnakumar, P. K. (6 August 2014).
1931:from the original on 29 November 2014
1917:Kulkarni, Mahesh (2 September 2013).
1420:
1372:. Springer International Publishing.
2430:
2398:
2377:
2335:
2324:
2250:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2159:
2129:
1989:
1904:
1892:
1877:
1865:
1825:
1734:from the original on 30 January 2019
1704:from the original on 22 October 2016
1700:. Garden Guides. 21 September 2017.
1666:from the original on 8 December 2012
1534:from the original on 17 October 2021
1504:from the original on 24 October 2021
1460:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles,
1386:
417:
330:The two main types of cardamom are:
2031:Milian, Spencer L. (29 June 2014).
1628:A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary
1411:
1330:
487:sweet bun, and Finnish sweet bread
13:
2491:, vols. I, II & III, Montreal.
1783:10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00033-X
1653:
14:
4229:
2085:from the original on 8 March 2015
1564:from the original on 6 April 2022
1441:from the original on 30 June 2023
1357:
850:Terraced cardamom plants in India
340:and is distributed from India to
4123:List of plants used in herbalism
2378:Nair, K. P. Prabhakaran (2011).
1317:
1305:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
709:
691:
673:
188:pods are larger and dark brown.
172:. Both genera are native to the
108:
36:
2318:
2256:
2219:
2165:
2097:
2071:Karun, Shenoy (21 April 2014).
1746:
1716:
1690:
1678:
1647:
1612:
1594:
1364:Ramadan, Mohamed Fawzy (2023).
430:, is consumed as a hot beverage
2913:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
2502:Overseas Development Institute
2299:The Cultural History of Plants
1660:gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
1605:American Philosophical Society
1575:
1545:
1515:
1483:
1453:
1101:in 126 CE. In medieval times,
841:
580:
1:
2402:Notes on Cardamom Cultivation
1300:
1296:, known as Ethiopian cardamom
1268:White cardamom pods in a bowl
1244:Green cardamom pods and seeds
1172:Cardamom plant (one year old)
1117:with salt and meat products.
647:
520:Cardamom (Elaichi) from India
2043:Foreign Agricultural Service
314:
293:
275:
259:
247:
214:
7:
2725:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
2174:Plantation Economy in India
2105:"5.4 Edible plant products"
1285:
1073:
1047:
655:Cardamom production – 2022
571:
509:
501:
370:The two types of cardamom,
10:
4234:
2458:Cambridge University Press
2301:. Routledge. p. 158.
1847:Kusters & Belcher 2004
1146:
1036:
764:Cardamom sale ₹2000/kg at
553:In Korea, Tavoy cardamom (
378:
372:
288:signifying "cress" is the
284:
269:
253:
241:
18:
4119:
4068:
4032:
3981:
3763:
3758:Medicinal herbs and fungi
3689:
3648:
3371:
2861:
2647:Coriander leaf / Cilantro
2562:
2557:Culinary herbs and spices
2431:Watt, Sir George (1908).
1030:
916:, which is native to the
737:
654:
569:) are used in tea called
312:is derived from the root
73:
65:
47:
35:
30:
21:Cardamom (disambiguation)
4218:Austronesian agriculture
4153:Medicinal plants of Asia
3545:Montreal steak seasoning
2204:, p. 267–268.
1492:
1232:Cardamom fruit and seeds
1220:Pollen grain of Cardamom
1196:Cardamom flowering stems
1160:Black and green cardamom
1140:, from India and China.
948:
42:Cardamom powder and pods
1849:, p. 136–46.
1558:A Greek-English Lexicon
1528:A Greek-English Lexicon
1498:A Greek-English Lexicon
922:Alta Verapaz Department
477:
389:
4081:Doctrine of signatures
3501:
2481:27 August 2008 at the
1724:"Is Cardamom a Spice?"
1698:"The Uses of Cardamom"
1081:route controlled from
1052:
859:
851:
772:
521:
489:
483:
431:
414:
326:Types and distribution
308:The modern genus name
279:), of unknown origin.
228:
100:
92:
2107:. FAO. Archived from
1427:. CABI. p. 299.
1421:Weiss, E. A. (2002).
