Cardinal (Catholic Church)

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churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches. The term cardinal is from the Latin word "cardo" meaning a hinge. Here it means a "door", an example of synecdoche, a figure of speech whereby the part refers to the whole. The "door" is the address of the titular church from which the cardinal derives his membership of the Roman clergy, who elect the pope.

2009: 1000: 1441: 1567: 37: 1804: 11752: 7560: 64: 11741: 9669: 8520: 7584: 956: 2796:, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). Before the new uniformity imposed by John Paul II, each cardinal was given a ring, the central piece of which was a gem, usually a sapphire, with the pope's stemma engraved on the inside. There is now no gemstone, and the pope chooses the image on the outside: under 1263:, wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals: "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord 1944:" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). 7572: 1733:(temporarily) and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles. At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of the three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors as they had reached the age of 80. Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020, bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to eleven. 1740:, the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval. Likewise the Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected. Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank. The curren Dean is 2622: 1075:. During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. In addition, cardinals collectively participate in 1932:, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the Curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent. John Paul II maintained this ratio. 1583: 2920:

responsibility of electing Holy Roman Emperors.... A decree of 10 June 1630, by Urban VII bestowed the title "His Eminence", historically reserved for high nobility, upon the cardinals, thus elevating them above the 'His Excellency', then being used to refer to Italian princes." Guruge, Anura. The Next Pope. Alton, New Hampshire. 2010. p. 81.

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infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no

3646:, made an exception to his own rules and hence all the cardinals under eighty, regardless of the limit of 120, are eligible to enter the conclave. (Canon lawyers ruefully joke that nobody violates canon law like a pope.) As a political matter, it seems probable that all cardinals under eighty will be admitted regardless of the wording of 1558:, who stated to a group of newly created cardinals "He (Jesus) does not call you to become 'princes' of the Church, to 'sit on his right or on his left.' He calls you to serve like Him and with Him." The term is still applied, both seriously and as a criticism of the perceived attitudes of some cardinals. 1274:, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and France, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called " 1181:

the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean "principal", "eminent", or "superior". The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome

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as bishops before they are made cardinals, but some are granted a papal dispensation. There are no strict criteria for elevation to the College of Cardinals. Since 1917, a potential cardinal must already be at least a priest, but laymen have been cardinals in the past. The selection is entirely up to

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holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian, the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian, by 1994 the number was reduced to one

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As the exclusive electors of the pope (at least since 1179), cardinals were deemed to be the ecclesiastical equivalents of the Holy Roman Empire's 'Prince-Electors,' an extremely elite group with precedence over all other nobility (including archdukes, dukes and counts), who were tasked with the

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located around the city of Rome. The only exception is for patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular

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a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to

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They were formerly called illustrissimi and reverendissimi; but Pope Urban VIII (of the Barberini family), in 1630, established the above as their title of honour. Edward Wigglesworth, Thomas Gamaliel Bradford: Encyclopædia Americana: a popular dictionary of arts, sciences. Volume 4. Page

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when named cardinals. In 2018, Pope Francis expanded the cardinal bishops of Roman title, because this had not been done despite recent decades' expansion in the two lower orders of cardinals, besides having all six such cardinals being over the age limit for a conclave.

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who are current or former officials within the Roman Curia (generally the heads of dicasteries and other bodies linked to the Curia). A very small number are priests recognised by the pope for their service to the Church; as canon law requires them to be generally

4685:"RESCRIPTUM EX AUDIENTIA SS.MI: Rescritto del Santo Padre Francesco con cui ha deciso di cooptare nell'Ordine dei Vescovi, equiparandolo in tutto ai Cardinali insigniti del titolo di una Chiesa suburbicaria, l'Em.mo Cardinale Luis Antonio G. Tagle, 01.05.2020" 1209:

to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by

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abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate Mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.

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which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.

4261: 2789:. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel. 1182:

and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the Church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of

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Authoritarian, keenly conscious of his position, Urban kept business in his own hands and rarely discussed it with his cardinals: to compensate them he gave them the rank of princes of the church and a right to the title of 'eminence' (June 1630).

2720:). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a 1533:, say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal ". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and 5075: 3629: 1799:

means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the Bishop of Rome, the pope.

1529:, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. However, official sources, such as the 4920: 4890: 2765:

cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.

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As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests"

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at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When

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Additionally, canon law gives cardinals the faculty of hearing confessions validly and licitly everywhere, whereas other priests and bishops must be granted this faculty and might be restricted in its use by the local bishop.

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to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals. If conditions change, the pope makes the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of his

1873:. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is 1928:

third. Their influence in the election of the pope has been considered important. They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of

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knelt before Pope Benedict XVI and pledged his allegiance to the Church before receiving his special red birretta—a symbol of a cardinal's dignity and willingness to shed blood for the increase of the Christian

4840: 2674: 1764:) are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally also 4239: 4411: 4957: 5453:. A digital resource consisting of the biographical entries of the cardinals from 494 to 2014 and of the events and documents concerning the origin of the Roman cardinalate and its historical evolution 3590: 5072: 4505: 1779:

In modern times, the term "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the

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of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the

1079:(which generally take place annually), in which matters of importance to the Church are considered and new cardinals may be created. Cardinals of working age are also appointed to roles overseeing 3702: 4605: 1653:

would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops. Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a

1920:. They came to be called "cardinal deacons" by the late eighth century, and they were granted active rights in papal elections and made eligible for the election as pope by the decree of 769. 1723:

increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades. He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting their

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established that electors would be under the age of eighty years. When it took effect on 1 January 1971, it deprived 25 cardinals of the right to participate in a conclave. In October 1975 in

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at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals near to or over the age of 80 when appointed have obtained

4035: 3182: 9131: 4094: 2990: 1634: 1537:. Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy. 4083: 1668:. When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim the see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops. 4662: 3976: 2947:" (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...") 1976:

The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals. If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he

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who were named cardinals (i.e. "cardinal patriarchs") would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after the six Roman rite cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees. (

1480:), a cardinal can raise through the ranks from cardinal deacon to priest, and from cardinal priest to that of cardinal bishop - in which case he obtains one of the 11435: 9207: 8950: 8933: 2945:

Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ...

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In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain churchmen as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by

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was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the

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will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office."

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in 2003.) Those of cardinal patriarch rank continue to hold their patriarchal see and are not assigned any Roman title (suburbicarian see or title or deaconry).

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has historically been applied to cardinals of the Catholic church, and sometimes more broadly to senior members of the church hierarchy. It has been rejected by

10050: 9106: 4950: 4719: 3080:, made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001. Pope John Paul II created a fourth in 2003 but did not reveal his identity, not even in his will. Speculation centered on 2358:, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of 1642: 4367: 9462: 9388: 9045: 5212: 4501: 3890: 11355: 9486: 9192: 4750: 4175: 1842:, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the college expanded markedly. In 1587, 3698: 10453: 2458:, and ring). He has both actual and honorary precedence over archbishops, and bishops who are not cardinals. However, he cannot perform the sacrament of 2431:

lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. No cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in a

1225:. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his 9494: 9121: 1630: 4601: 10920: 9187: 7908: 9055: 5264: 3470: 3129: 9706: 9116: 8258: 2961: 1672:

abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope.

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or the metropolitan of the capital city the cardinal's hat), almost no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a

911: 4213: 2746: 11241: 9609: 8918: 8717: 8421: 979: 5091: 4475: 9126: 5529: 5186: 4807: 3934: 1622: 3825: 1244:(hinge), meaning "pivotal" as in "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the 9th century to the priests of the 11633: 11420: 10423: 9760: 9541: 9101: 4536: 2900:

is that "No Cardinal elector can be excluded from active or passive voice in the election of the Supreme Pontiff, for any reason or pretext."

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church laws and they have regularly brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120, twice reaching as high as 135 with

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on 26 March 1961. Ferretto was the lowest ranking member of the order of cardinal priests and only 62. He had been a cardinal for ten weeks.

10303: 8875: 8357: 3760: 10972: 10715: 10253: 9182: 8928: 8923: 8909: 4032: 5487: 5425: 4297: 4153: 11628: 10657: 10560: 7720: 5733: 5571: 4054: 4009: 3987: 972: 80: 5051: 1613:, few are "cardinal bishops". For most of the second millennium there were six cardinal bishops, each presiding over one of the seven 1417: 11593: 11455: 10373: 3352: 3174: 1317:

was a cardinal from 1646 until he resigned in 1647, later being elected and crowned King of Poland, in 1648 and 1649, respectively).

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cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet

76: 45: 5246:. The new cardinal had to pay for the ring, in exchange for which he received the right to make his own Last Will and Testament. 4684: 4654: 3973: 3557: 1285:

times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In

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or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.

11572: 11520: 10152: 8964: 7575: 4020: 3303: 2852: 1297:'s power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu's successor was also a cardinal, 1186:, only a cardinal was eligible to become Bishop of Rome. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope 5124: 4627: 3914: 3861: 3580: 1320:

While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by

11776: 11510: 11246: 9764: 9699: 8304: 4996: 4443:(in French). Vol. XI. Paris: Maison de la Bonne Presse. 1908. pp. 136–40, esp. 137–8 "Comment se fait l'option". 4329: 3093: 1547:

of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as has been the case since 1378.

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complete the list of the four great cardinals to have ruled France. In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal,

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In certain periods there were additional requirements. Since the 16th century, only a cardinal who was present within 25

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or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.

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to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In

798: 536: 7893: 7121: 3531: 2411:, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 11796: 11706: 11254: 11007: 10952: 10817: 10552: 10548: 10293: 10078: 10025: 9330: 9293: 9212: 8272: 7844: 7621: 4711: 4356: 4164: 4016:

uses both styles side by side. On diocesan sites, the "John Cardinal Doe" style is found on, for example, those of

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Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by assigning that rank, in 1965, to patriarchs of the

720: 529: 17: 4172: 3954: 1409:, he set the maximum number of electors at 120, while establishing no limit on the overall size of the college. 11653: 11365: 11052: 11022: 11002: 10942: 10732: 10448: 9986: 9978: 9890: 9751: 9731: 9082: 8693: 8470: 7918: 7549: 6923: 5909: 4742: 3391: 2420: 1413: 653: 211: 4028: 11027: 11017: 10343: 10214: 10112: 9809: 9470: 9320: 8591: 8480: 7687: 7643: 7563: 7339: 6130: 5515: 2096: 1822:

in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of the

768: 184: 7071: 5821: 5501: 5043: 1346:, is accorded the right to be elevated to the rank of cardinal in the consistory following his appointment. 1221:), the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven 11608: 11579: 11562: 11470: 11082: 11047: 11037: 10615: 10596: 10458: 10209: 10122: 8940: 8810: 8765: 8734: 8609: 7941: 7449: 2416: 2232: 2038: 1389:

limited the number of cardinals to 70: six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.

