34:
364:
530:
483:
2712:
538:
469:
The pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies is better understood at the cellular level with advances in molecular techniques. Mutant proteins can disturb cardiac function in the contractile apparatus (or mechanosensitive complexes). Cardiomyocyte alterations and their persistent responses at the cellular
473:
Cardiomyopathies are generally varied individually. Different factors can cause
Cardiomyopathies in adults as well as children. To exemplify, Dilated Cardiomyopathy in adults is associated with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy, Hypertension, Valvular diseases, and Genetics. While in Children, Neuromuscular
2527:
Maron BJ, Udelson JE, Bonow RO, Nishimura RA, Ackerman MJ, Estes NA, Cooper LT, Link MS, Maron MS (1 December 2015). "Eligibility and
Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 3: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right
461:(AHA) definition divides cardiomyopathies into primary, which affect the heart alone, and secondary, which are the result of illness affecting other parts of the body. These categories are further broken down into subgroups which incorporate new genetic and molecular biology knowledge.
354:
affected 2.5 million people. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects about 1 in 500 people while dilated cardiomyopathy affects 1 in 2,500. They resulted in 354,000 deaths up from 294,000 in 1990. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is more common in young people.
428:
Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are part of a generalized systemic disorder, both often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure-related disability. Other diseases that cause heart muscle dysfunction are excluded, such as
453:
A more clinical categorization of cardiomyopathy as 'hypertrophied', 'dilated', or 'restrictive', has become difficult to maintain because some of the conditions could fulfill more than one of those three categories at any particular stage of their development.
271:
As of 2013, cardiomyopathies are defined as "disorders characterized by morphologically and functionally abnormal myocardium in the absence of any other disease that is sufficient, by itself, to cause the observed phenotype." Types of cardiomyopathy include
759:
Treatment may include suggestion of lifestyle changes to better manage the condition. Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease, but may include medication (conservative treatment) or iatrogenic/implanted
441:. Often, the underlying cause remains unknown, but in many cases the cause may be identifiable. Alcoholism, for example, has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as has drug toxicity, and certain infections (including
424:
diseases, neuromuscular disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, malformation syndromes and sometimes are unidentified. Non-genetic cardiomyopathies can have definitive causes such as viral infections, myocarditis and others.
2629:
2606:
449:
can cause cardiomyopathies, which can completely reverse with a timely diagnosis. In addition to acquired causes, molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes.
1074:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1022:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1224:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
776:
for recurring dysrhythmias that cannot be eliminated by medication or mechanical cardioversion. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a
1658:
Westphal JG, Rigopoulos AG, Bakogiannis C, Ludwig SE, Mavrogeni S, Bigalke B, et al. (2017). "The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: current status and future outlook".
1145:
Arbustini E, Narula N, Dec GW, Reddy KS, Greenberg B, Kushwaha S, Marwick T, Pinney S, Bellazzi R, Favalli V, Kramer C, Roberts R, Zoghbi WA, Bonow R, Tavazzi L (3 December 2013).
2528:
Ventricular
Cardiomyopathy and Other Cardiomyopathies, and Myocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology".
342:
Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and the severity of symptoms. Treatments may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. Surgery may include a
3427:
586:
1446:"Dysregulation of Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutic Strategies"
1273:"Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy Beyond heart failure: a Cardiomyopathy Clinic Doctor's point of view"
561:
995:
958:
874:
2579:
2108:
919:
839:
1562:
Lakdawala NK, Stevenson LW, Loscalzo J (2015). "Chapter 287". In Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (eds.).
1861:
1208:
3068:
285:
147:
2758:
474:
diseases such as Becker muscular dystrophy, including X-linked genetic disorder, are directly linked with their
Cardiomyopathies.
3485:
2802:
765:
292:(broken heart syndrome). In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart muscle enlarges and thickens. In dilated cardiomyopathy the
2466:
2331:
2205:
2139:
1855:
1596:
1571:
1202:
1129:
2337:
658:
not formally included in the classification, due to ischemic cardiomyopathy being a direct result of another cardiac problem
3289:
3126:
3480:
3294:
3284:
2873:
3591:
3422:
3036:
303:, whereas dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in about one third of cases. Dilated cardiomyopathy may also result from
3462:
3457:
2160:
Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB (11 April 2006).
