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churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches. The term cardinal is from the Latin word "cardo" meaning a hinge. Here it means a "door", an example of synecdoche, a figure of speech whereby the part refers to the whole. The "door" is the address of the titular church from which the cardinal derives his membership of the Roman clergy, who elect the pope.
2009:
1000:
1441:
1567:
37:
1804:
11761:
7569:
64:
11750:
9678:
8529:
7593:
956:
2796:, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). Before the new uniformity imposed by John Paul II, each cardinal was given a ring, the central piece of which was a gem, usually a sapphire, with the pope's stemma engraved on the inside. There is now no gemstone, and the pope chooses the image on the outside: under
1263:, wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals: "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord
1944:" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).
7581:
1733:(temporarily) and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles. At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of the three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors as they had reached the age of 80. Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020, bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to eleven.
1740:, the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval. Likewise the Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected. Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank. The curren Dean is
2622:
1075:. During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. In addition, cardinals collectively participate in
1932:, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the Curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent. John Paul II maintained this ratio.
1583:
2920:
responsibility of electing Holy Roman
Emperors.... A decree of 10 June 1630, by Urban VII bestowed the title "His Eminence", historically reserved for high nobility, upon the cardinals, thus elevating them above the 'His Excellency', then being used to refer to Italian princes." Guruge, Anura. The Next Pope. Alton, New Hampshire. 2010. p. 81.
2816:
infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no
3646:, made an exception to his own rules and hence all the cardinals under eighty, regardless of the limit of 120, are eligible to enter the conclave. (Canon lawyers ruefully joke that nobody violates canon law like a pope.) As a political matter, it seems probable that all cardinals under eighty will be admitted regardless of the wording of
1558:, who stated to a group of newly created cardinals "He (Jesus) does not call you to become 'princes' of the Church, to 'sit on his right or on his left.' He calls you to serve like Him and with Him." The term is still applied, both seriously and as a criticism of the perceived attitudes of some cardinals.
1274:, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and France, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called "
1181:
the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean "principal", "eminent", or "superior". The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome
1119:
as bishops before they are made cardinals, but some are granted a papal dispensation. There are no strict criteria for elevation to the
College of Cardinals. Since 1917, a potential cardinal must already be at least a priest, but laymen have been cardinals in the past. The selection is entirely up to
1927:
holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly
Italian, the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian, by 1994 the number was reduced to one
2919:
As the exclusive electors of the pope (at least since 1179), cardinals were deemed to be the ecclesiastical equivalents of the Holy Roman Empire's 'Prince-Electors,' an extremely elite group with precedence over all other nobility (including archdukes, dukes and counts), who were tasked with the
1484:
located around the city of Rome. The only exception is for patriarchs of the
Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular
4271:
2815:
a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to
2909:
They were formerly called illustrissimi and reverendissimi; but Pope Urban VIII (of the
Barberini family), in 1630, established the above as their title of honour. Edward Wigglesworth, Thomas Gamaliel Bradford: Encyclopædia Americana: a popular dictionary of arts, sciences. Volume 4. Page
1431:
when named cardinals. In 2018, Pope
Francis expanded the cardinal bishops of Roman title, because this had not been done despite recent decades' expansion in the two lower orders of cardinals, besides having all six such cardinals being over the age limit for a conclave.
1114:
who are current or former officials within the Roman Curia (generally the heads of dicasteries and other bodies linked to the Curia). A very small number are priests recognised by the pope for their service to the Church; as canon law requires them to be generally
4685:"RESCRIPTUM EX AUDIENTIA SS.MI: Rescritto del Santo Padre Francesco con cui ha deciso di cooptare nell'Ordine dei Vescovi, equiparandolo in tutto ai Cardinali insigniti del titolo di una Chiesa suburbicaria, l'Em.mo Cardinale Luis Antonio G. Tagle, 01.05.2020"
1209:
to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by
1830:
abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate Mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.
2742:
which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.
4261:
2789:. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.
1182:
and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the Church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of
2929:
Authoritarian, keenly conscious of his position, Urban kept business in his own hands and rarely discussed it with his cardinals: to compensate them he gave them the rank of princes of the church and a right to the title of 'eminence' (June 1630).
2720:). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a
1533:, say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal ". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and
5075:
3629:
1799:
means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the Bishop of Rome, the pope.
1529:, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. However, official sources, such as the
4920:
4890:
2765:
cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear
Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.
1935:
As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests"
1850:
at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When
2827:
Additionally, canon law gives cardinals the faculty of hearing confessions validly and licitly everywhere, whereas other priests and bishops must be granted this faculty and might be restricted in its use by the local bishop.
2566:
to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals. If conditions change, the pope makes the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of his
1873:. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is
1928:
third. Their influence in the election of the pope has been considered important. They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of
5102:
knelt before Pope
Benedict XVI and pledged his allegiance to the Church before receiving his special red birretta—a symbol of a cardinal's dignity and willingness to shed blood for the increase of the Christian
4840:
2674:
1764:) are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally also
4239:
4411:
4957:
5453:. A digital resource consisting of the biographical entries of the cardinals from 494 to 2014 and of the events and documents concerning the origin of the Roman cardinalate and its historical evolution
3590:
5072:
4505:
1779:
In modern times, the term "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the
3883:
2364:
of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the
College of Cardinals, as they gather for the
1079:(which generally take place annually), in which matters of importance to the Church are considered and new cardinals may be created. Cardinals of working age are also appointed to roles overseeing
3702:
4605:
1653:
would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops. Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a
1920:. They came to be called "cardinal deacons" by the late eighth century, and they were granted active rights in papal elections and made eligible for the election as pope by the decree of 769.
1723:
increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades. He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting their
1403:
established that electors would be under the age of eighty years. When it took effect on 1 January 1971, it deprived 25 cardinals of the right to participate in a conclave. In
October 1975 in
4912:
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10274:
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916:
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1518:(previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo") and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince, making them second only to the pope and crowned monarchs.
3884:"University of San Francisco Editorial Style Guide: "On first reference capitalize these titles before the individual's name: Cardinal Timothy Manning, archbishop of Los Angeles""
2419:
at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals near to or over the age of 80 when appointed have obtained
4035:
3182:
9140:
4094:
2990:
1634:
1537:. Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.
4083:
1668:. When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim the see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops.
4662:
3976:
2947:" (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...")
1976:
The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals. If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he
8978:
986:
9120:
4837:
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1626:
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4444:
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1996:, although the crowning has not been celebrated since Pope John Paul I opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony in 1978. The current cardinal protodeacon is
1696:
who were named cardinals (i.e. "cardinal patriarchs") would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after the six Roman rite cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees. (
1480:), a cardinal can raise through the ranks from cardinal deacon to priest, and from cardinal priest to that of cardinal bishop - in which case he obtains one of the
11444:
9216:
8959:
8942:
2945:
Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ...
1193:
In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain churchmen as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by
9059:
4407:
2504:
was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the
1267:
will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office."
1716:
in 2003.) Those of cardinal patriarch rank continue to hold their patriarchal see and are not assigned any Roman title (suburbicarian see or title or deaconry).
1554:
has historically been applied to cardinals of the Catholic church, and sometimes more broadly to senior members of the church hierarchy. It has been rejected by
10059:
9115:
4950:
4719:
3080:, made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001. Pope John Paul II created a fourth in 2003 but did not reveal his identity, not even in his will. Speculation centered on
2358:, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of
1642:
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9054:
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3890:
11364:
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4750:
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1842:, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the college expanded markedly. In 1587,
3698:
10462:
2458:, and ring). He has both actual and honorary precedence over archbishops, and bishops who are not cardinals. However, he cannot perform the sacrament of
2431:
lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. No cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in a
1225:. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his
9503:
9130:
1630:
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9196:
7917:
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5264:
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3129:
9715:
9125:
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1672:
abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope.
1638:
1328:
or the metropolitan of the capital city the cardinal's hat), almost no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a
911:
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979:
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1244:(hinge), meaning "pivotal" as in "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the 9th century to the priests of the
11642:
11429:
10432:
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9550:
9110:
4536:
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is that "No Cardinal elector can be excluded from active or passive voice in the election of the Supreme Pontiff, for any reason or pretext."
1416:
church laws and they have regularly brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120, twice reaching as high as 135 with
2993:
on 26 March 1961. Ferretto was the lowest ranking member of the order of cardinal priests and only 62. He had been a cardinal for ten weeks.
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4054:
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80:
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1613:, few are "cardinal bishops". For most of the second millennium there were six cardinal bishops, each presiding over one of the seven
1417:
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1317:
was a cardinal from 1646 until he resigned in 1647, later being elected and crowned King of Poland, in 1648 and 1649, respectively).
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cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet
76:
45:
5246:. The new cardinal had to pay for the ring, in exchange for which he received the right to make his own Last Will and Testament.
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3973:
3557:
1285:
times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In
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or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.
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2852:
1297:'s power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu's successor was also a cardinal,
1186:, only a cardinal was eligible to become Bishop of Rome. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope
5124:
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1320:
While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by
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4443:(in French). Vol. XI. Paris: Maison de la Bonne Presse. 1908. pp. 136–40, esp. 137–8 "Comment se fait l'option".
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1547:
of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as has been the case since 1378.
1309:
complete the list of the four great cardinals to have ruled France. In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal,
738:
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In certain periods there were additional requirements. Since the 16th century, only a cardinal who was present within 25
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3351:[Historical notes on the Tricentennial of the Patriarchate of Lisbon] (in Portuguese). Patriarchate of Lisbon.
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or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.
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to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In
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2411:, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the
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uses both styles side by side. On diocesan sites, the "John Cardinal Doe" style is found on, for example, those of
1847:
1737:
1650:
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715:
504:
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1427:
Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by assigning that rank, in 1965, to patriarchs of the
720:
529:
17:
4172:
3954:
1409:, he set the maximum number of electors at 120, while establishing no limit on the overall size of the college.
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in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of the
768:
184:
7080:
5830:
5501:
5043:
1346:, is accorded the right to be elevated to the rank of cardinal in the consistory following his appointment.
1221:), the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven
11617:
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11571:
11479:
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11056:
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2038:
1389:
limited the number of cardinals to 70: six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.
352:
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5459:(including statistical data and links). Popes and the Papacy website (Anura Guruge). Retrieved 2010-09-08.
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at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a
2306:
2224:
2204:
1909:
1897:) are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the
1136:
541:
342:
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3908:"Associated Press Style Guide: "The preferred form for first reference is ... Cardinal Daniel DiNardo""
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a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.
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793:
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garments—the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the
1605:) are the senior order of cardinals. Though in modern times the vast majority of cardinals are also
1525:) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in
638:
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8276:
7710:
7549:
6946:
6505:
6295:
5706:
5360:
3965:
3642:
Most canon lawyers take the opinion that the pope, in appointing more electors than anticipated by
2896:
2408:
2130:
1874:
1765:
1606:
1463:
1072:
332:
134:
9370:
6748:
6522:
6130:
5936:
5241:
4527:
1863:
continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.
1141:
309:
11685:
11317:
11278:
11245:
10691:
10671:
10539:
10417:
10367:
10146:
9947:
9887:
9392:
9292:
8720:
8709:
8474:
8082:
7848:
7733:
7147:
7059:
6902:
6723:
6370:
6182:
5954:
5855:
5715:
5677:
5120:
3836:
2782:
2395:", below), but enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century,
2332:
2292:
2013:
1997:
1981:
1310:
1116:
710:
337:
6864:
6731:
6352:
6166:
5685:
5628:
3726:
3268:
2609:
2575:
cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires. The last pope known to have named a cardinal
1940:) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "
1110:
around the world – often the most prominent diocese or archdiocese in their country. Others are
174:
11754:
11695:
11690:
11324:
11130:
11051:
10976:
10856:
10534:
10422:
10362:
10039:
9927:
9638:
9612:
9026:
8559:
8533:
7996:
7970:
7597:
7444:
7302:
7029:
3320:"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of May 28, 1646"
2965:
2505:
2412:
2400:
2182:
2050:
1664:
Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in the
1424:, but most canon lawyers believe that if their number exceeded 120 they would all participate.
1395:
960:
700:
411:
129:
7022:
6984:
6662:
6558:
5847:
5099:
5014:
4562:
4436:
4318:
3650:
because the task of trying to decide who cannot enter could paralyze the process indefinitely.