1256:Jar of green cardamom
1048:Bencao Pinhui Jingyao
1044:
1008:In the 19th century,
857:
849:
763:
519:
425:
408:
98:
87:True cardamom plant (
86:
4076:Alternative medicine
3396:Beau monde seasoning
2761:Limnophila aromatica
2487:Pham Hoang Ho 1993,
2399:Owen, T. C. (1883).
2325:Bell, Jacob (1843).
2295:Pickersgill, Barbara
1765:30 June 2023 at the
1754:Elettaria cardamomum
1603:Transactions of the
1368:Elettaria cardamomum
1343:Cambridge Dictionary
987:United Arab Emirates
913:Elettaria cardamomum
776:Production practices
636:(16%); furthermore,
563:) and red cardamom (
337:Elettaria cardamomum
223:is derived from the
89:Elettaria cardamomum
53:Elettaria cardamomum
19:For other uses, see
4163:Bangladeshi cuisine
3999:Echigoshirayukidake
3520:Jamaican jerk spice
3142:Japanese pricklyash
2413:Chemistry of Spices
2111:on 27 November 2014
1587:15 May 2011 at the
1293:Aframomum corrorima
997:. According to the
630:Wurfbainia compacta
463:, in particular in
411:Indian 1-rupee coin
320:Dravidian languages
174:Indian subcontinent
4198:Plant common names
4173:Indonesian cuisine
4055:Japanese herbology
4033:Regional practices
3496:Herbes de Provence
3127:Grains of paradise
2990:Crushed red pepper
2704:Houttuynia cordata
2078:The Times of India
1957:The Economic Times
1466:A Latin Dictionary
1184:Leaves of cardamom
1130:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1053:
932:Wurfbainia villosa
901:Kizhekethil Chandy
862:In 1873 and 1874,
860:
852:
773:
640:, α-terpineol and
556:Wurfbainia villosa
522:
432:
415:
101:
93:
4213:Aphrodisiac foods
4203:Sri Lankan spices
4168:Bhutanese cuisine
4130:
4129:
4050:Islamic herbology
4040:Chinese herbology
3908:Purple coneflower
3725:
3724:
3697:Chinese herbology
3575:Pumpkin pie spice
3555:Old Bay Seasoning
3515:Italian seasoning
3461:Five-spice powder
2763:(rice-paddy herb)
2606:Indian bay leaf (
2423:978-1-84593-420-0
2391:978-0-12-391865-9
2370:978-979-3361-23-9
2349:978-1-59884-775-8
1924:Business Standard
1775:978-0-12-416641-7
1379:978-3-031-35426-7
993:, and the former
938:Lanxangia tsao-ko
751:
750:
747:
566:Lanxangia tsao-ko
418:Food and beverage
251:), a compound of
81:
80:
4225:
4193:Nepalese cuisine
4188:Pakistani spices
4111:Medicinal plants
4069:Related subjects
4060:Korean herbology
4045:Indian herbology
4004:Lingzhi mushroom
3752:
3745:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3506:
3313:Tasmanian pepper
3294:Sichuan pepper (
3249:Pomegranate seed
3063:Dill / Dill seed
2918:Brazilian pepper
2881:Alligator pepper
2635:garlic / Chinese
2551:
2544:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2442:
2427:
2406:
2395:
2374:
2353:
2332:
2313:
2312:
2291:
2282:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2045:. Archived from
2037:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:on 25 April 2012
1999:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1850:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1654:Katzer, Gernot.
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1631:. Archived from
1616:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1591:at Palaeolexicon
1579:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1076:
1050:
794:Papua New Guinea
738:
715:
713:
712:
697:
695:
694:
679:
677:
676:
652:
651:
576:
512:
506:
494:
486:
484:kardemummabullar
480:
461:Nordic countries
451:
450:
446:
443:
402:, or is smoked.
381:
380:
375:
374:
356:Amomum subulatum
317:
296:
287:
286:
278:
272:
271:
262:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
231:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
77:Flavoring, spice
66:Part(s) of plant
59:Amomum subulatum
40:
28:
27:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4178:Iranian cuisine
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4115:
4064:
4028:
3989:Almond mushroom
3977:
3759:
3756:
3726:
3721:
3685:
3644:
3620:Tandoori masala
3367:
3244:Peruvian pepper
3132:Grains of Selim
3117:Aromatic ginger
3050:Bunium persicum
2857:
2558:
2555:
2489:Cay Co Vietnam
2483:Wayback Machine
2451:Mabberley, D.J.