3326:
3107:
1389:"Infantile Onset Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Secondary to PRKAG2 Gene Mutation is Associated with Poor Prognosis"
3402:
3397:
3321:
3748:
3624:
3553:
3385:
3121:
3743:
3536:
3519:
3452:
3372:
2751:
800:
567:
33:
2727:
3586:
3031:
555:
273:
132:
3568:
3056:
3041:
691:
602:
458:
281:
142:
3115:
3646:
3343:
3311:
3238:
2965:
769:
343:
987:
3770:
3596:
3526:
3316:
3213:
3194:
3024:
2797:
2644:
794:
640:
368:
336:
289:
152:
1019:
3841:
3803:
3777:
3765:
3753:
3738:
3472:
3414:
3218:
3199:
2851:
2791:
2744:
2100:
1146:
950:
866:
686:
653:
430:
312:
98:
911:
831:
3392:
3358:
3301:
3279:
3101:
3083:
3019:
2886:
2839:
2767:
1845:
736:
596:
277:
137:
2684:
1192:
470:
level cause changes that are correlated with sudden cardiac death and other cardiac problems.
3156:
3151:
3046:
2961:
2856:
618:
416:(familial) or non-genetic (acquired) origin. Genetic cardiomyopathies usually are caused by
3652:
3180:
3161:
3061:
2972:
2915:
761:
265:
116:
8:
3657:
3514:
3509:
3432:
3336:
3306:
3265:
2891:
2808:
2633:
1589:
Pathophysiology of heart disease: a collaborative project of medical students and faculty
2717:
3760:
3558:
3380:
3331:
2956:
2903:
2813:
2561:
2510:
2477:
2440:
2407:
2389:
2356:
2297:
2272:
2197:
2079:
2017:
1984:
1960:
1933:
1909:
1884:
1821:
1794:
1770:
1743:
1683:
1539:
1504:
1480:
1445:
1421:
1388:
1364:
1329:
1310:
1248:
1223:
1174:
1098:
1073:
1046:
1021:
731:
261:
70:
2177:
1239:
1089:
1037:
299:
In many cases, the cause cannot be determined. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually
3820:
3671:
3629:
3544:
3362:
3260:
2977:
2920:
2818:
2655:
2565:
2553:
2545:
2515:
2497:
2462:
2445:
2427:
2394:
2376:
2327:
2323:
Pediatric
Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues
2302:
2253:
2189:
2181:
2135:
2071:
2063:
2022:
2004:
1965:
1914:
1851:
1826:
1775:
1724:
1675:
1637:
1633:
1602:
1592:
1567:
1544:
1526:
1505:"Genetic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Causes and Consequences—An Integrative Approach"
1485:
1467:
1426:
1408:
1369:
1351:
1302:
1294:
1253:
1198:
1166:
1125:
1103:
1051:
1020:
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016).
773:
701:
581:
293:
245:
83:
58:
2638:
2083:
1687:
1314:
1221:
1178:
1147:"The MOGE(S) Classification for a Phenotype–Genotype Nomenclature of Cardiomyopathy"
1071:
3793:
3685:
3578:
3274:
2537:
2505:
2489:
2435:
2419:
2384:
2368:
2292:
2284:
2243:
2201:
2173:
2053:
2012:
1996:
1955:
1945:
1904:
1896:
1816:
1806:
1765:
1755:
1714:
1667:
1629:
1534:
1516:
1475:
1457:
1416:
1400:
1359:
1341:
1284:
1243:
1235:
1158:
1093:
1085:
1041:
1033:
777:
608:
577:
413:
347:
332:
320:
257:
111:
2161:
2058:
2041:
3815:
3207:
3188:
3175:
2982:
2861:
2736:
2649:
2541:
2321:
2288:
1591:(5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
721:
706:
676:
573:
518:
328:
181:
1162:
3808:
3716:
3614:
3606:
3504:
3007:
2994:
2695:
2248:
2231:
510:
446:
304:
176:
42:
2660:
2615:
2372:
1671:
1289:
1272:
3835:
3798:
3709:
2844:
2549:
2501:
2493:
2431:
2380:
2185:
2067:
2008:
1606:
1530:
1471:
1412:
1355:
1346:
1298:
253:
106:
2623:
2619:
1795:"Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review"
3730:
3704:
3548:
3496:
3169:
3145:
3092:
2951:
2557:
2519:
2449:
2423:
2398:
2306:
2257:
2193:
2075:
2026:
1969:
1918:
1830:
1779:
1728:
1702:
1679:
1641:
1548:
1489:
1430:
1404:
1373:
1306:
1257:
1170:
1107:
1055:
644:
627:
438:
434:
421:
379:
Shortness of breath or trouble breathing, especially with physical exertion
363:
308:
237:
186:
2000:
1950:
1900:
1811:
1760:
541:
Stained microscopic section of heart muscle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
529:
296:
enlarge and weaken. In restrictive cardiomyopathy the ventricle stiffens.