3503:
2512:, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of
2044:
11459:
11286:
10711:
10492:
10357:
10203:
9909:
9847:
9806:
9791:
9466:
9437:
9102:
8879:
8632:
8440:
8361:
8184:
8023:
8018:
7907:
7411:
7318:
7210:
7008:
6954:
6716:
6004:
5404:
5366:
5140:
5117:"Instruction on the dress, titles and coat-of-arms of cardinals, bishops and lesser prelates"
4293:
4150:
3226:
3089:
3057:
2438:
A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other
2312:
1823:
1614:
1530:
1481:
1374:
1240:
to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin
1222:
1183:
1012:
546:
7066:
6740:
6325:
5479:
5473:
4236:"Pope to new cardinals: Jesus does not call you to be "princes" of the Church, but to serve"
4006:
3984:
2777:. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet
482:
10863:
10832:
10729:
10610:
10524:
10404:
10307:
10024:
10019:
9942:
9892:
9823:
9801:
9460:
9349:
8985:
8844:
8400:
8334:
8131:
8114:
8049:
7623:
7525:
7427:
7387:
7378:
6924:
6778:
6684:
6677:
6582:
6481:
6113:
5592:
5538:
2882:
2817:
2751:
2592:
2326:
2300:
2166:
2152:
2138:
2118:
2104:
2074:
1947:
When not celebrating Mass, but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual
1741:
1665:
1534:
1448:
1314:
1060:
906:
783:
658:
643:
416:
396:
357:
179:
117:
7161:
6378:
6148:
6078:
3784:
Pope Paul VI., Motuproprio "Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium" (11 February 1965), par. II.
3348:
3097:
1866:
The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled
1373:. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but in 1179 the
8:
11652:
11554:
11347:
11331:
10851:
10761:
10212:
10156:
10104:
10005:
9967:
9670:
9643:
9251:
9082:
8521:
8006:
7991:
7945:
7764:
7465:
7293:
6809:
6755:
6636:
6236:
5963:
5821:
5769:
5098:. Retrieved 1 June 2008. Quote: "In a ceremony televised across the world cardinal-elect
3012:
2973:
2805:
1709:
1420:
of February 2001 and October 2003. No more than 120 electors have ever participated in a
1333:
1282:
858:
705:
600:
406:
278:
194:
169:
6839:
6699:
5415:
5235:
3995:
1155:
There is general disagreement about the origin of the term, but a chief consensus that "
369:
11672:
11489:
10347:
10339:
10082:
9783:
9750:
9682:
9489:
9412:
8891:
8435:
8373:
8298:
8104:
8062:
8056:
7487:
7262:
6909:
6644:
6574:
6566:
6514:
6053:
5669:
5376:
5346:
5338:
4801:
4043:
3752:
3670:
3585:
3475:
3447:
3416:
3261:
3081:
2847:
2554:, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed
2423:
from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but
2080:
2054:
1713:
1294:
1145:
633:
509:
441:
266:
122:
6762:
4913:"Pastor Bonus, – John Paul II – Apostolic Constitution (June 28, 1988) – John Paul II"
4139:
3930:"At first reference Cardinal John Doe. At subsequent references the cardinal or Doe" (
2477:
11632:
10868:
10193:
10073:
9840:
9796:
9417:
9173:
9150:
8767:
8687:
8682:
8622:
8552:
8099:
8044:
7472:
7451:
7363:
7203:
7101:
7073:
7045:
6993:
6872:
6847:
6551:
6412:
6404:
6395:
6361:
6268:
6244:
6045:
6012:
5457:
Next Cardinal Creating Consistory by Pope Benedict XVI – The Required Background Data
5382:
5350:
4789:
4779:
4568:
4325:
4262:"'Felt himself to be a prince': Vatican comes to grips with the death of George Pell"
3756:
3742:
3619:
3549:
3509:
3387:
3299:
3272:
3073:
3016:
2986:
2797:
2733:
2683:
in dress for hot tropical countries (white cassock with scarlet piping and buttons).
2633:
2580:
2403:
mandated that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962,
2318:
2296:
2262:
2228:
2158:
2034:
1860:
1521:
In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated
1497:
1329:
1003:
The coat of arms of a cardinal (who is a bishop or archbishop) is indicated by a red
788:
283:
199:
164:
7224:
7189:
6543:
6473:
5504:
a website listing the day to day statements printed in the news by current cardinals
4128:
2534:
In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals
868:
11494:
11268:
11230:
11188:
11116:
11111:
11078:
10885:
10818:
10781:
10776:
10756:
10751:
10676:
10529:
10519:
10479:
10010:
9828:
9811:
9628:
8874:
8645:
8356:
8239:
8094:
8089:
7912:
7882:
7802:
7797:
7648:
7496:
7436:
7310:
7196:
7001:
6670:
6488:
6449:
6036:
5733:
5661:
5619:
5462:
5398:
5330:
5285:
5171:
4861:
4376:
3734:
3220:
3028:
2770:
2680:
2550:, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of
2509:
2238:
2220:
2124:
2100:
2084:
2028:
1444:
1368:
1355:
1337:
1325:
1302:
1298:
1218:
1076:
1067:, almost always from among themselves (with a few historical exceptions), when the
933:
497:
256:
251:
241:
236:
231:
159:
10734:
6886:
5996:
5891:
4017:
1960:
and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the
1814:
While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and
1657:
relationship with the suburbicarian sees, each of which is governed by a separate
1440:
189:
11729:
11612:
11469:
11434:
11240:
11235:
11160:
11155:
11096:
11021:
10771:
10701:
10233:
10174:
9724:
9623:
9018:
8604:
8395:
8293:
8286:
8254:
7892:
7700:
7616:
7244:
7154:
7122:
6823:
6770:
6622:
6615:
6607:
6536:
6529:
6442:
6310:
6157:
6121:
6105:
6096:
6019:
5981:
5873:
5778:
5696:
5653:
5601:
5582:
5563:
5378:
The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church
5292:
5190:
5116:
5079:
5000:
4980:
4961:
4868:
4844:
4371:
4352:
4179:
4168:
4157:
4146:
4135:
4124:
4113:
4098:
4087:
4076:
4065:
4050:
4039:
4024:
4013:
4002:
3991:
3980:
3969:
3958:
3938:
3907:
3535:
3380:
3375:
3344:
3293:
3065:
2842:
2729:
2697:
2513:
2501:
2404:
2256:
2244:
2210:
2198:
2148:
2110:
2090:
2008:
1917:
1905:
1852:
1792:
1787:
priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as
1780:
1745:
1701:
1669:
1618:
1509:
1493:
1393:
exceeded that limit citing the need to staff church offices. In November 1970 in
1390:
1271:
1253:
1198:
1052:
678:
379:
226:
144:
7232:
7175:
5864:
5795:
4993:
3853:
1090:
Cardinals are drawn from a variety of backgrounds, being appointed as cardinals
519:
11647:
11576:
11424:
11359:
11145:
11135:
11121:
11106:
10786:
10681:
10565:
10544:
10078:
9957:
9932:
9904:
9835:
9324:
9284:
9086:
9030:
8849:
8804:
8736:
8692:
8670:
8665:
8499:
8452:
8422:
8416:
8201:
8194:
8077:
7960:
7887:
7835:
7807:
7755:
7678:
7542:
7513:
7370:
7340:
7254:
7052:
7015:
6793:
6591:
6496:
6303:
6259:
6189:
6174:
5909:
5839:
5812:
5636:
5610:
5359:
4973:
3044:
3036:
3032:
2721:
2665:
2547:
2455:
2432:
2428:
2365:
2216:
2024:
1953:
1941:
1890:
1819:
1757:
1724:
1654:
1598:
1566:
1541:
1469:
1459:
1421:
1359:
1275:
1226:
1194:
1174:
1111:
1064:
1024:
873:
853:
848:
588:
561:
426:
421:
246:
112:
107:
5334:
3738:
1063:. The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a
11779:
11539:
11499:
11384:
11306:
11291:
11140:
11101:
10907:
10791:
10588:
10257:
9972:
9555:
9035:
8677:
8640:
8589:
8586:
7705:
7396:
7284:
7276:
7139:
7094:
7087:
6894:
6879:
6691:
6464:
6456:
6317:
6196:
5989:
5972:
5882:
5760:
5420:
4341:
3615:
Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election
3040:
2960:
of Rome when the vacancy occurred could exercise the option. When the see of
2957:
2629:
2551:
2424:
2396:
2380:
2188:
2144:
2134:
2060:
1977:
1929:
1843:
1808:
1586:
1544:
1452:
1386:
1290:
999:
838:
763:
748:
668:
593:
571:
566:
556:
95:
4856:"Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon
4793:
4117:
2339:* Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest
1169:
11514:
11449:
11379:
11369:
11296:
11196:
11165:
10941:
10890:
10658:
10600:
10497:
10268:
10185:
10141:
10136:
10126:
9937:
9864:
9432:
9334:
8796:
8731:
8697:
8613:
8596:
8244:
8154:
8121:
8069:
7868:
7791:
7724:
7691:
7664:
7404:
7269:
6969:
6801:
6427:
6286:
6228:
6220:
5945:
5751:
5724:
5645:
5567:
5167:
4069:
4058:
3024:
2786:
2693:
2497:
2481:
2471:
2439:
2392:
2388:
2360:
2322:
2250:
2162:
2114:
2066:
1985:
1949:
1913:
1856:
1855:
abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes
1835:
1827:
1729:
1720:
1705:
1697:
1681:
1676:
1555:
1514:
1473:
1400:
1237:
888:
843:
743:
551:
465:
460:
448:
139:
5321:
Kuttner, Steven (1945). "Cardinalis: The History of a Canonical Concept".
36:
11710:
11566:
11439:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11394:
10696:
10631:
10487:
10412:
10390:
10238:
10000:
9962:
9650:
8869:
8758:
8609:
8464:
8351:
8271:
8206:
8189:
8149:
7955:
7356:
7108:
6277:
5257:"Elevated cardinals receive gold ring from the pope during Mass of Rings"
4773:
3528:
3319:
3020:
2801:
2689:
2637:
2562:
is known only to the pope. In the modern era, popes have named cardinals
2459:
2286:
2070:
2017:
1993:
1924:
1898:
1869:
1839:
1815:
1803:
1773:
1646:
1610:
1570:
1187:
1107:
1084:
1059:
and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute the
878:
863:
803:
304:
68:
5494:
Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church
5342:
5237:
Costume of Prelates of the Catholic Church: According to Roman Etiquette
4825:
Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church
4161:
3505:
Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church
1649:
separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became
11404:
11399:
11223:
11150:
10766:
10686:
10317:
9633:
8831:
8234:
8109:
8013:
8001:
7975:
7873:
6831:
6816:
6087:
6027:
5787:
5507:
2821:
2808:
to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.
2537:
2529:
2176:
1957:
1363:
1286:
1099:
928:
828:
823:
773:
758:
753:
472:
389:
216:
204:
4775:
The Republic of St. Peter : the birth of the Papal State, 680–825
3951:
1127:, of whom 122 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope.
11509:
11504:
11474:
11170:
10933:
10917:
10902:
10746:
10636:
10514:
10504:
10372:
10151:
9539:
9354:
9002:
8901:
8383:
8218:
8159:
8028:
6251:
6203:
5435:
2738:
2717:
2661:
2613:
2451:
2280:
1923:
Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the
1689:
1321:
1160:
1080:
940:
883:
833:
813:
688:
524:
487:
477:
431:
401:
374:
314:
11749:
11657:
11484:
10583:
9952:
9677:
8785:
8575:
8528:
8494:
8469:
8174:
7824:
7742:
7673:
7656:
7592:
6435:
5433:
Hollingswirth, Mary, Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte, eds (2020),
2785:, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's
2709:
2583:, who named four, including one whose identity was never revealed.
2295:(24 February 2005 – 23 February 2007*); announced election of
2133:(16 December 1935 – 12 November 1946†); announced election of
1961:
1878:
1068:
955:
808:
578:
514:
347:
63:
9693:
2476:
At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received
2113:(5 November 1916 – 17 December 1928*); announced election of
1313:, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king (although
1259:
In the year 1563, the Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope
11454:
10292:
10166:
10109:
8179:
8139:
5184:
http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6322/78/1600/SlypyjGalero1.jpg
4687:(Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 1 May 2020.
3349:"Notas históricas sobre o Tricentenário do Patriarcado de Lisboa"
3240:
2778:
2713:
2705:
2657:
2653:
2641:
2447:
2399:
was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. The
1989:
1904:
Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the
1769:
1260:
1103:
818:
436:
299:
271:
261:
4883:"Martino diventa cardinale protodiacono (senza "Habemus Papam")"
2571:
appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an
2147:(12 November 1946 – 3 August 1961†); announced election of
2099:(4 January 1911 – 5 November 1916†); announced election of
11607:
10912:
10897:
10841:
10808:
8990:
7937:
5414:
5397:
5179:
3440:"Pope Elevates 33 to Cardinalate; Deplores China Church Schism"
3219:
3175:"Majority of cardinals-designate expected to attend consistory"
2793:
2774:
2701:
2645:
2616:
and wearing a red cassock, but not the rest of the choir dress.
2493:
2489:
2321:(21 February 2011 – 12 June 2014*); announced election of
1788:
1249:
1211:
1202:
1149:
1048:
1004:
695:
663:
623:
492:
384:
154:
149:
2985:
He exercised his new authority later that month by appointing
2976:
to exercise the option and become cardinal bishop of Frascati.
