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1072:, and one of the first department stores in the United States. Luther was told by Pratt: "My boy you are going away from us to work for this school. Go and do your best. The majority of white people think the Indian is a lazy good-for-nothing. They think he can neither work nor learn anything; that he is very dirty. Now you are going to prove that the red man can learn and work as well as the white man. If John Wanamaker gives you the job of blacking his shoes, see that you make them shine. Then he will give you a better job. If you are put into the office to clean, don't forget to sweep up under the chairs and in the corners. If you do this well, he will give you better work to do." While riding on street cars in Philadelphia, Luther did not care to listen to the vulgar language used by white boys on the way to work. At the end of his internship, the entire Carlisle school students and faculty traveled to a large meeting hall in Philadelphia where Pratt and Wanamaker spoke. Luther was asked to come to the stage, and Wanamaker told the students that Luther had been promoted from one department to another every month getting better work and better money and in spite of the fact that he employed over one thousand people, he never promoted anyone as rapidly as Luther.
785:, President of Dickinson College, led the first worship service at the Indian School in 1879. It was Mrs. Pratt who had initiated the contact between the Indian School and Dickinson. Upon Pratt's absence one Sunday, Mrs. Pratt wrote to President McCauley and requested his aid as a minister which he graciously accepted. The relationship did not stop there with Richard Pratt noting that, "from that time forward Dr. McCauley became an advisor and most valued friend to the school.". The collaborative effort between Dickinson College and the Carlisle Indian School lasted almost four decades, from the opening day to the closing of the school. Dr. McCauley helped Pratt to develop a board of trustees and a Board of Visitors composed of different heads of leading national educational institutions and wealthy donors. Dickinson College professors served as chaplains and special faculty to the Indian School, and college students volunteered services, observed teaching methods and participated in events. Dickinson College also provided Carlisle Indian School students with access to the Dickinson Preparatory School ("Conway Hall") and college level education. Thomas Marshall was one of the first Native American students at Dickinson. Carlisle is also home to the
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1456:, to be instructor of the first Native arts course at the Carlisle. De Cora agreed to accept the position at Carlisle only if she "shall not be expected to teach in the white man's way, but shall be given complete liberty to develop the art of my own race and to apply this, as far as possible, to various forms of art, industries and crafts." The project was ambitious, and in 1907 students constructed the Leupp Indian Art Studio. The studio was strategically positioned to the entrance to the campus and designed as an exhibition hall and artist studio. Materials were purchased by using profits from the prior Carlisle Indians football season. Public demand for Native American arts was growing, and proceeds from sales were used to raise funds for individuals on reservations and to cultivate public interest in Indian crafts. Students enjoyed Plains art and drawing traditional pictographs on paper and slates. The studio showcased paintings, drawings, leather work, beadwork,
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886:, near a place called Tagg's Run. Students lived in tents and picked berries, hunted and fished. Luther Standing Bear recalled: "In 1881, after the school closed for the summer vacation, some of the boys and girls were placed out in farmers' homes to work throughout the summer. Those who remained at school were sent to the mountains for a vacation trip. I was among the number. When we reached our camping place, we pitched out tents like soldiers all in a row. Captain Pratt brought along a lot of feathers and some sinew, and we made bows and arrows. Many white people came to visit the Indian camp, and seeing us shooting with the bow and arrow, they would put nickels and dimes in a slot of wood and set them up for us to shoot at. If we knocked the money from the stick, it was ours. We enjoyed this sport very much, as it brought a real home thrill to us."
2006:, a colloquialism meaning "one who performs" or "Show Man", a title of great honor and respect. Its usage began in the early days of the Buffalo Bill Cody Wild West shows. The phrase "Show Indians" likely originated among newspaper reporters and editorial writers as early as 1891. By 1893 the term appears frequently in Bureau of Indian Affairs correspondence. Some believe that the term is derogatory describing the "phenomenon of Native exploitation and romanticization in the U.S." Arguments of a similar nature were made by the Bureau of Indian Affairs during the popularity of Wild West shows in the United States and Europe. Many Carlisle students, mostly Lakota, had parents, family and friends who were Wild Westers. Ben American Horse and Samuel American Horse, sons of Oglala Lakota Chief American Horse from the
613:, said that "The parents of these Indian children are ignorant, and know nothing of the value of education... Parental authority is hardly known or exercised among the Indians in this agency. The agent should be endowed with some kind of authority to enforce attendance. The agent here has found that a threat to depose a captain if he does not make the children attend school has had a good effect." Ward reiterated the US government's self-appointed position as a patriarchal ward over natives. Government officials treated tribal nations as dependents, and acted as if they could justifiably force a childlike nation to do what was best for them. The US officially legalized the denial of native parental rights in 1891, leading to mass forced removal of native children from their families. It was not until the 1976
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it was agreed that they should be. You signed that paper, knowing only what the interpreter told you it said. If anything happened when the paper was being made up that changed its order, if you had been educated and could read and write, you could have known about it and refused to put your name on it. Do you intend to let your children remain in the same condition of ignorance in which you have lived, which will compel them always to meet the whiter man at a great disadvantage through an interpreter, as you have to do? As your friend, Spotted Tail, I urge you to send your children with me to this
Carlisle School and I will do everything I can to advance them in intelligence and industry in order that they may come back and help you.
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Hyde insisted that Maggie make her bed every day and keep her room clean. Instead of retaliating, Miss Hyde stood her ground and Maggie acquiesced. Like most of the
Carlisle students, Maggie was enrolled in the Summer Outing Program. After her arrival to her country home, Maggie wrote a letter to Pratt. "Dear Captain Pratt: What shall I do? I have been here two weeks and I have not bathed. These folks have no bath place. Your school daughter, Maggie Stands Looking." Pratt advised her to do as he had done on the frontier and signed his letter "Your friend and school father. R.H. Pratt." Maggie replied, "After filling a wash basin with water and rubbing myself well, have had a bath that made me feel as good as jumping into a river."
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4030:: "It was one thing to portray docile natives who had not progressed much since the late fifteenth century, but quite another matter to portray some of them as armed and dangerous." Indian Commissioner John H. Oberly explained in 1889: "The effect of traveling all over the country among, and associated with, the class of people usually accompanying shows, circuses and exhibitions, attended by all the immoral and unchristianizing surroundings incident to such a life, is not only most demoralizing to the present and future welfare of the Indian, but it creates a roaming and unsettled disposition and educates him in a manner entirely foreign and antagonistic to that which has been and now is the policy of the Government.
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2400:(USAHEC), in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, is the U.S. Army's primary historical research facility. With its oldest part established in 1967, and later reorganized in 1999 and reorganized again in 2013, the center consists of the U.S. Army Military History Institute (U.S.A.M.H.I.) (of 1967), the Army Heritage Museum (A.H.M.), the Digital Archives Division, the Historical Services Division, the Research and Education Services, and the U.S.A.H.E.C. Staff. The U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center is part of the United States Army War College, but has its own 56-acre (230,000 m2) campus in Middlesex Township nearby the Carlisle Barracks.
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Carlisle, a touchdown, extra point and four field goals. During the program's 25 years, the
Carlisle Indians compiled a 167–88–13 record and winning percentage (.647), which makes it the most successful defunct major college football program. The Carlisle Indians developed a rivalry with Harvard and loved to sarcastically mimic the Harvard accent. Even players who could barely speak English would drawl the broad Harvard "a" as in the Boston accent is non-rhotic, typically pronounced "pahk the cah in Hahvad Yahd". Carlisle students labeled any excellent performance, whether on the field or in the classroom, as "Harvard style".
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2170:, whose women are known for speaking out against the colonization and expansionism of American settlers. Some Cherokee women also attained the rank of chief. "They were not, as Euro-Americans imagine, merely chattel, servants to man, wives, and mothers." It wasn't uncommon for Native women to be warriors, statesmen, religious leaders, and shamans (the equivalent of doctors). Carlisle instructors forced the women to learn the industrial and domestic skills appropriate to European American gender roles. For many of them, this cultural assault led to confusion, alienation, homesickness and resentment.
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Luther was proud to be compared to a white boy, but some would not shake his hand. Some returning
Carlisle students had become ashamed of their culture, while some tried to pretend that they did not speak Lakota. The difficulties of returning Carlisle I.I.S. students disturbed white educators. Returning Carlisle students found themselves between two cultures, not accepted by either. Some rejected their educational experiences and "returned to the blanket," casting off "white ways"; others found it more convenient and satisfying to remain in white society. Most adjusted to both worlds.
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1602:, Progressive Reformists fought a war of images with Wild West shows before the American public at world fairs, expositions and parades. Pratt and other reformist progressives led an unsuccessful campaign to discourage Native Americans from joining Wild West shows. Reformist Progressives vigorously opposed to theatrical portrayals of Native Americans in popular Wild West shows and believed Wild West shows portrayed Native Americans as savages and vulgar stereotypes. Reformist progressives also believed Wild West shows exploited and demoralized Native Americans.