3665:
3563:
3353:
3270:
3252:
3078:
3051:
3002:
2943:
2679:
1620:
Adam A, Nicholson C, Owens L (2008). "Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy".
1521:
1222:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators (17 December 2014).
648:
631:
623:
442:
351:
324:
249:
216:
191:
88:
50:
2230:
Séguéla PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB (2015).
1703:"Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor?"
490:
Among the diagnostic procedures done to determine a cardiomyopathy are:
3693:
3243:
2690:
2232:"Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects"
1462:
1072:
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators (8 October 2016).
711:
500:
63:
2598:
1719:
2162:"Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies"
1444:
Law ML, Cohen H, Martin AA, Angulski AB, Metzger JM (February 2020).
635:
417:
1742:
Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH (2017).
482:
240:. Early on there may be few or no symptoms. As the disease worsens,
3619:
2776:
1934:"Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era"
1657:
789:
300:
171:
46:
2101:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy? - NHLBI, NIH"
647:
of and injury to heart tissue due in part to its infiltration by
630:
of and injury to heart tissue due in part to its infiltration by
537:
385:
Swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, abdomen and veins in the neck
316:
241:
78:
1885:"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Proposal for a new classification"
1843:
1387:
Gorla S, Raja K, Garg A, Barbouth D, Rusconi P (December 2018).
3699:
3679:
2834:
2610:
2583:
1931:
2408:"The Molecular Genetic Basis for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"
2159:
545:
Cardiomyopathies can be classified using different criteria:
400:
Chest pain, especially after physical exertion or heavy meals
1882:
1270:
1124:(21st ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. 2022. p. 1954.
1503:
Cimiotti D, Budde H, Hassoun R, Jaquet K (8 January 2021).
1271:
Bakalakos A, Ritsatos K, Anastasakis A (1 September 2018).
2526:
2229:
1561:
1502:
1653:
1651:
505:
403:
Heart murmurs (unusual sounds associated with heartbeats)
2459:
Advances in Heart
Research and Application: 2013 Edition
1932:
McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR (2012).
1197:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. p. 148.
1741:
1144:
2326:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 200.
2319:
1648:
1443:
264:
may occur. Those affected are at an increased risk of
1792:
1386:
587:
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
2588:
2320:
Lipshultz SE, Messiah SE, Miller TL (5 April 2012).
832:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?"
339:is caused by extreme emotional or physical stress.
45:showing thickening, dilatation, and subendocardial
2766:
1786:
1700:
1619:
1613:
1586:
3833:
1735:
1694:
2225:
2223:
1837:
562:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
2361:Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
1982:
1744:"Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease"
323:. Restrictive cardiomyopathy may be caused by
2752:
2405:
2357:"Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects"
1327:
1151:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
861:
859:
857:
2412:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
2264:
2220:
1883:Llamas-EsperĂłn GA, Llamas-Delgado G (2022).
1876:
1566:(19th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1553.
1015:
1013:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
2354:
1844:Valentin Fuster, John Willis Hurst (2004).
1509:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1330:"Overview of Cardiomyopathies in Childhood"
1067:
1065:
982:
980:
978:
976:
3069:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
2759:
2745:
1850:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1884.
1564:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1122:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
889:
854:
286:arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
148:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
32:
2509:
2439:
2388:
2296:
2247:
2057:
2039:
2016:
1959:
1949:
1908:
1820:
1810:
1793:Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS (2017).
1769:
1759:
1718:
1538:
1520:
1479:
1461:
1420:
1363:
1345:
1288:
1247:
1097:
1045:
1010:
934:
813:
49:noticeable as increased whiteness of the
1983:Harvey PA, Leinwand LA (8 August 2011).
