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years nothing whatsoever happened that could have induced us to consider the German troops intruders or oppressors. I believe that the attitude of the German Army in northern
Finland towards the local population and authorities will enter our history as a unique example of a correct and cordial relationship ... I deem it my duty to lead my people out of the war. I cannot and I will not turn the arms which you have so liberally supplied us against Germans. I harbour the hope that you, even if you disapprove of my attitude, will wish and endeavour like myself and all other Finns to terminate our former relations without increasing the gravity of the situation.
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2062:'s government as formal as possible. Mannerheim did not really appreciate Hitler, even though he initially expressed an interest in his rise to power; his attitude towards Hitler turned negative at the point when Mannerheim's visit to Germany made him realize what kind of "ideal state" Hitler was building; he compared Hitler's rise in Germany to the 1917 rise of the Bolshevists in Russia. Before the Continuation War, the Germans offered Mannerheim command over 80,000 German troops in Finland. Mannerheim declined so as to not tie himself and Finland to
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2162:. This had to be done secretly, as Hitler never allowed off-guard recordings. Damen was assigned to record the official birthday speeches and Mannerheim's response and therefore placed microphones in some of the railway cars. However, Mannerheim and his guests chose to go to a car that did not have a microphone in it. Damen acted quickly, pushing a microphone through one of the car windows onto a net shelf just above where Hitler and Mannerheim were sitting. After eleven minutes of Hitler's and Mannerheim's private conversation, Hitler's
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2461:. This may be partly due to his refusal to enter partisan politics (although his sympathies were more right-wing than left-wing), his claim always to serve the fatherland without selfish motives, his personal courage in visiting the front lines, his ability to work diligently into his late seventies, and his foreign political farsightedness in preparing for the Soviet invasion of Finland years before it occurred. Although Finland fought alongside Nazi Germany during the Continuation War and thus in co-operation with the
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2332:. This never happened. One of the reasons for this was Stalin's respect for and admiration of the Marshal. Stalin told a Finnish delegation in Moscow in 1947 that the Finns owed much to their old Marshal. Due to Mannerheim, Finland was not occupied. Despite Mannerheim's criticisms of some of the demands of the Control Commission, he worked hard to carry out Finland's armistice obligations. He also emphasised the necessity of further work on reconstruction in Finland after the war.
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1391:. His report gave a detailed account of Chinese modernization, covering education, military reforms, colonization of ethnic borderlands, mining and industry, railway construction, the influence of Japan, and opium smoking. He also discussed the possibility of a Russian invasion of Xinjiang, and Xinjiang's possible role as a bargaining chip in a putative future war with China. His trip through Asia left him with a lifelong love of Asian art, which he thereafter collected.
2203:
1901:). By this time, Mannerheim had come to be seen by the public, including some former socialists, less as a "White General" and more as a nonpartisan figure, enhanced by his public statements urging reconciliation between the opposing sides in the Civil War and the need to focus on national unity and defence: "we need not ask where a man stood fifteen years ago". Mannerheim supported Finland's military industry and sought in vain to obtain a military defence union with
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Commander-in-Chief of the
Finnish Army. He officially became the supreme commander of the armies, at the age of 72, after the Soviet attack, the November 30, 1939. In a letter to his daughter Sophie, he stated, "I had not wanted to undertake the responsibility of commander-in-chief, as my age and my health entitled me, but I had to yield to appeals from the President of the Republic and the government, and now for the fourth time I am at war."
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coronation a high-point of his life, recalling with pride his role in what he called an "indescribably magnificent" coronation. An expert rider and trained horseman, Mannerheim bought horses for the
Russian army as one of his official duties. In 1903, he was put in charge of the model squadron in the Imperial Chevalier Guard and became a member of the equestrian training board of the cavalry regiments.
1581:, during which both sides employed ruthless terror tactics, Mannerheim resigned as commander-in-chief. He left Finland in June 1918 to visit relatives in Sweden. In Stockholm, Mannerheim conferred with Allied diplomats, emphasizing his opposition to the Finnish government's policy; Finnish leaders were confident the Germans would win the war, and had declared the Kaiser's brother-in-law,
1594:, the Finnish form of his Christian name, to emphasize his Finnishness to those who were suspicious of his background in the Russian armed forces and his difficulties with the Finnish language. Mannerheim disliked his last Christian name, Emil, and wrote his signature as C. G. Mannerheim, or simply Mannerheim. Among his relatives and close friends Mannerheim was called Gustaf.
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1201:, in 1882. The handsome young Baron towered over his classmates, standing 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m). He was expelled in 1886 when he left without permission. Next he attended the Helsinki Private Lyceum, where he passed the university entrance examinations in June 1887. From 1887 to 1889, Mannerheim attended the Nicholas Cavalry College in
2241:) thanks to the June agreement with the Germans, Finland's leaders saw a chance to reach a peace with the Soviet Union. At first, attempts were made to persuade Mannerheim to become prime minister, but he rejected them because of his age and lack of experience running a civil government. The next suggestion was to elect him
1554:, which was garrisoned by 42,500 Red Russians. He surrounded the Russian garrison with a mass of men; the defenders could not see that only the front rank was armed, so they surrendered, providing badly needed arms. Further weapons were purchased from Germany. Eighty-four Swedish officers and 200 Swedish NCOs served in the
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Olenius and
Martola; and Colonel Viljanen, a war historian. As long as Mannerheim was able to read, he proofread the typewritten drafts of his memoirs. He was almost totally silent about his private life, and focused instead on Finland's history, especially between 1917 and 1944. When Mannerheim suffered a fatal
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spotted the cords coming out of the window and realized that the
Finnish engineer was recording the conversation. They gestured to him to stop recording immediately, and he complied. The SS bodyguards demanded that the tape be destroyed, but Yleisradio was allowed to keep the reel after promising to
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Our German brothers-in-arms will forever remain in our hearts. The
Germans in Finland were certainly not the representatives of foreign despotism but helpers and brothers-in-arms. But even in such cases foreigners are in difficult positions requiring such tact. I can assure you that during the past
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Mannerheim's term as president was difficult for him. Although he was elected for a full six-year term, he was 77 years old in 1944 and had accepted the office reluctantly after being urged to do so. The situation was exacerbated by frequent periods of ill-health, the demands of the Allied
Control
2011:
The
President of the Republic has appointed me on 30 November 1939 as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of the country. Brave soldiers of Finland! I enter on this task at a time when our hereditary enemy is once again attacking our country. Confidence in one's commander is the first condition
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of the nascent kingdom. Mannerheim's rapport with the Allies was recognized in
October 1918 when the Finnish government sent him to Britain and France to attempt to gain Britain's and the United States's recognition of Finland's independence. In December, he was summoned back to Finland; Frederick
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From 1937 to 1967, at least five different
Finnish postage stamps or stamp series were issued in honour of Mannerheim; and in 1960 the United States honoured Mannerheim as the "Liberator of Finland" with regular first-class domestic and international stamps (at the time four cents and eight cents
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said it was difficult for Churchill to declare war on Finland at Stalin's demand due to his previous uncomplicated co-operation with Mannerheim, which led Churchill and Mannerheim to exchange polite and apologetic correspondence about the prevailing circumstance, with deep respect for each other.
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Mannerheim was waiting at a railway siding. A speech from Hitler was followed by a birthday meal and negotiations between him and Mannerheim. Overall, Hitler spent about five hours in Finland; he reportedly asked the Finns to step up military operations against the Soviets, but apparently made no
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Mannerheim served in the Imperial Chevalier Guard until 1904. In 1896, he took part in the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II, standing for four hours in his full-dress Imperial Chevalier Guard uniform at the bottom of the steps leading up to the imperial throne. Mannerheim always considered the
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Because Mannerheim was old and sickly, he personally wrote only certain passages of his memoirs. Some other parts he dictated. The remaining parts were written from his recollections by Mannerheim's various assistants, such as Colonel Aladár Paasonen; General Erik Heinrichs; Generals Grandell,
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Mannerheim was troubled by recurring health problems during 1945, and was absent on medical leave from his duties as president from November until February 1946. He spent six weeks in Portugal to restore his health. After the announcement of the verdicts in the war crimes trials in February,
2003:
When negotiations with the Soviet Union failed in 1939, and aware of the imminent war and deploring the lack of equipment and preparation of the army, Mannerheim resigned once again from the military council on 17 October 1939, declaring that he would agree to return to business only as
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as the high commander of the army to take this action. It is widely agreed that only Mannerheim could have guided Finland through these difficult times, when the Finnish people had to come to terms with the severe conditions of the armistice, their implementation by a Soviet-dominated
1449:, who regarded him as not supporting the revolution, and was relieved of his duties. He retired and returned to Finland. Mannerheim kept a large portrait of Emperor Nicholas II in the living room of his house in Helsinki right up to his death, and when asked after the overthrow of the
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was well known. Nevertheless, Hitler continued the conversation calmly, with no comment. By this test, Mannerheim could judge if Hitler was speaking from a position of strength or weakness. He refused Hitler, knowing that Hitler was in a weak position, and could not dictate to him.
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memorializing the leader's life and times "the closest thing there is to a national shrine". On the other hand, Mannerheim's personal reputation still strongly divides opinions among people even to this day, with some critics highlighting his role as the senior commander of the
1732:"White General". Mannerheim doubted that modern party-based politics would produce principled and high-quality leaders in Finland or elsewhere. In his gloomy opinion, the fatherland's interests were too often sacrificed by the democratic politicians for partisan benefit.
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in his Mikkeli headquarters but made many visits to the front. Between the wars, he remained commander-in-chief. Although Mannerheim's main task was to lead the war, he also knew how to strengthen and maintain the will of the soldiers to fight. He was famed for this
2563:'s Mannerheim statue depicting the victorious Civil War general of the Whites was eventually placed in the forest some kilometres outside the city (in part due to lingering controversy over Mannerheim's Civil War role). Other statues, for examples, were erected in
2012:
for success. You know me and I know you and know that everyone in the ranks is ready to do his duty even to death. This war is nothing other than the continuation and final act of our War of Independence. We are fighting for our homes, our faith, and our country.