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1949:, in his regalia including war paint, sitting astride his horse, also in war paint, in the center of the street. It was reported that: "The Chiefs created a sensation, eclipsing the intended symbolism of a formation of 350 uniformed Carlisle students led by a marching band," and "all eyes were on the six chiefs, the cadets received passing mention in the newspapers and nobody bothered to photograph them." The Carlisle Band led by Claude M. Stauffer and cadets led by Captain William A. Mercer, superintendent of the school and member of the 7th Cavalry.
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727:, with a population of 6,209 people. The shoe factory in town employed over 800 residents. There were two railroads, three banks and ten hotels in Carlisle by the time Pratt established his school. By the late 19th century, there were 1,117 "colored residents" in Carlisle. Carlisle boasted a low unemployment rate and a high literacy rate at the time of the census. It was considered a good location, as it was not in a big city. It was not so far West that the students would be able to run away back to their families. The historic
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Indians to the white man's culture. The first and best known photographer of the
Carlisle Indian Industrial School was John Nicolas Choate. "After replacing Indian dress with military uniforms and cutting their hair in Anglo fashion, the Indians' physical appearance was transformed." Before and after "contrast" photos were sent to officials in Washington, charitable donors and to reservations to recruit new students. "Pratt's powerful photographs showing his quick results helped persuade Washington that he was doing vital work.
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557:(Lakota word for white man, loosely translates to Takes the Fat) had been able to take their land was that the Indians were uneducated. He said that the Natives were disadvantaged by being unable to speak and write English and, if they had that knowledge, they might have been able to protect themselves. Pratt used this speech to convince chief Spotted Tail to send his children to the school. At first he had been reluctant to relinquish his children to the government that had stolen native land and violated their treaties.
743:(founded 1773, chartered 1783). When the first Indian School students arrived in Carlisle on October 6, 1879, they were in tribal dress. "For the people of Carlisle it was a gala day and a great crowd gathered around the railroad. The older Indian boys sang songs aloud in order to keep their spirits up and remain courageous, even though they were frightened." "For years, it was a common event for the people of Carlisle to greet the Carlisle Indian football victors on their homecoming. Led by the Indian School Band, the
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Luther agreed that it might be a good plan, so a permit was received from
Washington. Sixty boys from Pine Ridge were mixed with 60 European-American boys. Teachers had hoped the Indians would learn the English language faster by this arrangement. "But lo and behold, the white boys began learning the Sioux language." The program was discontinued. Some Native Americans are angry about painful Indian boarding school experiences and Pratt's Progressive Reformist views on assimilation have been condemned.
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1834:. Organizers wanted their exotic people to be interpreted by anthropologists in a modern scientific manner portraying contrasting images of Native Americans. A Congress of Indian Educators was convened and Oglala Lakota Chief Red Cloud and Chief Blue Horse, both eighty-three years old, and the best-known Native America orators at the St. Louis World's Fair, spoke to audiences. A model Indian School was placed on top on a hill so Indians below could see their future as portrayed by the
1331:, who became noted as its leader, composer and compiler of modified Native airs. Many students studied classical musical instruments. The Carlisle Indian Band performed at world fairs, expositions and every at national presidential inaugural celebration until the school closed. Luther Standing Bear was a bugler for military calls and educated as a classical musician. On May 24, 1883, Luther Standing Bear led the Carlisle Indian band of brass instruments as the first band to cross the
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2232:, was a major health problem on the reservation as well as the East. During the years of operation, hundreds of children died at Carlisle. Most died from infectious diseases common in the early 20th century that killed many children. More than 180 students were buried in the Carlisle Indian School Cemetery. The bodies of most who died were sent to their families. Children who died of tuberculosis were buried at the school, as people were worried about contagion.
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1941:. When the contingent of "Wild Westers" and the "Carlisle Cadets" and Band came into view, President Roosevelt vigorously waved his hat and all in the President's box rose to their feet to behold the powerful imagery of the six famous Native American Chiefs on horseback adorned with face paint and elaborate feather headdresses, followed by the 46-piece Carlisle Indian Industrial School Band and a brigade of 350 "Carlisle Cadets" at arms. Leading the group was "
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1822:, who had recently returned from a tour of Europe, were contracted to perform in the show. Cody also brought in an additional one hundred Wild Westers directly from Pine Ridge, Standing Rock and Rosebud reservations, who visited the Exposition at his expense and participated in the opening ceremonies. Over two million patrons saw Buffalo Bill's Wild West outside the Columbian Exposition, often mistaking the show as an integral part to the World's Fair. The
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2153:, echoes controversy in an application to Carlisle when he answers a question about his marriage proudly, "it has been nearly ten years since I married my Race." Research suggests this was a subtle hint to the school's officials to prove that they have married their own race. Most likely, this backlash by the Natives is due to the fact that the school was trying to, "take the Indian out of the man." Additionally, Cathleen Cahill proves that the
1438:: "It seems to me that one of the errors good people fall into in dealing with the Indian is taking it for granted that their first duty is to make a white man out of him." He also stated, "The Indian is a natural warrior, a natural logician, a natural artist. We have room for all three in our highly organized social system. Let us not make the mistake, in the process, of absorbing them, of washing out of them whatever is distinctly Indian."
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acquire new skills and customs, and change at their own pace and on their own terms. Both Pratt and Cody offered paths of opportunity and hope during time when people believed Native
Americans were a vanishing race whose only hope for survival was rapid cultural transformation. Notwithstanding his criticisms, Pratt invited his old friend Buffalo Bill Cody and his Wild West show to perform in Carlisle on June 24, 1898. The school paper
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2021:, was a Carlisle "Wild Wester" with experience as a performer, interpreter and chaperon. Goings carefully chose the famous chiefs, the best dancers, the best singers, and the best riders; screened for performers willing to be away from home for extended periods of time and coordinated travel, room and board. He traveled with his wife and children, and for many years toured Europe and the United States with "Buffalo Bill's Wild West",
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3456:. It further declares that those who have Indian boys "enjoy a rare privilege. The work is doubly interesting because one can be studying the characteristics of his scholars, at the same time learning many valuable lessons in methods of teaching." In addition, at the time of the Indian School commencement, it was traditional for a half day holiday to be given so Dickinson students could attend the "very interesting exercises."
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662:. After Indian dress was replaced with military uniforms and the children's hair was cut in Anglo fashion, the Indians' physical appearance was transformed. In an effort to convince doubters of the transformation possible, Pratt hired photographers to present this evidence. Before and after "contrast" photos were sent to officials in Washington, friends of the new school, and back to reservations to recruit new students.
1146:, between two of the top teams in the country. Pop Warner spoke to his team: "Your fathers and your grandfathers," Warner began, "are the ones who fought their fathers. These men playing against you today are soldiers. They are the Long Knives. You are Indians. Tonight, we will know if you are warriors." That dramatic evening Carlisle routed Army 27–6. That game, played just 22 years after the last Army battle with the
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1803:, Native American performers were major draws and money-makers. Millions of visitors at world fairs, exhibitions and parades throughout the United States and Europe observed Native Americans portrayed as the vanishing race, exotic peoples and objects of modern comparative anthropology. Reformists Progressives fought a war of words and images against popular Wild West shows at world fairs, expositions and parades.
1483:. Designed by the school's art department, printed and in part written by students, the magazine gained a wide reputation for the quality of its appearance and content. Lone Star created cover designs for almost all of the 50 issues of the magazine between 1909 and 1914. During their time at Carlisle, Angel and Lone Star Dietz brought cultural awareness to students through innovative teaching programs.
1838:. On one side of the school, "blanket Indians", men or women who refused to relinquish their native dress and customs, demonstrated their artistry inside the school on one side of the hall. On the other side, Indian boarding school students displayed their achievements in reading, writing, music, dancing, trades and arts. The Carlisle Indian Band performed at the Pennsylvania state pavilion, and the
510:, who had supervised government Indian education on reservations west of the Missouri River, later wrote of Carlisle that organizing Indian boys into squads and companies appealed to their warrior traditions. She believed they complied because they wanted to earn officers' ranks, recognition, and privileges. She also observed that there was 'genuine affection' between the Captain and the students.
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anthropologists, historians, linguists, journalists, photographers, portraitists and early movie-makers believed time was of the essence to study western Native
American peoples. Many researchers and artists lived on government reservations for extended periods to study Native Americans before they "vanished." Their inspired effort heralded the "Golden Age of the Wild West." Photographers included
859:, taught students about Native American art and heritage and fought harsh assimilation methods. Students were instructed in Christianity and expected to attend a local church, but had their choice among those in town. Carlisle students were required to attend a daily service and two services on Sundays. Students were expected to participate in various extracurricular activities. In addition to the
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for a fine day weather-wise. Fortunately, the travelers had lunch on the train because it was late in arriving in
Washington. They were hurried into the last division of the Military Grand Division. Originally, they were to have been in the Civic Grand Division, but Gen. Chaffee transferred all cadets under arms to the military division, putting them in a separate brigade.