1555:
1062:
973:
768:for those prone to fatal heart rhythms,
536:
528:
481:
362:
2095:
2093:
1985:"Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy"
1215:
1211:from the original on 14 September 2016.
533:Structural categories of cardiomyopathy
375:The presentation of cardiomyopathy is:
3834:
2803:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
2475:
2155:
2153:
2151:
998:from the original on 15 September 2016
961:from the original on 15 September 2016
842:from the original on 15 September 2016
236:is a group of primary diseases of the
2740:
2456:
2406:Marian AJ, Roberts R (1 April 2001).
2129:
667:Secondary/extrinsic cardiomyopathies
358:
3127:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
2270:
2090:
1328:Rath A, Weintraub R (23 July 2021).
867:"Who Is at Risk for Cardiomyopathy?"
772:(VADs) for severe heart failure, or
2355:Boudina S, Abel ED (1 March 2010).
2236:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
2208:from the original on 20 August 2016
2148:
877:from the original on 16 August 2016
549:Primary/intrinsic cardiomyopathies
13:
3423:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
2348:
1194:Practical Cardiovascular Pathology
14:
3853:
2573:
2340:from the original on 29 May 2016.
2178:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287
2111:from the original on 28 July 2016
2040:Braunwald E (15 September 2017).
922:from the original on 28 July 2016
746:Obesity-associated cardiomyopathy
524:
397:Arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeats)
394:Fainting during physical activity
2710:
1864:from the original on 27 May 2013
1634:10.7748/ns2008.05.22.38.42.c6565
988:"How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated?"
3108:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
2313:
2277:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
2123:
2042:"Cardiomyopathies: An Overview"
2033:
1976:
1925:
1587:Lilly, Leonard S., ed. (2011).
1580:
1496:
1437:
1380:
1321:
1264:
1185:
252:may occur, due to the onset of
227:354,000 with myocarditis (2015)
1277:Hellenic Journal of Cardiology
1138:
1114:
568:Left ventricular noncompaction
1:
3625:Pulseless electrical activity
3554:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
3428:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
2059:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311812
1393:Journal of Pediatric Genetics
1240:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1090:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1038:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
951:"What Causes Cardiomyopathy?"
806:
350:. In 2015 cardiomyopathy and
2542:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000239
2478:"Inherited cardiomyopathies"
2289:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303
1450:Journal of Clinical Medicine
801:Basic Research in Cardiology
754:
477:
464:
207:Depends on type and symptoms
7:
1989:The Journal of Cell Biology
1701:Domont F, Cacoub P (2016).
1163:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1644
783:
556:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
412:Cardiomyopathies can be of
274:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
133:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
16:Disease of the heart muscle
10:
3858:
3569:Wandering atrial pacemaker
3116:non-infective endocarditis
3057:Endocardial fibroelastosis
2249:10.1016/j.acvd.2015.01.006
770:ventricular assist devices
692:Hypereosinophilic syndrome
603:Restrictive cardiomyopathy
486:Normal sinus rhythm on EKG
459:American Heart Association
437:, or abnormalities of the
282:restrictive cardiomyopathy
143:Restrictive cardiomyopathy
3786:
3729:
3647:hexaxial reference system
3638:
3605:
3592:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
3577:
3535:
3494:
3471:
3445:
3413:
3371:
3352:
3251:
3237:
3137:
3122:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
3091:
3077:
2993:
2942:
2935:
2872:
2827:
2784:
2775:
2670:
2592:
2373:10.1007/s11154-010-9131-7
2134:. Elsevier. p. 396.