352: 7317: 7106: 6051: 5459:(including statistical data and links). Popes and the Papacy website (Anura Guruge). Retrieved 2010-09-08. 11618: 10368: 10236: 10105: 9475: 9393: 9351: 8792: 8651: 7470: 6967: 5256: 3121: 2812: 2773:

at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a

2306: 2224: 2204: 1909: 1897:) are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the 1136: 541: 342: 7208: 7159: 6059: 4857: 4205: 3662: 3439: 3408: 11535: 11333: 10987: 10639: 10564: 9568: 9373: 9235: 8887: 8369: 7956: 7758: 7173: 6930: 6377: 5794: 3908:"Associated Press Style Guide: "The preferred form for first reference is ... Cardinal Daniel DiNardo"" 2969: 2376: 2268: 2172: 1658: 455: 6334: 2274: 1306: 11725: 11671: 11342: 11292: 10982: 10937: 10045: 9550: 9378: 9368: 8335: 7526: 7028: 6907: 6410: 6325: 6202: 5918: 5550: 4466: 4109: 2857: 2762: 2755: 2516:

a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.

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garments—the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the

1605:) are the senior order of cardinals. Though in modern times the vast majority of cardinals are also 1525:) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in 638: 11781: 11755: 11691: 11613: 11584: 11204: 11199: 11077: 10977: 10962: 10947: 10789: 10610: 10500: 10418: 10242: 10219: 10170: 9843: 8988: 8852: 8805: 8646: 8641: 8475: 8267: 7701: 7540: 6937: 6496: 6286: 5706: 5360: 3965: 3642:

Most canon lawyers take the opinion that the pope, in appointing more electors than anticipated by

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continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.

1141: 309: 11676: 11308: 11269: 11236: 10682: 10662: 10530: 10408: 10358: 10137: 9938: 9878: 9383: 9283: 8711: 8700: 8465: 8073: 7839: 7724: 7138: 7050: 6893: 6714: 6361: 6173: 5945: 5846: 5677: 5120: 3836: 2782: 2395:", below), but enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, 2332: 2292: 2013: 1997: 1981: 1310: 1116: 710: 337: 6855: 6722: 6343: 6157: 5685: 5628: 3726: 3268: 2609: 2575:

cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires. The last pope known to have named a cardinal

1940:) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant " 1110:

around the world – often the most prominent diocese or archdiocese in their country. Others are

174: 11745: 11686: 11681: 11315: 11121: 11042: 10967: 10847: 10525: 10413: 10353: 10030: 9918: 9629: 9603: 9017: 8550: 8524: 7987: 7961: 7588: 7435: 7293: 7020: 3320:"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of May 28, 1646" 2965: 2505: 2412: 2400: 2182: 2050: 1664:

Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in the

1424:, but most canon lawyers believe that if their number exceeded 120 they would all participate. 1395: 960: 700: 411: 129: 7013: 6975: 6653: 6549: 5838: 5099: 5014: 4562: 4436: 4318: 3650:

because the task of trying to decide who cannot enter could paralyze the process indefinitely.

3503: 2512:, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of 2044: 11450: 11277: 10702: 10483: 10348: 10194: 9900: 9838: 9797: 9782: 9457: 9428: 9093: 8870: 8623: 8431: 8352: 8175: 8014: 8009: 7898: 7402: 7309: 7201: 6999: 6945: 6707: 5995: 5404: 5366: 5140: 5117:"Instruction on the dress, titles and coat-of-arms of cardinals, bishops and lesser prelates" 4293: 4150: 3226: 3089: 3057: 2438:

A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other

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to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin

1222: 1183: 1012: 546: 7057: 6731: 6316: 5479: 5473: 4236:"Pope to new cardinals: Jesus does not call you to be "princes" of the Church, but to serve" 4006: 3984: 2777:. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet 482: 10854: 10823: 10720: 10601: 10515: 10395: 10298: 10015: 10010: 9933: 9883: 9814: 9792: 9451: 9340: 8976: 8835: 8391: 8325: 8122: 8105: 8040: 7614: 7516: 7418: 7378: 7369: 6915: 6769: 6675: 6668: 6573: 6472: 6104: 5592: 5538: 2882: 2817: 2751: 2592: 2326: 2300: 2166: 2152: 2138: 2118: 2104: 2074: 1947:

When not celebrating Mass, but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual

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Pope Paul VI., Motuproprio "Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium" (11 February 1965), par. II.

3348: 3097: 1866:

The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled

1373:. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but in 1179 the 8: 11643: 11545: 11338: 11322: 10842: 10752: 10203: 10147: 10095: 9996: 9958: 9661: 9634: 9242: 9073: 8512: 7997: 7982: 7936: 7755: 7456: 7284: 6800: 6746: 6627: 6227: 5954: 5812: 5760: 5098:. Retrieved 1 June 2008. Quote: "In a ceremony televised across the world cardinal-elect 3012: 2973: 2805: 1709: 1420:

of February 2001 and October 2003. No more than 120 electors have ever participated in a

1333: 1282: 858: 705: 600: 406: 278: 194: 169: 6830: 6690: 5415: 5235: 3995: 1155:

There is general disagreement about the origin of the term, but a chief consensus that "

369: 11663: 11480: 10338: 10330: 10073: 9774: 9741: 9673: 9480: 9403: 8882: 8426: 8364: 8289: 8095: 8053: 8047: 7478: 7253: 6900: 6635: 6565: 6557: 6505: 6044: 5669: 5376: 5346: 5338: 4801: 4043: 3752: 3670: 3585: 3475: 3447: 3416: 3261: 3081: 2847: 2554:, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed 2423:

from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but

2080: 2054: 1713: 1294: 1145: 633: 509: 441: 266: 122: 6753: 4913:"Pastor Bonus, – John Paul II – Apostolic Constitution (June 28, 1988) – John Paul II" 4139: 3930:"At first reference Cardinal John Doe. At subsequent references the cardinal or Doe" ( 2477: 11623: 10859: 10184: 10064: 9831: 9787: 9408: 9164: 9141: 8758: 8678: 8673: 8613: 8543: 8090: 8035: 7463: 7442: 7354: 7194: 7092: 7064: 7036: 6984: 6863: 6838: 6542: 6403: 6395: 6386: 6352: 6259: 6235: 6036: 6003: 5457:

Next Cardinal Creating Consistory by Pope Benedict XVI – The Required Background Data

5382: 5350: 4789: 4779: 4568: 4325: 4262:"'Felt himself to be a prince': Vatican comes to grips with the death of George Pell" 3756: 3742: 3619: 3549: 3509: 3387: 3299: 3272: 3073: 3016: 2986: 2797: 2733: 2683:

in dress for hot tropical countries (white cassock with scarlet piping and buttons).

2633: 2580: 2403:

mandated that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962,

2318: 2296: 2262: 2228: 2158: 2034: 1860: 1521:

In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated

1497: 1329: 1003:

The coat of arms of a cardinal (who is a bishop or archbishop) is indicated by a red

788: 283: 199: 164: 7215: 7180: 6534: 6464: 5504:

a website listing the day to day statements printed in the news by current cardinals

4128: 2534:

In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals

868: 11485: 11259: 11221: 11179: 11107: 11102: 11069: 10876: 10809: 10772: 10767: 10747: 10742: 10667: 10520: 10510: 10470: 10001: 9819: 9802: 9619: 8865: 8636: 8347: 8230: 8085: 8080: 7903: 7873: 7793: 7788: 7639: 7487: 7427: 7301: 7187: 6992: 6661: 6479: 6440: 6027: 5724: 5661: 5619: 5462: 5398: 5330: 5285: 5171: 4861: 4376: 3734: 3220: 3028: 2770: 2680: 2550:, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of 2509: 2238: 2220: 2124: 2100: 2084: 2028: 1444: 1368: 1355: 1337: 1325: 1302: 1298: 1218: 1076: 1067:, almost always from among themselves (with a few historical exceptions), when the 933: 497: 256: 251: 241: 236: 231: 159: 10725: 6877: 5987: 5882: 4017: 1960:

and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the

1814:

While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and

1657:

relationship with the suburbicarian sees, each of which is governed by a separate

1440: 189: 11720: 11603: 11460: 11425: 11231: 11226: 11151: 11146: 11087: 11012: 10762: 10692: 10224: 10165: 9715: 9614: 9009: 8595: 8386: 8284: 8277: 8245: 7883: 7691: 7607: 7235: 7145: 7113: 6814: 6761: 6613: 6606: 6598: 6527: 6520: 6433: 6301: 6148: 6112: 6096: 6087: 6010: 5972: 5864: 5769: 5696: 5653: 5601: 5582: 5563: 5378:

The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church

5292: 5190: 5116: 5079: 5000: 4980: 4961: 4868: 4844: 4371: 4352: 4179: 4168: 4157: 4146: 4135: 4124: 4113: 4098: 4087: 4076: 4065: 4050: 4039: 4024: 4013: 4002: 3991: 3980: 3969: 3958: 3938: 3907: 3535: 3380: 3375: 3344: 3293: 3065: 2842: 2729: 2697: 2513: 2501: 2404: 2256: 2244: 2210: 2198: 2148: 2110: 2090: 2008: 1917: 1905: 1852: 1792: 1787:

priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as

1780: 1745: 1701: 1669: 1618: 1509: 1493: 1393:

exceeded that limit citing the need to staff church offices. In November 1970 in

1390: 1271: 1253: 1198: 1052: 678: 379: 226: 144: 7223: 7166: 5855: 5786: 4993: 3853: 1090:

Cardinals are drawn from a variety of backgrounds, being appointed as cardinals

519: 11638: 11567: 11415: 11350: 11136: 11126: 11112: 11097: 10777: 10672: 10556: 10535: 10069: 9948: 9923: 9895: 9826: 9315: 9275: 9077: 9021: 8840: 8795: 8727: 8683: 8661: 8656: 8490: 8443: 8413: 8407: 8192: 8185: 8068: 7951: 7878: 7826: 7798: 7746: 7669: 7533: 7504: 7361: 7331: 7245: 7043: 7006: 6784: 6582: 6487: 6294: 6250: 6180: 6165: 5900: 5830: 5803: 5636: 5610: 5359: 4973: 3044: 3036: 3032: 2721: 2665: 2547: 2455: 2432: 2428: 2365: 2216: 2024: 1953: 1941: 1890: 1819: 1757: 1724: 1654: 1598: 1566: 1541: 1469: 1459: 1421: 1359: 1275: 1226: 1194: 1174: 1111: 1064: 1024: 873: 853: 848: 588: 561: 426: 421: 246: 112: 107: 5334: 3738: 1063:. The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a 11770: 11530: 11490: 11375: 11297: 11282: 11131: 11092: 10898: 10782: 10579: 10248: 9963: 9546: 9026: 8668: 8631: 8580: 8577: 7696: 7387: 7275: 7267: 7130: 7085: 7078: 6885: 6870: 6682: 6455: 6447: 6308: 6187: 5980: 5963: 5873: 5751: 5420: 4341: 3615:

Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election

3040: 2960:

of Rome when the vacancy occurred could exercise the option. When the see of

2957: 2629: 2551: 2424: 2396: 2380: 2188: 2144: 2134: 2060: 1977: 1929: 1843: 1808: 1586: 1544: 1452: 1386: 1290: 999: 838: 763: 748: 668: 593: 571: 566: 556: 95: 4856:"Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon 4793: 4117: 2339:* Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest 1169: 11505: 11440: 11370: 11360: 11287: 11187: 11156: 10932: 10881: 10649: 10591: 10488: 10259: 10176: 10132: 10127: 10117: 9928: 9855: 9423: 9325: 8787: 8722: 8688: 8604: 8587: 8235: 8145: 8112: 8060: 7859: 7782: 7715: 7682: 7655: 7395: 7260: 6960: 6792: 6418: 6277: 6219: 6211: 5936: 5742: 5715: 5645: 5567: 5167: 4069: 4058: 3024: 2786: 2693: 2497: 2481: 2471: 2439: 2392: 2388: 2360: 2322: 2250: 2162: 2114: 2066: 1985: 1949: 1913: 1856: 1855:

abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes

1835: 1827: 1729: 1720: 1705: 1697: 1681: 1676: 1555: 1514: 1473: 1400: 1237: 888: 843: 743: 551: 465: 460: 448: 139: 5321:

Kuttner, Steven (1945). "Cardinalis: The History of a Canonical Concept".

36: 11701: 11557: 11430: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11385: 10687: 10622: 10478: 10403: 10381: 10229: 9991: 9953: 9641: 8860: 8749: 8600: 8455: 8342: 8262: 8197: 8180: 8140: 7946: 7347: 7099: 6268: 5257:"Elevated cardinals receive gold ring from the pope during Mass of Rings" 4773: 3528: 3319: 3020: 2801: 2689: 2637: 2562:

is known only to the pope. In the modern era, popes have named cardinals

2459: 2286: 2070: 2017: 1993: 1924: 1898: 1869: 1839: 1815: 1803: 1773: 1646: 1610: 1570: 1187: 1107: 1084: 1059:

and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute the

878: 863: 803: 304: 68: 5494:

Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church

5342: 5237:

Costume of Prelates of the Catholic Church: According to Roman Etiquette

4825:

Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church

4161: 3505:

Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church

1649:

separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became

11395: 11390: 11214: 11141: 10757: 10677: 10308: 9624: 8822: 8225: 8100: 8004: 7992: 7966: 7864: 6822: 6807: 6078: 6018: 5778: 5507: 2821: 2808:

to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.

2537: 2529: 2176: 1957: 1363: 1286: 1099: 928: 828: 823: 773: 758: 753: 472: 389: 216: 204: 4775:

The Republic of St. Peter : the birth of the Papal State, 680–825

3951: 1127:, of whom 122 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. 11500: 11495: 11465: 11161: 10924: 10908: 10893: 10737: 10627: 10505: 10495: 10363: 10142: 9530: 9345: 8993: 8892: 8374: 8209: 8150: 8019: 6242: 6194: 5435: 2738: 2717: 2661: 2613: 2451: 2280: 1923:

Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the

1689: 1321: 1160: 1080: 940: 883: 833: 813: 688: 524: 487: 477: 431: 401: 374: 314: 11740: 11648: 11475: 10574: 9943: 9668: 8776: 8566: 8519: 8485: 8460: 8165: 7815: 7733: 7664: 7647: 7583: 6426: 5433:

Hollingswirth, Mary, Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte, eds (2020),

2785:, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's 2709: 2583:, who named four, including one whose identity was never revealed. 2295:(24 February 2005 – 23 February 2007*); announced election of 2133:(16 December 1935 – 12 November 1946†); announced election of 1961: 1878: 1068: 955: 808: 578: 514: 347: 63: 9684: 2476:

At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received

2113:(5 November 1916 – 17 December 1928*); announced election of 1313:, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king (although 1259:

In the year 1563, the Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope

11445: 10283: 10157: 10100: 8170: 8130: 5184:

http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6322/78/1600/SlypyjGalero1.jpg

4687:(Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 1 May 2020. 3349:"Notas históricas sobre o Tricentenário do Patriarcado de Lisboa" 3240: 2778: 2713: 2705: 2657: 2653: 2641: 2447: 2399:

was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. The

1989: 1904:

Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the

1769: 1260: 1103: 818: 436: 299: 271: 261: 4883:"Martino diventa cardinale protodiacono (senza "Habemus Papam")" 2571:

appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an

2147:(12 November 1946 – 3 August 1961†); announced election of 2099:(4 January 1911 – 5 November 1916†); announced election of 11598: 10903: 10888: 10832: 10799: 8981: 7928: 5414: 5397: 5179: 3440:"Pope Elevates 33 to Cardinalate; Deplores China Church Schism" 3219: 3175:"Majority of cardinals-designate expected to attend consistory" 2793: 2774: 2701: 2645: 2616:

and wearing a red cassock, but not the rest of the choir dress.

2493: 2489: 2321:(21 February 2011 – 12 June 2014*); announced election of 1788: 1249: 1211: 1202: 1149: 1048: 1004: 695: 663: 623: 492: 384: 154: 149: 2985:

He exercised his new authority later that month by appointing

2976:

to exercise the option and become cardinal bishop of Frascati.

1834:

While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the

1094:

to their existing roles within the Church. Most cardinals are

11696: 10864: 10828: 8160: 8135: 7805: 7741: 4655:"New papal appointments reflect pope's wish for transparency" 3961:(except for signatures), and of the Episcopal Conferences in 2824:, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. 2443: 1526: 1264: 1206: 1164: 1008: 778: 648: 628: 583: 364: 9374:

Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples

4819: 4817: 4712:"Pope promotes Tagle as one of 11 highest ranking cardinals" 2800:

it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with

2383:

was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest.

2219:(5 March 1973 – 30 June 1979*); announced elections of 2161:(3 August 1961 – 26 June 1967*); announced election of 1645:. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when 10869: 10588: 9256: 8784: 8584: 8535: 8155: 7737: 7714: 7679: 7630: 5450: 2725: 2649: 2519: 2069:(22 June 1896 – 29 March 1907); announced election of 1178: 1056: 673: 90: 2972:

was in Siena, which disqualified him and allowed Cardinal

1236:

at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or

7599: 4814: 2704:— which is always white—the scarlet garments include the 1582: 1205:, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of 683: 9491:

House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul

4116:, and the "Cardinal John Doe" on, for example, those of 3962: 3002:

But not until the pope elect has been ordained a bishop.

7663: 1496:, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a 1492:

in addition to such a titular church also receives the

4191:

cfr. "Klaus Ganzer, Kardinäle als Kirchenfürsten?" in

4106: 3550:"Letter from Rome The Next Stage of Francis's Mission" 3241:

Catholic bishops and Pope Pius IV (11 November 1563).

2668:

on a cord (or, in Danneels' case, wrongly on a chain).

1964:

they would don with the simple white mitre (so called

1270:

The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the

5205:"Bling! examination of the ring of Cardinal O'Malley" 4703: 2415:

requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of

1087:, the central administration of the Catholic Church. 1007:(wide-brimmed hat) with 15 tassels on each side (the 9384:

Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches

3122:"Roles of Bishop, Archbishop and Cardinal Explained" 2881:

The most recent recipient of such a dispensation is

1597:

Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order;

9559: 9441: 5240:. Baltimore-New York: John Murphy Company. p. 5044:"Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers" 3529:

Are There Any Limitations on the Power of the Pope?