2424:
2392:
2371:
2350:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2292:
2285:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2052:on 4 March 2016
2049:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1853:
1845:
1832:
1824:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1767:Wayback Machine
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1728:The Spruce Eats
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1635:on 22 June 2020
1617:
1613:
1599:
1595:
1589:Wayback Machine
1580:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1419:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1318:
1306:
1303:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1269:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1233:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1209:
1208:Cardamom flower
1206:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1149:
1039:
951:
844:
778:
710:
708:
692:
690:
674:
672:
650:
583:
448:
444:
441:
439:
420:
392:
346:Amomum krervanh
328:
290:Mycenaean Greek
217:
111:
107:
48:Source plant(s)
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4231:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4019:Morel mushroom
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:Chaga mushroom
3991:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3690:Related topics
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Mulling spices
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Cinnamon sugar
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:Voatsiperifery
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3043:Nigella sativa
3034:
3029:
3027:Coriander seed
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2505:
2492:
2485:
2473:
2468:
2448:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2354:
2348:
2333:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2283:
2262:Nicole Boivin
2255:
2253:, p. 215.
2243:
2218:
2216:, p. 387.
2206:
2194:
2192:, p. 517.
2182:
2164:
2162:, p. 278.
2149:
2134:
2132:, p. 277.
2122:
2096:
2063:
2020:
1994:
1992:, p. 216.
1975:
1942:
1909:
1907:, p. 516.
1897:
1882:
1880:, p. 270.
1870:
1868:, p. 514.
1851:
1830:
1828:, p. 267.
1813:
1787:
1745:
1715:
1689:
1677:
1646:
1624:Emeneau, M. B.
1620:Burrow, Thomas
1611:
1593:
1574:
1544:
1514:
1482:
1452:
1434:978-0851996059
1433:
1410:
1385:
1378:
1356:
1328:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1038:
1035:
950:
947:
906:In 1979–1980,
880:Kadur district
843:
840:
777:
774:
749:
748:
745:United Nations
735:
734:
729:
723:
722:
719:
705:
704:
701:
687:
686:
683:
669:
668:
661:
657:
656:
649:
646:
607:β-phellandrene
582:
579:
481:, the Swedish
419:
416:
391:
388:
368:
367:
352:Black cardamom
349:
327:
324:
216:
213:
168:in the family
99:Cardamom seeds
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4230:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:Indian spices
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Iraqi cuisine
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4125:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3928:Summer savory
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Ras el hanout
3588:
3586:
3585:Quatre épices
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Khmeli suneli
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Garlic powder
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Bouquet garni
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Litsea cubeba
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Juniper berry
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Celery powder
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:Lemon verbena
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2699:
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2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:0-521-34060-8
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2429:
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2419:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2376:
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2366:
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2355:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2171:Giriappa, S.
2168:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2147:, p. 41.
2146:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
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1887:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1801:
1797:
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1784:
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1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:"ka-da-mi-ja"
1578:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1324:public domain
1315:
1313:
1312:public domain
1295:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
946:
944:
940:
939:
934:
933:
926:
923:
919:
918:Malabar Coast
915:
914:
909:
904:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
856:
848:
839:
835:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
771:
767:
762:
758:
756:
746:
742:
736:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
720:
718:
707:
706:
702:
700:
689:
688:
684:
682:
671:
670:
666:
662:
659:
658:
653:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:essential oil
578:
575:
574:
568:
567:
562:
558:
557:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
530:Indian sweets
527:
518:
514:
511:
505:
504:
498:
493:
492:
485:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
435:
429:
424:
412:
407:
403:
401:
397:
396:E. cardamomum
387:
385:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
347:
343:
339:
338:
333:
332:
331:
323:
321:
316:
311:
306:
304:
300:
297:, written in
295:
291:
280:
277:
266:
261:
249:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:Zingiberaceae
167:
166:
161:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:), sometimes
138:
105:
97:
90:
85:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
55:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4158:Arab cuisine
4143:Alpinioideae
4121:
3963:White willow
3933:Tea tree oil
3883:Marsh-mallow
3817:
3791:Asthma-plant
3570:Powder-douce
3560:Panch phoron
3530:Lemon pepper
3466:Garam masala
3456:Fines herbes
3436:Curry powder
3416:Chaat masala
3295:
3274:Sarsaparilla
3234:Onion powder
3182:Mango-ginger
3048:
3041:
2975:Chili powder
2932:
2760:
2750:Lemon myrtle
2707:
2703:
2658:
2657:Vietnamese (
2607:
2571:
2508:
2504:, London UK.