1672:10.1007/s10741-017-9641-4
1290:10.1016/j.hjc.2018.05.008
912:"Types of Cardiomyopathy"
407:
344:ventricular assist device
223:
211:
203:
161:
125:
97:
69:
57:
40:
31:
26:
3527:Ventricular fibrillation
2798:Coronary artery aneurysm
2494:10.1253/circj.cj-14-0893
1347:10.3389/fped.2021.708732
795:Fibrosing cardiomyopathy
641:Eosinophilic myocarditis
369:ventricular fibrillation
290:Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
153:Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
3804:Diastolic heart failure
3778:Athletic heart syndrome
3739:Ventricular hypertrophy
3473:Pre-excitation syndrome
3327:Left posterior fascicle
2852:Acute coronary syndrome
2792:Coronary artery disease
2132:Robbins Basic Pathology
1334:Frontiers in Pediatrics
797:(disease in great apes)
687:Endomyocardial fibrosis
654:Ischemic cardiomyopathy
431:coronary artery disease
313:coronary artery disease
3322:Left anterior fascicle
3102:infective endocarditis
2887:Hibernating myocardium
2768:Cardiovascular disease
2461:. Scholarly Editions.
2424:10.1006/jmcc.2001.1340
1405:10.1055/s-0038-1657763
764:for slow heart rates,
597:Dilated cardiomyopathy
542:
534:
487:
372:
278:dilated cardiomyopathy
138:Dilated cardiomyopathy
3486:Wolff–Parkinson–White
3446:Premature contraction
3344:Adams–Stokes syndrome
3047:Loeffler endocarditis
2857:Myocardial infarction
2001:10.1083/jcb.201101100
1901:10.24875/ACM.21000301
1812:10.3390/vetsci4010019
1761:10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.652
619:Stress cardiomyopathy
540:
532:
485:
366:
337:Broken heart syndrome
3653:Right axis deviation
3615:Sudden cardiac death
2973:Pericardial effusion
2916:Ventricular aneurysm
2046:Circulation Research
1522:10.3390/ijms22020558
1084:(10053): 1459–1544.
1032:(10053): 1545–1602.
266:sudden cardiac death
258:irregular heart beat
250:swelling of the legs
117:Sudden cardiac death
112:Irregular heart beat
89:Swelling of the legs
3658:Left axis deviation
3515:Atrial fibrillation
3510:Ventricular flutter
3433:Torsades de pointes
3307:Bundle branch block
3266:Sick sinus syndrome
3052:Cardiac amyloidosis
3037:Tachycardia-induced
2892:Myocardial stunning
2840:Prinzmetal's angina
2809:Coronary thrombosis
2482:Circulation Journal
2273:"Viral myocarditis"
1951:10.1155/2012/796926
737:Friedreich's ataxia
242:shortness of breath
79:Shortness of breath
51:inside of the heart
3761:Atrial enlargement
3559:Pacemaker syndrome
3481:Lown–Ganong–Levine
3403:Junctional ectopic
3398:AV nodal reentrant
2904:Myocardial rupture
2814:Coronary vasospasm
2671:External resources
2476:Towbin JA (2014).
1463:10.3390/jcm9020520
732:Muscular dystrophy
670:Metabolic/storage
580:and the very rare
543:
535:
488:
373:
359:Signs and symptoms
3829:
3828:
3821:Obstructive shock
3725:
3724:
3672:Short QT syndrome
3639:Other / ungrouped
3630:Sinoatrial arrest
3545:Ectopic pacemaker
3441:
3440:
3261:Sinus bradycardia
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
2978:Cardiac tamponade
2931:
2930:
2921:Dressler syndrome
2819:Myocardial bridge
2705:
2704:
2468:978-1-4816-8280-0
2457:Acton QA (2013).
2333:978-1-4471-2365-1
2172:(14): 1807–1816.
2141:978-1-4377-1781-5
1857:978-0-07-143225-2
1847:Hurst's the heart
1720:10.1111/liv.13064
1598:978-1-60547-723-7
1573:978-0-07-180215-4
1204:978-1-60547-841-8
1157:(22): 2046–2072.
1131:978-1-264-26850-4
774:catheter ablation
702:Diabetes mellitus
582:Short QT syndrome
333:cancer treatments
231:
230:
215:2.5 million with
177:Heavy alcohol use
21:Medical condition
3849:
3794:Cardiac fibrosis
3686:T wave alternans
3579:Long QT syndrome
3373:Supraventricular
3369:
3368:
3302:Intraventricular
3249:
3248:
3089:
3088:
2940:
2939:
2785:Coronary disease
2782:
2781:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2714:
2713:
2590:
2589:
2569:
2536:(22): e273–280.
2523:
2513:
2472:
2453:
2443:
2402:
2392:
2342:
2341:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2271:Rose NR (2016).
2268:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2130:Vinay K (2013).