1834:
While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the
1094:
to their existing roles within the Church. Most cardinals are
11705:
10873:
10837:
8169:
8144:
7814:
7750:
4655:"New papal appointments reflect pope's wish for transparency"
3961:(except for signatures), and of the Episcopal Conferences in
2824:, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal.
2443:
1526:
1264:
1206:
1164:
1008:
778:
648:
628:
583:
364:
9383:
Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
4819:
4817:
4712:"Pope promotes Tagle as one of 11 highest ranking cardinals"
2800:
it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with
2383:
was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest.
2219:(5 March 1973 – 30 June 1979*); announced elections of
2161:(3 August 1961 – 26 June 1967*); announced election of
1645:. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when
10878:
10597:
9265:
8793:
8593:
8544:
8164:
7746:
7723:
7688:
7639:
5450:
2725:
2649:
2519:
2069:(22 June 1896 – 29 March 1907); announced election of
1178:
1056:
673:
90:
2972:
was in Siena, which disqualified him and allowed Cardinal
1236:
at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or
7608:
4814:
2704:— which is always white—the scarlet garments include the
1582:
1205:, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of
683:
9500:
House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
4116:, and the "Cardinal John Doe" on, for example, those of
3962:
3002:
But not until the pope elect has been ordained a bishop.
7672:
1496:, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a
1492:
in addition to such a titular church also receives the
4191:
cfr. "Klaus Ganzer, Kardinäle als Kirchenfürsten?" in
4106:
3550:"Letter from Rome The Next Stage of Francis's Mission"
3241:
Catholic bishops and Pope Pius IV (11 November 1563).
2668:
on a cord (or, in Danneels' case, wrongly on a chain).
1964:
they would don with the simple white mitre (so called
1270:
The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the
5205:"Bling! examination of the ring of Cardinal O'Malley"
4703:
2415:
requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of
1087:, the central administration of the Catholic Church.
1007:(wide-brimmed hat) with 15 tassels on each side (the
9393:
Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
3122:"Roles of Bishop, Archbishop and Cardinal Explained"
2881:
The most recent recipient of such a dispensation is
1597:
Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order;
9568:
9450:
5240:. Baltimore-New York: John Murphy Company. p.
5044:"Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers"
3529:
Are There Any Limitations on the Power of the Pope?
2003:
1846:sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum
1472:upon his creation, which is always a church in the
1377:restored the right to the whole body of cardinals.
3379:
3260:
2407:set the norm that all cardinals be consecrated as
7918:Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province
5178:and Cardinal, wearing a galero on top of his red
3471:"Voting for Popes Is Barred to Cardinals Over 80"
2736:(sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet
1912:, when church administration was effectively the
1910:14 districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages
1561:
1289:'s England, his chief minister was for some time
11777:
5233:
5073:The College of Cardinals – General Documentazion
4567:(2nd Revised ed.). WOWNH LLC. p. 120.
3780:
3778:
2371:
4405:
3343:
1173:(meaning "pivot" or "hinge") was first used in
5439:. Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-41544-7
3581:"Shaping a Legacy, Pope Installs 44 Cardinals"
9709:
9551:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
8560:
7624:
5523:
3775:
3213:
3211:
3209:
2344:
980:
5429:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5092:Applause and tears in Basilica greet Pontiff
4827:, Harvard University Press, 1996 pp. 92–93.
4599:
3696:
3100:, John Paul's longtime friend and secretary.
2465:
1503:
8979:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe
5374:
4941:Canon 232 §1 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law.
4628:"Rescriptum of the Holy Father Francis ..."
2535:
2462:or other rites reserved solely to bishops.
2289:(26 February 2002 – 24 February 2005*)
2127:(17 December 1928 – 16 December 1935*)
1366:
1032:
11638:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
9716:
9702:
8567:
8553:
7631:
7617:
5530:
5516:
5357:
5227:
5111:
5109:
4880:
4806:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4499:
3254:
3252:
3206:
3152:"Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church"
1120:the pope and tradition is his only guide.
987:
973:
7512:Cardinals ineligible to participate in a
5412:
5395:
4342:Umberto Benigni, "Ostia and Velletri" in
3508:. Harvard University Press. p. 101.
3217:
2964:became vacant upon the death of Cardinal
2586:
2387:Until 1918, any cleric, even one only in
2283:(9 January 1999 – 26 February 2002*)
2031:(20 December 1887 – 8 February 1890)
1908:who supervised the Church's works in the
9308:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
7859:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
5537:
5436:A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal
5041:
4860:or gives the pallium to their proxies."
4709:
4604:(in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
4504:(in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
4474:. Vol. XXVI. 1893–94. p. 704.
4431:
4429:
4410:(in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
3731:A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal
3258:
2745:
2375:
2277:(29 January 1996 – 9 January 1999*)
2007:
1992:on the new pope and crowns him with the
1802:
1581:
1565:
1439:
1140:
998:
7903:Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church
7898:Successor of the Prince of the Apostles
5320:
5202:
5106:
5012:
4321:New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law
3579:Stanley, Alexandra (22 February 2001).
3578:
3547:
3468:
3437:
3406:
3373:
3249:
2315:(1 March 2008 – 21 February 2011*)
2309:(23 February 2007 – 1 March 2008*)
2265:(26 November 1990 – 5 April 1993*)
2259:(22 June 1987 – 26 November 1990*)
2201:(20 January 1971 – 31 March 1971†)
2093:(15 October 1907 – 4 January 1911)
2041:(8 February 1890 – 11 August 1890)
1971:
1772:throughout the world, though some hold
1015:are proper to the individual cardinal).
14:
11778:
10097:
5451:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
4564:The Next Pope: After Pope Benedict XVI
4560:
3727:"Cardinals and Their Titular Churches"
3409:"Two Americans among 23 New Cardinals"
2863:List of the creations of the cardinals
2271:(5 April 1993 – 29 January 1996*)
2253:(2 February 1983 – 22 June 1987*)
2247:(15 June 1980 – 2 February 1983*)
2087:(29 March 1907 – 15 October 1907)
2047:(11 August 1890 – 3 October 1890)
1358:gave cardinals the right to elect the
1343:Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii
9697:
9045:
8548:
7612:
5511:
5474:List of all Cardinal Titular Churches
5054:from the original on 18 November 2016
4923:from the original on 23 February 2001
4771:
4652:
4630:Holy See Press Office. 26 June 2018.
4608:from the original on 17 November 2019
4535:. Vol. LIII. 1961. p. 199.
4426:
4216:from the original on 6 September 2014
3920:from the original on 5 December 2014.
3724:
3611:
3501:
3438:Cortesi, Arnoldo (16 December 1958).
3407:Cortesi, Arnaldo (18 November 2017).
3185:from the original on 25 February 2021
3172:
3072:, made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001;
3064:, made cardinal 1979, revealed 1991;
2506:Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917
2207:(31 March 1971 – 8 August 1971†)
2191:(18 May 1970 – 20 January 1971†)
1980:and name from the central balcony of
7580:
5408:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5396:Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913).
5370:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5123:, English ed. 17 April 1969: vol.4.
5023:from the original on 7 December 2023
4893:from the original on 24 January 2018
4634:from the original on 24 October 2020
4581:from the original on 7 December 2023
4447:from the original on 7 December 2023
4294:"Prince of the Church, Philip Ayres"
3864:from the original on 24 January 2021
3678:from the original on 7 December 2023
3632:from the original on 7 December 2023
3560:from the original on 7 November 2017
3367:
3230:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3218:Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913).
2391:, could be created a cardinal (see "
2213:(8 August 1971 – 5 March 1973*)
2179:(26 June 1967 – 28 April 1969*)
1704:, not cardinal bishops: for example
1700:patriarchs who become cardinals are
1540:The Cardinal order is used in the
1029:Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis
9723:
9583:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
7923:Sovereign of the Vatican City State
5468:List of All Cardinals By Precedence
5375:Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (1996).
5215:from the original on 16 August 2013
4881:Scaramuzzi, Jacopo (12 June 2014).
4710:Esmaquel, Paterno II (1 May 2020).
4267:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3663:"Pontiff Installs 27 New Cardinals"
3483:from the original on 26 August 2018
3291:
3267:. Oxford University Press. p.
2356:Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
2341:† Was protodeacon at time of death
2241:(30 June 1979 – 15 June 1980†)
2185:(28 April 1969 – 18 May 1970*)
2057:(3 October 1890 – 1 June 1891)
1988:. The protodeacon also bestows the
1884:
1751:
1577:
1435:
1123:As of 25 September 2024,
24:
9588:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
9298:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
7844:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
7821:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
5267:from the original on 13 March 2018
5203:Paulson, Michael (25 March 2006).
5042:Boudreau, Richard (7 April 2005).
4740:
4602:"Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium"
4542:from the original on 12 April 2015
3469:Hoffman, Paul (24 November 1970).
3162:from the original on 8 April 2019.
1727:and deaconries suburbicarian rank
1349:
327:Administrative and pastoral titles
25:
11817:
9366:Pontifical North American College
8928:Section for Relations with States
5496:, Harvard University Press, 1996
5443:
4753:from the original on 30 June 2018
4665:from the original on 26 June 2018
4600:Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965).
4508:from the original on 18 June 2021
4481:from the original on 21 June 2015
4437:"Le Droit d'Option des Cardinaux"
3725:Witte, Arnold (9 December 2019).
3705:from the original on 5 April 2013
3697:Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965).
3593:from the original on 29 July 2018
3548:Mickens, Robert (24 April 2017).
3355:from the original on 13 June 2021
3263:The Popes and European Revolution
3173:Glatz, Carol (19 November 2020).
3132:from the original on 23 June 2023
2838:Cardinal-Infante (disambiguation)
2792:To symbolize their bond with the
2496:, they were inaccurately called "
2063:(1 June 1891 – 22 June 1896)
1476:. Through the process of opting (
1042:cardinal of the Holy Roman Church
11760:
11759:
11748:
11716:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
11264:Criticism of the Catholic Church
9676:
9664:
9060:Extraordinary general assemblies
8527:
8515:
7591:
7579:
7568:
7567:
5488:Catholic-pages List of Cardinals
5402:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
5364:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
5361:"Ecclesiastical Addresses"
5127:from the original on 2 June 2017
4838:Universi Dominici Gregis, No. 89
4414:from the original on 19 May 2020
4406:Pope John XXIII (9 April 1962).
4387:from the original on 17 May 2013
4377:"History of Papal Electoral Law"
4300:from the original on 10 May 2023
4274:from the original on 20 May 2023
3763:from the original on 12 May 2022
3224:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2853:Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
2750:A Cardinal in Profile, 1880, by
2673:
2621:
2602:
2004:Cardinal protodeacons since 1887
1738:Dean of the College of Cardinals
1686:Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium
1651:Dean of the College of Cardinals
1591:Dean of the College of Cardinals
1490:Dean of the College of Cardinals
1418:Pope John Paul II's consistories
954:
618:Consecrated and professed titles
62:
35:
9883:First seven ecumenical councils
9528:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
9428:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
9408:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
9207:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
5480:List of all Cardinal Deaconries
5314:
5298:
5286:Canon 1405 §1 and canon 1406 §2
5279:
5249:
5196:
5160:
5085:
5066:
5035:
5006:
4986:
4967:
4944:
4935:
4905:
4874:
4850:
4830:
4765:
4734:
4722:from the original on 1 May 2020
4691:from the original on 1 May 2020
4677:
4646:
4620:
4593:
4554:
4520:
4493:
4459:
4399:
4335:
4312:
4286:
4254:
4242:from the original on 2 May 2023
4228:
4198:
4185:
4007:Bishops' Conference of Scotland
4005:agree with the stylebooks. The
3944:
3924:
3900:
3876:
3846:
3818:
3805:
3796:
3787:
3718:
3690:
3655:
3605:
3572:
3541:
3522:
3495:
3462:
3431:
3400:
3337:
3312:
3126:Diocese of Lafayette-In-Indiana
3050:
3005:
2996:
2979:
2950:
2937:
2923:
2913:
2903:
2888:
1978:announces a new pope's election
1712:in 2002 and cardinal priest of
1332:: the notable exception is the
1125:there are 236 serving cardinals
1055:. Cardinals are created by the
11796:Catholic ecclesiastical titles
10458:Separation of church and state
9217:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
7928:Servant of the servants of God
7559:List of creations of cardinals
5003:of the 1983 Code of Canon Law.
4983:of the 1917 Code of Canon Law.
4441:Annuaire pontifical catholique
3932:Reuters Handbook of Journalism
3701:. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
3285:
3234:
3197:
3166:
3144:
3114:
2875:
2556:creati et reservati in pectore
1818:, every cardinal priest has a
1562:Orders and their chief offices
1217:In 1059 (five years after the
13:
1:
9480:Pontifical Oriental Institute
4778:. Philadelphia. p. 218.
4653:Glatz, Carol (26 June 2018).
3618:. Random House. p. 107.