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and backed by Soviet Russia, had 30,000 men; and there were 70,000 Red Russian troops in Finland. Mannerheim's army was financed by a fifteen million mark line of credit provided by the bankers. His raw recruits had few arms. Nonetheless, he marched them to
1955:. This attempt was also unsuccessful, as Mannerheim and Jalander did not come to the Helsinki Conservation Party celebration after the authorities received a tip. Salo returned his pistol and escaped afterwards. Weckman and Suokas tried to escape to the
1747:). He was also the chairman of the supervisory board of a commercial bank, the Liittopankki-Unionsbanken, and after its merger with the Bank of Helsinki, the chairman of the supervisory board of that bank until 1934, and was a member of the board of
1925:, was in charge of the Saint Petersburg International School of Red Officers. He began planning an assassination by assembling eight groups of Finnish Red Guards in Saint Petersburg for this purpose. The attempt happened in April 1920 during a
2339:
Mannerheim resigned as president on 4 March 1946, giving as his reason his declining health and his view that the tasks he had been selected to carry out had been accomplished. He was succeeded as president by the conservative Prime Minister
1529:. The Soviets accepted the secession for a variety of reasons, mostly because they could not control Finland; also, they hoped they could inspire a communist revolution there modeled after the Russian one. The Finnish parliament appointed
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Given the broad recognition in Finland and elsewhere of his unparalleled role in establishing and later preserving Finland's independence from the Soviet Union, Mannerheim has long been referred to as the father of modern Finland, and the
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In 1892, he married a wealthy noble of Russian-Serbian heritage, Anastasia Arapova (1872–1936). They had two daughters, Anastasie "Stasie" (1893–1978) and Sofia "Sophy" (1895–1963). The couple separated in 1902 and divorced in 1919.
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After returning to Russia in 1909, Mannerheim presented results of the expedition to emperor Nicholas II. There are many artifacts still on display in the museum. After that, Mannerheim was appointed to command the 13th Vladimir
999:(1941–1944). In 1944, when the prospect of Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II became clear, the Finnish Parliament appointed Mannerheim as President of Finland, and he oversaw peace negotiations with the Soviet Union and the
1884:
was elected in 1931, he appointed Mannerheim as chairman of Finland's Defence Council and gave him a written promise that in the event of war he would become the Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Army. (Svinhufvud's successor
1253:, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. During a reconnaissance patrol on the plains of Manchuria, he first saw action in a skirmish and had his horse shot out from under him. He was promoted to Colonel for bravery in the
1905:. However, rearming the Finnish army did not occur as swiftly or as well as he hoped, and he was not enthusiastic about a war. He had many disagreements with various Cabinets, and signed many letters of resignation.
2336:
Mannerheim decided to resign. He believed that he had accomplished the duties he had been elected to carry out: The war was ended, the armistice obligations carried out, and war responsibility trials finished.
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as commander-in-chief, and occupied the post for the next five years. He became a unifying symbol of the war effort and part of the core leadership of the country. He personally participated in the planning of
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1541:. Mannerheim was appointed to the committee, but soon resigned to protest its indecision. On 13 January, he was given command of the army. He had only 24,000 newly enlisted, mostly untrained men. The Finnish
1137:(1835–1914), was both a playwright and industrialist, with modest success in both endeavours. Mannerheim's mother, Hedvig Charlotta Helena von Julin (1842–1881), was the daughter of a wealthy industrialist,
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neutralized the attacker. Captain Ahti Petramaa, section commander during the inspection, lost fingers from flying shrapnel and was escorted to an aid station where he was promoted to major by Mannerheim.
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2391:, to recuperate and write his memoirs. Valmont was to be Mannerheim's main residence for the remainder of his life, although he regularly returned to Finland, and also visited Sweden, France and Italy.
2171:, head of the state censors' office, and in 1957 returned to Yleisradio. It was released to the public a few years later. It is the only known recording of Hitler speaking outside of a formal occasion.
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In June 1944, Baron Gustaf Mannerheim, to ensure German support while a major Soviet offensive was threatening Finland, thought that it was necessary to agree to the pact the German Foreign Minister
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1263:, a local militia, on an exploratory mission into Inner Mongolia. During the war, Mannerheim also managed to lead a group of local bandits with whom he sought the rear of the enemy to defeat them.
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1944:. However, the assassination attempt failed due to Salo's hesitation,. Salo's security detail in the crowd, consisting of Aleksander Weckman and Aleksanteri Suokas, who had been equipped with
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war aims; Mannerheim was ready for cooperation and fraternity with Hitler's Germany, but for practical rather than ideological reasons because of the Soviet threat. In July 1941 the Finnish
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In the interwar years, Mannerheim held no public office, mainly because he was viewed by many politicians of the centre and left as a controversial figure for his ruthless battle with the
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2138:)" and their leader Mannerheim. Mannerheim did not want to meet him at his headquarters or in Helsinki, as then it would seem like an official state visit. The meeting took place near
4337:"Краткие сведения об офицерах-Александрийцах: Великая война, Гражданская война, эмиграция. Часть 2-я (фамилии К – Р). – Статьи – Каталог статей – 5-й Гусарский Александрийский полк"
939:
in May. After spending some time abroad, he was invited back to Finland to serve as the country's second regent, or head of state, from December 1918 to July 1919. Despite being a
6717:
1951:
On April 6, Weckman, the operation leader, threatened to kill Salo if he had not assassinated either Mannerheim or the Minister of War and Uusimaa County Governor within a week.
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in April 1917 (the promotion was backdated to February 1915), and took command of the 6th Cavalry Corps in the summer of 1917. However, Mannerheim fell out of favour with the
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against withdrawing German troops in the north, and at the same time demobilize its own army, making it harder to expel the Germans; Mannerheim appointed Lieutenant General
4602:"Tutkija: Mannerheim oli kolonialisti, kun ampui tiikereitä norsun päältä – tällaisia olivat Intian-matkat, joihin marsalkka osallistui "valkoisen metsästäjän roolissaan""
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would have reflected the exceptional circumstances of Mannerheim's election. Mannerheim and Ryti both agreed, and Ryti submitted a notice of resignation on 1 August. The
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There is an unsubstantiated story that while conversing with Hitler, Mannerheim lit a cigar. Mannerheim expected that Hitler would ask Finland for more help against the
1103:
2508:. Flag Day is celebrated with a national parade, and rewards and promotions for members of the defence forces. The life and times of Mannerheim are memorialised in the
1165:, the young Mannerheim's mother and her seven children went to live with her aunt Louise; but Mannerheim's mother died the following year. Mannerheim's maternal uncle,
4946:– "Conversation secretly recorded in Finland helped a German actor prepare for Hitler role" Helsingin Sanomat / First published in print 15 September 2004 in Finnish.
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in Swedish). So far he is the only person to receive the title. A surprise birthday visit by Hitler occurred on the day as he wished to visit the "brave Finns (
1861:
himself had given Mannerheim to use during the trip. However, Mannerheim is known to have been bothered by the presence of security guards, because mainly as a
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2230:. This allowed Mannerheim to revoke the agreement upon the resignation of President Ryti at the start of August 1944. Mannerheim succeeded Ryti as president.
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Participants in a Finnish survey taken 53 years after his death voted Mannerheim the greatest Finn of all time. During his own lifetime he became, alongside
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3659:""Adolf Ehrnrooth välitti Mannerheimin tahtoa haudan takaa" – Mannerheim on ainutlaatuinen kulttihahmo, jonka myyttiä lähipiiri rakensi määrätietoisesti"
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2038:, was sent as a representative of the headquarters to the cabinet from 3 December 1939 until 27 March 1940, after which he became defence minister.
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Charles had renounced the throne, and in his stead, Mannerheim had been elected Regent. As Regent, Mannerheim often signed official documents using
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4368:"Mannerheimin tyttärien vaietut elämät: hauras Stasie eli nunnana ja levoton Sophy pakeni Pariisiin – lopulta kumpikin eli suhteessa naisen kanssa"
1169:(1846–1906), then became his legal guardian and financier of his later schooling. The third child of the family, Mannerheim inherited the title of
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with direct fire. One shell exploded near Mannerheim who, on varying accounts, took cover either in a trench or behind tree trunks until Finnish
1865:, he firmly believed in fate, if it had to happen in the form of an untimely death, and in addition, he also strongly trusted his own authority.
1940:
The group gathered on April 3 at the Park Café in Hämeenkatu; and at this stage, group member Karl Salo was designated as a shooter and given a
1281:
as a secret intelligence officer. The Russian General Staff wanted accurate, on-the-ground intelligence about the reforms and activities by the
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government. In January 1918, a military committee was charged with bolstering the Finnish army, then not much more than some locally organised
931:
A Finnish delegation appointed Mannerheim as the military chief of the Whites in January 1918; and he led them to victory, holding a triumphal
2286:. Finland retained its sovereignty, its parliamentary democracy, and its market economy. Territorial losses were considerable; a portion of
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2504:. This decision was made by the Finnish government on the occasion of his 75th birthday in 1942, when he was also granted the title of
1609:
Mannerheim secured recognition of Finnish independence from Britain and the United States. In July 1919, after he had confirmed a new,
1344:
range, surveying passes and gauging the stances of the tribes towards the Han Chinese. Mannerheim arrived in the provincial capital of
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monks. During his trip to Tibet in 1908 Mannerheim became the third European who had met with the Dalai Lama. Mannerheim arrived in
971:. It was also agreed that he would temporarily take over as commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces should there be a war.
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appointed him as the Chairman of the Finnish Defence Council in 1931, tasked with making preparations for a potential war with the
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1558:(or War of Liberty, as it was known among the "Whites"). Other officers were Finns who had been trained by the Germans as a
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1403:. The following year, he was promoted to major general and was posted as the commander of the Life Guard Uhlan Regiment of
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4636:"Omatkin halusivat tappaa Mannerheimin – Uutta tietoa: tällaisia murhayrityksiä aikalaiset juonivat marsalkan päänmenoksi"
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Mannerheim's Day Order No. 1 which established the first headquarters of the modern military of Finland on 2 February 1918
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passed a special act conferring the presidency on Mannerheim on 4 August 1944. He took the oath of office the same day.
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1161:) on June 4, 1867. After Mannerheim's father left the family in 1880 for his mistress, a daughter of Baron and General
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5113:"Raihnainen Mannerheim teki salaperäisen matkan Portugaliin, rantaloman aikana kaikkosi riski sotasyyllisyystuomiosta"
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Mannerheim's 75th birthday, 4 June 1942, was a national celebration. The government granted him the unique title of
2074:. They retook the Finnish territories annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War, and went further, occupying
2007:
He addressed the first of his often controversial orders of the day to the Defence Forces on the day the war began:
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1371:. From Lanzhou, the provincial capital, Mannerheim headed south into Tibetan territory and visited the lamasery of
1332:
With a small caravan, including a Cossack guide, Chinese interpreter, and Uyghur cook, Mannerheim first trekked to
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was concluded on harsh terms, but ultimately far less harsh than those imposed on the other states bordering the
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1941:
1418:, Mannerheim served as commander of the Separate Guards Cavalry Brigade (the 23rd Army Corps), and fought on the
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It was an 8,000-mile spying expedition. Russia was drawing up plans to invade China from the west—but failed to.