2003: 1846:sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum 1472:upon his creation, which is always a church in the 1377:restored the right to the whole body of cardinals. 3379: 3260: 2407:set the norm that all cardinals be consecrated as 7909:Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province 5178:and Cardinal, wearing a galero on top of his red 3471:"Voting for Popes Is Barred to Cardinals Over 80" 2736:(sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet 1912:, when church administration was effectively the 1910:14 districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages 1561: 1289:'s England, his chief minister was for some time 11768: 5233: 5073:The College of Cardinals – General Documentazion 4567:(2nd Revised ed.). WOWNH LLC. p. 120. 3780: 3778: 2371: 4405: 3343: 1173:(meaning "pivot" or "hinge") was first used in 5439:. Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-41544-7 3581:"Shaping a Legacy, Pope Installs 44 Cardinals" 9700: 9542:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide 8551: 7615: 5523: 3775: 3213: 3211: 3209: 2344: 980: 5429:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5092:Applause and tears in Basilica greet Pontiff 4827:, Harvard University Press, 1996 pp. 92–93. 4599: 3696: 3100:, John Paul's longtime friend and secretary. 2465: 1503: 8970:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe 5374: 4941:Canon 232 §1 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. 4628:"Rescriptum of the Holy Father Francis ..." 2535: 2462:or other rites reserved solely to bishops. 2289:(26 February 2002 – 24 February 2005*) 2127:(17 December 1928 – 16 December 1935*) 1366: 1032: 11629:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 9707: 9693: 8558: 8544: 7622: 7608: 5530: 5516: 5357: 5227: 5111: 5109: 4880: 4806:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4499: 3254: 3252: 3206: 3152:"Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church" 1120:the pope and tradition is his only guide. 987: 973: 7503:Cardinals ineligible to participate in a 5412: 5395: 4342:Umberto Benigni, "Ostia and Velletri" in 3508:. Harvard University Press. p. 101. 3217: 2964:became vacant upon the death of Cardinal 2586: 2387:Until 1918, any cleric, even one only in 2283:(9 January 1999 – 26 February 2002*) 2031:(20 December 1887 – 8 February 1890) 1908:who supervised the Church's works in the 9299:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 7850:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 5537: 5436:A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal 5041: 4860:or gives the pallium to their proxies." 4709: 4604:(in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 4504:(in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 4474:. Vol. XXVI. 1893–94. p. 704. 4431: 4429: 4410:(in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 3731:A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal 3258: 2745: 2375: 2277:(29 January 1996 – 9 January 1999*) 2007: 1992:on the new pope and crowns him with the 1802: 1581: 1565: 1439: 1140: 998: 7894:Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church 7889:Successor of the Prince of the Apostles 5320: 5202: 5106: 5012: 4321:New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law 3579:Stanley, Alexandra (22 February 2001). 3578: 3547: 3468: 3437: 3406: 3373: 3249: 2315:(1 March 2008 – 21 February 2011*) 2309:(23 February 2007 – 1 March 2008*) 2265:(26 November 1990 – 5 April 1993*) 2259:(22 June 1987 – 26 November 1990*) 2201:(20 January 1971 – 31 March 1971†) 2093:(15 October 1907 – 4 January 1911) 2041:(8 February 1890 – 11 August 1890) 1971: 1772:throughout the world, though some hold 1015:are proper to the individual cardinal). 14: 11769: 10088: 5451:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church 4564:The Next Pope: After Pope Benedict XVI 4560: 3727:"Cardinals and Their Titular Churches" 3409:"Two Americans among 23 New Cardinals" 2863:List of the creations of the cardinals 2271:(5 April 1993 – 29 January 1996*) 2253:(2 February 1983 – 22 June 1987*) 2247:(15 June 1980 – 2 February 1983*) 2087:(29 March 1907 – 15 October 1907) 2047:(11 August 1890 – 3 October 1890) 1358:gave cardinals the right to elect the 1343:Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii 9688: 9036: 8539: 7603: 5511: 5474:List of all Cardinal Titular Churches 5054:from the original on 18 November 2016 4923:from the original on 23 February 2001 4771: 4652: 4630:Holy See Press Office. 26 June 2018. 4608:from the original on 17 November 2019 4535:. Vol. LIII. 1961. p. 199. 4426: 4216:from the original on 6 September 2014 3920:from the original on 5 December 2014. 3724: 3611: 3501: 3438:Cortesi, Arnoldo (16 December 1958). 3407:Cortesi, Arnaldo (18 November 2017). 3185:from the original on 25 February 2021 3172: 3072:, made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001; 3064:, made cardinal 1979, revealed 1991; 2506:Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 2207:(31 March 1971 – 8 August 1971†) 2191:(18 May 1970 – 20 January 1971†) 1980:and name from the central balcony of 7571: 5408:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 5396:Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). 5370:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 5123:, English ed. 17 April 1969: vol.4. 5023:from the original on 7 December 2023 4893:from the original on 24 January 2018 4634:from the original on 24 October 2020 4581:from the original on 7 December 2023 4447:from the original on 7 December 2023 4294:"Prince of the Church, Philip Ayres" 3864:from the original on 24 January 2021 3678:from the original on 7 December 2023 3632:from the original on 7 December 2023 3560:from the original on 7 November 2017 3367: 3230:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3218:Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). 2391:, could be created a cardinal (see " 2213:(8 August 1971 – 5 March 1973*) 2179:(26 June 1967 – 28 April 1969*) 1704:, not cardinal bishops: for example 1700:patriarchs who become cardinals are 1540:The Cardinal order is used in the 1029:Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis 9714: 9574:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi 7914:Sovereign of the Vatican City State 5468:List of All Cardinals By Precedence 5375:Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (1996). 5215:from the original on 16 August 2013 4881:Scaramuzzi, Jacopo (12 June 2014). 4710:Esmaquel, Paterno II (1 May 2020). 4267:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3663:"Pontiff Installs 27 New Cardinals" 3483:from the original on 26 August 2018 3291: 3267:. Oxford University Press. p. 2356:Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church 2341:† Was protodeacon at time of death 2241:(30 June 1979 – 15 June 1980†) 2185:(28 April 1969 – 18 May 1970*) 2057:(3 October 1890 – 1 June 1891) 1988:. The protodeacon also bestows the 1884: 1751: 1577: 1435: 1123:As of 28 September 2024, 24: 9579:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua 9289:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 7835:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 7812:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 5267:from the original on 13 March 2018 5203:Paulson, Michael (25 March 2006). 5042:Boudreau, Richard (7 April 2005). 4740: 4602:"Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium" 4542:from the original on 12 April 2015 3469:Hoffman, Paul (24 November 1970). 3162:from the original on 8 April 2019. 1727:and deaconries suburbicarian rank 1349: 327:Administrative and pastoral titles 25: 11808: 9357:Pontifical North American College 8919:Section for Relations with States 5496:, Harvard University Press, 1996 5443: 4753:from the original on 30 June 2018 4665:from the original on 26 June 2018 4600:Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965). 4508:from the original on 18 June 2021 4481:from the original on 21 June 2015 4437:"Le Droit d'Option des Cardinaux" 3725:Witte, Arnold (9 December 2019). 3705:from the original on 5 April 2013 3697:Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965). 3593:from the original on 29 July 2018 3548:Mickens, Robert (24 April 2017). 3355:from the original on 13 June 2021 3263:The Popes and European Revolution 3173:Glatz, Carol (19 November 2020). 3132:from the original on 23 June 2023 2838:Cardinal-Infante (disambiguation) 2792:To symbolize their bond with the 2496:, they were inaccurately called " 2063:(1 June 1891 – 22 June 1896) 1476:. Through the process of opting ( 1042:cardinal of the Holy Roman Church 11751: 11750: 11739: 11707:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 11255:Criticism of the Catholic Church 9667: 9655: 9051:Extraordinary general assemblies 8518: 8506: 7582: 7570: 7559: 7558: 5488:Catholic-pages List of Cardinals 5402:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5364:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5361:"Ecclesiastical Addresses" 5127:from the original on 2 June 2017 4838:Universi Dominici Gregis, No. 89 4414:from the original on 19 May 2020 4406:Pope John XXIII (9 April 1962). 4387:from the original on 17 May 2013 4377:"History of Papal Electoral Law" 4300:from the original on 10 May 2023 4274:from the original on 20 May 2023 3763:from the original on 12 May 2022 3224:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 2853:Hierarchy of the Catholic Church 2750:A Cardinal in Profile, 1880, by 2673: 2621: 2602: 2004:Cardinal protodeacons since 1887 1738:Dean of the College of Cardinals 1686:Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium 1651:Dean of the College of Cardinals 1591:Dean of the College of Cardinals 1490:Dean of the College of Cardinals 1418:Pope John Paul II's consistories 954: 618:Consecrated and professed titles 62: 35: 9874:First seven ecumenical councils 9519:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo 9419:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo 9399:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary 9198:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno 5480:List of all Cardinal Deaconries 5314: 5298: 5286:Canon 1405 §1 and canon 1406 §2 5279: 5249: 5196: 5160: 5085: 5066: 5035: 5006: 4986: 4967: 4944: 4935: 4905: 4874: 4850: 4830: 4765: 4734: 4722:from the original on 1 May 2020 4691:from the original on 1 May 2020 4677: 4646: 4620: 4593: 4554: 4520: 4493: 4459: 4399: 4335: 4312: 4286: 4254: 4242:from the original on 2 May 2023 4228: 4198: 4185: 4007:Bishops' Conference of Scotland 4005:agree with the stylebooks. The 3944: 3924: 3900: 3876: 3846: 3818: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3718: 3690: 3655: 3605: 3572: 3541: 3522: 3495: 3462: 3431: 3400: 3337: 3312: 3126:Diocese of Lafayette-In-Indiana 3050: 3005: 2996: 2979: 2950: 2937: 2923: 2913: 2903: 2888: 1978:announces a new pope's election 1712:in 2002 and cardinal priest of 1332:: the notable exception is the 1125:there are 235 serving cardinals 1055:. Cardinals are created by the 11787:Catholic ecclesiastical titles 10449:Separation of church and state 9208:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo 7919:Servant of the servants of God 7550:List of creations of cardinals 5003:of the 1983 Code of Canon Law. 4983:of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. 4441:Annuaire pontifical catholique 3932:Reuters Handbook of Journalism 3701:. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 3285: 3234: 3197: 3166: 3144: 3114: 2875: 2556:creati et reservati in pectore 1818:, every cardinal priest has a 1562:Orders and their chief offices 1217:In 1059 (five years after the 13: 1: 9471:Pontifical Oriental Institute 4778:. Philadelphia. p. 218. 4653:Glatz, Carol (26 June 2018). 3618:. Random House. p. 107. 3107: 2372:Cardinals who are not bishops 2349: 2097:Francesco Salesio Della Volpe 1783:, who were recognized as the 1719:At the June 2018 consistory, 769:Captain General of the Church 185:Assistant to the papal throne 9294:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 8565: 7942:Coat of arms of the Holy See 7845:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 5019:. Vol. 3. p. 337. 4772:Noble, Thomas F. X. (1984). 4502:"Ad Suburbicarias Dioeceses" 4500:John XXIII (10 March 1961). 2435:since the 1962 rule change. 1468:Each cardinal is assigned a 1324:(usually earning either its 1047:) is a senior member of the 7: 11777:Cardinals (Catholic Church) 9476:Pontifical Lombard Seminary 9352:Pontifical Urban University 9046:Ordinary general assemblies 8793:Cardinal Secretary of State 8444:Pontifical colleges in Rome 5413:Boudinhon, Auguste (1911). 