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2010:, attended Carlisle and went "Wild Westing" with their father. Often entire families worked together, and the tradition of the "Wild Wester" community is not unlike the tradition of circus families and communities. Carlisle Wild Westers were attracted by the adventure, pay and opportunity and were hired as performers, chaperons, interpreters and recruiters.
1862:, March 4, 1905. President Roosevelt vigorously waived his hat and all in the President's box rose to their feet to behold the powerful imagery of the six famous Native American chiefs on horseback adorned with face paint and elaborate feather headdresses, followed by the 46-piece Carlisle Indian School Band and a brigade of 350 Carlisle Cadets at arms.
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Native
Americans to white society, but they differed as to education models and speed of assimilation. Reformist progressives, a coalition led by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Native American educators and Christian organizations, promoted rapid assimilation of children through off-reservation Indian boarding schools and immersion in white culture.
546:(Sicangu), to compel the chiefs to surrender their children. The government believed that by removing the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota children from their homes, the US would have leverage against the tribes in their continuing attempt to acquire tribal land. Pratt said that, "The children would be hostages for the good behavior of the people."
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2412:. Begun in 1974, the competition in ten sports is among the military's senior service schools, the Army, Navy and Air Force academies. The sports are played at Carlisle Barracks' historic Indian Field, where Jim Thorpe once displayed the teamwork, discipline and physical fitness that inspires the name of the athletic games at Carlisle.
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contact with the Indian School, and who know of its work, have occasion to be agreeably surprised with the advance we are able to see." In June 1911, Reed addressed the one hundred and twenty-eighth commencement of Dickinson College, where he presented an Honorary Degree of Master of Arts to Pratt's successor, Superintendent
4350:"They were Quanah Parker of the Comanche, Buckskin Charlie from the Ute, Hollow Horn Bear and American Horse of the Sioux, Little Plume from the Blackfeet and the Apache warrior Geronimo. As they rode through the streets of Washington on horseback, despite criticism, Roosevelt applauded and waved his hat in appreciation."
1376:. Upon returning to Carlisle, she came into conflict with Pratt. She resented the rigid program of assimilation and argued that the curricula did not encourage Native American children to aspire to anything beyond lives spent in menial labor. In 1901 Zitkala-Ša was dismissed, likely for an article she had published in
415:. Pratt's Fort Marion program convinced him that "distant education" was the only way to totally assimilate the Indian. He wrote, the Indian "is born a blank, like all the rest of us. Transfer the savage born infant to the surroundings of a civilization and he will grow to possess a civilized language and habit."
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assimilate Indians into white culture. Whether this could be achieved and how rapidly it could be done was unknown. Pratt believed he could make use of the Carlisle facility. He thought its proximity to officials in Washington, D.C. would help him educate officials about the Indian capacity for learning.
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A week or so before the inauguration, six famous chiefs from formerly hostile tribes, arrived in Carlisle to head the school's contingent in the parade. But, before they left for Washington, there was much to do. First, they spoke to an assembly of students through interpreters. A dress rehearsal was
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Before and after "contrast" photos were sent to officials in Washington, potential charitable donors, and to reservations to recruit new students. Pratt's powerful photographs showing quick results helped persuade Washington that he was doing vital work. "Chiricahua Apaches Four Months After Arriving
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At Carlisle, Pratt developed a photographic record of the model school for publicity and documentation. The institution and the school were photographed during the school's existence by approximately a dozen professional photographers. The photographs evidenced that the school successfully acclimated
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Other Progressives, such as "Buffalo Bill" Cody, who as Pratt believed Indians equals of whites, had a different approach. He allowed Indians to be Indians. New ideas were not to be thrust forcefully upon Native peoples. Cody believed Native Americans would observe modern life and different cultures,
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describing the profound loss of identity felt by a Native American boy after being given an assimilationist education at Carlisle. Concerned with her mother's advanced age and her family's struggles with poverty, she returned to the Yankton Reservation in 1901. Zitkala-Ša dedicated her life to Indian
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In 1889, Dr. George Edward Reed assumed the position of President of Dickinson College and continued the close relationship between the Indian School and Dickinson College through Pratt's departure in 1904. Reed told an audience at the Indian School that "we who live in Carlisle, who come in constant
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The minimum age for students was fourteen, and all students were required to be at least one-fourth Indian. The Carlisle term was five years, and the consent forms which the parents signed before the agent so stated. Pratt refused to return pupils earlier unless they were ill, unsuitable mentally, or
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Children who could not adjust at Carlisle eventually returned to their families and homes. Some ran away because of being homesick and unhappy. According to Eastman, several years after one young man ran away, he approached Pratt in the lobby of a New York hotel. He said that he had found a good job,
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Two-thirds were children of leaders of the Plains Indian tribes, with whom the U.S. had recently been at war. The first class was made up of 84 Lakota, 52 Cheyenne, Kiowa and Pawnee, and 11 Apache. The class included a group of students, former prisoners from Fort Marion, who wanted to continue their
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Pratt had earlier supervised Native American prisoners of war, and supported some of them in gaining education at Hampton College. He became convinced that education was the key to assimilation. In his own words, Pratt's motto was, "Kill the Indian, save the man." The US applied this principle to the
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and no two students from the same tribe were permitted to room together. The plan helped in the rapid acquisition of English, and although some were hereditary foes, Pratt believed the Indian students to be less inclined to quarrel than most white children. However, there were consequences. In 1879,
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The Outing Program continued throughout the Carlisle's history, and of the thousands who attended Carlisle for the first twenty-four years, a least half participated in the program. Around 1909, Superintendent Friedman expanded the Outing Program by placing boys in manufacturing corporations such as
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American Horse "took a lively interest" in what Pratt had to say. He was a tribal leader and head of a large household with at least ten children. He believed that his children would have to deal with whites, and perhaps live with them, whether they liked it or not. He decided to send two sons and a
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Some tribes initially consented to sending their children to off-reservation boarding schools, but many were skeptical of the school system and its intentions. Many tribes did not believe the promises of the schools, as they were scarred by the genocidal tactics of the U.S. government. Once students
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to recruit Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota students for the new school. These tribes were selected by Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ezra Hayt, because they had resisted ceding more territory to the United States government. It was less than three years after Lakota warriors and their allies had defeated
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As part of Pratt's curriculum in cultural and language immersion, the school's students were expected to learn English. School officials also required students to take new English names, either by choice or assignment. This was confusing, as the names from which they had to choose had no meaning for
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predicted that the group would be one of the big parade's star attractions. Those marching in the parade were woken at 3:45 a.m., had breakfast at 4:30, and were the special train to Washington at 5:30. As the train rolled out of Carlisle, a heavy snow fell, but later the sun burned through, making
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in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, houses an extensive collection of archival materials and photographs from the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Among the items are 39 years of weekly and monthly school newspapers, musical and athletic programs, brochures, letters, catalogs and the annual reports to the
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In the late 20th century, there was a reexamination of assimilation efforts by the U.S. government, and practices at Carlisle and other similar schools served as the basis for some of that reexamination. Some Native Americans criticized the break-up of their families for years as students were sent
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All children who attended Carlisle were subjected to "militaristic regimentation and disciplines," such as cutting of their hair, changing their dress, diets, names, and learning unfamiliar conceptions of space and time. They were also forced to let go of their cultural gender roles, and assimilate
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matches the time in history that enveloped such assimilation, "During the closing decades of the nineteenth century, the federal government's strategies for changing Indian societies tacitly encouraged interracial marriage." Although this unwritten rule of interracial marriage was never proven, the
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system as a hindrance to the civilization and assimilation of Native Americans ("American Indians"). "Better, far better for the Indians," he said, "had there never been a Bureau." As a result of the controversy, Pratt was forced to retire as superintendent of Carlisle after 24 years and was placed
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Maggie Stands Looking, a daughter of Oglala Lakota Chief American Horse, was among the first wave of children brought from Rosebud and one of Captain Pratt's model students. Maggie had difficulty adjusting to the demands of her new lifestyle at Carlisle, and once slapped Miss Hyde, the matron, when
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Spotted Tail, you are a remarkable man. You are such an able man that you are the principal chief of these thousands of your people. But Spotted Tail, you cannot read or write. You claim that the government has tricked your people and placed the lines of your reservation a long way inside of where
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is a book in poems and images documenting the author's life as well as that of his extended Family. Three of the author's grandparents attended Carlisle Indian Industrial School and the book details both the experience and the aftermath of their attendance there. Gansworth is an enrolled member of
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investigation focused on management at the School and the out-sized role played by athletics. Pop Warner, Superintendent Moses Friedman and Bandmaster C.M. Stauffer were dismissed. After the hearings, attendance dwindled and morale declined. The reason for Carlisle's existence had passed. When the
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During the first few weeks at Carlisle, when the Lakota and Dakota greatly outnumbered all other tribes, it was discovered that Cheyennes and Kiowas were learning to speak Lakota and Dakota. After that, English was the only language permitted on the campus. Dormitory rooms held three or four each,
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Carlisle was created with the explicit goal of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream European-American culture. "The goal of acculturation was to be accomplished by "total immersion" in the white man's world." Pratt founded Carlisle to immerse Native American children in mainstream culture
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Carlisle curricula included subjects such as English, math, history, drawing and composition. Students also learned trade and work skills such as farming and manufacturing. Older students used their skills to help build new classrooms and dormitories. Carlisle students produced a variety of weekly
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News of the educational experiment spread rapidly, and many whites went to Carlisle to volunteer services and professional talents. Pratt developed a photographic record of the school for publicity and documentation. The institution and the school were photographed during the school's existence by
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The first group of inspectors, some 40 Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota chiefs representing nine Missouri River agencies, visited Carlisle in June 1880. Other tribal leaders followed. Before tribal delegations returned home, they usually spent a few days in Washington where they received the plaudits of
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The children were forced to change their manner of dress and to give up their traditional tribal ways. The boys all had long hair, which was a strong tradition in their cultures: it was cut short in Euro-American style. Students were required to wear school uniforms of American-style clothing, and
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Give me three hundred young Indians and a place in one of our best communities, and let me prove it! Carlisle Barracks in Pennsylvania, has been abandoned for a number of years. It is in the heart of fine agricultural country. The people are kindly disposed, and long free from the universal border
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As at Hampton, arriving students were shorn of their long hair, and even their names were changed. However, "unlike Hampton, whose purpose was to return assimilated educated Indians to their people, Carlisle meant to turn the school into the ultimate Americanizer". At Carlisle, Pratt established a
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One student, Luther Standing Bear got a mixed reception at home on the reservation. Some were proud of his achievements while others did not like that he had "become a white man." He was happy to be home, and some of his relatives said that he "looked like a white boy dressed in eastern clothes."