2245:. Risto Ryti would resign as president, and parliament would appoint Mannerheim as regent. The use of the title
2054:
Forts, cannons and foreign aid will not help unless every man himself knows that he is the guard of his country.
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Mannerheim received leave to visit Finland and Saint Petersburg in early 1917 and witnessed the outbreak of the
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in July 1906, but Mannerheim quarreled with Pelliot, so he made the greater part of the expedition on his own.
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2328:. He was afraid throughout most of his presidency that the commission would request that he be prosecuted for
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is strong evidence of how Mannerheim heavily divided opinions, especially in the aftermath of the Civil War.
1003:. Already in declining health, he resigned the presidency in 1946 and spent much of his remaining life in a
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1018:, the best-known Finnish personage at home and abroad. According to Finnish historian Tuomas Tepora, a
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1411:. Next Mannerheim became part of the Imperial entourage and was appointed to command a cavalry brigade.
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in January 1951, his memoirs were not yet in their finished form. They were published after his death.
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Shortly thereafter, Mannerheim returned the visit, traveling to Hitler's headquarters in East Prussia.
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respectively) as part of its Champions of Liberty series that included other notable figures such as
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The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China
2375:, intending to spend his retirement there. In June 1946, he underwent an operation for a perforated
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refugees needed to be relocated. The war reparations were very heavy. Finland also had to fight the
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2536:), which now serves as both a museum and a restaurant, is located at the shores of Lake Punelia in
1766:, where he travelled and hunted extensively. On his first trip in 1927, to avoid going through the
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noblemen in 1693. In the latter part of the 18th century, they moved to Finland, which was then an
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Mannerheim, who had a long career in the Imperial Russian army, also rose to become a courtier of
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Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia including interactive Google maps, slide shows, videos and more
2178:, which Mannerheim was unwilling to give. When Mannerheim lit up, all in attendance gasped, for
1739:(Chairman 1919–1951), was a member of the board of the International Red Cross, and founded the
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2516:(Mannerheim Road) already in the Marshal's honour during his lifetime; along the road, at the
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Mannerheim was elected president by an emergency law passed by parliament in early August 1944
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Before deciding to accept the Soviet demands, Mannerheim wrote a missive directly to Hitler:
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demanded. But even then Mannerheim distanced himself from the pact, and it fell to President
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Koivunen, Elina (15 June 2010). "Carl Gustaf Mannerheim – Suomen historian myyttisin mies".
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1273:. When Mannerheim returned to Saint Petersburg, he was asked to undertake a journey through
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2571:. On 5 December 2004, Mannerheim was voted the greatest Finnish person of all time in the
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Mannerheim died on 27 January 1951 (28 January Finnish time), in the Cantonal Hospital in
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from 1922 to his death. He was restored to a central role in national defence policy when
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In the course of his lifetime, Mannerheim received 82 military and civilian decorations.
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5670:"Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen SS in 1941–1943 and Related Finnish studies"
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2383:. In early 1947, it was recommended that he should travel to the Valmont Sanatorium in
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military commander, aristocrat, and statesman. He served as the military leader of the
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Mannerheim kuuli Hitlerin saapuvan syntymäpäiväjuhliin: – "Vad i helvete gör han här?"
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Lieutenant marching in front to the Tsar's left (to the viewer's right) is Mannerheim.
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and Colt pistols, lost sight of Salo and never had time to shoot Mannerheim either.
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Accordingly, after the Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939 in what became the
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Marsalkan muskettisoturit – Mannerheimin henkivartiointi ja turvallisuus 1918–1946
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1562:. In March 1918 they were aided by German troops landing in Finland and occupying
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Gustaf Mannerheim's route across Asia from Saint Petersburg to Peking, 1906–1908.
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Various landmarks across Finland honour Mannerheim, including most famously the
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4227:"Horse That Leaps Through Clouds – Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia"
4206:"Horse That Leaps Through Clouds – Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia"
4098:"Horse That Leaps Through Clouds – Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia"
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prisoners during and after the Finnish Civil War and the establishment of the
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5222:"Churchill kehui Mannerheimia: "Todellinen mies – vahva kuin kallionjärkäle""
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Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., eds. (2012). "Scandinavian Campaigns".
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1293:. Disguised as an ethnographic collector, he joined the French archeologist
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military dictator, although he did express some support for the right-wing
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1939: Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Defence Forces : from 1939 to 1946
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5265:"Mannerheim, Gustaf (1867–1951) President of Finland, Marshal of Finland"
4988:
Zetterberg, Seppo et al., eds. (2003) "A Small Giant of Finnish History"
4872:"JATKOSODAN KESÄNÄ 1942 MANNERHEIMIN HENGENLÄHTÖ OLI VAIN METRIEN PÄÄSSÄ"
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3227:. (1969) Anthropological Publications. Oosterhout N.B. – The Netherlands
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On 20 June 1942, Mannerheim was inspecting Finnish front line troops in
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renewed this promise in 1937). In 1933, Mannerheim received the rank of
1728:, and the Finnish socialists' antipathy toward him. They saw him as the
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Murhahankkeet kenraali Mannerheimia ja sotaministeri Jalanderia vastaan
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1426:. In December 1914, after distinguishing himself in combat against the
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why he kept the portrait up, he always answered: "He was my emperor".
19:"Mannerheim" redirects here. For the noble family he belonged to, see
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Carl Gustaf Mannerheim | Biography & Facts | Britannica
1989:
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Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I
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still respected Mannerheim. These included, among others, the then
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The defensive field fortifications they manned became known as the
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in 1904. He was transferred to the 52nd Nezhin Dragoon Regiment in
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during Mannerheim's childhood, and Mannerheim made a career in the
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Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
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located on Helsinki's Mannerheimintie in front of the later-built
2512:. The most prominent boulevard in the Finnish capital was renamed
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During the visit, an engineer of the Finnish broadcasting company
1720:, his supposed desire for Finnish intervention on the side of the
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Mannerheim as Regent (seated), with his adjutants (left) Lt. Col.
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5411:
Nousevan Auringon Ritarikunnan I luokka Paulovniakukkasin, Japani
5068:
Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni; Birks, Chris (2016).
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2158:, Thor Damen, succeeded in recording the first eleven minutes of
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889:. He had a prominent place in the 1896 coronation ceremonies for
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6738:
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
6723:
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
5327:"50th Anniversary USA Champions of Liberty Mahatma Gandhi Stamp"
2860:, 1st and 2nd class, of the Order of the Cross of Liberty (1941)
2500:
Mannerheim's birthday, 4 June, is celebrated as Flag Day by the
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and later had several private meetings with the Tsar. After the
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Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
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hunt. In the same year, Mannerheim made a private visit to the
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began to be built around Mannerheim right after the civil war.
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2142:, in south-eastern Finland, and was arranged in secrecy. From
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3596:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Vol. 11.
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2147:
2146:, Hitler, accompanied by President Ryti, was driven to where
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as Supreme Commander of the forces of the Republic of Finland
47:
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Finnish generals in the Imperial Russian Army of World War I
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People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
5954:
4226:
3949:
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Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon
1959:
with their two assistants but were arrested on the Helsinki-
1336:
in search of British and Japanese spies. After returning to
1189:, in Nicholas Cavalry College, Saint Petersburg, late 1880s.
6713:
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary
4142:
3863:
2063:
1763:
1617:, with parliament as the electors. He was supported by the
6578:
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland
5620:(July 1964). "Mannerheim, Marshal of Finland, 1867–1951".
5555:
Koskikallio, Petteri. Asko Lehmuskallio, and Harry Halén.
4740:
Mannerheimin murhayrityksen jälkinäytös käytiin Vallilassa
4534:
4532:
4445:
4443:
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4289:
Putensen, Dörte (2017). "Der größte Finne aller Zeiten?".
4063:"Mannerheim halusi diktaattoriksi ja lähes sai haluamansa"
2642:. In both the play and the film, Mannerheim was played by
5071:
Finland at War: the Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45
5016:
Finland in World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations
4852:
4424:
4412:
4038:
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3644:
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Mannerheim (he was appointed Marshal of Finland in 1942).
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1829:. During his travels and hunting expeditions, he visited
1055:, in which poor conditions led to a high mortality rate.
1011:, where he wrote his memoirs, and where he died in 1951.
987:
and led the Finnish Defence Forces in an invasion of the
5998:
5776:
A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940
5141:"Mannerheim Quits Office In Finland; Resigns In Finland"
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1931: Chairman of the Defence Council: from 1931 to 1939
2457:
Today, Mannerheim retains respect as Finland's greatest
2418:), Switzerland. He was buried on 4 February 1951 in the
1360:
of Tibet. He showed the Dalai Lama how to use a pistol.
955:
but lost and quit politics. Mannerheim helped found the
6718:
Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave, 1st class
4581:
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4436:
4388:
4347:
4265:
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When Germany was deemed sufficiently weakened, and the
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after they overthrew the Provisional Government in the
1212:
5397:
Mannerheim Internetprojekti, kunniamerkit valokuvineen
5249:"Marskin Maja" lodge – Häme Lake Uplands – Visit Loppi
4723:
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4014:
2379:, and in October of that year he was diagnosed with a
6004:
Newspaper clippings about Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
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Grand Cross with Collar, Swords and Diamonds, of the
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on 6 December, but soon became embroiled in the 1918
6753:
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
6698:
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
4840:
4705:
Virkkunen, Sakari (1994) "Presidents of Finland II"
3985:
3241:
2820:("With an honourable sword for an honourable cause")
2237:'s summer offensive was fought to a standstill (see
1817:
In his second voyage, in 1936, he went by ship from
1653:, the last of which he learned in the forces of the
5999:
Mannerheim League for Child Welfare English website
5092:
4755:
Mikko Porvali : Murhayritys joka jäi tekemättä
4712:
4455:
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1441:. After returning to the front, he was promoted to
1257:in 1905 and briefly commanded an irregular unit of
1241:Mannerheim volunteered for active service with the
1121:, an office that preceded that of the contemporary
6733:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
6648:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty
5872:The Finnish SS Volunteers and Atrocities 1941–1943
5667:
5528:
5267:. Translated by Roderick Fletcher. Biografiakeskus
4835:Uutuuskirja: Mannerheim innostui aluksi Hitleristä
3628:
1963:train the night of April 21. Salo was arrested in
1937:, in which General Mannerheim was to participate.