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2061:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2020:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1889:Arch Cardiol Mex
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1524:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1465:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1349:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1292:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1234:(9963): 117–71.
1219:
1213:
1212:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
994:. 22 June 2016.
984:
971:
970:
968:
966:
957:. 22 June 2016.
947:
932:
931:
929:
927:
918:. 22 June 2016.
908:
887:
886:
884:
882:
873:. 22 June 2016.
863:
852:
851:
849:
847:
838:. 22 June 2016.
828:
778:heart transplant
609:Brugada syndrome
578:Long QT syndrome
371:, seen on an ECG
367:The arrhythmia,
348:heart transplant
321:viral infections
36:
24:
23:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3816:Rheumatic fever
3782:
3721:
3634:
3601:
3573:
3531:
3490:
3467:
3437:
3409:
3356:
3348:
3242:
3225:
3133:
3082:
3073:
2989:
2983:Hemopericardium
2927:
2868:
2862:Unstable angina
2835:Angina pectoris
2828:Active ischemia
2823:
2771:
2765:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2666:
2665:
2601:
2576:
2488:(10): 2347–56.
2469:
2351:
2349:Further reading
2346:
2345:
2334:
2318:
2314:
2269:
2265:
2228:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2158:
2149:
2142:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2038:
2034:
1981:
1977:
1938:Biochem Res Int
1930:
1926:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1858:
1842:
1838:
1791:
1787:
1748:World J Cardiol
1740:
1736:
1699:
1695:
1656:
1649:
1618:
1614:
1599:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1560:
1556:
1501:
1497:
1442:
1438:
1385:
1381:
1326:
1322:
1269:
1265:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1070:
1063:
1018:
1011:
1001:
999:
986:
985:
974:
964:
962:
949:
948:
935:
925:
923:
910:
909:
890:
880:
878:
865:
864:
855:
845:
843:
830:
829:
814:
809:
786:
757:
722:Noonan syndrome
707:Hyperthyroidism
683:Endomyocardial
677:Hemochromatosis
673:Fabry's disease
574:Channelopathies
527:
519:Genetic testing
480:
467:
410:
391:Lightheadedness
361:
329:hemochromatosis
199:
182:Tobacco smoking
157:
121:
93:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3855:
3845:
3844:
3842:Cardiomyopathy
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3809:Cardiac asthma
3806:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3717:Strain pattern
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3607:Cardiac arrest
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3587:Andersen–Tawil
3583:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3505:Atrial flutter
3501:
3499:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3246:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3015:Cardiomyopathy
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:Chagas disease
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2728:Cardiomyopathy
2716:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:Cardiomyopathy
2687:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2652:
2641:
2626:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:Classification
2587:
2586:
2580:Cardiomyopathy
2575:
2574:External links
2572:
2571:
2570:
2524:
2473:
2467:
2454:
2418:(4): 655–670.
2403:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2332:
2312:
2263:
2219:
2147:
2140:
2122:
2089:
2052:(7): 711–721.
2032:
1995:(3): 355–365.
1975:
1924:
1895:(3): 377–389.
1875:
1856:
1836:
1785:
1754:(8): 652–666.
1734:
1693:
1666:(6): 743–752.
1660:Heart Fail Rev
1647:
1612:
1597:
1579:
1572:
1554:
1495:
1436:
1399:(4): 180–184.
1379:
1320:
1283:(5): 254–261.
1263:
1214:
1203:
1184:
1137:
1130:
1113:
1061:
1009:
972:
933:
888:
853:
811:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
798:
792:
785:
782:
766:defibrillators
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:
749:
748:
747:
741:
740:
739:
734:
728:Neuromuscular
726:
725:
724:
716:
715:
714:
709:
704:
696:
695:
694:
689:
681:
680:
679:
674:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
651:
638:
621:
613:
612:
611:
606:
600:
591:
590:
589:
584:
570:
565:
559:
526:
525:Classification
523:
522:
521:
516:
513:
511:Echocardiogram
508:
503:
498:
497:Family history
495:
479:
476:
466:
463:
447:celiac disease
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
360:
357:
234:Cardiomyopathy
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
198:
197:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
165:
163:
159:
158:
156:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
129:
127:
123:
122:
120:
119:
114:
109:
103:
101:
95:
94:
92:
91:
86:
81:
75:
73:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
43:left ventricle
38:
37:
29:
28:
27:Cardiomyopathy
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3854:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3799:Heart failure
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3710:ST depression
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3337:Trifascicular
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3220:
3219:regurgitation
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:regurgitation
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3181:regurgitation
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:regurgitation
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:Stable angina
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2242:(4): 258–68.