3107:
2372:Cardinals who are not bishops
2349:
2097:Francesco Salesio Della Volpe
1783:, who were recognized as the
1719:At the June 2018 consistory,
769:Captain General of the Church
185:Assistant to the papal throne
9303:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
8574:
7951:Coat of arms of the Holy See
7854:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
5019:. Vol. 3. p. 337.
4772:Noble, Thomas F. X. (1984).
4502:"Ad Suburbicarias Dioeceses"
4500:John XXIII (10 March 1961).
2435:since the 1962 rule change.
1468:Each cardinal is assigned a
1324:(usually earning either its
1047:) is a senior member of the
7:
11786:Cardinals (Catholic Church)
9485:Pontifical Lombard Seminary
9361:Pontifical Urban University
9055:Ordinary general assemblies
8802:Cardinal Secretary of State
8453:Pontifical colleges in Rome
5413:Boudinhon, Auguste (1911).
5358:Battandier, Albert (1913).
4195:2011, issue 5, pp. 313–323.
3612:Allen, John L. Jr. (2002).
3386:. Robert Appleton Company.
3245:. Tan Books and Publishers.
2831:
2205:Federico Callori di Vignale
1137:Papal selection before 1059
917:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
10:
11822:
11801:Religious leadership roles
11755:Catholic Church portal
9578:Basilica of the Holy House
9202:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino
8610:Sovereignty and government
8534:Catholic Church portal
7768:properties of the Holy See
7638:
7598:Catholic Church portal
5463:GCatholic on all Cardinals
4747:Modern Catholic Dictionary
4659:National Catholic Reporter
4357:Pope Pius X, motu proprio
3382:The Catholic Encyclopaedia
2970:Francesco Ricci Paracciani
2932:Oxford Dictionary of Popes
2769:In previous times, at the
2590:
2527:
2469:
2345:Special types of cardinals
2269:Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy
2173:Arcadio Larraona Saralegui
1512:decreed their title to be
1494:titular bishopric of Ostia
1457:
1380:
1134:
1130:
961:Catholic Church portal
11743:
11681:Aid to the Church in Need
11671:
11528:
11341:
11302:Vatican Television Center
11277:
11187:
11077:
10947:Eastern Catholic Churches
10928:
10817:
10710:
10657:
10582:
10553:
10478:
10403:
10338:
10283:
10202:
10072:
9986:
9918:
9863:
9782:
9759:
9731:
9659:
9604:
9535:Gardens of the Villa Cybo
9518:
9388:Palace of the Holy Office
9378:Palazzo della Cancelleria
9350:Palace of Saint Callixtus
9320:
9283:
9273:
9262:
9243:
9172:
9149:
9101:
9073:
9017:
8912:
8860:
8830:
8784:
8757:
8631:
8619:Sovereign judicial entity
8582:
8510:
8409:
8327:
8253:
8227:
8130:
8037:
7984:
7936:
7867:
7834:
7784:
7663:
7646:
7507:
7243:
5695:
5581:
5551:List of current cardinals
5545:
5335:10.1017/S0362152900016883
5304:Canon 967 §1 of the 1983
5234:John Abel Nainfa (1909).
5176:Ukrainian Catholic Church
4661:. Catholic News Service.
4351:11 September 2013 at the
4206:"Election – BENEDICT XVI"
4178:29 September 2006 at the
3793:Code of Canon law: 357-1.
3739:10.1163/9789004415447_023
3502:Reese, Thomas J. (1998).
3292:Webster, Henry Kitchell.
3181:. Catholic News Service.
2968:on 11 May 1893, Cardinal
2858:List of current cardinals
2756:Morgan Library and Museum
1694:Eastern Catholic Churches
1504:Title and reference style
1429:Eastern Catholic Churches
1406:Romano Pontifici eligendo
794:Gonfalonier of the Church
11623:Communion and Liberation
11087:Eastern Catholic liturgy
10252:Mystici Corporis Christi
10180:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
9476:Archaeological Institute
8661:Old St. Peter's Basilica
8656:Patrimony of Saint Peter
8651:History of papal primacy
7550:List of titular churches
4979:29 December 2016 at the
4156:7 September 2008 at the
4151:St Andrews and Edinburgh
4112:19 February 2011 at the
4097:19 February 2008 at the
4086:23 December 2010 at the
4075:24 November 2010 at the
4023:27 February 2009 at the
3699:"Ad purpuratorum Patrum"
3648:Universi Dominici Gregis
3644:Universi Dominici Gregis
3203:Encyclopædia Britannica.
2897:Universi Dominici gregis
2868:
2716:(over the usual scarlet
2660:(over the usual scarlet
2131:Camillo Caccia-Dominioni
1875:Michael Michai Kitbunchu
1464:List of titular churches
135:Chaplain of His Holiness
11806:Princes of the Holy See
10438:Philosophy of canon law
10368:Mariology of the saints
9948:Investiture Controversy
9671:Vatican City portal
9403:Palace of the Vicariate
9197:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
8721:Prisoner in the Vatican
8710:Investiture Controversy
8522:Vatican City portal
5426:Encyclopædia Britannica
4867:3 December 2010 at the
4408:"Suburbicariis sedibus"
4167:14 October 2008 at the
4134:29 October 2007 at the
3826:"Catholic News Service"
3802:Code of Canon law: 350.
3259:Chadwick, Owen (1981).
2991:Sabina e Poggio Mirteto
2783:ecclesiastical heraldry
2333:Renato Raffaele Martino
2275:Eduardo Martínez Somalo
1998:Renato Raffaele Martino
1451:and Cardinal-Priest of
1307:André-Hercule de Fleury
11691:Catholic Charities USA
11325:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
11313:Vatican Polyglot Press
10363:Mariology of the popes
10001:Protestant Reformation
9683:Catholicism portal
9639:Apostolic Penitentiary
9613:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
9560:Santa Maria di Galeria
8885:For Vatican City State
8367:for Vatican City State
7997:Apostolic constitution
5291:22 August 2006 at the
5261:www.fogcityjournal.com
5148:Cite journal requires
5013:Rickaby, John (1913).
4999:2 January 2013 at the
4561:Guruge, Anura (2010).
4529:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
4365:VI (1914), pp. 219–220
4363:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
3979:20 August 2008 at the
3295:Early European History
2759:
2636:(right) wearing their
2587:Vesture and privileges
2536:
2413:1983 Code of Canon Law
2401:1917 Code of Canon Law
2384:
2307:Darío Castrillón Hoyos
2183:William Theodore Heard
2051:Tommaso Maria Zigliara
2020:
1894:
1889:The cardinal deacons (
1824:suburbicarian dioceses
1811:
1761:
1627:Porto and Santa Rufina
1602:
1594:
1574:
1455:
1396:Ingravescentem aetatem
1367:
1168:
1152:
1028:
1016:
412:Diocesan administrator
130:Moderator of the curia
27:Senior church official
11445:Good Shepherd Sisters
11287:Holy See Press Office
10525:Doctors of the Church
10358:Immaculate Conception
10313:Anointing of the Sick
9848:History of the papacy
9467:San Carlo ai Catinari
9438:Paul VI Audience Hall
9424:Benedictine monastery
9371:Bambino Gesù Hospital
9141:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto
8490:Sexually active popes
8441:Pontifical university
8185:Ring of the Fisherman
8024:Ecclesiastical letter
8019:Apostolic exhortation
7908:Patriarch of the West
7893:Vicar of Jesus Christ
6933:Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo
5405:Catholic Encyclopedia
5367:Catholic Encyclopedia
5078:17 March 2013 at the
5016:Catholic Encyclopedia
4344:Catholic Encyclopedia
3957:29 April 2014 at the
3554:Commonwealth Magazine
3227:Catholic Encyclopedia
3090:Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz
3058:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
2749:
2379:
2335:(12 June 2014 –)
2313:Agostino Cacciavillan
2011:
1806:
1762:cardinales presbyteri
1744:and the Vice-Dean is
1585:
1569:
1535:episcopal conferences
1531:Catholic News Service
1443:
1375:Third Lateran Council
1144:
1135:Further information:
1002:
547:Protonotary apostolic
77:Ecclesiastical titles
11318:L'Osservatore Romano
11256:Role in civilisation
10982:Croatian and Serbian
10730:Episcopal conference
10692:St. Peter's Basilica
10050:Sexual abuse scandal
10006:Catholic Reformation
9293:St. Peter's Basilica
8986:Apostolic nunciature
8845:College of Cardinals
8840:Secretariat of State
8485:Popes by nationality
8401:Sistine Chapel Choir
8335:College of Cardinals
7966:Regalia and insignia
7849:St. Peter's Basilica
7526:Council of Cardinals
7524:(CC): member of the
5539:College of Cardinals
5121:L'Osservatore Romano
4960:2 March 2013 at the
4858:metropolitan bishops
4749:. Catholic Culture.
4370:3 March 2013 at the
4324:(Paulist Press 2000
4064:1 April 2007 at the
4038:8 April 2007 at the
4001:20 July 2008 at the
3990:24 July 2008 at the
3968:12 July 2018 at the
3937:15 July 2011 at the
3860:. 31 December 2010.
3842:on 12 December 2005.
3833:www.catholicnews.com
3674:. 23 February 1965.
3534:14 July 2011 at the
3374:Fanning, W. (1911).
3243:The Council of Trent
2894:The rule set out in
2883:Raniero Cantalamessa
2818:ecclesiastical court
2752:Jehan Georges Vibert
2598:Pontifical vestments
2593:Pontifical vestments
2442:(episcopal regalia:
1982:St. Peter's Basilica
1972:Cardinal protodeacon
1742:Giovanni Battista Re
1666:College of Cardinals
1552:Prince of the Church
1500:retain that church.
1449:Archbishop of Vienna
1315:John II Casimir Vasa
1148:, chief minister of
1061:College of Cardinals
784:Commissary Apostolic
417:Ecclesiastical judge
397:Defender of the bond
11653:Neocatechumenal Way
11618:Charismatic Renewal
11332:Annuario Pontificio
10930:Particular churches
10606:Ecumenical councils
10378:Perpetual virginity
10213:Communitas perfecta
10157:Sermon on the Mount
9644:Apostolic Signatura
9472:Collegio Bellarmino
9344:Adjoining buildings
8919:Multilateral policy
6709:Lacunza Maestrojuán
5919:Rodríguez Maradiaga
5572:order of precedence
5189:6 July 2012 at the
5094:(26 November 2007)
4270:. 11 January 2023.
4145:17 May 2008 at the
4123:26 May 2008 at the
4049:3 July 2008 at the
4012:11 May 2008 at the
3896:on 4 December 2014.
3298:. Forgotten Books.
3013:Domenico Bartolucci
2989:cardinal bishop of
2974:Serafino Vannutelli
2558:. A cardinal named
2524:or secret cardinals
2492:or priests. Though
2045:Joseph Hergenröther
2016:, current Cardinal
1848:size of the college
1710:Patriarch of Venice
1603:cardinales episcopi
1334:Patriarch of Lisbon
912:Knights Hospitaller
901:Organization titles
706:Provincial superior
279:Territorial prelate
81:order of precedence
11490:Premonstratensians
9873:Ante-Nicene period
9751:Lists of Catholics
9413:Collegio Teutonico
9330:Lateran University
9174:Suffragan dioceses
9151:Territorial abbeys
9121:Porto-Santa Rufina
9103:Suburbicarian sees
9065:Special assemblies
8960:Permanent Observer
8436:Pontifical academy
8431:Orders of chivalry
7038:Arizmendi Esquivel
6335:Monteiro de Castro
5449:Salvador Miranda.
5306:Code of Canon Law.
4843:6 May 2007 at the
4468:Acta Sanctae Sedis
3858:Religion Stylebook
3813:The Church Visible
3671:The New York Times
3586:The New York Times
3476:The New York Times
3448:The New York Times
3417:The New York Times
3082:Joseph Zen Ze-kiun
2848:Cardinal protector
2811:Cardinals have in
2760:
2385:
2081:Andreas Steinhuber
2021:
1914:government of Rome
1895:cardinales diaconi
1812:
1756:Cardinal priests (
1714:Santi XII Apostoli
1635:Sabina and Mentana
1615:suburbicarian sees
1595:
1593:from 2005 to 2019.