5358:Battandier, Albert (1913). 4195:2011, issue 5, pp. 313–323. 3612:Allen, John L. Jr. (2002). 3386:. Robert Appleton Company. 3245:. Tan Books and Publishers. 2831: 2205:Federico Callori di Vignale 1137:Papal selection before 1059 917:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 10: 11813: 11792:Religious leadership roles 11746:Catholic Church portal 9569:Basilica of the Holy House 9193:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino 8601:Sovereignty and government 8525:Catholic Church portal 7759:properties of the Holy See 7629: 7589:Catholic Church portal 5463:GCatholic on all Cardinals 4747:Modern Catholic Dictionary 4659:National Catholic Reporter 4357:Pope Pius X, motu proprio 3382:The Catholic Encyclopaedia 2970:Francesco Ricci Paracciani 2932:Oxford Dictionary of Popes 2769:In previous times, at the 2590: 2527: 2469: 2345:Special types of cardinals 2269:Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy 2173:Arcadio Larraona Saralegui 1512:decreed their title to be 1494:titular bishopric of Ostia 1457: 1380: 1134: 1130: 961:Catholic Church portal 11734: 11672:Aid to the Church in Need 11662: 11519: 11332: 11293:Vatican Television Center 11268: 11178: 11068: 10938:Eastern Catholic Churches 10919: 10808: 10701: 10648: 10573: 10544: 10469: 10394: 10329: 10274: 10193: 10063: 9977: 9909: 9854: 9773: 9750: 9722: 9650: 9595: 9526:Gardens of the Villa Cybo 9509: 9379:Palace of the Holy Office 9369:Palazzo della Cancelleria 9341:Palace of Saint Callixtus 9311: 9274: 9264: 9253: 9234: 9163: 9140: 9092: 9064: 9008: 8903: 8851: 8821: 8775: 8748: 8622: 8610:Sovereign judicial entity 8573: 8501: 8400: 8318: 8244: 8218: 8121: 8028: 7975: 7927: 7858: 7825: 7775: 7654: 7637: 7498: 7234: 5695: 5581: 5551:List of current cardinals 5545: 5335:10.1017/S0362152900016883 5304:Canon 967 §1 of the 1983 5234:John Abel Nainfa (1909). 5176:Ukrainian Catholic Church 4661:. Catholic News Service. 4351:11 September 2013 at the 4206:"Election – BENEDICT XVI" 4178:29 September 2006 at the 3793:Code of Canon law: 357-1. 3739:10.1163/9789004415447_023 3502:Reese, Thomas J. (1998). 3292:Webster, Henry Kitchell. 3181:. Catholic News Service. 2968:on 11 May 1893, Cardinal 2858:List of current cardinals 2756:Morgan Library and Museum 1694:Eastern Catholic Churches 1504:Title and reference style 1429:Eastern Catholic Churches 1406:Romano Pontifici eligendo 794:Gonfalonier of the Church 11614:Communion and Liberation 11078:Eastern Catholic liturgy 10243:Mystici Corporis Christi 10171:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 9467:Archaeological Institute 8652:Old St. Peter's Basilica 8647:Patrimony of Saint Peter 8642:History of papal primacy 7541:List of titular churches 4979:29 December 2016 at the 4156:7 September 2008 at the 4151:St Andrews and Edinburgh 4112:19 February 2011 at the 4097:19 February 2008 at the 4086:23 December 2010 at the 4075:24 November 2010 at the 4023:27 February 2009 at the 3699:"Ad purpuratorum Patrum" 3648:Universi Dominici Gregis 3644:Universi Dominici Gregis 3203:Encyclopædia Britannica. 2897:Universi Dominici gregis 2868: 2716:(over the usual scarlet 2660:(over the usual scarlet 2131:Camillo Caccia-Dominioni 1875:Michael Michai Kitbunchu 1464:List of titular churches 135:Chaplain of His Holiness 11797:Princes of the Holy See 10429:Philosophy of canon law 10359:Mariology of the saints 9939:Investiture Controversy 9662:Vatican City portal 9394:Palace of the Vicariate 9188:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia 8712:Prisoner in the Vatican 8701:Investiture Controversy 8513:Vatican City portal 5426:Encyclopædia Britannica 4867:3 December 2010 at the 4408:"Suburbicariis sedibus" 4167:14 October 2008 at the 4134:29 October 2007 at the 3826:"Catholic News Service" 3802:Code of Canon law: 350. 3259:Chadwick, Owen (1981). 2991:Sabina e Poggio Mirteto 2783:ecclesiastical heraldry 2333:Renato Raffaele Martino 2275:Eduardo Martínez Somalo 1998:Renato Raffaele Martino 1451:and Cardinal-Priest of 1307:André-Hercule de Fleury 11682:Catholic Charities USA 11316:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 11304:Vatican Polyglot Press 10354:Mariology of the popes 9992:Protestant Reformation 9674:Catholicism portal 9630:Apostolic Penitentiary 9604:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 9551:Santa Maria di Galeria 8876:For Vatican City State 8358:for Vatican City State 7988:Apostolic constitution 5291:22 August 2006 at the 5261:www.fogcityjournal.com 5148:Cite journal requires 5013:Rickaby, John (1913). 4999:2 January 2013 at the 4561:Guruge, Anura (2010). 4529:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 4365:VI (1914), pp. 219–220 4363:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 3979:20 August 2008 at the 3295:Early European History 2759: 2636:(right) wearing their 2587:Vesture and privileges 2536: 2413:1983 Code of Canon Law 2401:1917 Code of Canon Law 2384: 2307:Darío Castrillón Hoyos 2183:William Theodore Heard 2051:Tommaso Maria Zigliara 2020: 1894: 1889:The cardinal deacons ( 1824:suburbicarian dioceses 1811: 1761: 1627:Porto and Santa Rufina 1602: 1594: 1574: 1455: 1396:Ingravescentem aetatem 1367: 1168: 1152: 1028: 1016: 412:Diocesan administrator 130:Moderator of the curia 27:Senior church official 11436:Good Shepherd Sisters 11278:Holy See Press Office 10516:Doctors of the Church 10349:Immaculate Conception 10304:Anointing of the Sick 9839:History of the papacy 9458:San Carlo ai Catinari 9429:Paul VI Audience Hall 9415:Benedictine monastery 9362:Bambino Gesù Hospital 9132:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto 8481:Sexually active popes 8432:Pontifical university 8176:Ring of the Fisherman 8015:Ecclesiastical letter 8010:Apostolic exhortation 7899:Patriarch of the West 7884:Vicar of Jesus Christ 6924:Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo 5405:Catholic Encyclopedia 5367:Catholic Encyclopedia 5078:17 March 2013 at the 5016:Catholic Encyclopedia 4344:Catholic Encyclopedia 3957:29 April 2014 at the 3554:Commonwealth Magazine 3227:Catholic Encyclopedia 3090:Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz 3058:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei 2749: 2379: 2335:(12 June 2014 –) 2313:Agostino Cacciavillan 2011: 1806: 1762:cardinales presbyteri 1744:and the Vice-Dean is 1585: 1569: 1535:episcopal conferences 1531:Catholic News Service 1443: 1375:Third Lateran Council 1144: 1135:Further information: 1002: 547:Protonotary apostolic 77:Ecclesiastical titles 11309:L'Osservatore Romano 11247:Role in civilisation 10973:Croatian and Serbian 10721:Episcopal conference 10683:St. Peter's Basilica 10041:Sexual abuse scandal 9997:Catholic Reformation 9284:St. Peter's Basilica 8977:Apostolic nunciature 8836:College of Cardinals 8831:Secretariat of State 8476:Popes by nationality 8392:Sistine Chapel Choir 8326:College of Cardinals 7957:Regalia and insignia 7840:St. Peter's Basilica 7517:Council of Cardinals 7515:(CC): member of the 5539:College of Cardinals 5121:L'Osservatore Romano 4960:2 March 2013 at the 4858:metropolitan bishops 4749:. Catholic Culture. 4370:3 March 2013 at the 4324:(Paulist Press 2000 4064:1 April 2007 at the 4038:8 April 2007 at the 4001:20 July 2008 at the 3990:24 July 2008 at the 3968:12 July 2018 at the 3937:15 July 2011 at the 3860:. 31 December 2010. 3842:on 12 December 2005. 3833:www.catholicnews.com 3674:. 23 February 1965. 3534:14 July 2011 at the 3374:Fanning, W. (1911). 3243:The Council of Trent 2894:The rule set out in 2883:Raniero Cantalamessa 2818:ecclesiastical court 2752:Jehan Georges Vibert 2598:Pontifical vestments 2593:Pontifical vestments 2442:(episcopal regalia: 1982:St. Peter's Basilica 1972:Cardinal protodeacon 1742:Giovanni Battista Re 1666:College of Cardinals 1552:Prince of the Church 1500:retain that church. 1449:Archbishop of Vienna 1315:John II Casimir Vasa 1148:, chief minister of 1061:College of Cardinals 784:Commissary Apostolic 417:Ecclesiastical judge 397:Defender of the bond 11644:Neocatechumenal Way 11609:Charismatic Renewal 11323:Annuario Pontificio 10921:Particular churches 10597:Ecumenical councils 10369:Perpetual virginity 10204:Communitas perfecta 10148:Sermon on the Mount 9635:Apostolic Signatura 9463:Collegio Bellarmino 9335:Adjoining buildings 8910:Multilateral policy 6700:Lacunza Maestrojuán 5910:Rodríguez Maradiaga 5572:order of precedence 5189:6 July 2012 at the 5094:(26 November 2007) 4270:. 11 January 2023. 4145:17 May 2008 at the 4123:26 May 2008 at the 4049:3 July 2008 at the 4012:11 May 2008 at the 3896:on 4 December 2014. 3298:. Forgotten Books. 3013:Domenico Bartolucci 2989:cardinal bishop of 2974:Serafino Vannutelli 2558:. A cardinal named 2524:or secret cardinals 2492:or priests. Though 2045:Joseph Hergenröther 2016:, current Cardinal 1848:size of the college 1710:Patriarch of Venice 1603:cardinales episcopi 1334:Patriarch of Lisbon 912:Knights Hospitaller 901:Organization titles 706:Provincial superior 279:Territorial prelate 81:order of precedence 11481:Premonstratensians 9864:Ante-Nicene period 9742:Lists of Catholics 9404:Collegio Teutonico 9321:Lateran University 9165:Suffragan dioceses 9142:Territorial abbeys 9112:Porto-Santa Rufina 9094:Suburbicarian sees 9056:Special assemblies 8951:Permanent Observer 8427:Pontifical academy 8422:Orders of chivalry 7029:Arizmendi Esquivel 6326:Monteiro de Castro 5449:Salvador Miranda. 5306:Code of Canon Law. 4843:6 May 2007 at the 4468:Acta Sanctae Sedis 3858:Religion Stylebook 3813:The Church Visible 3671:The New York Times 3586:The New York Times 3476:The New York Times 3448:The New York Times 3417:The New York Times 3082:Joseph Zen Ze-kiun 2848:Cardinal protector 2811:Cardinals have in 2760: 2385: 2081:Andreas Steinhuber 2021: 1914:government of Rome 1895:cardinales diaconi 1812: 1756:Cardinal priests ( 1714:Santi XII Apostoli 1635:Sabina and Mentana 1615:suburbicarian sees 1595: 1593:from 2005 to 2019. 1575: 1482:suburbicarian sees 1456: 1295:Cardinal Richelieu 1223:suburbicarian sees 1199:Pippin the Younger 1153: 1146:Cardinal Richelieu 1077:papal consistories 1017: 634:Consecrated virgin 155:Apostolic delegate 11764: 11763: 11174: 11173: 10567: 10390: 10389: 10082: 10059: 10058: 10051:COVID-19 pandemic 10021:French Revolution 10011:Thirty Years' War 9919:Islamic conquests 9832:Apostolic fathers 9767: 9682: 9681: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9549:antennae area of 9540:Summer estate of 9505: 9504: 9437: 9436: 9409:Teutonic Cemetery 9307: 9306: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9247: 9230: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9183:Civita Castellana 9086: 9030: 9004: 9003: 8769: 8706:Age of Revolution 8679:Donation of Pepin 8674:Donation of Sutri 8614:international law 8533: 8532: 8300:Prelate of Honour 7867: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7597: 7596: 6052:Cañizares Llovera 5492:Thomas J. Reese, 5182:. Retrieved from 5096:Belfast Telegraph 5048:Los Angeles Times 4823:Thomas J. Reese, 4743:"Cardinal Priest" 4361:of 5 May 1914 in 4070:Galveston-Houston 3974:England and Wales 3963:the United States 3376:"Papal Elections" 3324:cardinals.fiu.edu 3305:978-1-60620-935-6 3098:Stanisław Dziwisz 3096:, and Archbishop 3017:Karl Josef Becker 3011:Examples include 2987:Giuseppe Ferretto 2798:Pope Benedict XVI 2634:Godfried Danneels 2581:Pope John Paul II 2484:but not yet been 2319:Jean-Louis Tauran 2297:Pope Benedict XVI 2263:Aurelio Sabattani 2229:Pope John Paul II 2159:Alfredo Ottaviani 2035:John Henry Newman 1916:and provided all 1498:particular church 1445:Cardinal Innitzer 1311:Henry of Portugal 997: 996: 733:Additional titles 669:Master of novices 358:Military ordinary 353:Military chaplain 294:Liturgical titles 284:Territorial abbot 180:Apostolic prefect 165:Apostolic visitor 16:(Redirected from 11804: 11754: 11753: 11744: 11743: 11486:Redemptoristines 11334:Religious orders 11260:Anti-Catholicism 11210:Church buildings 11070:Catholic liturgy 10810:Consecrated life 10668:Apostolic Palace 10635:Synod of Bishops 10571: 10570: 10547: 10153:Ten Commandments 10086: 10085: 10068: 9969:Age of Discovery 9803:Great Commission 9771: 9770: 9755: 9709: 9702: 9695: 9686: 9685: 9672: 9671: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9562:extraterritorial 9557: 9556: 9535:Adjacent gardens 9495:Nympheum of Nero 9444:extraterritorial 9439: 9438: 9331:Sancta Sanctorum 9309: 9308: 9272: 9271: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9251: 9250: 9239: 9090: 9089: 9071: 9068:province of Rome 9034: 9033: 9015: 8866:Apostolic Camera 8773: 8772: 8755: 8637:Primacy of Peter 