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2105:nhlbi.nih.gov
2102:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
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254:heart failure
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107:Heart failure
105:
104:
102:
100:
99:Complications
96:
90:
87:
85:
84:Feeling tired
82:
80:
77:
76:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
3731:Cardiomegaly
3705:ST elevation
3692:
3678:
3664:
3645:
3549:Ectopic beat
3497:fibrillation
3332:Bifascicular
3206:
3187:
3168:
3144:
3114:
3100:
3093:Endocarditis
3032:Hypertrophic
3014:
2966:Constrictive
2952:Pericarditis
2910:
2898:
2881:
2726:
2725:
2724:profile for
2721:
2689:
2678:
2654:
2643:
2628:
2605:
2533:
2529:
2485:
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2458:
2415:
2411:
2367:(1): 31–39.
2364:
2360:
2322:
2315:
2283:(4): 383–9.
2280:
2276:
2266:
2239:
2235:
2210:. Retrieved
2169:
2165:
2131:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2104:
2049:
2045:
2035:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1846:
1839:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1713:(5): 621–7.
1710:
1706:
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1628:(38): 42–7.
1625:
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1025:
1000:. Retrieved
991:
963:. Retrieved
954:
924:. Retrieved
915:
879:. Retrieved
870:
844:. Retrieved
835:
758:
657:
645:inflammation
628:inflammation
544:
489:
472:
468:
457:The current
456:
452:
439:heart valves
435:hypertension
427:
422:cytoskeletal
411:
374:
341:
309:heavy metals
298:
270:
238:heart muscle
233:
232:
187:Heavy metals
18:
3597:Romano–Ward
3564:Parasystole
3463:Ventricular
3415:Ventricular
3354:Tachycardia
3271:Heart block
3253:Bradycardia
3079:Endocardium
3042:Restrictive
3003:Myocarditis
2944:Pericardium
2680:MedlinePlus
2530:Circulation
2166:Circulation
1868:11 November
649:eosinophils
632:lymphocytes
624:Myocarditis
552:Congenital
515:Stress test
443:Hepatitis C
352:myocarditis
331:, and some
325:amyloidosis
217:myocarditis
192:Amyloidosis
3495:Flutter /
3458:Junctional
3393:Junctional
3386:Multifocal
3359:paroxysmal
3275:Sinoatrial
3244:arrhythmia
3239:Conduction
2995:Myocardium
2691:Patient UK
2656:DiseasesDB
1944:: 796926.
1801:(Review).
1750:(Review).
1709:(Review).
1662:(Review).
1624:(Review).
1622:Nurs Stand
1515:(2): 558.
1456:(2): 520.
1340:: 708732.
807:References
762:pacemakers
712:Acromegaly
698:Endocrine
501:Blood test
294:ventricles
244:, feeling
64:Cardiology
3754:Pulmonary
3537:Pacemaker
3208:pulmonary
3189:tricuspid
3025:Alcoholic
2566:207639288
2550:1524-4539
2502:1347-4820
2432:0022-2828
2381:1389-9155
2186:0009-7322
2068:1524-4571
2009:0021-9525
1805:(1): 19.