1465:Anastasia Arapova, the wife of Mannerheim, in 1896
1285:, as well as the military feasibility of invading
5559:. Helsinki: National Board of Antiquities, 1999.
4830:
4828:
4499:Mannerheim ei ollut koko valkoisen Suomen sankari
3896:Muotokuva; Johan Augustin Mannerheim; (1706–1778)
3774:"Field Marshal Mannerheim, THE FATHER OF FINLAND"
2118:. Hitler visited Mannerheim on his 75th birthday.
2026:Mannerheim quickly organised his headquarters in
1853:, where he was accompanied for the first time by
1613:constitution, Mannerheim stood as a candidate in
1577:After the Whites' victory in the bitterly fought
1058:
16:Finnish military leader and statesman (1867–1951)
6583:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
6549:
6287:
5360:Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940 (TV Movie 2001) – IMDb
3689:White Death: Russia's War with Finland 1939–1940
2524:, which is named after him. Mannerheim's former
1383:in July 1908, returning to Saint Petersburg via
5013:Kinnunen, Tiina; Kivimäki, Ville, eds. (2011).
4473:
3932:IS: Pikavippi olisi kelvannut Mannerheimillekin
3792:
3685:
2551:museum of modern art. Mannerheim Parks in both
2167:keep it in a sealed container. It was given to
2089:when he and his staff were engaged by a Soviet
1762:In the 1920s and 1930s, Mannerheim returned to
1367:, and investigated a mysterious tribe known as
1291:struggle with Britain for control of inner Asia
1197:, a state school educating aristocrats for the
6728:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
4825:
2632:'s 1966 play and its the 1970 film adaptation
2599:1941 Finnish postal stamp portraying the then-
2160:Hitler's and Mannerheim's private conversation
1814:and returned to Finland by car and aeroplane.
6588:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
6273:
6112:
5955:C. G. E. Mannerheim in the history of Finland
5626:. Vol. 14, no. 7. pp. 461–468.
5576:Väkivallan vuodet, 20. vuosisadan tilinpäätös
4984:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4071:(in Finnish). 27 January 2021. Archived from
3173:with Oak Leaves (1944; Knight's Cross: 1942;
1908:
6688:People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
5964:Audio recordings of Hitler and Mannerheim's
4701:
4699:
4697:
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4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
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4683:
3860:"Mannerheimin suku onkin lähtöisin Saksasta"
3828:"Mannerheimin suku onkin lähtöisin Saksasta"
3589:
2842:Grand Cross with Swords and Diamonds of the
2214:) and his wife Alli Paasikivi in March 1946.
2189:
2030:. His chief of staff was Lieutenant General
1533:to lead the newly independent grand duchy's
1149:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was born in the
953:first Finnish presidential elections in 1919
5668:Pajunen, Jussi; Karjalainen, Mikko (2019).
5523:
5507:
5491:
4937:Helsingin Sanomat International Web-Edition
4633:
4538:
4480:(in Finnish). No. 12. pp. 82–85.
4449:
4284:
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2815:
2786:Coat of Arms of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
2311:, and the task of post-war reconstruction.
2206:Mannerheim with his presidential successor
1921:Mannerheim. One of the would-be assassins,
1479:The White General and the Regent of Finland
265:17 October 1939 – 12 January 1945
6623:Finnish military personnel of World War II
6280:
6266:
6119:
6105:
5677:Finno-German Yearbook of Political Economy
5630:
5557:C. G. Mannerheim in Central Asia 1906–1908
5372:"Gustaf Mannerheim The Marshal of Finland"
5219:
4973:
4967:
4858:
4782:July 24, 1920, no. 167, p. 5. (in Finnish)
4750:
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4057:
4055:
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3836:(in Finnish). 1 March 2007. Archived from
3400:
3398:
3396:
3224:Across Asia From West to East in 1906–1908
2791:
2628:Mannerheim appears as a main character in
2278:A month after Mannerheim took office, the
2274:on 4 March 1946 after his short presidency
2226:to sign it, so it came to be known as the
1913:After their defeat in the Civil War, some
1185:Mannerheim (right) with a fellow student,
267:Acting: 17 October 1939 – 20 November 1939
71:
6758:Russian military personnel of World War I
6126:
5110:
4680:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4516:
3360:[kɑːɭˈɡɵ̂sːtavˈěːmɪlˈmânːɛrˌhɛjm]
1456:
1305:). They started from the terminus of the
1092:in 1809, Mannerheim's great-grandfather,
461:Anastasie "Stasie" Mannerheim (1893–1978)
5580:20th Century Accounts: Years of Violence
5570:
5428:
5259:
4846:
4599:
4575:"MANNERHEIM - Civilian - Foreign Legion"
4365:
4305:
4295:(in German). No. 5. pp. 72–76.
4288:
4277:
4271:
4221:
4219:
4148:
4044:
4020:
3369:[kɑːrlˈɡʉstɑvˈeːmilˈmɑnːærˌhejm]
3367:
3117:Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary
3066:Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle
2615:Marshal Mannerheim on two United States
2487:
2437:
2351:
2255:
2201:
2193:
2105:
2101:
1988:
1688:
1596:
1568:
1482:
1460:
1323:
1315:
1220:
1180:
172:12 December 1918 – 26 July 1919
6768:Russian Provisional Government generals
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5770:
4745:
4727:
4192:
4092:
4090:
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3393:
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222:28 January 1918 – 30 May 1918
6550:
5994:On Mannerheim's role in defending Jews
5990:Mannerheim's 1944 inauguration address
5935:Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland
5747:
5713:
5616:
5600:
5287:"MANNERHEIM – Special Topics – Stamps"
5179:
5167:
5000:
4674:
4662:
4587:
4544:
4406:
4032:
3991:
3741:
3716:
2722:
2670:
1798:. From there he travelled overland to
1782:to Bombay. From there he travelled to
943:, he formally ratified the republican
850:(1944–1946). He became Finland's only
818:(4 June 1867 – 27 January 1951) was a
6261:
6100:
5814:Risto Ryti: A Life for the Fatherland
5374:. mannerheim-museo.fi. Archived from
5220:Cunningham, Marjo (5 November 2017).
4629:
4627:
4625:
4600:Manninen, Tuomas (10 December 2020).
4216:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3358:
2846:(1940; Grand Cross with Swords: 1918)
2371:Mannerheim bought Kirkniemi Manor in
1970:
101:4 August 1944 – 4 March 1946
5824:
5720:University of British Columbia Press
5716:Mannerheim: The Years of Preparation
5690:from the original on 19 October 2021
5655:
5098:
5056:YLE Elävä arkisto: Lapin sodan tuhot
4634:Pietiläinen, Jari (7 October 2022).
4461:
4394:
4353:
4087:
3979:
3967:
3919:
3907:
3800:"Finland Country Profile – Timeline"
3451:Grand Duchy of Finland Passport 1865
3006:Knight Grand Cross 1st Class of the
2657:, directed by Veli-Matti Saikkonen.
1213:Service in the Imperial Russian Army
464:Sofia "Sophy" Mannerheim (1895–1963)
6643:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
5903:from the original on 23 August 2021
5810:Risto Ryti: Elämä isänmaan puolesta
5434:Mannerheim: President, Soldier, Spy
4990:(Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen)
4366:Pallaste, Tuija (4 November 2017).
3051:(1939; Officer: 1910; Knight: 1902)
1741:Mannerheim League for Child Welfare
1701:of Mannerheim from 1940 as part of
1473:
1053:concentration camps in East Karelia
957:Mannerheim League for Child Welfare
900:of October 1917 in Russia, Finland
854:in 1933 and was appointed honorary
25:Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (naturalist)
13:
6633:Finnish people of Scottish descent
4894:"Mannerheim vierailee Poventsassa"
4622:
3520:
3507:
3480:– Kekkosen kauden toisinajattelija
2747:
2078:. Finnish troops took part in the
2034:, while his close friend, General
1759:(1925–1926), but was turned down.
1684:
1632:
885:and rising by 1917 to the rank of
14:
6829:
6813:20th-century presidents in Europe
6763:Russian people of Swedish descent
6638:Finnish people of Swedish descent
5917:
5661:Suomen marsalkka C. G. Mannerheim
5636:The Memoirs of Marshal Mannerheim
5467:Das belagerte Leningrad 1941–1944
5044:Ilkka Enkenberg: Lapin sodan alku
2768:: from December 1918 to July 1919
2660:
1735:He kept busy heading the Finnish
1629:, and withdrew from public life.
1205:. In January 1891, he joined the
6628:Finnish people of German descent
6536:
6246:
5880:The National Archives of Finland
5606:Marshal Mannerheim and the Finns
5402:
5390:
5364:
5353:
5341:
3722:Marshal Mannerheim and the Finns
3657:Pesonen, Mikko (13 March 2023).
3526:"Mannerheim, Gustaf (1867–1951)"
3406:Everyman's Encyclopedia volume 8
3258:
3244:
3198:
3181:
3171:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
3160:
3144:
3127:
3106:
3089:
3072:
3055:
3038:
3021:
3000:
2986:
2972:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2899:
2878:
2864:
2850:
2836:
2817:"Candida pro causa ense candido"
2764:1918: Commander-in-Chief of the
2646:. Mannerheim was also played by
2608:
2592:
2528:and resting place known as the "
1868:In 1929, Mannerheim refused the
1843:Joodha Shumser Jung Bahadur Rana
1745:Mannerheimin Lastensuojeluliitto
978:, Mannerheim replaced President
734:
721:
708:
658:
648:
638:
613:
598:
577:
444:
409:Finnish (Grand Duchy of Finland)
6663:Knights of the Mannerheim Cross
5930:Biografiskt lexikon för Finland
5421:
5253:
5242:
5213:
5185:
5133:
5111:Hinkkanen, Tomi (4 June 2021).