8560: 8553: 8546: 8537: 8536: 8523: 8522: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8348:Apostolic Camera 8305:Prince assistant 8231:Sedia gestatoria 7904:Primate of Italy 7863: 7794:Papal apartments 7789:Apostolic Palace 7756:extraterritorial 7712: 7711: 7661: 7660: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7601: 7600: 7587: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7552: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7519: 7511: 7491: 7482: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7422: 7413: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7382: 7373: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7313: 7304: 7297: 7288: 7279: 7270: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7236:Cardinal deacons 7227: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7125: 7122:Jiménez Carvajal 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7023: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6979: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6941: 6933: 6931:García Rodríguez 6926: 6919: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6850: 6841: 6834: 6826: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6764: 6757: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6694: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6648: 6639: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6593: 6586: 6577: 6568: 6561: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6530: 6528:Brenes Solórzano 6523: 6516: 6509: 6500: 6491: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6459: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6390: 6381: 6372: 6365: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6335:Abril y Castelló 6329: 6320: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6281: 6272: 6263: 6254: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6222: 6215: 6206: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6161: 6152: 6143: 6134: 6131:Martínez Sistach 6125: 6116: 6107: 6100: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6031: 6022: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5931: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5859: 5850: 5841: 5834: 5825: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5795:Sandoval Íñiguez 5789: 5782: 5773: 5764: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5719: 5710: 5697:Cardinal priests 5688: 5681: 5672: 5665: 5656: 5649: 5640: 5632: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5596: 5583:Cardinal bishops 5574: 5553: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5509: 5508: 5430: 5418: 5416:"Cardinal" 5409: 5401: 5399:"Cardinal" 5392: 5371: 5363: 5354: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5200: 5194: 5172:Major Archbishop 5164: 5158: 5157: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5113: 5104: 5089: 5083: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5010: 5004: 4990: 4984: 4971: 4965: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4878: 4872: 4854: 4848: 4834: 4828: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4797: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4541: 4534: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4473: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4339: 4333: 4330:978-0-80910502-1 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4238:. 28 June 2017. 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4202: 4196: 4193:Stimmen der Zeit 4189: 4183: 3950:The websites of 3948: 3942: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3889:. Archived from 3888: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3835:. Archived from 3830: 3822: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3722: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3639: 3637: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3545: 3539: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3444: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3413: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3385: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3266: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3221:"Cardinal" 3215: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3118: 3101: 3092:, Archbishop of 3076:, Archbishop of 3068:, Archbishop of 3056:The three were: 3054: 3048: 3029:Aloys Grillmeier 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2983: 2977: 2966:Tommaso Zigliara 2954: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2927: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2879: 2763:Eastern Catholic 2758:, New York City) 2681:Cardinal Bertone 2677: 2640:: scarlet (red) 2625: 2606: 2541: 2510:Pope Benedict XV 2239:Sergio Pignedoli 2221:Pope John Paul I 2125:Camillo Laurenti 2101:Pope Benedict XV 2014:Cardinal Martino 2012:Coat of arms of 1885:Cardinal deacons 1807:Cardinal-priest 1752:Cardinal priests 1725:titular churches 1702:cardinal priests 1578:Cardinal bishops 1436:Titular churches 1372: 1369:In nomine Domini 1356:Pope Nicholas II 1338:Pope Clement XII 1303:Guillaume Dubois 1219:East-West Schism 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 989: 982: 975: 959: 958: 934:Grand Inquisitor 922:Teutonic Knights 799:Honorary Prelate 721:Superior general 510:Personal prelate 498:Assistant pastor 407:Devil's advocate 257:Auxiliary bishop 252:Coadjutor bishop 242:Suffragan bishop 232:Major archbishop 175:Apostolic exarch 160:Apostolic Syndic 150:Apostolic nuncio 66: 54:Hierarchy of the 39: 32: 31: 21: 11812: 11811: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11782:Bishops by type 11767: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11738: 11730: 11709: 11692:Relief Services 11658: 11604:Catholic Action 11594:Military orders 11531:Confraternities 11523:of the faithful 11522: 11515: 11337: 11328: 11264: 11170: 11064: 10923: 10915: 10848:Prior, Prioress 10804: 10697: 10693:Vatican Museums 10644: 10577: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10546: 10540: 10465: 10419:Social teaching 10386: 10325: 10270: 10225:One true church 10189: 10166:Sixtine Vulgate 10162:Official Bible 10076: 10072: 10067: 10055: 9973: 9905: 9850: 9820:Petrine primacy 9763: 9759: 9754: 9746: 9718: 9716:Catholic Church 9713: 9683: 9678: 9666: 9656: 9654: 9646: 9615:Papal household 9583: 9561: 9555: 9511: 9501: 9487:Sant'Apollinare 9485:Two Palaces of 9481:Russian College 9443: 9433: 9303: 9276:Major basilicas 9255: 9244: 9241: 9238: 9222: 9159: 9136: 9081: 9070: 9067: 9060: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9011: 9000: 8929:Of the Holy See 8924:To the Holy See 8907: 8905:Foreign affairs 8899: 8847: 8817: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8752:judicial entity 8751: 8744: 8618: 8596:Diocese of Rome 8569: 8564: 8534: 8529: 8517: 8507: 8505: 8497: 8466:Canonised popes 8396: 8387:Cappella Giulia 8314: 8278:Papal majordomo 8240: 8214: 8117: 8024: 7971: 7923: 7862: 7854: 7827:Major basilicas 7821: 7763: 7718: 7710: 7692:Diocese of Rome 7667: 7650: 7633: 7628: 7598: 7593: 7581: 7569: 7557: 7548: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7514: 7502: 7494: 7485: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7425: 7416: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7385: 7376: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7307: 7300: 7291: 7282: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7243: 7230: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7128: 7119: 7112: 7107:Martínez Flores 7105: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6982: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6954:Ramazzini Imeri 6952: 6944: 6938:Ambongo Besungu 6936: 6929: 6922: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6837: 6829: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6767: 6760: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6729: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6697: 6688: 6683:Sturla Berhouet 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6651: 6642: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6596: 6589: 6583:Ezzati Andrello 6580: 6571: 6564: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6503: 6494: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6462: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6393: 6384: 6375: 6368: 6359: 6350: 6341: 6332: 6323: 6314: 6307: 6302:Patabendige Don 6300: 6293: 6284: 6275: 6266: 6257: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6225: 6218: 6209: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6164: 6155: 6146: 6137: 6128: 6119: 6110: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6034: 6025: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5952: 5943: 5934: 5925: 5919:Cipriani Thorne 5916: 5907: 5898: 5889: 5880: 5871: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5837: 5828: 5819: 5810: 5801: 5792: 5785: 5776: 5767: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5734:López Rodríguez 5731: 5722: 5713: 5704: 5691: 5684: 5675: 5668: 5659: 5652: 5643: 5635: 5629:Saraiva Martins 5626: 5617: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5577: 5564:Catholic Church 5558: 5549: 5541: 5536: 5502:Cardinal Rating 5446: 5389: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5293:Wayback Machine 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5191:Wayback Machine 5165: 5161: 5149: 5147: 5138: 5137: 5130: 5128: 5115: 5114: 5107: 5090: 5086: 5080:Wayback Machine 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5011: 5007: 5001:Wayback Machine 4991: 4987: 4981:Wayback Machine 4972: 4968: 4962:Wayback Machine 4955:, 15 April 1962 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4879: 4875: 4869:Wayback Machine 4855: 4851: 4845:Wayback Machine 4835: 4831: 4822: 4815: 4799: 4798: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4575: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4435: 4434: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4375: 4372:Wayback Machine 4353:Wayback Machine 4346:(New York 1911) 4340: 4336: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4190: 4186: 4180:Wayback Machine 4169:Wayback Machine 4158:Wayback Machine 4147:Wayback Machine 4136:Wayback Machine 4125:Wayback Machine 4114:Wayback Machine 4099:Wayback Machine 4088:Wayback Machine 4077:Wayback Machine 4066:Wayback Machine 4051:Wayback Machine 4040:Wayback Machine 4025:Wayback Machine 4014:Wayback Machine 4003:Wayback Machine 3992:Wayback Machine 3981:Wayback Machine 3970:Wayback Machine 3959:Wayback Machine 3949: 3945: 3939:Wayback Machine 3929: 3925: 3917: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3749: 3723: 3719: 3708: 3706: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3635: 3633: 3626: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3546: 3542: 3536:Wayback Machine 3527: 3523: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3347:(1 July 2016). 