1707:Liver Int
1607:649701807
1531:1422-0067
1472:2077-0383
1413:2146-4596
1356:2296-2360
1299:1109-9666
1002:31 August
965:31 August
926:31 August
881:31 August
846:31 August
755:Treatment
636:monocytes
615:Acquired
576:like the
478:Diagnosis
465:Mechanism
418:sarcomere
388:Dizziness
319:use, and
301:inherited
212:Frequency
204:Treatment
59:Specialty
3836:Category
3620:Asystole
3520:Familial
3214:stenosis
3195:stenosis
3176:stenosis
3157:stenosis
3152:prolapse
2874:Sequelae
2777:Ischemia
2558:26621644
2520:25186923
2450:11273720
2399:20180026
2338:Archived
2307:27166925
2258:25858537
2212:1 August
2206:Archived
2194:16567565
2109:Archived
2084:36384619
2076:28912178
2027:21825071
1970:22924131
1919:35772124
1862:Archived
1831:29056678
1780:28932354
1729:26763484
1688:36117047
1680:28721466
1642:18578120
1549:33429969
1490:32075145
1431:30430036
1374:34368032
1315:44146977
1307:29807197
1258:25530442
1209:Archived
1179:43240625
1171:24263073
1108:27733281
1056:27733282
996:Archived
959:Archived
920:Archived
875:Archived
840:Archived
790:Myopathy
784:See also
262:fainting
71:Symptoms
47:fibrosis
3020:Dilated
2962:Chronic
2770:(heart)
2718:Scholia
2650:D009202
2511:4467885
2441:2901497
2390:2914514
2298:4948180
2202:6660623
2115:25 July
2018:3153638
1961:3423823
1910:9262289
1822:5606618
1799:Vet Sci
1771:5583538
1540:7827163
1481:7074327
1422:6234042
1365:8342800
1249:4340604
1099:5388903
1047:5055577
414:genetic
382:Fatigue
317:cocaine
305:alcohol
172:Genetic
168:Unknown
41:Opened
3700:J wave
3453:Atrial
3381:Atrial
3170:aortic
3146:mitral
3138:Valves
3084:valves
2936:Layers
2805:(SCAD)
2720:has a
2685:001105
2584:Curlie
2564:
2556:
2548:
2518:
2508:
2500:
2465:
2448:
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2015:
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1228:Lancet
1201:
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1169:
1128:
1106:
1096:
1078:Lancet
1054:
1044:
1026:Lancet
743:Other
593:Mixed
564:(ARVC)
408:Causes
288:, and
248:, and
224:Deaths
219:(2015)
196:Stress
162:Causes
3787:Other
3771:Right
3749:Right
3363:sinus
3312:Right
3062:Viral
2957:Acute
2911:weeks
2882:hours
2794:(CAD)
2722:topic
2616:I25.5
2562:S2CID
2198:S2CID
2080:S2CID
1684:S2CID
1311:S2CID
1175:S2CID
992:NHLBI
955:NHLBI
916:NHLBI
871:NHLBI
836:NHLBI
605:(RCM)
599:(DCM)
558:(HCM)
256:. An
246:tired
126:Types
3766:Left
3744:Left
3361:and
3317:Left
2899:days
2661:2137
2645:MeSH
2634:9-CM
2554:PMID
2546:ISSN
2516:PMID
2498:ISSN
2463:ISBN
2446:PMID
2428:ISSN
2395:PMID
2377:ISSN
2328:ISBN
2303:PMID
2254:PMID
2214:2016
2190:PMID
2182:ISSN
2136:ISBN
2117:2016
2072:PMID
2064:ISSN
2023:PMID
2005:ISSN
1966:PMID
1942:2012
1915:PMID
1870:2010
1852:ISBN
1827:PMID
1776:PMID
1725:PMID
1676:PMID
1638:PMID
1603:OCLC
1593:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1545:PMID
1527:ISSN
1486:PMID
1468:ISSN
1427:PMID
1409:ISSN
1370:PMID
1352:ISSN
1303:PMID
1295:ISSN
1254:PMID
1199:ISBN
1167:PMID
1126:ISBN
1104:PMID
1052:PMID
1004:2016
967:2016
928:2016
883:2016
848:2016
634:and
572:Ion
260:and
2639:425
2630:ICD
2624:I43
2620:I42
2607:ICD
2582:at
2538:doi
2534:132
2506:PMC
2490:doi
2436:PMC
2420:doi
2385:PMC
2369:doi
2293:PMC
2285:doi
2244:doi
2240:108
2174:doi
2170:113
2054:doi
2050:121
2013:PMC
1997:doi
1993:194
1956:PMC
1946:doi
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1897:doi
1817:PMC
1807:doi
1766:PMC
1756:doi
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1668:doi
1630:doi
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1476:PMC
1458:doi
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1360:PMC
1342:doi
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1244:PMC
1236:doi
1232:385
1159:doi
1094:PMC
1086:doi
1082:388
1042:PMC
1034:doi
1030:388
506:ECG
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346:or
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