5104:
5061:
5049:
5037:
5006:
4949:
4930:
4908:
4886:
4864:
4813:
4785:
4767:
4733:
4593:
4567:
4510:
4492:
4467:
4359:
4329:
4299:
4245:"Mannerheim tapasi Dalai-laman"
4237:
4198:
4154:
4108:
3925:
3889:
3870:
3852:
3820:
3710:
3679:
3650:
3614:
3583:
3569:
3279:Hitler and Mannerheim recording
3083:Order of the Estonian Red Cross
2884:Grand Cross with Swords of the
2356:Mannerheim's funeral parade in
2070:was strengthened by the German
2058:Mannerheim kept relations with
1637:Mannerheim's mother tongue was
1615:the first presidential election
1601:General Mannerheim leading the
440:
6798:World War II political leaders
6778:Finnish independence activists
6673:Members of the Diet of Finland
6658:Imperial Russian Army generals
6573:Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery
5816:] (in Finnish). Helsinki:
5531:Mannerheim: Marshal of Finland
5473:] (in German). Paderborn:
3747:"Finland's Heritage on parade"
3577:"Mannerheim - Defence Council"
3555:
3543:
3490:
3458:
3442:
3426:
3349:
3289:List of wars involving Finland
3177:1st Class with 1939 bar: 1942)
3068:, 1st Class with Swords (1930)
1693:"Mannerheim the Executioner" (
1657:. He also spoke some English,
1059:Early life and military career
912:", who were the troops of the
846:(1939–1945), and as the sixth
198:(as President of the Republic)
1:
6793:Deaths from bowel obstruction
6788:20th-century Finnish nobility
6783:19th-century Finnish nobility
5943:NBN:fi:sls-4132-1416928956738
5925:"Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim"
5750:Mannerheim: The Finnish Years
5537:University of Minnesota Press
5471:Leningrad Besieged: 1941-1944
3686:Edwards, Robert, ed. (2007).
3530:National Biography of Finland
3386:
2978:Commander Grand Cross of the
2844:Order of the Cross of Liberty
2691:1893: Lieutenant of the Guard
2465:, a number of leaders of the
2412:L'Hôpital cantonal à Lausanne
2041:Mannerheim spent most of the
1515:Finland declared independence
1430:, Mannerheim was awarded the
1135:Carl Robert, Count Mannerheim
1072:, originally from Germany as
916:, supported by troops of the
6056:as President of the Republic
6019:in The Presidents of Finland
5632:Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil
5198:Lausanne University Hospital
4797:Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö
3207:: Knight Grand Cross of the
3153:: Golden Grand Cross of the
2886:Order of the Lion of Finland
2496:, Mannerheim's hunting lodge
2430:with full military honours.
2416:Lausanne University Hospital
2180:Hitler's aversion to smoking
1802:, where he spent a month at
1673:. He did not start learning
1328:The expedition of Mannerheim
1176:
1144:
1127:Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim
514:Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim
479:Count Carl Robert Mannerheim
7:
6558:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
6008:20th Century Press Archives
5933:(in Swedish). Helsingfors:
4521:(in Finnish). Helsingissä:
3593:A Companion to World War II
3237:
3209:Order of the British Empire
2994:Royal Order of the Seraphim
2805:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
1770:, he travelled through the
1340:, he headed north into the
1289:: a possible move in their
1193:Mannerheim was sent to the
1063:
1030:called the Finnish capital
816:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
569:Military officer, statesman
52:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
29:Mannerheim (disambiguation)
23:. For his grandfather, see
10:
6834:
5884:Finnish Literature Society
5475:Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh
4955:Recording available Yle's
4874:(in Finnish). 17 June 2019
4517:Virkkunen, Sakari (1992).
4315:. McFarland. p. 122.
3192:Order of Michael the Brave
2761:: from January to May 1918
2694:1902: Captain of the Guard
2621:Champion of Liberty issues
2619:, 1960 issue, part of the
2476:; at a 2017 conference in
1974:
1909:1920 assassination attempt
1751:. He offered to serve the
1583:Frederick Charles of Hesse
1545:, led by communist leader
1502:
1401:Congress Kingdom of Poland
1301:in Russian Turkestan (now
1268:Emperor of all the Russias
18:
6593:Field marshals of Finland
6534:
6296:
6244:
6134:
6085:
6076:
6068:
6063:
6047:
6038:
6030:
6025:
5748:Screen, J. E. O. (2000).
5714:Screen, J. E. O. (1970).
5610:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
3886:. tjelvar.se (in Swedish)
3877:Johan Augustin Mannerheim
3726:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
3622:"MANNERHEIM - Retirement"
3410:J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd
3231:Across Asia : Vol. 1
3155:Order of the German Eagle
3121:Holy Crown of St. Stephen
2960:, Knight 4th class (1914)
2809:
2799:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2688:1891: Cornet of the Guard
2655:Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940
2433:
2326:war responsibility trials
2309:Allied Control Commission
2228:Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement
2190:End of war and presidency
2114:Mannerheim and President
2082:, which lasted 872 days.
1375:, where he was stoned by
1104:Johan Augustin Mannerheim
902:declared its independence
806:
751:
717:(Russia & White Army)
701:
672:
631:
590:
585:
573:
565:
490:
471:
454:
424:
404:
386:
362:
316:
311:
307:
295:
283:
271:
258:
246:
236:
228:
215:
203:
188:
176:
165:
157:
145:
133:
105:
94:
86:
82:
70:
38:
6290:Finnish Chief of Defence
5986:(in Finnish and Swedish)
5808:Turtola, Martti (1994).
4519:Mannerheimin kääntöpuoli
4160:Tamm, Eric Enno (2010).
3342:
3215:
3102:1st and 2nd Class (1918)
2678:Non-commissioned officer
2665:
2559:include statues of him.
2110:Discussion with Hitler,
1821:(a British territory in
1625:. He finished second to
1619:National Coalition Party
1605:in Helsinki, 16 May 1918
1207:Chevalier Guard Regiment
1163:Johan Mauritz Nordenstam
1133:and jurist. His father,
1117:of the newly-autonomous
1099:(1759–1837), son of the
6598:Finnish anti-communists
4760:30 October 2023 at the
4707:(Suomen presidentit II)
4561:13 January 2011 at the
3898:. finna.fi (in Finnish)
3563:"MANNERHEIM - Civilian"
3502:Encyclopædia Britannica
3119:, Grand Cross with the
2919:Order of St. Stanislaus
2872:Order of the White Rose
2575:(Great Finns) contest.
2442:Mannerheim Memorial in
2364:After his resignation,
2239:Battle of Tali-Ihantala
2072:163rd Infantry Division
1521:which was ruled by the
1428:Austro-Hungarian forces
1082:integral part of Sweden
959:in 1920 and headed the
945:Constitution of Finland
6773:Swedish-speaking Finns
4942:19 August 2014 at the
4916:"Marskiniemi Poventsa"
4799:. 1986. p. 1022.
4709:, published in Finland
4168:Douglas & McIntyre
3484:University of Helsinki
3356:Swedish pronunciation:
3325:The Marshal of Finland
2945:Gold Sword for Bravery
2816:
2766:Finnish Defence Forces
2502:Finnish Defence Forces
2497:
2471:British Prime Minister
2454:
2411:
2361:
2358:Helsinki Senate Square
2321:
2275:
2266:Mannerheim leaves the
2220:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2215:
2199:
2119:
2056:
2014:
2000:
1713:
1679:Finland's independence
1623:Swedish People's Party
1606:
1574:
1500:
1466:
1457:Marriage and daughters
1389:Trans-Siberian Express
1329:
1321:
1238:
1225:After his coronation,
1190:
1187:Antanas Ričardas Druvė
1119:Grand Duchy of Finland
947:. He then ran against
867:Grand Duchy of Finland
840:Finnish Defence Forces
525:(maternal grandfather)
517:(paternal grandfather)
338:Grand Duchy of Finland
27:. For other uses, see
6693:Presidents of Finland
6128:Presidents of Finland
6051:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
6034:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
4793:Uusi Pikkujättiläinen
4116:Caldwell, Christopher
3047:: Grand Cross of the
3032:Order of the Elephant
2932:Order of St. Vladimir
2491:
2441:
2355:
2316:
2259:
2251:Parliament of Finland
2205:
2197:
2109:
2102:Visit by Adolf Hitler
2052:
2009:
1992:
1882:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
1857:, who Prime Minister
1810:. He then went on to
1753:French Foreign Legion
1692:
1677:properly until after
1655:Russian Imperial Army
1627:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
1600:
1572:
1486:
1464:
1356:, Mannerheim met the
1327:
1319:
1307:Trans-Caspian Railway
1243:Imperial Russian Army
1227:Nicholas II of Russia
1224:
1209:in Saint Petersburg.
1199:Imperial Russian Army
1184:
1115:head of the executive
871:Imperial Russian Army
842:during the period of
673:Years of service
644:Imperial Russian Army
506:Eva Mannerheim-Sparre
195:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
183:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
6743:20th-century regents
6603:Finnish nationalists
6089:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
6079:President of Finland
5825:Tyni, Mikko (2022).
5582:] (in Finnish).
5513:Mannerheim 1867–1951
4341:blackhussars.ucoz.ru
3882:29 June 2020 at the
3840:on 30 September 2007
2617:commemorative stamps
2348:Final days and death
2330:crimes against peace
2324:Commission, and the
2294:were lost. Numerous
2095:counter-battery fire
1603:White Victory Parade
1491:, Capt. Kekoni, Lt.
1414:At the beginning of
1405:His Imperial Majesty
1129:(1797–1854), was an
1097:Carl Erik Mannerheim
985:Operation Barbarossa
965:President Svinhufvud
865:still dominated the
848:president of Finland
522:John Jacob von Julin
443: 1892;
290:Hugo Viktor Österman
253:Karl Fredrik Wilkama
152:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
125:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
89:President of Finland
6748:Russian monarchists
6397:C. G. E. Mannerheim
6301:C. G. E. Mannerheim
6179:C. G. E. Mannerheim
6017:C. G. E. Mannerheim
5503:] (in Finnish).
5305:"8-cent Mannerheim"
4970:, pp. 454–455.
4641:Nurmijärven Uutiset
4556:Mannerheim-Museo.fi
4397:, pp. 148–149.
4356:, pp. 145–147.
4151:, pp. 100–103.
4125:Washington Examiner
4075:on 15 November 2023
3910:, pp. 107–108.
3808:. 25 September 2012
3745:(16 October 1983).
3550:HS: Muodikas Marski
3497:C. G. E. Mannerheim
2958:Order of St. George
2934:, 4th degree (1906)
2908:, 2nd degree (1906)
2723:In the Finnish Army
2671:In the Russian Army
2420:Hietaniemi Cemetery
2360:on 4 February 1951.