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and spoke through an interpreter. Later Luther Standing Bear was called to the superintendent's office and asked him if it was a good idea to get some Indian boys from the reservation and put them in school with white boys, expecting that the Indian boys would learn faster by such an association.
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During this period, U.S. Government policy focused upon acquiring Indian lands, restricting cultural and religious practices and sending Native American children to boarding schools. Progressives agreed that the situation was serious and that something needed to be done to educate and acculturate
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arranged for students to work in homes as domestic servants or in farms or businesses during the summer. The program won praise from reformers and administrators alike and helped increase the public's faith that Indians could be educated and assimilated. The program gave students opportunities to
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The civilizing process at Carlisle began with clothes. Whites believed the Indian children could not be civilized while wearing moccasins and blankets. Their hair was cut because in some mysterious way long hair stood in the path of our development. They were issued the clothes of white men. High
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boarding schools that were ultimately developed in 15 states and territories. Some private boarding schools were sponsored by religious denominations. In addition, the government operated a total of more than 300 schools on reservations, many of which accepted boarding students from other tribes.
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Prof. Charles Francis Himes was a professor of natural science at Dickinson College for three decades and instrumental in expanding the science curriculum. Professor Hines took an interest in the Carlisle Indian School and his notable lectures on electricity ("Why Does It Burn"), "Lightning" and
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Anniversaries and other school events attracted whites of distinction. US senators, Indian commissioners, secretaries of the Interior, college presidents, and noted clergymen were among those invited to present the diplomas or address the graduating class upon these occasions. The gymnasium held
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on April 6, 1917, there was an additional reduction of enrollment. Many Carlisle I.I.S. alumni and students served in the U.S. military during World War I. On the morning of September 1, 1918, a transfer ceremony took place. The American flag was lowered for the last time at the Carlisle Indian
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In 1911, the Indians posted an 11–1 record, which included one of the greatest upsets in college football history. Legendary athlete Jim Thorpe and coach Pop Warner led the Carlisle Indians to an 18–15 upset of Harvard before 25,000 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Thorpe scored all the points for
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Some children arrived at Carlisle able to speak some English; they were used by school officials as translators for other students. Officials sometimes took advantage of the children's traditional respect for elders to get them to inform on peers' misbehaviors. This was consistent with accepted
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in 1877, the Lakota people were impoverished, harassed and confined to reservations ... many believed that Native Americans were a vanishing race whose only hope for survival was rapid cultural transformation. Thus the U.S. government urgently sought a 'progressive' educational model to quickly
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By October 1879, Lieutenant Pratt had recruited the first students for the Carlisle Indian Industrial School; 82 boys and girls arrived one night at midnight at the railroad station. They were met by hundreds of local residents who escorted them to the "Old Barracks". The Carlisle Indian School
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During the Progressive Era of the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, there was an explosion of public interest in Native American culture and imagery. Newspapers, dime-store novels, Wild West shows and public exhibitions portrayed Native Americans as a "Vanishing Race." American and European
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Luther Standing Bear recalled that one day an astronomer came to Carlisle and gave a talk. "The astronomer explained that there would be an eclipse of the moon the following Wednesday night at twelve o'clock. We did not believe it. When the moon eclipsed, we readily believed our teacher about
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Buffalo Bill's Wild West and the Progressive Image of American Indians is a collaborative project of the Buffalo Bill Historical Center and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of History with the assistance from the Center for Digital Research in the Humanities at the University of
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required parental consent for children to be sent to off-reservation boarding schools, in practice children were regularly forcibly removed. US officials justified the practice of forceful removal because they believed that native parenting practices were seen as inferior to mainstream white
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Pratt wrote that he believed that Native Americans were 'equal' to European Americans, and that the school worked to immerse students into mainstream Euro-American culture. He believed that this would enable them to advance and thrive in the dominant society, and be leaders to their people.
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and his teammates, bringing national recognition to the small school. By 1907, the Carlisle Indians were the most dynamic team in college football. They had pioneered the forward pass, the overhand spiral and other trick plays that frustrated their opponents. The Carlisle Indians have been
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Charles Francis Himes, "The White Man's Way; Illustrated Talks on Scientific Subjects to "Indian Chiefs" on their Visits to the Carlisle Indian School." Read before the Historical Section of the Hamilton Library Association, Carlisle, PA. (Carlisle: Hamilton Library Association, 1916),
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In style, Buffalo Bill established a fourteen-acre swath of land near the main entrance of the fair for "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World" where he erected stands around an arena large enough to seat 18,000 spectators. Seventy-four "Wild Westers" from
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If all men are created equal, then why were blacks segregated in separate regiments and Indians segregated on separate tribal reservations? Why weren't all men given equal opportunities and allowed to assume their rightful place in society? Race became a meaningless abstraction in his
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was a teacher at Carlisle before she became one of America's leading poets. Music was a part of the program, and many students studied classical instruments. The Carlisle Indian Band earned an international reputation. Native American teachers eventually joined the faculty, such as
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Pratt was so successful in his correspondence and methods that many Western chiefs, whose people were suffering from cold and hunger on their reservations, begged him to bring more children East. The chiefs also wrote to Washington with a request to educate more of their children.
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From 1879 until 1918, more than 10,000 Native American children from 140 tribes had attended Carlisle. The school's 1911 Annual Report included the results of an employment survey of 532 graduates and 3619 other ex-students. Tribes with the largest number of students included the
1475:. At the age of 23, Dietz enrolled at Carlisle where he studied art in Philadelphia in the Summer Outing Program. After his marriage to De Cora he continued in the roles of student and assistant art teacher. In 1909, the school launched a monthly literary magazine known as the
1662:. Exposition organizers assembled Wild Westers representing different tribes who portrayed Native Americans as a "vanishing race" at "The Last Great Congress of the Red Man", brought together for the first and last time, apparently to commiserate before they all vanished.
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and teach them English, new skills, and customs. Pratt's slogan was "to civilize the Indian, get him into civilization. To keep him civilized, let him stay." Pratt's approach was harsh but an alternative to the tendency towards physical extermination of Native Americans.
408:. He gradually introduced them to classes in the English language, art, guard duty, and craftsmanship. The program became well-known. Distinguished visitors began to visit from all over the country, especially as St. Augustine had become a winter resort for the wealthy.
483:) was one of the first students when Carlisle began operations in 1879. He was asked to choose a name from a list on the wall. He randomly pointed at the symbols on a wall, and was renamed as Luther. The school assigned his father's name, Standing Bear, as his surname.