1575:
1482:suburbicarian sees
1456:
1295:Cardinal Richelieu
1223:suburbicarian sees
1199:Pippin the Younger
1153:
1146:Cardinal Richelieu
1077:papal consistories
1017:
634:Consecrated virgin
155:Apostolic delegate
11773:
11772:
11183:
11182:
10576:
10399:
10398:
10091:
10068:
10067:
10060:COVID-19 pandemic
10030:French Revolution
10020:Thirty Years' War
9928:Islamic conquests
9841:Apostolic fathers
9776:
9691:
9690:
9600:
9599:
9596:
9595:
9558:antennae area of
9549:Summer estate of
9514:
9513:
9446:
9445:
9418:Teutonic Cemetery
9316:
9315:
9279:
9278:
9275:
9256:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9192:Civita Castellana
9095:
9039:
9013:
9012:
8778:
8715:Age of Revolution
8688:Donation of Pepin
8683:Donation of Sutri
8623:international law
8542:
8541:
8309:Prelate of Honour
7876:
7780:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7606:
7605:
6061:Cañizares Llovera
5492:Thomas J. Reese,
5182:. Retrieved from
5096:Belfast Telegraph
5048:Los Angeles Times
4823:Thomas J. Reese,
4743:"Cardinal Priest"
4361:of 5 May 1914 in
4070:Galveston-Houston
3974:England and Wales
3963:the United States
3376:"Papal Elections"
3324:cardinals.fiu.edu
3305:978-1-60620-935-6
3098:Stanisław Dziwisz
3096:, and Archbishop
3017:Karl Josef Becker
3011:Examples include
2987:Giuseppe Ferretto
2798:Pope Benedict XVI
2634:Godfried Danneels
2581:Pope John Paul II
2484:but not yet been
2319:Jean-Louis Tauran
2297:Pope Benedict XVI
2263:Aurelio Sabattani
2229:Pope John Paul II
2159:Alfredo Ottaviani
2035:John Henry Newman
1916:and provided all
1498:particular church
1445:Cardinal Innitzer
1311:Henry of Portugal
997:
996:
733:Additional titles
669:Master of novices
358:Military ordinary
353:Military chaplain
294:Liturgical titles
284:Territorial abbot
180:Apostolic prefect
165:Apostolic visitor
16:(Redirected from
11813:
11763:
11762:
11753:
11752:
11495:Redemptoristines
11343:Religious orders
11269:Anti-Catholicism
11219:Church buildings
11079:Catholic liturgy
10819:Consecrated life
10677:Apostolic Palace
10644:Synod of Bishops
10580:
10579:
10556:
10162:Ten Commandments
10095:
10094:
10077:
9978:Age of Discovery
9812:Great Commission
9780:
9779:
9764:
9718:
9711:
9704:
9695:
9694:
9681:
9680:
9669:
9668:
9667:
9571:extraterritorial
9566:
9565:
9544:Adjacent gardens
9504:Nympheum of Nero
9453:extraterritorial
9448:
9447:
9340:Sancta Sanctorum
9318:
9317:
9281:
9280:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9260:
9259:
9248:
9099:
9098:
9080:
9077:province of Rome
9043:
9042:
9024:
8875:Apostolic Camera
8782:
8781:
8764:
8646:Primacy of Peter
8569:
8562:
8555:
8546:
8545:
8532:
8531:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8357:Apostolic Camera
8314:Prince assistant
8240:Sedia gestatoria
7913:Primate of Italy
7872:
7803:Papal apartments
7798:Apostolic Palace
7765:extraterritorial
7721:
7720:
7670:
7669:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7610:
7609:
7596:
7595:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7575:
7571:
7570:
7561:
7552:
7545:
7538:
7528:
7520:
7500:
7491:
7482:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7431:
7422:
7414:
7407:
7400:
7391:
7382:
7373:
7366:
7359:
7352:
7343:
7336:
7329:
7322:
7313:
7306:
7297:
7288:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7245:Cardinal deacons
7236:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7134:
7131:Jiménez Carvajal
7125:
7118:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6988:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6950:
6942:
6940:García Rodríguez
6935:
6928:
6919:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6859:
6850:
6843:
6835:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6773:
6766:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6735:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6703:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6657:
6648:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6602:
6595:
6586:
6577:
6570:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6539:
6537:Brenes Solórzano
6532:
6525:
6518:
6509:
6500:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6468:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6399:
6390:
6381:
6374:
6365:
6356:
6347:
6344:Abril y Castelló
6338:
6329:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6290:
6281:
6272:
6263:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6231:
6224:
6215:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6170:
6161:
6152:
6143:
6140:Martínez Sistach
6134:
6125:
6116:
6109:
6100:
6091:
6082:
6073:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6040:
6031:
6022:
6015:
6008:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5976:
5967:
5958:
5949:
5940:
5931:
5922:
5913:
5904:
5895:
5886:
5877:
5868:
5859:
5850:
5843:
5834:
5825:
5816:
5807:
5804:Sandoval Íñiguez
5798:
5791:
5782:
5773:
5764:
5755:
5746:
5737:
5728:
5719:
5710:
5697:Cardinal priests
5688:
5681:
5672:
5665:
5656:
5649:
5640:
5632:
5623:
5614:
5605:
5596:
5583:Cardinal bishops
5574:
5553:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5509:
5508:
5430:
5418:
5416:"Cardinal"
5409:
5401:
5399:"Cardinal"
5392:
5371:
5363:
5354:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5200:
5194:
5172:Major Archbishop
5164:
5158:
5157:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5113:
5104:
5089:
5083:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5010:
5004:
4990:
4984:
4971:
4965:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4878:
4872:
4854:
4848:
4834:
4828:
4821:
4812:
4811:
4805:
4797:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4534:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4473:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4433:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4339:
4333:
4330:978-0-80910502-1
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4238:. 28 June 2017.
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4202:
4196:
4193:Stimmen der Zeit
4189:
4183:
3950:The websites of
3948:
3942:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3889:. Archived from
3888:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3835:. Archived from
3830:
3822:
3816:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3667:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3639:
3637:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3545:
3539:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3444:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3413:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3385:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3266:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3221:"Cardinal"
3215:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3118:
3101:
3092:, Archbishop of
3076:, Archbishop of
3068:, Archbishop of
3056:The three were:
3054:
3048:
3029:Aloys Grillmeier
3009:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2983:
2977:
2966:Tommaso Zigliara
2954:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2763:Eastern Catholic
2758:, New York City)
2681:Cardinal Bertone
2677:
2640:: scarlet (red)
2625:
2606:
2541:
2510:Pope Benedict XV
2239:Sergio Pignedoli
2221:Pope John Paul I
2125:Camillo Laurenti
2101:Pope Benedict XV
2014:Cardinal Martino
2012:Coat of arms of
1885:Cardinal deacons
1807:Cardinal-priest
1752:Cardinal priests
1725:titular churches
1702:cardinal priests
1578:Cardinal bishops
1436:Titular churches
1372:
1369:In nomine Domini
1356:Pope Nicholas II
1338:Pope Clement XII
1303:Guillaume Dubois
1219:East-West Schism
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
989:
982:
975:
959:
958:
934:Grand Inquisitor
922:Teutonic Knights
799:Honorary Prelate
721:Superior general
510:Personal prelate
498:Assistant pastor
407:Devil's advocate
257:Auxiliary bishop
252:Coadjutor bishop
242:Suffragan bishop
232:Major archbishop
175:Apostolic exarch
160:Apostolic Syndic
150:Apostolic nuncio
66:
54:Hierarchy of the
39:
32:
31:
21:
11821:
11820:
11816:
11815:
11814:
11812:
11811:
11810:
11791:Bishops by type
11776:
11775:
11774:
11769:
11747:
11739:
11718:
11701:Relief Services
11667:
11613:Catholic Action
11603:Military orders
11540:Confraternities
11532:of the faithful
11531:
11524:
11346:
11337:
11273:
11179:
11073:
10932:
10924:
10857:Prior, Prioress
10813:
10706:
10702:Vatican Museums
10653:
10586:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10555:
10549:
10474:
10428:Social teaching
10395:
10334:
10279:
10234:One true church
10198:
10175:Sixtine Vulgate
10171:Official Bible
10085:
10081:
10076:
10064:
9982:
9914:
9859:
9829:Petrine primacy
9772:
9768:
9763:
9755:
9727:
9725:Catholic Church
9722:
9692:
9687:
9675:
9665:
9663:
9655:
9624:Papal household
9592:
9570:
9564:
9520:
9510:
9496:Sant'Apollinare
9494:Two Palaces of
9490:Russian College
9452:
9442:
9312:
9285:Major basilicas
9264:
9253:
9250:
9247:
9231:
9168:
9145:
9090:
9079:
9076:
9069:
9033:
9029:
9023:
9020:
9009:
8938:Of the Holy See
8933:To the Holy See
8916:
8914:Foreign affairs
8908:
8856:
8826:
8772:
8769:
8766:
8763:
8761:judicial entity
8760:
8753:
8627:
8605:Diocese of Rome
8578:
8573:
8543:
8538:
8526:
8516:
8514:
8506:
8475:Canonised popes
8405:
8396:Cappella Giulia
8323:
8287:Papal majordomo
8249:
8223:
8126:
8033:
7980:
7932:
7871:
7863:
7836:Major basilicas
7830:
7772:
7727:
7719:
7701:Diocese of Rome
7676:
7659:
7642:
7637:
7607:
7602:
7590:
7578:
7566:
7557:
7548:
7541:
7533:
7523:
7511:
7503:
7494:
7485:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7434:
7425:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7394:
7385:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7325:
7316:
7309:
7300:
7291:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7252:
7239:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7137:
7128:
7121:
7116:Martínez Flores
7114:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7035:
7028:
7021:
7014:
7007:
7000:
6991:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6963:Ramazzini Imeri
6961:
6953:
6947:Ambongo Besungu
6945:
6938:
6931:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6846:
6838:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6776:
6769:
6761:
6754:
6747:
6738:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6706:
6697:
6692:Sturla Berhouet
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6660:
6651:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6605:
6598:
6592:Ezzati Andrello
6589:
6580:
6573:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6512:
6503:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6471:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6402:
6393:
6384:
6377:
6368:
6359:
6350:
6341:
6332:
6323:
6316:
6311:Patabendige Don
6309:
6302:
6293:
6284:
6275:
6266:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6234:
6227:
6218:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6173:
6164:
6155:
6146:
6137:
6128:
6119:
6112:
6103:
6094:
6085:
6076:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6043:
6034:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5979:
5970:
5961:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5928:Cipriani Thorne
5925:
5916:
5907:
5898:
5889:
5880:
5871:
5862:
5853:
5846:
5837:
5828:
5819:
5810:
5801:
5794:
5785:
5776:
5767:
5758:
5749:
5743:López Rodríguez
5740:
5731:
5722:
5713:
5704:
5691:
5684:
5675:
5668:
5659:
5652:
5643:
5635:
5629:Saraiva Martins
5626:
5617:
5608:
5599:
5590:
5577:
5564:Catholic Church
5558:
5549:
5541:
5536:
5502:Cardinal Rating
5446:
5389:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5293:Wayback Machine
5284:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5216:
5201:
5197:
5191:Wayback Machine
5165:
5161:
5149:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5128:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5090:
5086:
5080:Wayback Machine
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5011:
5007:
5001:Wayback Machine
4991:
4987:
4981:Wayback Machine
4972:
4968:
4962:Wayback Machine
4955:, 15 April 1962
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3347:(1 July 2016).