3345:Manuel Clemente 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3257: 3250: 3239: 3235: 3216: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3171: 3167: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3066:Marian Jaworski 3055: 3051: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2984: 2980: 2955: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2893: 2889: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2843:Cardinal-nephew 2834: 2696:cardinal wears 2684: 2678: 2669: 2626: 2617: 2607: 2595: 2589: 2532: 2526: 2514:Pope John XXIII 2502:Teodolfo Mertel 2474: 2468: 2466:"Lay cardinals" 2405:Pope John XXIII 2374: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2257:Giuseppe Caprio 2245:Umberto Mozzoni 2211:Charles Journet 2149:Pope John XXIII 2111:Gaetano Bisleti 2091:Francesco Segna 2006: 1974: 1918:social services 1906:Papal Household 1887: 1853:Pope John XXIII 1781:Diocese of Rome 1754: 1746:Leonardo Sandri 1679:decreed in his 1670:Pope John XXIII 1580: 1564: 1510:Pope Urban VIII 1506: 1466: 1458:Main articles: 1438: 1391:Pope John XXIII 1383: 1352: 1350:Papal elections 1291:Cardinal Wolsey 1272:kings of France 1254:diocese of Rome 1201:, ruler of the 1139: 1133: 1112:titular bishops 1053:Catholic Church 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 993: 953: 946: 945: 902: 894: 893: 734: 726: 725: 619: 611: 610: 328: 320: 319: 295: 227:Diocesan bishop 222:Bishop emeritus 170:Vicar apostolic 145:Papal majordomo 71: 56:Catholic Church 55: 28: 23: 22: 18:Cardinal bishop 15: 12: 11: 5: 11810: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11758: 11748: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11710: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11668: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11639:Legion of Mary 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11587: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11568:Lay Carmelites 11565: 11555: 11554: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11527: 11525: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11416:Conceptionists 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11351:Assumptionists 11347: 11345: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11319: 11312: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11280: 11274: 11272: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11196: 11195: 11184: 11182: 11176: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11074: 11072: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11053:Syro-Malankara 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11003:Italo-Albanian 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10935: 10929: 10927: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10891: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10867: 10857: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10821: 10814: 10812: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10723: 10712: 10710: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10673:Lateran Treaty 10670: 10665: 10660: 10654: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10599: 10594: 10585: 10583: 10568: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10492: 10491: 10486: 10475: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10456: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10434: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10409:Moral theology 10406: 10400: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10335: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10280: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10239: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10199: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10173: 10168: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10109: 10108: 10103: 10092: 10090: 10083: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10004: 9994: 9983: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9924:Pope Gregory I 9921: 9915: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9898: 9896:Biblical canon 9893: 9891:Late antiquity 9888: 9887: 9886: 9881: 9871: 9866: 9860: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9836: 9835: 9834: 9827:Church fathers 9824: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9779: 9777: 9768: 9761:Ecclesiastical 9748: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9712: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9689: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9676: 9664: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9632: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9599: 9597: 9593: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9565: 9563: 9554: 9553: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9533: 9527: 9524: 9515: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9489: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9465: 9460: 9454: 9450:Palace of the 9447: 9445: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9411: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9343: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9316:Lateran Palace 9312: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9278: 9268: 9267: 9259: 9248: 9245:territoriality 9232: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9169: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9152: 9146: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9107:Velletri-Segni 9104: 9098: 9096: 9087: 9066:Ecclesiastical 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9042: 9040: 9031: 9022:full communion 9006: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8986: 8985: 8984: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8965:European Union 8962: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8946:United Nations 8943: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8926: 8921: 8915: 8913: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8868: 8857: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8841:Papal conclave 8833: 8827: 8825: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8808: 8798: 8796:Pietro Parolin 8790: 8781: 8779: 8770: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8728:Lateran Treaty 8720: 8715: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8694:Temporal power 8686: 8684:Avignon Papacy 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8657:Lateran Palace 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8628: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8607: 8598: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8563: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8540: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8515: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8491:Western Schism 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8449:Major Seminary 8441: 8440: 8439: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8408:Papal nobility 8404: 8402: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8350: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8270: 8265: 8256: 8250: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8219:Transportation 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8195: 8193:Sub-cinctorium 8190: 8189: 8188: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8127: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8057: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7990: 7985: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7952:Keys of Heaven 7949: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7879:Bishop of Rome 7876: 7870: 7868: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7831: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7799:Sistine Chapel 7796: 7786: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7747:Lateran Treaty 7730: 7728: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7675: 7673: 7670:Full communion 7658: 7652: 7651: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7604: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7579: 7567: 7554: 7553: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7537: 7534:Titular church 7521: 7520: 7512: 7505:papal conclave 7499: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7483: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7423: 7414: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7383: 7374: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7305: 7298: 7289: 7285:Ladaria Ferrer 7280: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7240: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7126: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6980: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6886:Barreto Jimeno 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6851: 6847:Mangkhanekhoun 6842: 6835: 6827: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6788: 6781: 6778:Porras Cardozo 6774: 6765: 6758: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6727: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6695: 6691:Blázquez Pérez 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6649: 6640: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6594: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6562: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6501: 6492: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6460: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6391: 6382: 6373: 6366: 6357: 6348: 6339: 6330: 6321: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6282: 6273: 6264: 6255: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6223: 6216: 6207: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6135: 6126: 6117: 6108: 6101: 6092: 6083: 6074: 6065: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6032: 6023: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5932: 5928:Herranz Casado 5923: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5892:Errázuriz Ossa 5887: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5851: 5847:Rivera Carrera 5842: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5783: 5774: 5765: 5756: 5747: 5738: 5729: 5720: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5682: 5673: 5666: 5657: 5650: 5641: 5633: 5624: 5615: 5606: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5555: 5554: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5499: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5460: 5454: 5445: 5444:External links 5442: 5441: 5440: 5431: 5421:Chisholm, Hugh 5410: 5393: 5387: 5372: 5355: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5297: 5278: 5248: 5226: 5195: 5166:Photograph of 5159: 5150:|journal= 5105: 5084: 5065: 5034: 5005: 4985: 4966: 4953:Cum gravissima 4943: 4934: 4917:www.vatican.va 4904: 4889:(in Italian). 4873: 4849: 4829: 4813: 4784: 4764: 4741:Hardon, John. 4733: 4702: 4676: 4645: 4619: 4592: 4573: 4553: 4519: 4492: 4458: 4425: 4398: 4334: 4319:John P. Beal, 4311: 4285: 4253: 4227: 4210:www.vatican.va 4197: 4184: 3943: 3923: 3899: 3875: 3845: 3817: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3774: 3747: 3717: 3689: 3654: 3624: 3604: 3571: 3540: 3521: 3514: 3494: 3461: 3430: 3399: 3392: 3366: 3336: 3311: 3304: 3284: 3277: 3248: 3233: 3205: 3196: 3165: 3143: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3049: 3045:Albert Vanhoye 3037:Leo Scheffczyk 3033:Henri de Lubac 3004: 2995: 2978: 2949: 2936: 2922: 2912: 2902: 2887: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2732:and a scarlet 2686: 2685: 2679: 2672: 2670: 2666:pectoral cross 2627: 2620: 2618: 2608: 2601: 2599: 2591:Main article: 2588: 2585: 2548:Western Schism 2546:). During the 2528:Main article: 2525: 2518: 2470:Main article: 2467: 2464: 2456:pectoral cross 2433:papal conclave 2429:Albert Vanhoye 2373: 2370: 2366:papal conclave 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2330: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2217:Pericle Felici 2214: 2208: 2202: 2195:Michael Browne 2192: 2186: 2180: 2170: 2156: 2142: 2128: 2122: 2108: 2094: 2088: 2078: 2064: 2058: 2048: 2042: 2032: 2025:Giuseppe Pecci 2005: 2002: 1973: 1970: 1954:papal blessing 1886: 1883: 1820:titular church 1753: 1750: 1579: 1576: 1563: 1560: 1505: 1502: 1470:titular church 1460:Titular church 1437: 1434: 1382: 1379: 1360:Bishop of Rome 1351: 1348: 1276:crown-cardinal 1227:titular church 1195:Pope Zacharias 1184:a synod of 769 1175:late antiquity 1161:etymologically 1132: 1129: 995: 994: 992: 991: 984: 977: 969: 966: 965: 964: 963: 948: 947: 944: 943: 938: 937: 936: 926: 925: 924: 919: 914: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 892: 891: 886: 881: 876: 874:Protosyncellus 871: 866: 861: 859:Promotor Fidei 856: 854:Prince-provost 851: 849:Prince-primate 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 724: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 692: 691: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 607: 606: 598: 597: 596: 591: 589:Judicial vicar 581: 576: 575: 574: 569: 564: 562:Servant of God 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 533: 532: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 501: 500: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 469: 468: 463: 453: 452: 451: 446: 445: 444: 439: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 393: 392: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 361: 360: 355: 345: 340: 335: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 287: 286: 281: 276: 275: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 247:Titular bishop 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 209: 208: 207: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 126: 125: 120: 115: 110: 108:Cardinal Vicar 100: 99: 98: 85: 84: 73: 72: 67: 59: 58: 50: 49: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11809: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11757: 11749: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11736: 11733: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11711: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11687:Home Missions 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11661: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11580:Saint Francis 11578: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11563:Saint Dominic 11561: 11560: 11559: 11556: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11533: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11518: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11376:Bethlehemites 