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The Documents Concerning Mary Welch, from the Carlisle Indian Digital Resource Center, provide validation of Welch's completion of seven years at the Carlisle school, and say that she would make a fine housekeeper or seamstress. However, Welch was a member of the
2055:. In retirement, Pratt and his wife Anna Laura traveled widely, often visiting former students and lecturing and still writing on Indian issues. Pratt continued to advocate for Native American rights until his death at the age of 83 on March 15, 1924, at the old
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Dr. James Andrew McCauley, Professor Charles Francis Himes, Dr. George Edward Reed, Stephen Baird and Joshua Lippincott fostered the relationship between the institutions through religious services, advisory meetings, lectures and commencement speeches. See
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for the first time in several years to recruit students. She was greatly dismayed to find there that her mother's house was in disrepair and her brother's family in poverty, and that white settlers were beginning to occupy the land promised to the
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Between 1899 and 1904, Carlisle issued thirty to forty-five degrees a year. In 1905, a survey of 296 Carlisle graduates showed that 124 had entered government service (often with reservation agencies), and 47 were employed off the reservations.
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to what white men believed they should do in society. Native women traditionally held important political, social and economic power within their communities, as most Native cultures promoted gender equality, and this was disrupted at Carlisle.
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In addition to academic contact, the two institutes had contact in the public venue as well. The best known instances include the regular defeats of Dickinson College by the Carlisle Indian School football team and other athletic competitions.
1734:. Dr. Montezuma joined Pratt at the Carlisle Indian School as a resident physician from 1895 to 1897. Montezuma, a correspondent with Pratt since 1887, was drawn to the noble experiment at Carlisle. The physician Charles Eastman and his wife,
1710:. The organization was influenced by the Carlisle experience and dedicated to self-determination and preserving Native American culture. From 1911 to 1923, the society was forefront in the fight for Indian citizenship and the passage of the
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noted that, "We had the advantage of contacting and contending with our distinguished neighbor, Dickinson College, with its more than a century of success in developing strong and eminent men to fill the highest places in our national
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Students were required to write home at least every month, and as often as they chose. Nearly all the students lovingly inquired after absent brothers and sisters, and many sent money home ten or twenty dollars of their own earnings.
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paraded in their nightshirts down the streets of Carlisle and on to the school on the edge of town." Residents of Carlisle stood on their doorsteps and cheered as the Carlisle Band led a snake dance from one end of town to the other.
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depicts a parade drill by the cadet corps of the American Indian School which includes many representatives of the Native American tribes. In 1902 Marvin produced another documentary, "Club Swinging at Carlisle Indian School" for
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1706:, the first Indian rights organization created by and for Indians. The society was a group of about fifty prominent Native American intelligentsia who exchanged views collectively confronting their tribes and gave birth to
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Pratt believed Native Americans were the equal of whites, and founded Carlisle to immerse their children in white culture and teach them English, new skills and customs, in order to help them survive. After the end of
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The presence of Native Americans on campus generated great interest among Dickinson students. Dickinson students enjoyed visiting the Indian School to offer their talents and services. Indeed, the October 24, 1896
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2469:. Additionally, the project is advised by a number of subject-area experts and cultural advisers. The project seeks to aggregate collections of primary source materials held at various repositories, including the
2433:. The society has over 3,000 photographs and recorded oral histories from school alumni, relatives of former students and local townspeople. In 2000, the Cumberland County 250th Anniversary Committee worked with
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were in school, communication with home was virtually cut off. Letters from parents were left unsent by Indian Agents, and parents were not notified promptly when their children were ill or even after they died.
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industry. While Standing Bear left the confinement of the reservation, he continued his responsibilities as an Oglala Lakota chief, fighting to preserve Lakota heritage and sovereignty through public education.
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in Boston. In 1899, she took a position at the Carlisle Indian School where she taught music to the children and conducted debates on the treatment of Native Americans. In 1900, Zitkala-Ša played violin at the
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interact and live in the white world and found jobs for students during the summer months with middle-class farm families where they earned their first wages. Many students worked in the homes and farms of
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Dickinson College provided Carlisle Indian Industrial School students with access to preparatory and college level education, and Dickinson professors served as chaplains and special faculty to the Indian
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Financial difficulties, however, led the Bureau of Indian Affairs to withdraw its sponsorship and left the ethnological Indian Villages exhibit under the directorship of Frederick W. Putnam of Harvard's
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who felt they were pushed to marry interracially. As Katherine Ellinghaus notes in her book, "There was considerable resistance to the school's unspoken policy regarding interracial marriage." On the
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2178:'s son Baldwin Blue Horse, age 12, was in the first group of Oglala Lakota students to arrive at Carlisle. In 1888, Chief Blue Horse met with Baldwin at a performance of Buffalo Bill's Wild West in
1986:), Pratt's model student, was attracted to "Wild Westing" for the adventure, pay, and opportunity. Standing Bear is notable as a 20th-century Native American author, educator, philosopher and actor.
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The 1911 "Carlisle Indians" football team pose with a game ball from the upset of Harvard. Coach "Pop" Warner (standing, third from right) and Jim Thorpe (seated, third from right) are pictured.
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2541:, who was Thorpe's longtime mentor. Bickford also narrated the film, which told of Thorpe's athletic rise and fall, ending on an upbeat note when he was asked by a group of boys to coach them.
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School and presented to Major A.C. Backmeyer, who raised it again over the new U.S. Army Base Hospital Number 31, a pioneering new type of rehabilitation hospital to treat soldiers wounded in
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from 1904 to 1909, had a strong influence over the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Leupp encouraged promoting Indian culture by teaching native arts and craft. In 1905, Leupp wrote for the
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efforts of the larger American Indian boarding school system, by requiring children to speak only English, practice Christianity, take on new names and wear European-American style clothing.
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1464:. As head of the Leupp Art Studio from 1906 to 1915, De Cora emphasized design, and encouraged students to apply tribally-specific designs to marketable modern art media such as book plates,
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In 1905, Standing Bear decided to leave the reservation. He was no longer willing to endure existence under the control of an overseer. Luther sold his land allotment and bought a house in
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Herman J. Viola, "Diplomats in Buckskins: A History of Indian Delegations to Washington", (1981), p.50, citing "Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1880", p.viii.
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Indians performing included Oglala Lakotas from Pine Ridge Reservation with Cummins's Wild West Show and Brulé Lakotas from Rosebud Reservation with the Department of Anthropology.
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The policy of forbidding students to speak in their native tongue, as part of his "Kill the Indian in him, and save the man," provided the philosophical foundation of his program.
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American Horse at Carlisle, 1882, with his daughter Maggie Stands Looking with other Indian students and teachers. Maggie Stands Looking was one of Captain Pratt's model students.
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led a highly successful football team and athletic program at the Carlisle School, and went on to create other successful collegiate programs. He coached the exceptional athlete
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During the early 20th century, the Carlisle Indian School was a national football powerhouse, and regularly competed against other major programs such as the Ivy League schools
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schools in the West, children no longer needed to travel to a distant Eastern school in Pennsylvania. Successive superintendents at Carlisle Indian School after Pratt: Captain
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357:, who were former prisoners of war, Lieutenant Pratt was authorized to establish the first all-Indian school, and founded the Carlisle Indian Industrial School at the historic
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The Carlisle Indian Band performed at world fairs, expositions and at every national presidential inaugural celebration until the school closed - Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1915
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reported that students were "privileged to witness the best exhibition of some rude manners and customs of the people of the western frontier in the fifties and sixties."
4289:. J. McGee portrayed contrasting images of Native Americans and was critical of BIA programs destroying Native cultures and turning Indians into "counterfeit Caucasians."
2569:(1992) tells the story of Richard Pratt and the founding of the Carlisle School. It was directed by Christine Lesiak, and part of the American history documentary series
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1994:" were portals to education, opportunity and hope, and came at a time when the Lakota people were depressed, impoverished, harassed and confined. Wild Westers from
1013:. Over sixty of the boys from Carlisle were subsequently hired and worked steadily for Ford. During the later part of World War I, about forty had good jobs in the
781:, less than two miles from the Carlisle Indian School, America's 16th oldest college. Dickinson College and the Carlisle Indian School collaboration began when Dr.
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in Chicago, Illinois. Instead, a feature of the Exposition was a model Indian school and an ethnological Indian village supported by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
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with the school's Carlisle Indian Band. In the same year, she began writing articles on Native American life which were published in such popular periodicals as
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off to such boarding schools and were seen as efforts to force children away from their families' cultures. Pratt's views on assimilation also were criticized.
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and Yellow Tail, and brought Indian students to the Dickinson laboratory to give lectures. Himes also promoted Carlisle's success in national academic circles.
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Consent to send students to Carlisle was often gained with concessions, such as the promise to allow tribal leaders inspect the school soon after it opened.
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Carlisle Indian School pennant, school song, motto and yell. "Min-ni-wa-ka! Ka-wa-wi! Woop her up! Woop her up! Who are we? Carlisle! Carlisle!! Carlisle!!!"
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The collaborative effort between Dickinson College and Carlisle Indian School lasted almost four decades, from the opening day to the closing of the school.
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Standing Bear said that red flannel underwear caused "actual torture." He remembered the red flannel underwear as "the worst thing about life at Carlisle."