3345:Manuel Clemente
3342:
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3328:
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3290:
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3119:
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3066:Marian Jaworski
3055:
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3010:
3006:
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2997:
2984:
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2918:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2843:Cardinal-nephew
2834:
2696:cardinal wears
2684:
2678:
2669:
2626:
2617:
2607:
2595:
2589:
2532:
2526:
2514:Pope John XXIII
2502:Teodolfo Mertel
2474:
2468:
2466:"Lay cardinals"
2405:Pope John XXIII
2374:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2257:Giuseppe Caprio
2245:Umberto Mozzoni
2211:Charles Journet
2149:Pope John XXIII
2111:Gaetano Bisleti
2091:Francesco Segna
2006:
1974:
1918:social services
1906:Papal Household
1887:
1853:Pope John XXIII
1781:Diocese of Rome
1754:
1746:Leonardo Sandri
1679:decreed in his
1670:Pope John XXIII
1580:
1564:
1510:Pope Urban VIII
1506:
1466:
1458:Main articles:
1438:
1391:Pope John XXIII
1383:
1352:
1350:Papal elections
1291:Cardinal Wolsey
1272:kings of France
1254:diocese of Rome
1201:, ruler of the
1139:
1133:
1112:titular bishops
1053:Catholic Church
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
993:
953:
946:
945:
902:
894:
893:
734:
726:
725:
619:
611:
610:
328:
320:
319:
295:
227:Diocesan bishop
222:Bishop emeritus
170:Vicar apostolic
145:Papal majordomo
71:
56:Catholic Church
55:
28:
23:
22:
18:Cardinal-Deacon
15:
12:
11:
5:
11819:
11809:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11771:
11770:
11768:
11767:
11757:
11744:
11741:
11740:
11738:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11719:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11677:
11675:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11648:Legion of Mary
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11599:
11598:
11597:
11596:
11586:
11585:
11584:
11577:Lay Carmelites
11574:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11536:
11534:
11526:
11525:
11523:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
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11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11425:Conceptionists
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11360:Assumptionists
11356:
11354:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11335:
11328:
11321:
11314:
11311:
11310:
11309:
11304:
11299:
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11099:
11094:
11083:
11081:
11075:
11074:
11072:
11071:
11070:
11069:
11064:
11062:Syro-Malankara
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11012:Italo-Albanian
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10944:
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10866:
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10830:
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10806:
10801:
10796:
10795:
10794:
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10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10732:
10721:
10719:
10708:
10707:
10705:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10682:Lateran Treaty
10679:
10674:
10669:
10663:
10661:
10655:
10654:
10652:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10640:
10639:
10629:
10628:
10627:
10622:
10608:
10603:
10594:
10592:
10577:
10551:
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10527:
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10507:
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10500:
10495:
10484:
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10475:
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10471:
10470:
10465:
10455:
10454:
10453:
10443:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10418:Moral theology
10415:
10409:
10407:
10401:
10400:
10397:
10396:
10394:
10393:
10388:
10385:
10380:
10375:
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10360:
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10344:
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10336:
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10332:
10327:
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10320:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
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10287:
10281:
10280:
10278:
10277:
10272:
10265:
10260:
10255:
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10236:
10226:
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10216:
10208:
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10199:
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10177:
10169:
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9992:
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9981:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9933:Pope Gregory I
9930:
9924:
9922:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9912:
9907:
9905:Biblical canon
9902:
9900:Late antiquity
9897:
9896:
9895:
9890:
9880:
9875:
9869:
9867:
9861:
9860:
9858:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9845:
9844:
9843:
9836:Church fathers
9833:
9832:
9831:
9826:
9816:
9815:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9788:
9786:
9777:
9770:Ecclesiastical
9757:
9756:
9754:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9721:
9720:
9713:
9706:
9698:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9685:
9673:
9660:
9657:
9656:
9654:
9653:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9641:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9608:
9606:
9602:
9601:
9598:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9574:
9572:
9563:
9562:
9553:
9547:
9546:
9545:
9542:
9536:
9533:
9524:
9522:
9516:
9515:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9508:
9507:
9506:
9498:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9474:
9469:
9463:
9459:Palace of the
9456:
9454:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9420:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9374:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9352:
9347:
9346:
9345:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9325:Lateran Palace
9321:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9289:
9287:
9277:
9276:
9268:
9257:
9254:territoriality
9241:
9240:
9237:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9230:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9178:
9176:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9166:
9161:
9155:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9116:Velletri-Segni
9113:
9107:
9105:
9096:
9075:Ecclesiastical
9071:
9070:
9068:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9051:
9049:
9040:
9031:full communion
9015:
9014:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9007:
9006:
9005:
8995:
8994:
8993:
8983:
8982:
8981:
8974:European Union
8971:
8970:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8955:United Nations
8952:
8947:
8946:
8945:
8935:
8930:
8924:
8922:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8905:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8888:
8887:
8877:
8866:
8864:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8850:Papal conclave
8842:
8836:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8807:
8805:Pietro Parolin
8799:
8790:
8788:
8779:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8737:Lateran Treaty
8729:
8724:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8703:Temporal power
8695:
8693:Avignon Papacy
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8674:
8673:
8666:Lateran Palace
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8637:
8635:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8625:
8616:
8607:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8572:
8571:
8564:
8557:
8549:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8536:
8524:
8511:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8500:Western Schism
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8461:
8460:
8458:Major Seminary
8450:
8449:
8448:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8417:Papal nobility
8413:
8411:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8359:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8331:
8329:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8279:
8274:
8265:
8259:
8257:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8231:
8229:
8228:Transportation
8225:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8204:
8202:Sub-cinctorium
8199:
8198:
8197:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8136:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8066:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8010:
8009:
7999:
7994:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7961:Keys of Heaven
7958:
7953:
7948:
7942:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7888:Bishop of Rome
7885:
7879:
7877:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7840:
7838:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7810:
7808:Sistine Chapel
7805:
7795:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7756:Lateran Treaty
7739:
7737:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7684:
7682:
7679:Full communion
7667:
7661:
7660:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7636:
7635:
7628:
7621:
7613:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7588:
7576:
7563:
7562:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7546:
7543:Titular church
7530:
7529:
7521:
7514:papal conclave
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7492:
7483:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7432:
7423:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7392:
7383:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7344:
7337:
7330:
7323:
7314:
7307:
7298:
7294:Ladaria Ferrer
7289:
7280:
7273:
7266:
7259:
7249:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7237:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7200:
7193:
7186:
7179:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7144:
7135:
7126:
7119:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7091:
7084:
7077:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7042:
7033:
7026:
7019:
7012:
7005:
6998:
6989:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6951:
6943:
6936:
6929:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6895:Barreto Jimeno
6890:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6860:
6856:Mangkhanekhoun
6851:
6844:
6836:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6797:
6790:
6787:Porras Cardozo
6783:
6774:
6767:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6736:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6704:
6700:Blázquez Pérez
6695:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6658:
6649:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6603:
6596:
6587:
6578:
6571:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6510:
6501:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6400:
6391:
6382:
6375:
6366:
6357:
6348:
6339:
6330:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6291:
6282:
6273:
6264:
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5444:External links
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5421:Chisholm, Hugh
5410:
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5166:Photograph of
5159:
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5105:
5084:
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5005:
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4966:
4953:Cum gravissima
4943:
4934:
4917:www.vatican.va
4904:
4889:(in Italian).
4873:
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4784:
4764:
4741:Hardon, John.
4733:
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4319:John P. Beal,
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3045:Albert Vanhoye
3037:Leo Scheffczyk
3033:Henri de Lubac
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2732:and a scarlet
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2666:pectoral cross
2627:
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2591:Main article:
2588:
2585:
2548:Western Schism
2546:). During the
2528:Main article:
2525:
2518:
2470:Main article:
2467:
2464:
2456:pectoral cross
2433:papal conclave
2429:Albert Vanhoye
2373:
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2366:papal conclave
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2025:Giuseppe Pecci
2005:
2002:
1973:
1970:
1954:papal blessing
1886:
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1820:titular church
1753:
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1470:titular church
1460:Titular church
1437:
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1360:Bishop of Rome
1351:
1348:
1276:crown-cardinal
1227:titular church
1195:Pope Zacharias
1184:a synod of 769
1175:late antiquity
1161:etymologically
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859:Promotor Fidei
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849:Prince-primate
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10593:
10590:
10589:List of popes
10585:
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10578:
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10410:
10408:
10406:
10402:
10392:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10373:Mother of God
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10345:
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10286:
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10276:
10273:
10271:
10270:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10258:People of God
10256:
10254:
10253:
10249:
10247:
10246:Infallibility
10244:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10231:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
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10148:
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10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10122:Body and soul
10120:
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10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10025:Enlightenment
10023:
10021:
10018:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9998:
9997:
9996:Protestantism
9994:
9993:
9991:
9989:
9985:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9973:Scholasticism
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9958:Schism (1378)
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9943:Schism (1054)
9941:
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9936:
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9781:
9778:
9775:
9771:
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9762:
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9752:
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9652:
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9642:
9640:
9637:
9636:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9629:Peter's Pence
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9614:
9610:
9609:
9607:
9603:
9589:
9586:
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9579:
9576:
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9561:
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9556:Vatican Radio
9554:
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9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9464:
9462:
9461:Holy Apostles
9458:
9457:
9455:
9449:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
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9367:
9364:
9362:
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9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9327:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9319:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9286:
9282:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9261:
9258:
9255:
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9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
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9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
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9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9187:Anagni-Alatri
9185:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9154:
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9148:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9100:
9097:
9093:
9088:
9084:
9078:
9072:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9044:
9041:
9037:
9036:Papal primacy
9032:
9028:
9022:
9016:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8996:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8984:
8980:
8977:
8976:
8975:
8972:
8966:
8963:
8962:
8961:
8958:
8957:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8915:
8911:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8897:Congregations
8895:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8859:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8829:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8783:
8780:
8776:
8771:
8768:international
8762:
8756:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8722:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8678:Duchy of Rome
8676:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8641:Apostolic see
8639:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8630:
8624:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8595:
8591:
8590:episcopal see
8588:
8585:
8584:
8581:
8577:
8570:
8565:
8563:
8558:
8556:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8523:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8451:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8424:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8379:Congregations
8377:
8375:
8372:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8256:
8252:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8220:
8217:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8129:
8123:
8120:
8116:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8055:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8036:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8008:
8005:
8004:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7992:Infallibility
7990:
7989:
7987:
7985:Proclamations
7983:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7946:Coats of arms
7944:
7943:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7870:
7866:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7826:
7822:
7819:
7816:
7813:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7769:
7766:
7762:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7645:
7641:
7634:
7629:
7627:
7622:
7620:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7586:
7577:
7574:
7565:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7551:
7547:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7532:
7531:
7527:
7522:
7519:
7515:
7510:
7509:
7506:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7484:
7481:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7420:
7419:Vérgez Alzaga
7416:
7413:
7409:
7406:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7372:
7368:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7342:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7226:
7222:
7219:
7215:
7212:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7198:
7194:
7191:
7187:
7184:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7159:
7156:
7152:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7057:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7013:
7010:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6840:Omella Omella
6837:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6717:Gomes Furtado
6714:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6506:Salazar Gómez
6502:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:Coccopalmerio
6367:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6183:Robles Ortega
6180:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5528:
5526:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5390:
5388:0-670-86745-4
5384:
5380:
5379:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5307:
5301:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5282:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5230:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5155:
5142:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5009:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4989:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4970:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:Motu proprio
4947:
4938:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4809:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4785:0-8122-7917-4
4781:
4777:
4776:
4768:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4580:
4576:
4574:9780615353722
4570:
4566:
4565:
4557:
4538:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4477:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:Edita a Nobis
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4299:
4296:. July 2007.
4295:
4289:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3916:
3909:
3903:
3892:
3885:
3879:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3821:
3814:
3808:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3779:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3748:9789004415447
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
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3700:
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3677:
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3672:
3664:
3658:
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3649:
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3631:
3627:
3625:9780385504560
3621:
3617:
3616:
3608:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3515:9780674418028
3511:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3434:
3419:
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3410:
3403:
3395:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3278:9780198269199
3274:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3200:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3156:Vatican State
3153:
3147:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3041:Roberto Tucci
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:trimmed with
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:Walter Kasper
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:Cardinal Sarr
2605:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:Pope Martin V
2549:
2545:
2544:in the breast
2540:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:lay cardinals
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:first tonsure
2473:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:Roberto Tucci
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:Reginald Pole
2394:
2393:lay cardinals
2390:
2382:
2381:Reginald Pole
2378:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2354:The Cardinal
2342:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2189:Antonio Bacci
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:Nicola Canali
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:Pope Pius XII
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:Isidoro Verga
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1966:mitra simplex
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1930:Pope Sixtus V
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1844:Pope Sixtus V
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1826:around Rome.