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11335: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11313: 11311: 11310: 11306: 11303: 11299: 11298:Vatican Radio 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11285: 11284: 11283:Vatican Media 11281: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11271: 11267: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11177: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11080: 11079: 11076: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10878: 10875: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10822: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10807: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10731: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10647: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10580:List of popes 10576: 10572: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10543: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10393: 10383: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10364:Mother of God 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10261: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10249:People of God 10247: 10245: 10244: 10240: 10238: 10237:Infallibility 10235: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10205: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10183: 10179: 10178: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10113:Body and soul 10111: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10071: 10066: 10062: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10016:Enlightenment 10014: 10012: 10009: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9987:Protestantism 9985: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9976: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9964:Scholasticism 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9949:Schism (1378) 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9934:Schism (1054) 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9853: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9837: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9785: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9753: 9749: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9717: 9710: 9705: 9703: 9698: 9696: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9663: 9653: 9652: 9649: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9620:Peter's Pence 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9548: 9547:Vatican Radio 9545: 9543: 9539: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9508: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9455: 9453: 9452:Holy Apostles 9449: 9448: 9446: 9440: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9310: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9237: 9233: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9178:Anagni-Alatri 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9139: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9088: 9084: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9028: 9027:Papal primacy 9023: 9019: 9013: 9007: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8963: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8906: 8902: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8888:Congregations 8886: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8820: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8771: 8767: 8762: 8759:international 8753: 8747: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8669:Duchy of Rome 8667: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8632:Apostolic see 8630: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8581:episcopal see 8579: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8561: 8556: 8554: 8549: 8547: 8542: 8541: 8538: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8514: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8370:Congregations 8368: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7983:Infallibility 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976:Proclamations 7974: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7937:Coats of arms 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7620: 7618: 7613: 7611: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7577: 7568: 7565: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7523: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7411: 7410:Vérgez Alzaga 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7248: 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6705: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497:Salazar Gómez 6493: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6362:Coccopalmerio 6358: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6196: 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July 2007. 4295: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4194: 4188: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3892: 3885: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3748:9789004415447 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3631: 3627: 3625:9780385504560 3621: 3617: 3616: 3608: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3517: 3515:9780674418028 3511: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3450: 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with 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:Walter Kasper 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:Cardinal Sarr 2605: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552:Pope Martin V 2549: 2545: 2544:in the breast 2540: 2539: 2531: 2523: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498:lay cardinals 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:first tonsure 2473: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425:Roberto Tucci 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397:Reginald Pole 2394: 2393:lay cardinals 2390: 2382: 2381:Reginald Pole 2378: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2354:The Cardinal 2342: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2189:Antonio Bacci 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:Nicola Canali 2143: 2140: 2136: 2135:Pope Pius XII 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061:Isidoro Verga 2059: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1966:mitra simplex 1963: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1930:Pope Sixtus V 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1844:Pope Sixtus V 1841: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1826:around Rome. 1825: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1809:Thomas Wolsey 1805: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1768:of important 1767: 1763: 1759: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 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11456:Mercedarians 11441:Hieronymites 11386:Camaldoleses 11371:Benedictines 11361:Augustinians 11321: 11314: 11307: 11288:Vatican News 11242:Distinctions 11048:Syro-Malabar 10933:Latin Church 10855:Grand master 10753:Metropolitan 10650:Vatican City 10605: 10545:Organisation 10424:Philosophers 10289:Confirmation 10266:In canon law 10260:Subsistit in 10258: 10254:Three states 10241: 10202: 10195:Ecclesiology 10177:Nova Vulgata 10175: 10133:Original sin 10128:Nicene Creed 10118:Divine grace 10077: 9959:Universities 9929:Papal States 9856:Great Church 9798:Resurrection 9775:Early Church 9602: 9424:Beda College 9326:Scala Sancta 9150:Montecassino 9083:Vatican City 8800: 8766:Legal status 8735:World War II 8723:Vatican City 8718:Savoyard era 8689:Papal States 8605:Vatican City 8330: 8236:Shepherd One 8096:Inauguration 8061:Urbi et Orbi 8059: 7874:His Holiness 7783:Vatican City 7776:Headquarters 7716:Vatican City 7678: 7656:Jurisdiction 7508: 7486: 7477: 7426: 7417: 7386: 7379:Cantalamessa 7377: 7368: 7338: 7318:Ayuso Guixot 7310:Bocos Merino 7308: 7292: 7283: 7274: 7244: 7222: 7129: 7120: 7027: 6983: 6974: 6968:López Romero 6916:Ticona Porco 6914: 6884: 6878:Santos Marto 6854: 6845: 6821: 6801:Aguiar Retes 6791: 6768: 6747:Osoro Sierra 6730: 6721: 6698: 6689: 6669:Kovithavanij 6652: 6643: 6634: 6597: 6581: 6572: 6556: 6504: 6495: 6486: 6463: 6454: 6417: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6360: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6315: 6285: 6276: 6267: 6258: 6249: 6226: 6210: 6201: 6156: 6147: 6138: 6129: 6120: 6111: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6058: 6035: 6026: 6017: 5994: 5971: 5962: 5953: 5944: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5890: 5881: 5872: 5863: 5854: 5845: 5829: 5822:Rouco Varela 5820: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5777: 5768: 5761:Darmaatmadja 5759: 5750: 5741: 5732: 5723: 5714: 5705: 5676: 5660: 5644: 5627: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5591: 5568:Pope Francis 5559: 5493: 5482:by GCatholic 5476:by GCatholic 5470:by GCatholic 5434: 5424: 5403: 5377: 5365: 5326: 5322: 5315:Bibliography 5305: 5300: 5281: 5269:. Retrieved 5260: 5251: 5236: 5229: 5217:. Retrieved 5209:Boston Globe 5208: 5198: 5168:Josyf Slipyj 5162: 5141:cite journal 5129:. Retrieved 5095: 5087: 5068: 5056:. Retrieved 5047: 5037: 5025:. Retrieved 5015: 5008: 4994:canon 351 §1 4988: 4974:canon 232 §1 4969: 4952: 4946: 4937: 4925:. Retrieved 4916: 4907: 4895:. Retrieved 4886: 4876: 4862:Canon 355 §2 4852: 4832: 4824: 4774: 4767: 4755:. Retrieved 4746: 4736: 4724:. Retrieved 4715: 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4679: 4667:. Retrieved 4658: 4648: 4636:. Retrieved 4622: 4610:. Retrieved 4595: 4583:. Retrieved 4563: 4556: 4544:. Retrieved 4528: 4522: 4510:. Retrieved 4495: 4483:. Retrieved 4467: 4461: 4449:. Retrieved 4440: 4416:. Retrieved 4401: 4389:. Retrieved 4381:www.ewtn.com 4380: 4362: 4358: 4343: 4337: 4320: 4314: 4302:. Retrieved 4288: 4276:. Retrieved 4265: 4256: 4244:. Retrieved 4230: 4218:. Retrieved 4209: 4200: 4192: 4187: 4140:Philadelphia 3952:the Holy See 3946: 3926: 3902: 3891:the original 3878: 3866:. 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Retrieved 3125: 3116: 3084:, Bishop of 3074:Jānis Pujāts 3060:, Bishop of 3052: 3025:Avery Dulles 3007: 2998: 2981: 2952: 2944: 2939: 2934:, Urban VIII 2931: 2925: 2915: 2905: 2895: 2890: 2877: 2826: 2810: 2791: 2787:coat of arms 2768: 2761: 2737: 2694:Latin Church 2687: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2543: 2533: 2521: 2482:minor orders 2475: 2472:Lay cardinal 2440:pontificalia 2437: 2421:dispensation 2389:minor orders 2386: 2361:sede vacante 2359: 2353: 2338: 2323:Pope Francis 2293:Jorge Medina 2251:Opilio Rossi 2163:Pope Paul VI 2115:Pope Pius XI 2067:Luigi Macchi 1986:Vatican City 1975: 1965: 1958:Papal Masses 1950:Urbi et Orbi 1948: 1946: 1937: 1934: 1922: 1903: 1888: 1867: 1865: 1861:John Paul II 1836:Roman Empire 1833: 1828:Pope Paul VI 1813: 1796: 1784: 1778: 1755: 1735: 1730:pro hac vice 1728: 1721:Pope Francis 1718: 1706:Angelo Scola 1698:Latin Church 1685: 1682:motu proprio 1680: 1677:Pope Paul VI 1674: 1663: 1596: 1556:Pope Francis 1551: 1549: 1545:proclamation 1539: 1522: 1520: 1513: 1507: 1487: 1477: 1474:city of Rome 1467: 1426: 1411: 1404: 1401:Pope Paul VI 1394: 1384: 1353: 1341: 1319: 1283:early modern 1280: 1269: 1265:Jesus Christ 1258: 1245: 1241: 1238:incardinated 1233: 1231: 1216: 1192: 1156: 1154: 1122: 1108:archdioceses 1091: 1089: 1020: 1018: 907:Grand master 844:Prince-abbot 744:Altar server 659:Grand master 601:Vicar forane 466:Minor orders 461:Major orders 449:Lay cardinal 442:Commendatory 195:Metropolitan 140:Papal legate 102: 29: 11716:Health care 11702:Pax Christi 11654:Schoenstatt 11619:Sant'Egidio 11451:Legionaries 11431:Franciscans 11406:Cistercians 11401:Carthusians 11356:Annonciades 11215:Altarpieces 11108:West Syriac 11103:East Syriac 11083:Alexandrian 10707:Holy orders 10688:Swiss Guard 10628:Dicasteries 10623:Roman Curia 10521:Evangelists 10479:Holy Family 10414:Personalism 10404:Natural law 10382:Josephology 10316:Holy orders 9954:Inquisition 9911:Middle Ages 9901:Monasticism 9869:Constantine 9793:Crucifixion 9642:Swiss Guard 9389:Palazzo Pio 8893:Dicasteries 8871:Commissions 8861:Roman Curia 8740:Warsaw Pact 8456:Swiss Guard 8375:Dicasteries 8353:Commissions 8343:Roman Curia 8263:Swiss Guard 8036:Arbitration 7865:Papal names 7754:along with 6976:Tamkevičius 6894:Tsarahazana 6856:Rosa Chávez 6740:Nzapalainga 6654:Suárez Inda 6317:Brandmüller 6140:Vingt-Trois 5955:Zubeir Wako 5329:: 129–214. 5271:20 February 5219:8 September 5131:1 September 4836:Ap. 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