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formally opened on November 1, 1879, with an enrollment of 147 students. The youngest was six and the eldest twenty-five, but the majority were teenagers.
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practice in the large European-American families of the time, where older children were often required to care for and discipline their younger siblings.
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Doctors, Lawyers, Indian Chiefs: Jim Thorpe and Pop Warner's Carlisle Indian School Football Immortals Tackle Socialites, Bootleggers, Students, Moguls..
2521:. Historian Mark Rubinfeld says, "The movie stands out as an important cultural document in both American and Native American history." The film starred
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Beginning in the early 1900s, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School began to diminish in relevance. With growth of more localized private and government
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Pratt came into conflict with government officials over his outspoken views on the need for Native Americans to assimilate. In 1903, Pratt denounced the
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Carlisle Students in School Uniform Exercising Inside Gymnasium; Some with Indian Clubs, Others with Gymnastic Equipment; Non-Native Group Watching, 1879
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This list is incomplete: It includes schools directly operated by the BIE and those in association with the BIE along with those of predecessor agencies
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3,000 persons and was generally filled with an audience of townspeople and distinguished visitors showing their support for aspiring Carlisle students.
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authorization, Carlisle Indian Industrial School was an early federally funded off-reservation Indian boarding school initiated by the U.S. government.
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and monthly newspapers and other publications that were considered part of their "industrial training," or preparing for work in the larger economy.
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Between 1899 and 1904, Carlisle issued thirty to forty-five degrees a year. "Educating the Indian Race. Graduating Class of Carlisle, PA." ca. 1890s
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Daniel E. Witte and Paul Mero, "Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice"
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In November 1878, Pratt was ordered by the War Department to report to the Secretary of the Interior for 'Indian education' duty. He traveled to
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told the assembled Carlisle School that he employed as many as one thousand people in his establishment and never promoted anyone as rapidly as
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highly structured, quasi-military regime. He was known to use corporal punishment, which was not uncommon in society at the time, on students.
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On March 4, 1905, Wild Westers and Carlisle portrayed contrasting images of Native Americans at the First Inaugural Parade of 26th President
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Pratt and his supporters successfully lobbied Congress to establish the off-reservation boarding school for Native Americans at the historic
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2621:; the impact of those and similar schools on their communities; and community efforts to overcome those impacts. Examples include: the film
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Pratt believed an industrial school model similar to the Hampton Institute would be useful for educating and assimilating Native Americans.
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739:, ) were vacant and available for use. The military site was less than two miles from an already well established educational institution,
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Cahill, Cathleen (2008). ""You Think It Strange That I Can Love an Indian": Native Men, White Women, and Marriage in the Indian Service".
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Indian education: a national tragedy, a national challenge. 1969 report of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Senate
1579:"Twenty five Indians from the Carlisle Indian College, Pennsylvania, are learning to build ships in the greatest shipyard in the world at
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Samuel American Horse was a "Carlisle Wild Wester". Since 1887, "Wild Westing" has been family tradition with many Pine Ridge families.
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The Carlisle Indian Band earned an international reputation. Carlisle Indian School Band and Battalion - Carlisle, Pennsylvania, c. 1911
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was assigned to supervise former warriors, several dozen Native American prisoners selected from among those who had surrendered in the
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collar stiff-bosomed shirts and suspenders fully three inches in width were uncomfortable. White leather boots caused actual suffering.
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David R.M. Beck, "The Myth of the Vanishing Race", Associate Professor, Native American Studies, University of Montana, February, 200.
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Marlene Atleo, et al. "A critical review of Ann Rinaldi's My Heart Is on the Ground: The diary of Nannie Little Rose, a Sioux girl."
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School discipline was strict and consistent, according to the military tradition. Students faced 'courts-martial' for serious cases.
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is a publicly accessible digital archive of material pertaining to the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. The project is run by the
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portrayed Thorpe's first wife. Warner Bros. used a number of contract players in the film, as well as a few Native American actors.
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enrolled their children at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School from its beginning in 1879 until its closure in 1918. Known as "
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Leahy, Todd, and Nathan Wilson, eds. "My First Days At The Carlisle Indian School By Howard Gansworth An Annotated Manuscript."
2281:. Remaining pupils were sent home or to other off-reservation boarding schools in the United States. In the spring of 1951, the
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Special Subcommittee on Indian Education. (1969).
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approximately a dozen professional photographers. The first and best known photographer of the Carlisle Indian School was
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The Indian Industrial School - Carlisle, Pennsylvania - Its origins, purposes, progress, and the difficulties surmounted
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Taking Assimilations to Heart: Marriages of White Women and Indigenous Men in the United States and Australia, 1887-1937
641:, Pratt had met strong opposition from Chief Red Cloud. He distrusted white education but had no school-age children.
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In 1893, the fight for the image of the Native American began when Reformist Progressives pressured organizers to deny
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Nancy Van Dolsen. "Carlisle 1880: A Historical Demographical Approach." Honors History diss., Dickinson College, 1982.
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Numerous additional works address the stories of former residents of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School and other
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was one of the earliest advocates of 'western' (Euro-immigrant) education for Native Americans. While recruiting at
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Carlisle vs. Army: Jim Thorpe, Dwight Eisenhower, Pop Warner, and the Forgotten Story of Football's Greatest Battle
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While assimilation was a crucial part of the Carlisle School's plan, it was also looked at controversially by some
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Theodore Roosevelt sat in the presidential box with his wife, daughter and other distinguished guests, and watched
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was working hard, and had saved some money. "Hurrah!" the Captain exclaimed. "I wish all my boys would run away!"
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Davis, Julie (2001). "American Indian Boarding School Experiences: Recent Studies from Native Perspectives".
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Richard Henry Pratt Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
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1307:
994:
986:
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3198:
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for ... the year 1886
8293:
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7644:
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American Indian Artist Angel DeCora: Aesthetics, Power, and Transcultural Pedagogy in the Progressive Era
2562:
2072:
1703:
1202:
1119:
761:
4574:
3576:
Carmelita A. Ryan, "The Carlisle Indian Industrial School" (Thesis, Georgetown University, 1962), p. 67.
3552:
Fear-Segal, Jacqueline (1999). "Nineteenth-Century Indian Education: Universalism Versus Evolutionism".
2846:" BIA's Impact on Indian Education Is an Education in Bad Education." 30 Jan 2011. Retrieved 3 Nov 2013.
1460:, and basketry made by students, and some produced on reservations. The floor was covered with colorful
1405:
Carlisle Indian Students at the Centennial of the Constitution Parade - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1887
8330:
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8267:
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7763:
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7518:
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Laura Turner,"John Nicholas Choate and the Production of Photography at the Carlisle Indian School" at
3509:
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3386:
2688:
2290:
2179:
1364:
1091:
982:
411:
The U.S. Commissioner of Education came to see firsthand what Pratt was doing, as did the president of
45:
5687:
3452:"On the Campus" section tells of the new volunteer Sunday School teachers from the college chapter of
8320:
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8194:
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7255:
7249:
7189:
6835:
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3920:
2549:
2267:
Around 1913, rumors circulated at Carlisle that there was a movement to close the school. In 1914, a
2256:(1914-1917) and John Francis Jr. (1917–1918), were besieged by faculty debate and pressures from the
2200:
2060:
2022:
1081:
744:
5841:
Carlisle Indian Industrial School, (1879-1918). Barbara Landis, Carlisle Indian School Biographer. ]
4190:
Trennert, Robert A. (1987). "Selling Indian Education at World's Fairs and Expositions, 1893–1904".
8324:
8154:
8080:
8038:
8028:
8000:
7917:
7902:
7816:
7731:
7437:
7150:
7126:
6785:
6735:
6645:
5047:
The total number of students is listed as 10,595, with 1,842 list of names and nation unknown. See
3390:
2929:. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and Public Policy, in cooperation with Hampton University.
2430:
2150:
2043:
2018:
1995:
1934:
1835:
1819:
1580:
1194:
1014:
806:
638:
614:
381:
4110:
2199:, where he worked as a clerk in a wholesale firm. After a brief job doing rodeo performances with
1686:
was drawn to the noble experiment at Carlisle, and served as resident physician from 1895 to 1897.
8164:
8085:
7621:
7442:
7422:
7389:
7213:
7156:
7132:
5594:
3783:
3393:, making it the first college to be founded in the newly recognized United States and founded by
2571:
2466:
2101:
2056:
1655:
1457:
1158:. "It was an exquisitely apt piece of national theater: a contest between Indians and soldiers."
528:
292:
5495:
Fear-Segal, Jaqueline. "Nineteenth-Century Indian Education: Universalism Versus Evolutionism",
5202:
Mark Rubinfeld, "The mythical Jim Thorpe: Re/presenting the twentieth century American Indian."
4936:
Phillip A. Greasily, "Dictionary of Midwestern Literature, Volume 1: The Authors, (2001), p.472.
3480:"The Indian Craftsman (Address by Dr. Geo. E. Reed, President of Dickinson College, May 1909)".