2268:Presidential Palace
2136:die tapferen Finnen
2132:Marskalk av Finland
1872:' plea to become a
1870:right-wing radicals
1439:February Revolution
1432:Order of St. George
1365:Great Wall of China
1231:Dormition Cathedral
1195:Hamina Cadet School
1125:. His grandfather,
1113:, became the first
1020:cult of personality
391:Hietaniemi Cemetery
21:Mannerheim (family)
6147:Lauri Kr. Relander
6064:Political offices
5517:Otava Publications
5455:Ganzenmüller, Jörg
5430:Clements, Jonathan
5378:on 19 January 2020
5348:Päämaja – Finna.fi
5307:. 12 December 2008
5146:The New York Times
4539:Jägerskiöld (1983)
4450:Jägerskiöld (1986)
4231:horsethatleaps.com
4210:horsethatleaps.com
4120:"Start to Finnish"
4118:(11 August 2017).
4102:horsethatleaps.com
3956:Jägerskiöld (1965)
3944:Jägerskiöld (1965)
3780:. 15 November 1945
3752:The New York Times
3641:Suuret suomalaiset
3478:Georg C. Ehrnrooth
3465:Keski-Rauska, Riku
3194:, 1st class (1941)
3188:Kingdom of Romania
3113:Kingdom of Hungary
3008:Order of the Sword
2980:Order of the Sword
2921:, 2nd class (1906)
2755:Commander-in-Chief
2742:Marshal of Finland
2730:General of Cavalry
2717:Lieutenant General
2699:Lieutenant Colonel
2573:Suuret suomalaiset
2506:Marshal of Finland
2498:
2455:
2362:
2276:
2216:
2200:
2151:specific demands.
2124:Marshal of Finland
2120:
2080:Siege of Leningrad
2001:
1999:Mannerheim in 1940
1971:Commander-in-Chief
1880:. After President
1714:
1695:Pyöveli-Mannerheim
1641:. He spoke fluent
1607:
1575:
1527:October Revolution
1501:
1467:
1443:lieutenant general
1330:
1322:
1247:Russo-Japanese War
1239:
1191:
887:lieutenant general
875:Russo-Japanese War
856:Marshal of Finland
836:commander-in-chief
759:Russo-Japanese War
740:Marshal of Finland
714:Lieutenant general
538:Georg C. Ehrnrooth
242:Office established
77:Mannerheim in 1940
44:Marshal of Finland
6678:People from Masku
6668:Mannerheim family
6618:Finnish Lutherans
6608:Finnish explorers
6545:
6544:
6255:
6254:
6095:
6094:
6086:Succeeded by
6048:Succeeded by
6041:Regent of Finland
5960:Mannerheim Museum
5893:978-951-858-111-9
5525:Jägerskiöld, Stig
5509:Jägerskiöld, Stig
5493:Jägerskiöld, Stig
5291:www.mannerheim.fi
5076:Osprey Publishing
4968:Mannerheim (1953)
4859:Mannerheim (1953)
4590:, pp. 90–97.
4431:Mannerheim (1953)
4419:Mannerheim (1953)
4373:Helsingin Sanomat
4322:978-1-4766-2565-2
4176:978-1-55365-269-4
4047:, pp. 80–81.
4035:, pp. 43–49.
3958:, pp. 93–94.
3946:, pp. 68–70.
3703:978-0-7538-2247-0
3607:978-1-4051-9681-9
3304:Mannerheim Museum
3222:C.G. Mannerheim,
3081:: Grand Cross of
2906:Order of St. Anna
2824:
2823:
2545:Equestrian statue
2510:Mannerheim Museum
2474:Winston Churchill
2397:bowel obstruction
2304:Hjalmar Siilasvuo
1859:Winston Churchill
1749:Nokia Corporation
1726:Russian Civil War
1556:Finnish Civil War
1505:Finnish Civil War
1297:'s expedition at
1036:Mannerheim Museum
961:Finnish Red Cross
914:Senate of Finland
906:Finnish Civil War
873:, serving in the
832:Regent of Finland
828:Finnish Civil War
810:
809:
774:Finnish Civil War
769:Russian Civil War
681:(Imperial Russia)
548:Mannerheim family
542:
534:
526:
518:
498:Sophie Mannerheim
430:Anastasie Arapova
373:Cantonal Hospital
199:
160:Regent of Finland
6825:
6808:Continuation War
6613:Finnish generals
6540:
6529:
6521:
6513:
6505:
6497:
6489:
6481:
6473:
6465:
6457:
6449:
6441:
6433:
6429:Kaarlo Heiskanen
6425:
6417:
6409:
6401:
6393:
6385:
6377:
6369:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6321:
6313:
6305:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6259:
6258:
6250:
6239:
6231:
6223:
6215:
6211:Martti Ahtisaari
6207:
6199:
6191:
6183:
6175:
6167:
6159:
6155:P. E. Svinhufvud
6151:
6143:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6069:Preceded by
6057:
6031:Preceded by
6023:
6022:
5987:
5976:
5946:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5902:
5877:
5867:
5859:Westerlund, Lars
5855:
5843:
5821:
5805:
5793:
5772:Trotter, William
5767:
5745:
5737:Screen, J. E. O.
5733:
5711:
5703:Screen, J. E. O.
5699:
5697:
5695:
5689:
5674:
5664:
5652:, primary source
5651:
5627:
5613:
5597:
5550:
5534:
5520:
5504:
5501:Young Mannerheim
5497:Nuori Mannerheim
5488:
5463:
5451:
5415:
5414:, mannerheim.fi.
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5368:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5257:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5227:Suomen Kuvalehti
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5118:Suomen Kuvalehti
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4823:
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3365:Finland Swedish:
3362:
3357:
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3294:Mannerheim Cross
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3252:Biography portal
3249:
3248:
3247:
3233:– digital images
3203:
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3043:
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3030:: Knight of the
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2840:
2819:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2635:The Headquarters
2612:
2596:
2480:, war historian
2280:Continuation War
2128:Suomen Marsalkka
2047:Continuation War
1981:Continuation War
1531:P. E. Svinhufvud
1474:Political career
1451:House of Romanov
1420:Austro-Hungarian
1399:Regiment in the
1363:He followed the
1255:Battle of Mukden
1203:Saint Petersburg
1167:Albert von Julin
1151:Louhisaari Manor
1112:
997:Continuation War
834:(1918–1919), as
791:Continuation War
781:Second World War
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718:
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682:
662:
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642:
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586:Military service
581:
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533:(maternal uncle)
532:
530:Albert von Julin
524:
516:
510:
502:
483:Hedvig von Julin
448:
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420:
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369:
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330:Louhisaari Manor
326:
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312:Personal details
298:
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206:Chief of Defence
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6493:Juhani Kaskeala
6487:
6485:Gustav Hägglund
6479:
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6469:Jaakko Valtanen
6463:
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6453:Kaarlo Leinonen
6447:
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6437:Sakari Simelius
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6187:J. K. Paasikivi
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6139:K. J. Ståhlberg
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5837:
5799:
5790:
5780:Algonquin Books
5778:. Chapel Hill:
5764:
5739:
5730:
5705:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5672:
5594:
5547:
5535:. Minneapolis:
5485:
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5457:
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5438:Haus Publishing
5424:
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5182:, pp. 252.
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3319:Marshal's Cabin
3314:Mannerheimintie
3309:Mannerheim Park
3299:Mannerheim Line
3274:Adolf Ehrnrooth
3264:
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3250:
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2748:Supreme Command
2725:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2652:television film
2624:
2613:
2604:
2597:
2530:Marshal's Cabin
2518:Kamppi district
2514:Mannerheimintie
2494:Marshal's Cabin
2436:
2350:
2342:J. K. Paasikivi
2208:J. K. Paasikivi
2192:
2144:Immola Airfield
2104:
2068:Army of Karelia
2018:Mannerheim Line
1987:
1973:
1911:
1855:security guards
1823:Southern Arabia
1687:
1685:Interwar period
1635:
1633:Language skills
1560:Jäger Battalion
1547:Kullervo Manner
1507:
1481:
1476:
1459:
1424:Romanian fronts
1358:13th Dalai Lama
1354:Shanxi province
1235:Chevalier Guard
1215:
1179:
1155:Askainen parish
1147:
1106:
1084:. After Sweden
1066:
1061:
949:K. J. Ståhlberg
802:
764:First World War
747:
742:
729:
716:
697:
692:
686:
680:
668:
627:
622:
612:
607:
605:Imperial Russia
597:
561:
508:
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486:
467:
450:
447: 1919)
438:
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431:
418:
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371:
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366:27 January 1951
348:
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32:
17:
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5:
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6543:
6542:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6525:Janne Jaakkola
6522:
6514:
6509:Jarmo Lindberg
6506:
6501:Ari Puheloinen
6498:
6490:
6482:
6474:
6466:
6458:
6450:
6442:
6434:
6426:
6418:
6413:Jarl Lundqvist
6410:
6405:Erik Heinrichs
6402:
6394:
6386:
6378:
6370:
6365:Lauri Malmberg
6362:
6354:
6346:
6338:
6330:
6322:
6317:W. A. Thesleff
6314:
6306:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6285:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6238:(2024–present)
6232:
6227:Sauli Niinistö
6224:
6216:
6208:
6203:Mauno Koivisto
6200:
6192:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6124:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6101:
6093:
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6070:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6049:
6046:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6026:Regnal titles
6021:
6020:
6014:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5983:
5982:), 4 June 1942
5975:w/English text
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5919:
5918:External links
5916:
5914:
5913:
5892:
5856:
5850:
5829:(in Finnish).
5822:
5797:Martti Turtola
5794:
5788:
5768:
5762:
5734:
5728:
5700:
5665:
5653:
5628:
5618:Warner, Oliver
5614:
5602:Warner, Oliver
5598:
5592:
5568:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5521:
5505:
5489:
5483:
5452:
5447:978-1907822575
5446:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5401:
5389:
5363:
5352:
5340:
5329:. 9 March 2011
5318:
5296:
5278:
5252:
5241:
5212:
5184:
5172:
5170:, p. 245.
5160:
5149:. 5 March 1946
5132:
5103:
5101:, p. 397.
5091:
5085:978-1472815262
5084:
5060:
5048:
5036:
5030:978-9004208940
5029:
5023:. p. 87.
5005:
5003:, p. 205.
4993:
4972:
4960:
4948:
4929:
4907:
4885:
4863:
4861:, p. 456.
4851:
4839:
4824:
4812:
4805:
4795:(in Finnish).
4784:
4766:
4744:
4732:
4728:Turtola (1994)
4711:
4679:
4677:, p. 112.
4667:
4665:, p. 104.
4655:
4621:
4592:
4580:
4566:
4543:
4528:
4509:
4491:
4466:
4464:, p. 104.
4454:
4435:
4433:, p. 184.
4423:
4421:, p. 138.
4411:
4399:
4387:
4358:
4346:
4328:
4321:
4312:Modern Finland
4298:
4276:
4274:, p. 155.