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1809:Thomas Wolsey
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:of important
1767:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:around Rome:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1587:Angelo Sodano
1584:
1573:of a cardinal
1572:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1453:San Crisogono
1450:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1387:Pope Sixtus V
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:'s 1737 bull
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Jules Mazarin
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
990:
985:
983:
978:
976:
971:
970:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
951:
950:
949:
942:
939:
935:
932:
931:
930:
927:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
904:
898:
897:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
839:Prince-bishop
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:Archimandrite
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
730:
729:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
615:
614:
604:
603:
602:
599:
595:
594:Vicar general
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
580:
577:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
531:
528:
527:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
450:
447:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
430:
429:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
391:
388:
387:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
324:
323:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
291:
290:
285:
282:
280:
277:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:Pope Emeritus
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
65:
61:
60:
57:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
11735:Universities
11567:Third orders
11530:Associations
11520:Visitandines
11515:Trinitarians
11465:Mercedarians
11450:Hieronymites
11395:Camaldoleses
11380:Benedictines
11370:Augustinians
11330:
11323:
11316:
11297:Vatican News
11251:Distinctions
11057:Syro-Malabar
10942:Latin Church
10864:Grand master
10762:Metropolitan
10659:Vatican City
10614:
10554:Organisation
10433:Philosophers
10298:Confirmation
10275:In canon law
10269:Subsistit in
10267:
10263:Three states
10250:
10211:
10204:Ecclesiology
10186:Nova Vulgata
10184:
10142:Original sin
10137:Nicene Creed
10127:Divine grace
10086:
9968:Universities
9938:Papal States
9865:Great Church
9807:Resurrection
9784:Early Church
9611:
9433:Beda College
9335:Scala Sancta
9159:Montecassino
9092:Vatican City
8809:
8775:Legal status
8744:World War II
8732:Vatican City
8727:Savoyard era
8698:Papal States
8614:Vatican City
8339:
8245:Shepherd One
8105:Inauguration
8070:Urbi et Orbi
8068:
7883:His Holiness
7792:Vatican City
7785:Headquarters
7725:Vatican City
7687:
7665:Jurisdiction
7517:
7495:
7486:
7435:
7426:
7395:
7388:Cantalamessa
7386:
7377:
7347:
7327:Ayuso Guixot
7319:Bocos Merino
7317:
7301:
7292:
7283:
7253:
7231:
7138:
7129:
7036:
6992:
6983:
6977:López Romero
6925:Ticona Porco
6923:
6893:
6887:Santos Marto
6863:
6854:
6830:
6810:Aguiar Retes
6800:
6777:
6756:Osoro Sierra
6739:
6730:
6707:
6698:
6678:Kovithavanij
6661:
6652:
6643:
6606:
6590:
6581:
6565:
6513:
6504:
6495:
6472:
6463:
6426:
6403:
6394:
6385:
6369:
6360:
6351:
6342:
6333:
6324:
6294:
6285:
6276:
6267:
6258:
6235:
6219:
6210:
6165:
6156:
6147:
6138:
6129:
6120:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6077:
6067:
6044:
6035:
6026:
6003:
5980:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5944:
5935:
5926:
5917:
5908:
5899:
5890:
5881:
5872:
5863:
5854:
5838:
5831:Rouco Varela
5829:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5786:
5777:
5770:Darmaatmadja
5768:
5759:
5750:
5741:
5732:
5723:
5714:
5705:
5676:
5660:
5644:
5627:
5618:
5609:
5600:
5591:
5568:Pope Francis
5559:
5493:
5482:by GCatholic
5476:by GCatholic
5470:by GCatholic
5434:
5424:
5403:
5377:
5365:
5326:
5322:
5315:Bibliography
5305:
5300:
5281:
5269:. Retrieved
5260:
5251:
5236:
5229:
5217:. Retrieved
5209:Boston Globe
5208:
5198:
5168:Josyf Slipyj
5162:
5141:cite journal
5129:. Retrieved
5095:
5087:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5047:
5037:
5025:. Retrieved
5015:
5008:
4994:canon 351 §1
4988:
4974:canon 232 §1
4969:
4952:
4946:
4937:
4925:. Retrieved
4916:
4907:
4895:. Retrieved
4886:
4876:
4862:Canon 355 §2
4852:
4832:
4824:
4774:
4767:
4755:. Retrieved
4746:
4736:
4724:. Retrieved
4715:
4705:
4693:. Retrieved
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4658:
4648:
4636:. Retrieved
4622:
4610:. Retrieved
4595:
4583:. Retrieved
4563:
4556:
4544:. Retrieved
4528:
4522:
4510:. Retrieved
4495:
4483:. Retrieved
4467:
4461:
4449:. Retrieved
4440:
4416:. Retrieved
4401:
4389:. Retrieved
4381:www.ewtn.com
4380:
4362:
4358:
4343:
4337:
4320:
4314:
4302:. Retrieved
4288:
4276:. Retrieved
4265:
4256:
4244:. Retrieved
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4209:
4200:
4192:
4187:
4140:Philadelphia
3952:the Holy See
3946:
3926:
3902:
3891:the original
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3857:
3848:
3837:the original
3832:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3798:
3789:
3765:. Retrieved
3730:
3720:
3707:. Retrieved
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3669:
3657:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3634:. Retrieved
3614:
3607:
3595:. Retrieved
3584:
3574:
3562:. Retrieved
3553:
3543:
3524:
3504:
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3474:
3464:
3452:. Retrieved
3446:
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3415:
3402:
3381:
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:
3314:
3294:
3287:
3262:
3242:
3236:
3225:
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3178:
3168:
3155:
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3125:
3116:
3084:, Bishop of
3074:Jānis Pujāts
3060:, Bishop of
3052:
3025:Avery Dulles
3007:
2998:
2981:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2934:, Urban VIII
2931:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2890:
2877:
2826:
2810:
2791:
2787:coat of arms
2768:
2761:
2737:
2694:Latin Church
2687:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2543:
2533:
2521:
2482:minor orders
2475:
2472:Lay cardinal
2440:pontificalia
2437:
2421:dispensation
2389:minor orders
2386:
2361:sede vacante
2359:
2353:
2338:
2323:Pope Francis
2293:Jorge Medina
2251:Opilio Rossi
2163:Pope Paul VI
2115:Pope Pius XI
2067:Luigi Macchi
1986:Vatican City
1975:
1965:
1958:Papal Masses
1950:Urbi et Orbi
1948:
1946:
1937:
1934:
1922:
1903:
1888:
1867:
1865:
1861:John Paul II
1836:Roman Empire
1833:
1828:Pope Paul VI
1813:
1796:
1784:
1778:
1755:
1735:
1730:pro hac vice
1728:
1721:Pope Francis
1718:
1706:Angelo Scola
1698:Latin Church
1685:
1682:motu proprio
1680:
1677:Pope Paul VI
1674:
1663:
1596:
1556:Pope Francis
1551:
1549:
1545:proclamation
1539:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1487:
1477:
1474:city of Rome
1467:
1426:
1411:
1404:
1401:Pope Paul VI
1394:
1384:
1353:
1341:
1319:
1283:early modern
1280:
1269:
1265:Jesus Christ
1258:
1245:
1241:
1238:incardinated
1233:
1231:
1216:
1192:
1156:
1154:
1122:
1108:archdioceses
1091:
1089:
1020:
1018:
907:Grand master
844:Prince-abbot
744:Altar server
659:Grand master
601:Vicar forane
466:Minor orders
461:Major orders
449:Lay cardinal
442:Commendatory
195:Metropolitan
140:Papal legate
102:
29:
11725:Health care
11711:Pax Christi
11663:Schoenstatt
11628:Sant'Egidio
11460:Legionaries
11440:Franciscans
11415:Cistercians
11410:Carthusians
11365:Annonciades
11224:Altarpieces
11117:West Syriac
11112:East Syriac
11092:Alexandrian
10716:Holy orders
10697:Swiss Guard
10637:Dicasteries
10632:Roman Curia
10530:Evangelists
10488:Holy Family
10423:Personalism
10413:Natural law
10391:Josephology
10325:Holy orders
9963:Inquisition
9920:Middle Ages
9910:Monasticism
9878:Constantine
9802:Crucifixion
9651:Swiss Guard
9398:Palazzo Pio
8902:Dicasteries
8880:Commissions
8870:Roman Curia
8749:Warsaw Pact
8465:Swiss Guard
8384:Dicasteries
8362:Commissions
8352:Roman Curia
8272:Swiss Guard
8045:Arbitration
7874:Papal names
7763:along with
6985:Tamkevičius
6903:Tsarahazana
6865:Rosa Chávez
6749:Nzapalainga
6663:Suárez Inda
6326:Brandmüller
6149:Vingt-Trois
5964:Zubeir Wako
5329:: 129–214.
5271:20 February
5219:8 September
5131:1 September
4836:Ap. Const.
4757:1 September
4391:1 September
4173:Westminster
4129:Los Angeles
3868:10 November
3733:: 333–350.
3597:1 September
3359:17 November
3021:Yves Congar
2820:, even the
2690:choir dress
2638:choir dress
2632:(left) and
2542:(Latin for
2287:Luigi Poggi
2071:Pope Pius X
2018:Protodeacon
1994:papal tiara
1925:Roman Curia
1899:Roman Curia
1870:protopriest
1840:Renaissance
1816:Roman Curia
1795:(the Latin
1776:positions.
1647:Pope Pius X
1611:archbishops
1571:Choir dress
1188:Innocent IV
1117:consecrated
1100:archbishops
1092:in addition
1085:Roman Curia
1081:dicasteries
879:Regionarius
869:Protodeacon
864:Protopriest
804:Minor canon
305:Consecrator
69:Saint Peter
11780:Categories
11480:Oratorians
11435:Dominicans
11405:Carmelites
11400:Camillians
11348:institutes
11161:Tridentine
11097:Antiochian
11017:Macedonian
10962:Belarusian
10852:Provincial
10767:Archbishop
10687:Roman Rota
10649:Properties
10574:By country
10570:Precedence
10535:Confessors
10515:Archangels
10505:Patriarchs
10405:Philosophy
10383:Veneration
10348:Assumption
10318:Last rites
10285:Sacraments
10229:Four marks
10040:Vatican II
9988:Modern era
9824:Succession
9634:Roman Rota
9532:Papal farm
9465:Palace of
9357:Hill area
9245:Properties
9131:Palestrina
9003:Concordats
8862:Government
8832:Governance
8319:Theologian
8263:Camerlengo
8235:Popemobile
8095:Consistory
8090:Coronation
8063:Pontifical
8050:Deposition
8038:Activities
8014:Encyclical
7976:Umbraculum
7649:Episcopate
7534:See also:
7349:Fitzgerald
7148:Pizzaballa
6873:De Donatis
6848:Arborelius
6685:Montenegro
6645:Menichelli
6630:Souraphiel
6515:Baldisseri
6489:Thottunkal
6413:Alencherry
5716:Nascimento
5381:. Viking.
5100:Sean Brady
5027:15 October
4897:23 January
4612:3 December
4418:2 November
4332:), p. 468.
4162:Wellington
4059:Washington
3854:"cardinal"
3709:3 December
3682:26 October
3636:15 October
3487:30 October
3454:25 October
3423:25 October
3393:0840731752
3108:References
2822:Roman Rota
2771:consistory
2656:, scarlet
2652:, scarlet
2628:Cardinals
2577:in pectore
2573:in pectore
2569:in pectore
2564:in pectore
2560:in pectore
2538:in pectore
2530:In pectore
2522:in pectore
2520:Cardinals
2460:ordination
2417:priesthood
2350:Camerlengo
1690:patriarchs
1631:Palestrina
1412:Popes can
1364:papal bull
1287:Henry VIII
1197:in 747 to
1157:cardinalis
1013:escutcheon
929:Inquisitor
829:Prebendary
824:Postulator
774:Chorbishop
759:Archdeacon
754:Archpriest
579:Seminarian
483:Officialis
473:Missionary
390:Archdeacon
343:Chancellor
217:Archbishop
205:Catholicos
11721:See also:
11673:Charities
11582:Discalced
11510:Trappists
11505:Theatines
11475:Olivetans
11420:Clarisses
11390:Blue nuns
11375:Basilians
11352:societies
11260:See also:
11146:Mozarabic
11136:Ambrosian
11122:Malankara
11107:Byzantine
11067:Ukrainian
11042:Ruthenian
11007:Hungarian
10992:Ethiopian
10967:Bulgarian
10934:sui iuris
10918:Postulant
10827:Religious
10782:Auxiliary
10777:Coadjutor
10747:Patriarch
10615:Cardinals
10562:Canon law
10558:Hierarchy
10540:Disciples
10463:Relations
10451:Evolution
10442:See also:
10387:See also:
10340:Mariology
10330:Matrimony
10303:Eucharist
10224:Ecumenism
10152:Salvation
10088:Catechism
10083:Tradition
10045:Communism
9893:Chalcedon
9540:Barberini
9355:Gianicolo
9249:including
9083:Vicariate
9027:universal
8965:in Geneva
8810:Cardinals
8786:Officials
8759:Sovereign
8587:Apostolic
8340:cardinals
8294:Gentlemen
8282:Palatinus
8268:Commander
8255:Household
8219:Zucchetto
8160:Flabellum
8132:Vestments
8115:High Mass
8100:Diplomacy
8029:Interdict
7488:Marchetto
7466:Tscherrig
7459:Fernández
7452:Gugerotti
7428:Ghirlanda
7311:Krajewski
7023:Aós Braco
7016:Advincula
6994:Dal Corso
6955:Hollerich
6910:Petrocchi
6779:D'Rozario
6600:Ouédraogo
6497:Onaiyekan
6237:Monterisi
5982:Antonelli
5848:Schönborn
5822:De Giorgi
5707:Kitbunchu
5560:Cardinals
5351:149333519
4887:La Stampa
4802:cite book
3996:Australia
3815:, p. 205.
3757:213779632
3086:Hong Kong
2813:canon law
2739:ferraiolo
2718:zucchetto
2662:zucchetto
2614:ferraiolo
2452:zucchetto
2281:Pio Laghi
1962:dalmatics
1938:optazione
1868:cardinal
1708:was made
1675:In 1965,
1550:The term
1508:In 1630,
1478:optazione
1414:set aside
1385:In 1586,
1354:In 1059,
1330:patriarch
1322:concordat
1252:) of the
1232:The term
1190:in 1244.