1730:
and Chauncey Yellow Robe. The Society of American Indians printed a quarterly literary journal,
8272:
7938:
7779:
7639:
7225:
7177:
6510:
5968:
3382:
2421:
2268:
2154:
2007:
1915:
1771:
1735:
1522:
1151:
708:
700:
569:
507:
447:
323:
223:
141:
5235:
5219:
4888:
4302:
4286:
4258:
4027:
3539:
3418:
3324:
3130:
3056:
821:"Gunpowder" received a favorable reaction from parents and students. Himes lectured to Chiefs
669:
8106:
7685:
7447:
7290:
7102:
5983:
5963:
5639:
71.4 (2004): 479–493; memoir of alumnus of 1894. He praised Carlisle's influence; Gansworth (
5361:
5288:
4600:
4067:
Joel Phister, "Individually Incorporated Indians and the Multicultural Modern", (2004), p.72.
4035:
3523:
3466:
2958:
2771:
2409:
2358:
2282:
1911:
1643:
1635:
1139:
782:
732:
605:
331:
4080:
597:
government officials for allowing their children to participate in the Carlisle experiment.
8257:
7959:
7881:
5648:
2714:
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1979:
1756:
1284:
1162:
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573:
472:
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1968:
1615:
234:
in the United States from its founding in 1879 through 1918. It was based in the historic
8:
8262:
8174:
8169:
7826:
7626:
7183:
7162:
5812:
5683:
4385:
4322:
2702:
2663:
2538:
1442:
1359:
1123:
864:
793:, and in the early 1900s a few Carlisle Indian School graduates attended the law school:
659:
397:
311:
303:
5580:
Indians on the Midway: Wild West Shows and the Indian Bureau at World's Fairs, 1893–1904
4820:
The Wild West show notes of interest About the Exhibition and Buffalo Bill's Visitors",
1302:
graduated from the Dickinson School of Law and served as a Second Lieutenant under Gen.
981:
families in eastern Pennsylvania and surrounding states. Some were sent to farms in the
958:
or Pelhwan Meel is an exercise equipment tool of Persian origin introduced from India..
8159:
7556:
5391:
Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience 1875–1928
5147:
4791:
4728:
4688:
4680:
4207:
2594:(1999), tells the story of Nannie Little Rose, a Sioux girl sent to the school in 1880.
2261:
2241:
2052:
2047:
2026:
1867:
1859:
1755:
In 1893, over two million patrons saw Buffalo Bill's Wild West show perform during the
1738:, and children, resided at Carlisle in 1899, and were frequent visitors and lecturers.
1639:
1468:, and wallpaper. Carlisle boasted a state-of-the-arts photography studio for students.
1449:
1049:
1010:
350:
3856:
Red Bird Sings: The Story of Zitkala-Sa, Native America Author, Musician, and Activist
3381:
Dickinson College was chartered September 9, 1783, five days after the signing of the
2285:, founded 1901, senior educational institution of the U.S. Army, relocated to the old
1154:, featured not only Jim Thorpe, but nine future generals including a linebacker named
181:
8184:
7379:
7207:
6495:
5855:
5777:
5758:
5737:
5713:
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5598:
5557:
5536:
5515:
5484:
5453:
5434:
5415:
5394:
5316:
5097:
4865:
4692:
4610:
4365:
3884:
3859:
3211:
3201:
3176:
2874:
2864:
2462:
2420:
The Carlisle Indian Industrial School is remembered and honored by the people of the
2374:
2286:
2257:
2253:
2014:
1875:
1807:
1659:
1619:
1591:
1328:
1287:
was the first Carlisle Indian School student to graduate from Dickinson College, 1912
1272:
was a graduate of the Carlisle Indian School and the Dickinson School of Law. c. 1905
1099:
778:
740:
728:
724:
443:
358:
235:
1751:
7907:
7726:
5644:
5504:
Carlisle Indian Industrial School: Indigenous Histories, Memories, and Reclamations
5165:
4783:
4720:
4672:
4199:
3561:
2676:
2659:
2576:
2575:, also produced by PBS. The documentary features interviews with Indian educators
2534:
2208:
2196:
2080:
1930:
1918:, for dress rehearsal on the main street to practice for the parade in Washington.
1903:
1887:
1715:
1683:
1678:
1427:
1353:
1303:
1222:
1218:
1170:
1111:
625:
523:
401:
354:
168:
5847:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
5285:
Documenting ethnic cleansing in North America: Creating unseen tears (AAT 1482210)
2441:
to commemorate the unique Carlisle Indian School, the students and their stories.
7949:
7454:
5752:
5731:
5707:
5663:
5618:
5588:
5551:
5530:
5476:
5409:
5148:"On Sacred Ground: Commemorating Survival and Loss at the Carlisle Indian School"
5091:
4859:
2726:
2655:
2580:
2542:
2330:
2113:
1827:
1796:
1760:
1719:
1695:
1651:
1518:
1472:
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1332:
1269:
1230:
1226:
1198:
1103:
794:
463:
412:
319:
283:
5844:
5292:
2158:
conversation remains ongoing regarding the controversiality of this occurrence.
1963:
1854:
1147:
1056:
In 1883, Luther Standing Bear was sent to Philadelphia to work as an intern for
7374:
5816:
5306:
4774:
Oshana, Maryann (1981). "Native American Women in Westerns: Reality and Myth".
2738:
2650:
2522:
2514:
2377:
temporarily became U.S. Army Base Hospital No. 31 to treat soldiers wounded in
2249:
1907:
1895:
1369:
1061:
1057:
1037:
1029:
847:
814:
634:
366:
243:
3565:
2927:
To lead and to serve: American Indian education at Hampton institute 1878-1923
2878:
584:
349:
After the government assessed the initial success of older Indian students at
69:
8408:
7517:
5904:
5891:
5640:
4724:
3394:
3215:
2526:
2496:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2298:
2124:
Chiricahua Apaches as they arrived at Carlisle from Fort Marion, Florida 1886
2107:
2076:
2064:
1983:
1899:
1879:
1849:
1723:
1707:
1623:
1545:
1514:
1495:
1453:
1324:
1323:
The Carlisle Indian Band earned an international reputation under a talented
1186:
577:
405:
288:
8465:
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
4146:
3154:"Genocide of Native Americans: Historical Facts and Historiographic Debates"
1727:
1339:
299:
295:
in 1875; several of these veterans later attended Carlisle Industrial School
246:
for the purpose of establishing the school. After the United States entered
5948:
5709:
Battlefield and classroom: four decades with the American Indian, 1867–1904
3930:
3665:
3401:
and originally named "John and Mary's College" in honor of a signer of the
2944:. Juniata College: National Historical Publications and Records Commission.
2510:
2373:
In 1918, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School closed and the old historic
2336:
2229:
1999:
1991:
1958:
1445:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1182:
1069:
1065:
1033:
1025:
856:
610:
543:
362:
5139:
5048:
2942:
Twenty-Second Annual Report: The Papers of the Society of American Indians
2860:
Great Crossings : Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in the Age of Jackson
1570:
997:
counties and acquired what would be a lifelong Pennsylvania Dutch accent.
3180:
2793:
2591:
2503:
Carlisle Indian Industrial School was depicted in the 1951 movie classic
2408:
Jim Thorpe Sports Day is the biggest annual extracurricular event at the
2378:
2357:
Jim Thorpe Sports Day is the biggest annual extracurricular event at the
2278:
2273:
1842:
performed a mixture of classical, popular music and Dennison Wheelock's "
1831:
1800:
1787:
performed a mixture of classical, popular music and Dennison Wheelock's "
1764:
1690:
1599:
1311:
1233:
became professional athletes, coaches, educators, and community leaders.
955:
716:
695:
552:
389:
247:
5656:
5553:
The Real All Americans: The Team That Changed a Game, a People, a Nation
4732:
4684:
2721:
2634:
1826:
of 1904, known as the St. Louis World's Fair, was the last of the great
8470:
National Register of Historic Places in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
5839:
5836:
US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.
5828:
4795:
4676:
4342:"Who were the six Indian Chiefs in Teddy Roosevelt's Inaugural Parade?"
4211:
4147:"Charles Eastman as seen through the Carlisle Indian School Newspapers"
2635:"Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools"
2518:
2216:
2212:
2068:
1975:
1891:
1541:
1178:
1127:
826:
5310:
4053:
Buffalo Bill's Wild West and the Progressive Image of American Indians
2858:
768:
5803:
Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Archives & Special Collections
5665:
The 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition: Anthropology Goes to the Fair
2614:
1780:
1741:
1373:
1299:
1174:
1166:
822:
589:
5822:
4787:
4315:
held on the main street of Carlisle to practice for the parade. The
4203:
2630:
Documenting ethnic cleansing in North America: Creating Unseen Tears
2533:, as well as other footage of the real Thorpe (seen in long shots).