4264:
4236:
4215:
4197:
4193:Trotter (2013)
4180:
4153:
4141:
4107:
4086:
4049:
4037:
4025:
4013:
4009:Trotter (2013)
3996:
3984:
3982:, p. 129.
3972:
3970:, p. 123.
3960:
3948:
3936:
3924:
3922:, p. 108.
3912:
3900:
3888:
3869:
3862:(in Finnish).
3851:
3819:
3791:
3765:
3731:
3728:. p. 154.
3718:Warner, Oliver
3709:
3702:
3696:. p. 21.
3678:
3649:
3627:
3613:
3606:
3582:
3568:
3554:
3542:
3506:
3489:
3482:(in Finnish).
3457:
3441:
3425:
3418:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3332:Marskin ryyppy
3329:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3284:Johan Laidoner
3281:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3266:Finland portal
3255:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3205:United Kingdom
3195:
3178:
3157:
3141:
3124:
3103:
3086:
3069:
3052:
3035:
3012:
3011:
2997:
2992:Knight of the
2983:
2962:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2893:Russian Empire
2890:
2889:
2875:
2861:
2856:Knight of the
2847:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2803:
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2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Military ranks
2659:
2638:, directed by
2626:
2625:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2581:Mahatma Gandhi
2435:
2432:
2381:duodenal ulcer
2349:
2346:
2191:
2188:
2169:Kustaa Vilkuna
2103:
2100:
1972:
1969:
1953:Bruno Jalander
1910:
1907:
1878:Lapua Movement
1851:United Kingdom
1772:British Empire
1686:
1683:
1634:
1631:
1493:Gallen-Kallela
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1458:
1455:
1447:new government
1214:
1211:
1178:
1175:
1146:
1143:
1139:John von Julin
1123:Prime Minister
1090:Russian Empire
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1028:New York Times
1001:United Kingdom
933:victory parade
920:, and the pro-
898:Bolshevik coup
863:Russian Empire
808:
807:
804:
803:
801:
800:
799:
798:
793:
788:
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761:
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695:
689:
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632:Branch/service
629:
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487:
485:
484:
481:
475:
473:
469:
468:
466:
465:
462:
458:
456:
452:
451:
436:
432:
429:
428:
426:
422:
421:
406:
402:
401:
388:
384:
383:
370:(aged 83)
364:
360:
359:
342:Russian Empire
318:
314:
313:
309:
308:
305:
304:
302:Erik Heinrichs
299:
293:
292:
287:
281:
280:
273:
269:
268:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
213:
212:
201:
200:
192:
186:
185:
180:
174:
173:
163:
162:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
128:
127:
122:
117:
115:Antti Hackzell
111:
109:
107:Prime Minister
103:
102:
92:
91:
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
54:
51:
41:The Honourable
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6830:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6539:
6526:
6523:
6518:
6515:
6510:
6507:
6502:
6499:
6494:
6491:
6486:
6483:
6478:
6475:
6470:
6467:
6462:
6459:
6454:
6451:
6446:
6445:Yrjö Keinonen
6443:
6438:
6435:
6430:
6427:
6422:
6419:
6414:
6411:
6406:
6403:
6398:
6395:
6390:
6389:Hugo Österman
6387:
6382:
6379:
6374:
6373:K. F. Wilkama
6371:
6366:
6363:
6358:
6357:V. P. Nenonen
6355:
6350:
6349:K. F. Wilkama
6347:
6342:
6341:K. E. Kivekäs
6339:
6334:
6333:K. F. Wilkama
6331:
6326:
6325:Rudolf Walden
6323:
6318:
6315:
6310:
6309:K. F. Wilkama
6307:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6278:
6276:
6271:
6269:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6249:
6236:
6233:
6228:
6225:
6220:
6219:Tarja Halonen
6217:
6212:
6209:
6204:
6201:
6196:
6195:Urho Kekkonen
6193:
6188:
6185:
6180:
6177:
6172:
6169:
6164:
6163:Kyösti Kallio
6161:
6156:
6153:
6148:
6145:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6117:
6115:
6110:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6090:
6081:
6080:
6073:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6052:
6043:
6042:
6035:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5873:
5865:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5851:9789523823891
5847:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5803:
5798:
5795:
5791:
5789:9781565126923
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5763:1-85065-573-1
5759:
5755:
5751:
5743:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5729:0-900966-22-X
5725:
5721:
5718:. Vancouver:
5717:
5709:
5704:
5701:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5666:
5663:(in Finnish).
5662:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5623:History Today
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5593:9789511133698
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5572:Jakobson, Max
5569:
5566:
5565:951-616-048-4
5562:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5546:0-8166-1527-6
5542:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5484:3-506-72889-X
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5413:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5393:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5356:
5349:
5344:
5328:
5322:
5306:
5300:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5245:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5216:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5181:
5180:Screen (2000)
5176:
5169:
5168:Screen (2000)
5164:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5095:
5087:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5064:
5057:
5052:
5045:
5040:
5032:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5009:
5002:
5001:Screen (2000)
4997:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4933:
4917:
4911:
4895:
4889:
4873:
4867:
4860:
4855:
4848:
4843:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4821:
4816:
4808:
4806:951-0-12416-8
4802:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4741:
4736:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4676:
4675:Screen (2000)
4671:
4664:
4663:Screen (2000)
4659:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4588:Screen (2000)
4584:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4505:
4504:Turun Sanomat
4500:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4408:
4407:Screen (2000)
4403:
4396:
4391:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4350:
4343:(in Russian).
4342:
4338:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4273:
4268:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4195:, p. 29.
4194:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4166:. Vancouver:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4138:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4033:Screen (1970)
4029:
4023:, p. 40.
4022:
4017:
4011:, p. 24.
4010:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3994:, p. 33.
3993:
3992:Screen (1970)
3988:
3981:
3976:
3969:
3964:
3957:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3897:
3892:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3866:. March 2007.
3865:
3861:
3855:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3743:Binder, David
3738:
3736:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3694:Phoenix Press
3691:
3690:
3682:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3552:(in Finnish).
3551:
3546:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:Klinge, Matti
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3438:, 31 May 2024
3437:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3419:0-460-04020-0
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3376:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3256:
3253:
3242:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:German Empire
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:Field Marshal
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:Major General
2708:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:Matti Kassila
2637:
2636:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2601:Field Marshal
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:Simon Bolivar
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2526:hunting lodge
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:Terry Charman
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2428:state funeral
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:head of state
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2164:SS bodyguards
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:anti-tank gun
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2036:Rudolf Walden
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Field Marshal
2021:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1994:Field Marshal
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1967:on April 23.
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:'s parade on
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:attempted to
1916:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:sotamarsalkka
1892:
1891:Field Marshal
1888:
1887:Kyösti Kallio
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:British India
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:Soviet Russia
1516:
1512:
1511:December 1917
1506:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1471:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:Western China
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1141:(1787–1853).
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:Jean Sibelius
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:known as the
994:
990:
986:
981:
980:Kyösti Kallio
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
918:German Empire
915:
911:
908:between the "
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:Eastern Front
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
852:field marshal
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
805:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
754:
750:
741:
737:
733:
728:
727:Field Marshal
724:
720:
715:
711:
707:
706:
704:
700:
690:
684:
678:
677:
675:
671:
665:
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:
634:
630:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
595:
593:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
558:
557:
552:
550:
549:
544:
541:(grandnephew)
539:
536:
531:
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6517:Timo Kivinen
6477:Jan Klenberg
6461:Lauri Sutela
6396:
6300:
6178:
6077:
6054:
6039:
5928:
5905:. Retrieved
5871:
5826:
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5715:
5692:. Retrieved
5680:
5676:
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5530:
5515:. Helsinki:
5512:
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5496:
5470:
5466:
5433:
5422:Bibliography
5410:
5404:
5392:
5380:. Retrieved
5376:the original
5366:
5355:
5350:(in Finnish)
5343:
5331:. Retrieved
5321:
5309:. Retrieved
5299:
5290:
5281:
5271:12 September
5269:. Retrieved
5261:Matti Klinge
5255:
5244:
5232:. Retrieved
5230:(in Finnish)
5225:
5215:
5203:. Retrieved
5196:
5193:"Historique"
5187:
5175:
5163:
5151:. Retrieved
5144:
5135:
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5121:(in Finnish)
5116:
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4854:
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4735:
4706:
4670:
4658:
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4644:(in Finnish)
4639:
4612:. Retrieved
4610:(in Finnish)
4607:Ilta-Sanomat
4605:
4595:
4583:
4569:
4518:
4512:
4507:(in Finnish)
4502:
4494:
4475:
4469:
4457:
4426:
4414:
4409:, p. 9.
4402:
4390:
4378:. Retrieved
4376:(in Finnish)
4371:
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4349:
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4331:
4311:
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4290:
4267:
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4253:(in Finnish)
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4209:
4200:
4162:
4156:
4144:
4136:
4129:. Retrieved
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4073:the original
4066:
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3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3838:the original
3831:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3803:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3778:Western Mail
3777:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3750:
3721:
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3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3667:(in Finnish)
3662:
3652:
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3592:
3585:
3571:
3557:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3529:
3500:
3492:
3476:
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3450:
3444:
3434:
3428:
3405:
3351:
3323:
3223:
3211:(GBE) (1938)
3167:Nazi Germany
3151:Nazi Germany
3014:
3013:
2965:
2963:
2892:
2891:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2654:
2650:in the 2001
2648:Asko Sarkola
2633:
2630:Ilmari Turja
2627:
2577:
2542:
2534:Marskin Maja
2533:
2522:Hotel Marski
2499:
2456:
2401:
2393:
2377:peptic ulcer
2363:
2338:
2334:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2284:Soviet Union
2277:
2246:
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2217:
2211:
2185:
2176:Soviet Union
2173:
2153:
2135:
2131:
2130:in Finnish,
2127:
2121:
2084:
2076:East Karelia
2060:Adolf Hitler
2057:
2053:
2040:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1957:Soviet Union
1950:
1939:
1912:
1899:fältmarskalk
1898:
1894:
1873:
1867:
1816:
1768:Soviet Union
1761:
1744:
1734:
1715:
1694:
1636:
1608:
1591:
1576:
1539:White Guards
1508:
1497:Rosenbröijer
1468:
1436:
1413:
1393:
1362:
1331:
1295:Paul Pelliot
1283:Qing dynasty
1265:
1258:
1240:
1216:
1192:
1148:
1131:entomologist
1086:lost Finland
1073:
1067:
1027:
1024:
1013:
993:Nazi Germany
989:Soviet Union
973:
969:Soviet Union
930:
860:
844:World War II
815:
811:
752:Battles/wars
687:(White Army)
664:Finnish Army
556:Julin family
553:
545:
368:(1951-01-27)
346:(present day
297:Succeeded by
260:
248:Succeeded by
217:
190:Succeeded by
167:
147:Succeeded by
120:Urho Castrén
96:
60:SVR SR ketj.