1163:from the
941:Preceptor
884:Sacristan
834:Precentor
814:Ostiarius
716:Religious
689:Postulant
639:Corrector
572:Venerable
542:Principal
525:Presbyter
505:Palatinus
488:Ostiarius
478:Monsignor
432:Lay abbot
402:Definitor
375:Consultor
370:Confessor
315:Subdeacon
200:Patriarch
123:Protector
11765:Category
11658:Opus Dei
11643:Scouting
11633:Focolare
11500:Servites
11485:Piarists
11430:Crosiers
11166:Anglican
11102:Armenian
11032:Romanian
11022:Maronite
10997:Georgian
10987:Eritrean
10972:Chaldean
10957:Armenian
10952:Albanian
10833:Superior
10792:Emeritus
10772:Diocesan
10625:Advisers
10584:Holy See
10510:Prophets
10468:Politics
10239:Catholic
10219:Councils
10074:Theology
9953:Crusades
9888:Nicaea I
9819:Apostles
9797:Ministry
9766:Timeline
9746:Glossary
9605:See also
9126:Frascati
8998:Treaties
8892:Councils
8820:Advisers
8576:Holy See
8495:Antipope
8470:Papabile
8374:Councils
8299:Preacher
8277:Chaplain
8195:Slippers
8175:Mozzetta
8078:Conclave
8057:Blessing
7825:cathedra
7743:Enclaved
7674:Holy See
7573:Category
7371:Gambetti
7364:Semeraro
7334:Mendonça
7263:Mamberti
7218:Bustillo
7197:Rugambwa
7169:Aparicio
7053:Okpaleke
7030:Lojudice
7002:Kambanda
6794:De Kesel
6732:Villalba
6623:Clemente
6616:Langlois
6567:Bassetti
6559:Tempesta
6405:Versaldi
6396:Calcagno
6362:Bertello
6260:Piacenza
6158:Bagnasco
6106:Comastri
6069:O'Malley
6013:Barbarin
5813:Stafford
5343:27830076
5323:Traditio
5289:Archived
5265:Archived
5213:Archived
5187:Archived
5125:Archived
5076:Archived
5052:Archived
5021:Archived
4997:Archived
4977:Archived
4958:Archived
4927:15 March
4921:Archived
4891:Archived
4865:Archived
4841:Archived
4794:10100806
4751:Archived
4720:Archived
4689:Archived
4663:Archived
4632:Archived
4606:Archived
4579:Archived
4537:Archived
4506:Archived
4476:Archived
4445:Archived
4412:Archived
4385:Archived
4368:Archived
4349:Archived
4298:Archived
4272:Archived
4240:Archived
4220:15 March
4214:Archived
4176:Archived
4165:Archived
4154:Archived
4143:Archived
4132:Archived
4121:Archived
4110:Archived
4095:Archived
4084:Archived
4073:Archived
4062:Archived
4047:Archived
4044:New York
4036:Archived
4021:Archived
4010:Archived
3999:Archived
3994:and the
3988:Archived
3977:Archived
3966:Archived
3955:Archived
3935:Archived
3915:Archived
3862:Archived
3811:Noonan,
3767:26 April
3761:Archived
3703:Archived
3676:Archived
3630:Archived
3591:Archived
3558:Archived
3532:Archived
3481:Archived
3353:Archived
3329:7 August
3189:28 March
3183:Archived
3160:Archived
3158:. 1983.
3130:Archived
3062:Shanghai
2962:Frascati
2832:See also
2710:mozzetta
2688:When in
2644:, white
2486:ordained
1879:Thailand
1785:cardinal
1770:dioceses
1659:ordinary
1643:Velletri
1639:Frascati
1515:Eminence
1422:conclave
1336:who, by
1250:parishes
1234:cardinal
1104:dioceses
1102:leading
1069:Holy See
1065:conclave
1021:cardinal
809:Notarius
789:Datarius
605:Sub-dean
552:Reverend
515:Preacher
456:Minister
422:Exorcist
348:Chaplain
103:Cardinal
46:a series
44:Part of
11730:Schools
11686:Caritas
11594:Secular
11560:Workers
11455:Jesuits
11241:Museums
11236:Library
11214:Writers
11209:Artists
11189:Culture
11156:Paul VI
11037:Russian
11027:Melkite
10869:Brother
10847:General
10787:Titular
10757:Primate
10735:Eparchy
10725:Diocese
10672:Outline
10611:College
10601:Francis
10545:Virgins
10520:Martyrs
10446:Science
10353:History
10308:Penance
10293:Baptism
10194:Worship
10167:Vulgate
10115:Kingdom
10110:Trinity
10098:General
9853:Primacy
9761:History
9741:Outline
9519:Outside
9227:Viterbo
9164:Subiaco
9021:of Rome
9019:Diocese
8797:Francis
8633:History
8603:of the
8597:Francis
8480:Legends
8446:in Rome
8410:Related
8304:Prefect
8270:of the
8180:Pallium
8140:Camauro
7938:Symbols
7734:outline
7711:History
7706:Primacy
7699:of the
7692:Francis
7651:of the
7536:Titular
7518:italics
7445:Prevost
7277:Farrell
7255:Martino
7233:Sánchez
7204:Francis
7155:Brislin
7123:Marengo
7088:Cantoni
7074:McElroy
7060:Steiner
7046:Aveline
7009:Gregory
6608:Quevedo
6544:Lacroix
6530:Nichols
6474:Mureșan
6420:Collins
6387:O'Brien
6197:Scherer
6190:DiNardo
6175:Gracias
6079:Dziwisz
6046:Rosales
6037:Vallini
5997:Bozanić
5990:Turkson
5725:Poupard
5646:Ouellet
5637:Parolin
5620:Bertone
5562:of the
5423:(ed.).
5174:of the
5103:faith."
4716:Rappler
4669:26 June
4638:26 June
4585:5 March
4546:6 March
4512:5 March
4485:6 March
4451:6 March
4103:Colombo
4081:Detroit
4055:Toronto
4029:Chicago
3985:Ireland
3136:23 June
2958:leagues
2779:biretta
2714:biretta
2706:cassock
2698:scarlet
2664:), and
2658:biretta
2654:mozetta
2642:cassock
2612:with a
2494:clerics
2490:deacons
2448:crozier
2409:bishops
1990:pallium
1956:, some
1857:Paul VI
1838:to the
1766:bishops
1692:of the
1655:titular
1607:bishops
1381:Numbers
1362:in the
1326:primate
1261:Pius IV
1131:History
1096:bishops
1083:of the
1051:of the
1036:
819:Peritus
739:Almoner
567:Blessed
520:Prefect
437:Abthain
338:Brother
333:Auditor
300:Acolyte
272:Pontiff
267:Provost
262:Prelate
237:Primate
11608:Fimcap
11550:Marian
11470:Minims
11202:Marian
11052:Syriac
11047:Slovak
10977:Coptic
10913:Oblate
10908:Master
10903:Novice
10898:Hermit
10886:Sister
10842:Abbess
10809:Deacon
10804:Priest
10799:Parish
10742:Bishop
10712:Polity
10498:Joseph
10480:Saints
10147:Saints
10035:Nazism
9619:Awards
9538:Villa
9263:Inside
9252:extra-
9222:Tivoli
9136:Albano
9047:Synods
9025:with
8991:Nuncio
8671:Museum
8621:under
8601:bishop
8391:Synods
8165:Mantle
8155:Ferula
8122:Travel
7869:Titles
7758:, 1929
7697:bishop
7653:bishop
7640:Papacy
7480:Artime
7473:Pierre
7437:Frezza
7397:Feroci
7379:Tomasi
7341:Czerny
7303:Becciu
7285:Simoni
7270:Zenari
7225:Aguiar
7140:Miglio
7067:Ferrão
6880:Coutts
6771:Cupich
6523:Müller
6482:Harvey
6457:Woelki
6443:Betori
6353:Vegliò
6269:Ravasi
6212:Karlic
6122:Farina
6097:Lajolo
6054:Ricard
5973:Rigali
5955:Okogie
5910:Napier
5892:Bačkis
5883:Kasper
5865:Pujats
5796:Puljić
5779:Wamala
5752:Mahony
5734:Wetter
5662:Stella
5654:Filoni
5611:Arinze
5602:Sandri
5566:under
5385:
5349:
5341:
5180:klobuk
5058:6 July
4792:
4782:
4571:
4328:
4304:20 May
4278:20 May
4246:20 May
4118:Armagh
4107:Bombay
4092:Durban
4033:Dublin
4018:Boston
3755:
3745:
3622:
3564:9 July
3512:
3390:
3302:
3275:
3094:Moscow
2794:papacy
2775:galero
2734:fascia
2730:piping
2722:violet
2712:, and
2702:rochet
2646:rochet
2227:) and
1789:Bishop
1774:Curial
1641:, and
1623:Albano
1246:tituli
1212:Pius V
1203:Franks
1150:France
1073:vacant
1049:clergy
1005:galero
711:Rector
696:Oblate
679:Novice
664:Hermit
644:Custos
624:Abbess
537:Priest
493:Pastor
385:Deacon
380:Curate
310:Lector
212:Bishop
190:Eparch
118:Prince
48:on the
11706:CIDSE
11555:Youth
11279:Media
11246:Music
11171:Zaire
11151:Roman
11141:Braga
11131:Latin
11002:Greek
10874:Friar
10838:Abbot
10752:Major
10667:Index
10566:Laity
10132:Dogma
10079:Bible
10055:Islam
10011:Trent
9792:Jesus
9774:Legal
9736:Index
9212:Rieti
9182:Gaeta
9111:Ostia
8950:Italy
8943:Heads
8765:under
8423:Black
8328:Staff
8207:Tiara
8190:Shoes
8170:Mitre
8150:Fanon
8145:Falda
7956:Cross
7815:Italy
7751:Italy
7730:index
7585:Media
7405:Roche
7357:Grech
7183:Mulla
7162:Rossi
7102:Costa
7095:Poola
7081:Silva
6970:Zuppi
6917:Maeda
6832:Zerbo
6824:Tobin
6817:Ribat
6763:Rocha
6741:Langa
6552:Kutwa
6450:Dolan
6296:Assis
6287:Wuerl
6278:Romeo
6245:Burke
6229:Sarah
6221:Amato
6131:Brady
6114:Ryłko
5946:Scola
5840:Pengo
5788:Maida
5761:Ruini
5670:Tagle
5419:. In
5347:S2CID
5339:JSTOR
4726:1 May
4695:1 May
4540:(PDF)
4533:(PDF)
4479:(PDF)
4472:(PDF)
3918:(PDF)
3911:(PDF)
3894:(PDF)
3887:(PDF)
3840:(PDF)
3829:(PDF)
3753:S2CID
3666:(PDF)
3443:(PDF)
3412:(PDF)
2869:Notes
2781:. In
2444:mitre
1942:title
1891:Latin
1797:cardo
1758:Latin
1688:that
1619:Ostia
1599:Latin
1542:Latin
1527:Latin
1523:Card.
1242:cardo
1207:Paris
1170:cardo
1167:word
1165:Latin
1159:" is
1025:Latin
1009:motto
889:Usher
779:Coarb
764:Canon
701:Prior
649:Friar
629:Abbot
584:Vicar
557:Saint
530:Elder
427:Laity
365:Coarb
113:Crown
11231:Folk
10879:Monk
10620:List
10598:Pope
10493:Mary
9569:Non-
9521:Rome
9451:Non-
9266:Rome
9087:Rome
8815:List
8794:Pope
8594:Pope
8345:list
8212:List
8110:Mass
8083:List
8007:List
8002:Bull
7971:Rota
7747:Rome
7689:Pope
7657:Rome
7421:(CC)
7211:Chow
7190:Cano
6957:(CC)
6949:(CC)
6842:(CC)
6802:Piat
6765:(CC)
6724:Mafi
6654:Nhơn
6583:Yeom
6575:Poli
6546:(CC)
6465:Tong
6436:Eijk
6428:Duka
6379:Aviz
6318:Marx
6304:Nycz
6252:Koch
6204:Njue
6177:(CC)
6167:Sarr
6072:(CC)
6028:Rodé
6020:Erdő
5874:Sepe
5686:Sako
5639:(CC)
5383:ISBN
5273:2018
5221:2010
5154:help
5133:2006
5060:2018
5029:2020
4992:Cf.
4929:2020
4899:2018
4808:link
4790:OCLC
4780:ISBN
4759:2013
4728:2020
4697:2020
4671:2018
4640:2018
4614:2017
4587:2021
4569:ISBN
4548:2021
4514:2021
4487:2021
4453:2021
4420:2017
4393:2013
4326:ISBN
4306:2023
4280:2023
4248:2023
4222:2020
3870:2020
3769:2022
3743:ISBN
3711:2017
3684:2017
3638:2020
3620:ISBN
3599:2016
3566:2017
3510:ISBN
3489:2017
3456:2017
3425:2017
3388:ISBN
3361:2020
3331:2024
3300:ISBN
3273:ISBN
3191:2021
3179:Crux
3138:2023
3078:Riga
3070:Lviv
3043:and
2910:493.
2806:John
2804:and
2802:Mary
2726:blue
2692:, a
2650:lace
2480:and
2427:and
2327:2013
2301:2005
2233:1978
2225:1978
2167:1963
2153:1958
2139:1939
2119:1922
2105:1914
2085:S.J.
2075:1903
2055:O.P.
2039:C.O.
2029:S.J.
1859:and
1793:Rome
1736:The
1589:was
1488:The
1462:and
1305:and
1179:Rome
1106:and
1098:and
1057:pope
1033:lit.
1011:and
674:Monk
654:Dean
91:Pope
11545:Lay
11197:Art
10891:Nun
10613:of
10105:God
8770:law
8612:of
8599:as
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