2496:
2488:
2453:
2433:
2412:
2401:
2384:. Elsevier.
2380:
2359:
2342:. ABC-CLIO.
2338:
2327:
2319:Bibliography
2298:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2230:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2179:Google Books
2172:
2167:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:the original
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2076:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2047:the original
2011:. Retrieved
2007:the original
1997:
1966:. Retrieved
1955:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1922:
1912:
1900:
1895:, p. 1.
1873:
1804:. Retrieved
1790:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1692:
1685:Theophrastus
1684:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1659:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1633:the original
1627:
1614:
1602:
1596:
1577:
1566:, retrieved
1557:
1547:
1536:, retrieved
1527:
1517:
1506:, retrieved
1497:
1485:
1474:, retrieved
1465:
1462:"cardamomum"
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1423:
1401:. Retrieved
1369:
1365:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1341:
1332:
1316:
1304:
1291:
1142:
1126:Song Dynasty
1121:
1119:
1087:
1079:Persian Gulf
1066:
1054:
1007:
955:Saudi Arabia
952:
936:
930:
927:
911:
905:
861:
836:
829:
816:
814:
779:
752:
731:
726:
663:Production (
629:
627:
584:
564:
560:
554:
552:
533:
523:
454:
436:
433:
395:
393:
384:Theophrastus
369:
355:
345:
335:
329:
318:attested in
309:
307:
281:
234:Latinisation
220:
218:
190:
185:
181:
163:
157:
146:
142:
103:
102:
88:
57:
51:
25:
4086:Herb garden
3893:Opium poppy
3806:medical use
3669:Bangladeshi
3600:Sharena sol
3595:Recado rojo
3580:Qâlat daqqa
3540:Mixed spice
3476:Garlic salt
3441:Doubanjiang
3177:Long pepper
3137:Horseradish
2955:Celery seed
2828:Sanshō leaf
2745:Lemon grass
2115:14 November
2089:14 November
2056:15 November
2013:15 November
1968:14 November
1935:14 November
1568:20 February
1538:20 February
1508:20 February
1476:20 February
1424:Spice Crops
1094:Hippocrates
1090:Dioscorides
1003:Middle East
842:Cultivation
817:eld-kandies
786:El Salvador
766:khari boali
644:are found.
591:α-terpineol
581:Composition
561:xanthioides
548:herbal teas
535:masala chai
497:Middle East
400:masticatory
294:ka-da-mi-ja
4137:Categories
4106:Homeopathy
4096:Herbal tea
3948:Umckaloabo
3923:Star anise
3903:Peppermint
3868:Lemon balm
3863:Goldenseal
3796:Astragalus
3707:Marination
3702:Herbal tea
3664:Australian
3660:By region
3635:Yuzu koshō
3625:Thuna paha
3565:Persillade
3318:Tonka bean
3254:Poppy seed
3162:Dried lime
3085:Fingerroot
3000:New Mexico
2908:Asafoetida
2740:Lemon balm
2698:Hoja santa
2678:Curry leaf
2308:0415927463
2280:9048127181
2274:. p. 262.
1738:29 January
1524:"κάρδαμον"
1493:καρδάμωμον
1397:"Cardamom"
1366:Cardamom (
1338:"Cardamom"
1301:References
1120:In China,
1099:Alexandria
920:of India.