33:
6568:1951 deaths
6563:1867 births
6520:(2019–2024)
6512:(2014–2019)
6504:(2009–2014)
6496:(2001–2009)
6488:(1994–2001)
6480:(1990–1994)
6472:(1983–1990)
6464:(1974–1983)
6456:(1969–1974)
6448:(1965–1969)
6440:(1959–1965)
6432:(1953–1959)
6424:(1946–1953)
6421:Aarne Sihvo
6416:(1945–1946)
6400:(1939–1945)
6392:(1933–1939)
6384:(1926–1933)
6381:Aarne Sihvo
6376:(1925–1926)
6360:(1924–1925)
6352:(1919–1924)
6230:(2012–2024)
6222:(2000–2012)
6214:(1994–2000)
6206:(1982–1994)
6198:(1956–1982)
6190:(1946–1956)
6182:(1944–1946)
6174:(1940–1944)
6166:(1937–1940)
6158:(1931–1937)
6150:(1925–1931)
6142:(1919–1925)
5862: [
5838: [
5800: [
5740: [
5706: [
5657:Meri, Veijo
5458: [
5234:19 December
5205:24 February
5201:(in French)
5099:Meri (1990)
4957:web-archive
4462:Meri (1990)
4395:Meri (1990)
4354:Meri (1990)
4257:7 September
3980:Meri (1990)
3968:Meri (1990)
3920:Meri (1990)
3908:Meri (1990)
3468: [
2759:White Guard
2540:, Finland.
2463:Axis Powers
2452:Lake Geneva
2448:Switzerland
2389:Switzerland
2300:Lapland War
1985:Lapland War
1942:Colt pistol
1927:White Guard
1919:assassinate
1915:Reds Guards
1774:, going by
1724:during the
1535:interregnum
1416:World War I
1350:Mount Wutai
1271:Nicholas II
1107: [
1070:Mannerheims
1041:White Guard
1009:Switzerland
894:Nicholas II
883:World War I
830:(1918), as
796:Lapland War
623:(1918–1951)
608:(1889–1917)
419:(1917-1951)
412:(1867-1917)
405:Nationality
381:Switzerland
327:4 June 1867
285:Preceded by
238:Preceded by
178:Preceded by
135:Preceded by
6803:Winter War
6552:Categories
6171:Risto Ryti
6083:1944–1946
6072:Risto Ryti
6045:1918–1919
5907:13 October
5752:. London:
5694:12 October
5638:. London:
5608:. London:
5436:. London:
4131:4 February
4079:27 January
3387:References
3337:Vorschmack
3175:Iron Cross
3100:Iron Cross
2644:Joel Rinne
2450:, next to
2224:Risto Ryti
2156:Yleisradio
2043:Winter War
2032:Aksel Airo
1977:Winter War
1975:See also:
1931:Hämeenkatu
1923:Eino Rahja
1845:to join a
1718:Bolsheviks
1710:propaganda
1699:caricature
1663:Portuguese
1611:republican
1523:Bolsheviks
1503:See also:
1377:xenophobic
1303:Uzbekistan
1101:Commandant
1005:sanatorium
991:alongside
976:Winter War
941:monarchist
786:Winter War
743:(Finland)
691:1939–1945
679:1889–1917
654:White Army
591:Allegiance
566:Profession
349:Askainen,
323:1867-06-04
276:Risto Ryti
140:Risto Ryti
5831:Jyväskylä
5399:(Finnish)
5382:2 October
5333:18 August
4900:17 August
4779:Aamulehti
4648:8 October
4486:0023-4281
4477:Kotiliesi
4068:Iltalehti
3844:17 August
3812:17 August
3784:17 August
3758:17 August
2557:Seinäjoki
2520:, stands
2459:statesman
2414:; modern
1737:Red Cross
1730:bourgeois
1707:socialist
1703:communist
1579:civil war
1543:Red Guard
1495:, Ensign
1342:Tian Shan
1299:Samarkand
1275:Turkestan
1260:Hong Huzi
1251:Manchuria
1177:Education
1157:(current
1145:Childhood
1076:, became
1045:massacres
922:Bolshevik
858:in 1942.
730:(Finland)
693:(Finland)
574:Signature
491:Relatives
272:President
261:In office
229:President
218:In office
168:In office
97:In office
5898:Archived
5886:. 2019.
5774:(2013).
5685:Archived
5659:(1990).
5648:12424452
5634:(1953).
5604:(1967).
5574:(1999).
5527:(1986).
5511:(1983).
5495:(1965).
5477:. 2005.
5432:(2009).
5409:No. 77,
5311:26 April
4940:Archived
4922:5 August
4878:5 August
4758:Archived
4559:Archived
4309:(2016).
3880:Archived
3805:BBC News
3720:(1967).
3671:15 March
3535:21 April
3412:. 1978.
3238:See also
2444:Montreux
2424:Helsinki
2404:Lausanne
2385:Montreux
2296:Karelian
2290:and all
2272:Helsinki
2087:Poventsa
1874:de facto
1863:fatalist
1808:Mandalay
1792:Calcutta
1621:and the
1564:Helsinki
1387:and the
1064:Ancestry
1032:Helsinki
937:Helsinki
877:and the
509:(sister)
501:(sister)
455:Children
395:Helsinki
377:Lausanne
334:Askainen
6528:(2024–)
6010:of the
6006:in the
5980:YouTube
5970:private
5835:Docendo
5640:Cassell
5153:4 March
3499:at the
3486:. 2005.
3079:Estonia
3062:Estonia
3028:Denmark
2830:Finland
2801:Armiger
2757:of the
2705:Colonel
2565:Mikkeli
2561:Tampere
2366:Marshal
2292:Petsamo
2288:Karelia
2261:Marshal
2112:Marshal
2028:Mikkeli
1946:Walther
1935:Tampere
1804:Rangoon
1794:in the
1784:Lucknow
1757:Rif War
1755:in the
1697:); the
1675:Finnish
1671:Chinese
1651:Russian
1639:Swedish
1381:Beijing
1373:Labrang
1338:Kashgar
1311:Andijan
1279:Beijing
1245:in the
1229:leaves
1153:of the
1088:to the
1078:Swedish
1074:Marhein
1047:of the
1043:in the
951:in the
891:Emperor
838:of the
826:in the
820:Finnish
620:Finland
472:Parents
449:
437:
433:
416:Finnish
399:Finland
355:Finland
279:Himself
210:Finland
6408:(1945)
6368:(1925)
6344:(1919)
6336:(1919)
6328:(1918)
6320:(1918)
6312:(1918)
6304:(1918)
5972:talk (
5966:public
5890:
5848:
5786:
5760:
5726:
5646:
5590:
5563:
5543:
5481:
5444:
5125:4 June
5082:
5027:
4803:
4614:4 June
4484:
4380:12 May
4319:
4292:Damals
4250:Kaleva
4174:
3833:Kaleva
3700:
3604:
3454:, 1865
3416:
3328:(film)
3123:(1941)
3085:(1933)
3045:France
3034:(1919)
3015:Others
3010:(1942)
2996:(1919)
2982:(1918)
2966:Sweden
2947:(1906)
2888:(1944)
2874:(1944)
2779:Awards
2753:1918:
2740:1942:
2734:1933:
2728:1918:
2715:1917:
2709:1911:
2703:1905:
2697:1904:
2684:Cornet
2682:1889:
2676:1888:
2549:Kiasma
2478:London
2467:Allies
2434:Legacy
2408:French
2247:regent
2140:Imatra
2050:quote:
1983:, and
1961:Vyborg
1903:Sweden
1831:Madras
1827:Bombay
1812:Sikkim
1790:, and
1780:London
1722:Whites
1669:, and
1659:Polish
1649:, and
1647:French
1643:German
1592:Kustaa
1587:Regent
1489:Lilius
1409:Warsaw
1369:Yugurs
1346:Urumqi
1334:Khotan
1233:. The
910:Whites
824:Whites
425:Spouse
232:Vacant
5901:(PDF)
5876:(PDF)
5866:]
5842:]
5818:Otava
5812:[
5804:]
5754:Hurst
5744:]
5710:]
5688:(PDF)
5673:(PDF)
5584:Otava
5578:[
5499:[
5469:[
5462:]
5021:Brill
4523:Otava
3472:]
3343:Notes
3216:Works
3134:Japan
2811:Motto
2666:Ranks
2569:Lahti
2553:Turku
2538:Loppi
2426:in a
2373:Lohja
2369:Baron
2264:Baron
2212:right
2148:Baron
1997:Baron
1965:Espoo
1847:tiger
1839:Nepal
1835:Delhi
1825:) to
1800:Burma
1788:Delhi
1778:from
1667:Latin
1552:Vaasa
1517:from
1397:Uhlan
1385:Japan
1171:Baron
1159:Masku
1111:]
1094:Count
813:Baron
685:1918
439:(
435:
351:Masku
204:1st
64:SL SR
56:VR SR
48:Baron
6288:The
5968:and
5909:2021
5888:ISBN
5882:and
5846:ISBN
5784:ISBN
5758:ISBN
5724:ISBN
5696:2021
5644:OCLC
5588:ISBN
5561:ISBN
5541:ISBN
5479:ISBN
5442:ISBN
5384:2017
5335:2013
5313:2023
5273:2013
5236:2020
5207:2018
5155:2024
5127:2021
5080:ISBN
5025:ISBN
4924:2024
4902:2024
4880:2024
4801:ISBN
4650:2022
4616:2021
4482:ISSN
4382:2020
4317:ISBN
4259:2021
4172:ISBN
4133:2020
4081:2021
3864:MTV3
3846:2007
3814:2013
3786:2013
3760:2013
3698:ISBN
3673:2023
3602:ISBN
3537:2017
3414:ISBN
2583:and
2567:and
2555:and
2492:The
2235:USSR
2116:Ryti
2064:Nazi
2045:and
1837:and
1819:Aden
1806:and
1776:ship
1764:Asia
1705:and
1422:and
1068:The
926:Reds
861:The
702:Rank
554:See
546:See
445:div.
363:Died
317:Born
158:2nd
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6012:ZBW
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5868:.
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3647:.fi
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