872:Travancore
782:Costa Rica
648:Production
611:1,8-cineol
413:for scale)
373:καρδάμωμον
248:kardámōmon
242:καρδάμωμον
229:cardamōmum
4101:Herbalism
3873:Liquorice
3833:Fenugreek
3828:Chaparral
3823:Chamomile
3776:Aloe vera
3717:Spice rub
3712:Seasoning
3679:Pakistani
3510:Idli podi
3481:Gochujang
3431:Crab boil
3348:Yuzu zest
3279:Sassafras
3167:Liquorice
3073:Fenugreek
3010:Cultivars
2521:Indonesia
2251:Cumo 2013
2214:Bell 1843
2202:Nair 2011
2190:Watt 1908
2160:Nair 2011
2130:Nair 2011
1990:Cumo 2013
1905:Watt 1908
1893:Owen 1883
1878:Nair 2011
1866:Watt 1908
1826:Nair 2011
1445:6 October
1071:texts as
908:Guatemala
868:Sri Lanka
798:Sri Lanka
717:Guatemala
699:Indonesia
573:jeho-tang
495:. In the
310:Elettaria
219:The word
215:Etymology
209:Guatemala
205:Indonesia
195:, and in
182:Elettaria
178:Indonesia
159:Elettaria
4024:Shiitake
3953:Valerian
3943:Turmeric
3913:Rosemary
3878:Marigold
3843:Flaxseed
3838:Feverfew
3818:Cardamom
3801:Cannabis
3786:Borututu
3656:Culinary
3630:Vadouvan
3605:Shichimi
3503:Húng lìu
3323:Turmeric
3308:Tamarind
3157:Korarima
3090:Galangal
3058:Deulkkae
3017:Cinnamon
2995:Jalapeño
2985:Chipotle
2933:Cardamom
2886:Allspice
2853:Woodruff
2843:Tarragon
2808:Rosemary
2773:Marjoram
2735:Lavender
2730:Kkaennip
2668:Culantro
2652:Bolivian
2601:Bay leaf
2573:Angelica
2479:Archived
2460:, 1996,
2416:. CABI.
2236:28 April
2083:Archived
1962:Archived
1929:Archived
1806:28 April
1763:Archived
1732:Archived
1702:Archived
1687:IX.vii.2
1664:Archived
1639:2 August
1585:Archived
1562:archived
1554:"ἄμωμον"
1532:archived
1502:archived
1470:archived
1439:Archived
1403:28 April
1349:10 April
1286:See also
1111:cinnamon
1069:Sanskrit
979:Pakistan
892:Palakkad
806:Thailand
802:Tanzania
790:Honduras
768:market,
739:Source:
660:Country
642:humulene
638:α-pinene
634:β-pinene
615:sabinene
603:menthone
599:limonene
478:Julekake
428:cinnamon
342:Malaysia
299:Linear B
285:κάρδαμον
260:kárdamon
254:κάρδαμον
221:cardamom
197:Ayurveda
147:cardamum
143:cardamon
104:Cardamom
31:Cardamom
4014:Meshima
4009:Maitake
3973:Za'atar
3958:Verbena
3898:Oregano
3858:Ginseng
3813:Caraway
3771:Alfalfa
3640:Za'atar
3535:Mitmita
3486:Harissa
3401:Berbere
3391:Baharat
3358:Zereshk
3353:Zedoary
3333:Vanilla
3296:huājiāo
3269:Saffron
3259:Radhuni
3239:Paprika
3224:Njangsa
3219:Nigella
3197:Mustard
3095:greater
3005:Tabasco
2980:Cayenne
2960:Charoli
2928:Caraway
2923:Camphor
2891:Amchoor
2803:Perilla
2798:Parsley
2793:Oregano
2788:Mitsuba
2783:Mugwort
2708:giấp cá
2688:Epazote
2659:rau răm
2625:Chervil
2270:. eds.
1670:4 April
1147:Gallery
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1058:saffron
1037:History
1027:vanilla
1023:saffron
963:Germany
832:rhizome
821:Malabar
810:Vietnam
743:of the
741:FAOSTAT
732:138,888
721:36,407
703:40,565
685:41,000
623:borneol
619:heptane
617:and 2%
595:myrcene
540:Wrigley
532:and in
526:masalas
473:Finland
459:in the
447:⁄
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4148:Spices
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3968:Yarrow
3853:Ginkgo
3848:Ginger
3674:Indian
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3446:Douchi
3421:Chaunk
3386:Advieh
3381:Adjika
3373:Blends
3343:Wasabi
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3229:Nutmeg
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3112:Ginger
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3100:lesser
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2965:Chenpi
2945:Cassia
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2863:Spices
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1103:Venice
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884:Kerala
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864:Ceylon
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360:Sikkim
276:ámōmon
270:ἄμωμον
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491:pulla
265:cress
238:Greek
225:Latin
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1937:2014
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1771:ISBN
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