1587:
279:
students from 140 tribes attended Carlisle Indian Industrial School.
2458:
2314:
2306:
2204:
2167:
2083:
says "Erected In Loving Memory by his Students and Other Indians."
1942:
1883:
1871:
1499:
852:
5512:
White Man's Club: Schools and the Struggle of Indian Acculturation
4906:
1075:
756:
271:
5336:
2792:. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. Archived from
2761:
2618:
2477:, and the Archives and Special Collections at Dickinson College.
2454:
2444:
1627:
1363:. Also in 1900, Zitkala-Ša was sent by Captain Pratt back to the
1095:
1087:
978:
712:
542:
The War Department ordered Pratt to go to Red Cloud (Oglala) and
476:
393:
327:
6540:
6005:
5701:. Washington D.C.: Library of Congress Photoduplication Service.
5488:
3982:(Doctor of Education). The University of Montana. Archived from
2437:
from numerous tribes and non-natives to organize a "Pow-wow" on
2333:
values. Some believed Carlisle provided an excellent education.
330:
leaders and then funded by the U.S. government through the 1819
5774:
The Indian Industrial School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1879–1918
5132:
The Indian Industrial School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1879-1918
4111:
http://chronicles.dickinson.edu/studentwork/indian/4_choate.htm
3968:
Making Home Work: Domesticity and Native American Assimilation.
2632:, and the Legacy of Hope Foundation's online media collection:
2310:
2302:
1946:
1846:" which included Native dances and war whoops by band members.
1767:, Native American performers were major draws and money-makers.
480:
5871:
Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative Investigative Report
3594:
2403:
1791:" which included Native dances and war whoops by band members.
1594:
and his Wild West show performed in Carlisle on June 24, 1898.
1245:
Jim Thorpe in his "Carlisle Indians" football uniform. c. 1909
5590:
Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883-1933
4827:
2149:, this also proves evident. Isaiah Wasaquam, a member of the
549:
Pratt persuaded tribal elders and chiefs that the reason the
4894:
4167:
4165:
3835:
3728:
3716:
3704:
326:, was the first such boarding school, but was initiated by
8430:
Buildings and structures in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
5866:
Life stories of 50 Carlisle Indian School football players.
5090:
Zitkala-Sa (2003). Davidson, Cathy N.; Norris, Ada (eds.).
4858:
Zitkala-Sa (2003). Davidson, Cathy N.; Norris, Ada (eds.).
4556:
4554:
4264:
3453:
860:
8327:
school but is now directly overseen by the State of Alaska
5166:"Mission | Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center"
5049:
Carlisle Indian School Tribal Enrollment Tally (1879-1918)
2391:
1850:
The Inaugural Parade of President Theodore Roosevelt, 1905
5834:"Carlisle Indian Industrial School Photograph Collection"
4539:
4510:
4162:
3784:"Gridiron Guts: The Story of Football's Carlisle Indians"
3694:
3692:
3615:, p. v. The program worked in the East, but not the West.
3489:"The Red Man (Address by George Edward Reed, May 1913)".
2525:
as Thorpe and featured some archival footage of both the
840:
118:
93:
5751:
Standing Bear, Luther (1975) . Brininstool, E.A. (ed.).
5699:
How to deal with the Indians: the potency of environment
5572:
The Art of Americanization at the Carlisle Indian School
5111:
4551:
3027:
Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1998, cited in
2491:
is a silent film documentary made on April 30, 1901, by
8053:
5950:
US National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
4918:
4802:
4481:
4430:
4428:
4005:
3762:"Jim Thorpe leads Carlisle to upset of Harvard in 1911"
3623:
3621:
3584:
3582:
3292:
3290:
3265:
3263:
3069:
3067:
3065:
2586:
The "Dear America" Series young adult fictional diary,
2415:
1775:
In 1904, the Carlisle Indian Band performed during the
1571:
Progressive Era fight for the image of Native Americans
5411:
Lakota Portraits: Lives of the Legendary Plains People
4218:
4127:
3936:
3823:
3799:
3689:
3645:
3514:
Dickinson College - Archives & Special Collections
3363:
3330:
3302:
3192:
3190:
3096:
3034:
5798:
Carlisle Indian Industrial School Graduates 1889–1895
5776:. Carlisle PA: Cumberland County Historical Society.
5692:. Carlisle, PA: Cumberland County Historical Society.
5529:
Hoffman, Elizabeth DeLaney, ed. (February 22, 2012).
5191:
Native Recognition: Indigenous Cinema and the Western
4997:
4985:
4939:
4115:
4086:
3993:
3275:
2993:
2686:
1702:
The Carlisle Indian School was a well-spring for the
1698:
was a frequent visitor and lecturer at Carlisle. 1897
380:
Carlisle emerged as the model for 26 off-reservation
287:
Lieutenant Pratt and Southern Plains veterans of the
5134:. Carlisle PA: Cumberland County Historical Society.
5054:
4425:
4413:
3948:
3897:
3811:
3677:
3633:
3618:
3579:
3351:
3287:
3260:
3248:
3108:
3062:
3005:
2964:
2583:
and Professor of American studies Lonna Malmsheimer.
1952:
1131:
characterized as the "team that invented football."
703:, signed a petition in favor of the proposed school
648:
8425:
Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America
5979:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
5287:(M.F.A.). State University of New York at Buffalo.
5093:
American Indian Stories, Legends and Other Writings
4861:
American Indian Stories, Legends and Other Writings
4469:
4440:
3187:
2893:
An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States
2086:
1646:. The "Vanishing Race" theme was dramatized at the
8333:(Trenton, ND) was BIE/OIE-funded from 1987 to 2008
6751:NE Ctr f/t Ed of Children who are Blind or Vis Imp
4401:
4046:
4044:
2579:and Henrietta Mann, as well as frontier historian
2223:
2112:. Photograph from the Richard Henry Pratt Papers,
2051:on the retired list as a brigadier general in the
1742:Native Americans in mainstream culture at the time
882:A summer camp was established in the mountains at
645:daughter for the first class at Carlisle in 1879.
8440:Defunct universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
8337:Template:Department of Defense Education Activity
5757:. illustrated, reprint. Univ. of Nebraska Press.
5506:(University of Nebraska Press, 2016). xiv, 398 pp
5204:The International Journal of the History of Sport
3467:"History of Conway Hall - Dickinson College Wiki"
2856:
2495:(AM&B) made in Carlisle. The cinematographer
2002:", Oglala Wild Westers referred to themselves as
961:
8406:
7016:Carol Martin Gatton Acad of Math & Sci in KY
5502:Fear-Segal, Jaqueline, ed., with Susan D. Rose.
4386:"Carlisle Indian School - 1905 Inaugural Parade"
4323:"Carlisle Indian School - 1905 Inaugural Parade"
1799:, from the late 19th century until the onset of
1763:, from the late 19th century until the onset of
5140:"Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1879-1918)"
4041:
3881:Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers Volume 1
2628:, Ronald James Douglas' graduate thesis titled
2228:Exposure to "white men's diseases", especially
1422:
817:, for his work at the Carlisle Indian School.
5882:"Fort Marion Artists", Smithsonian Institution
5829:Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center
5574:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
5428:
5017:"Annual Report U.S. Indian School Carlisle PA"
4769:
4767:
4643:Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center
4572:
3746:Sally Jenkins, "Excerpt on Carlisle Indians",
2905:
2903:
2901:
2451:Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center
2445:Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center
2289:. In 1961, the complex was later designated a
2147:Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center
1783:at the Pennsylvania state pavilion, while the
1746:
1673:
1138:On November 9, 1912, Carlisle was to meet the
7503:
7364:California Academy of Mathematics and Science
6920:(dorms closed in 2005, later closed entirely)
6526:
5934:
5750:
5729:
5266:: A Documentary on Boarding School Survivors"
4912:
4900:
4833:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4533:
4504:
3841:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3612:
3600:
3535:
3495:Reprint by Johnson Reprint (New York), 1971).
3493:. Vol. 5, no. 9. 1913. p. 400.
3228:
3073:
3052:
2467:Community Studies Center at Dickinson College
2133:at Carlisle", Carlisle, Pennsylvania, undated
925:The Red Man, The Carlisle Indian Press (1910)
8445:Educational institutions established in 1879
7801:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
6929:VA Sch f/t Deaf, Blind, & Multi-Disabled
6541:Public boarding schools in the United States
5661:
4298:
4282:
4270:
4254:
4236:
4076:
3914:
3912:
3486:Reprint by Johnson Reprint (New York), 1971.
3484:. Vol. 1, no. 4. 1909. p. 19.
2920:
2918:
2626:: A Documentary on Boarding School Survivors
2488:Band and Battalion of the U.S. Indian School
2471:National Archives and Records Administration
2386:
1471:In 1908, De Cora married a Carlisle student
365:, and the property was transferred from the
8450:National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
8392:Operated by the BIE or a predecessor agency
5805:, Waidner-Spahr Library, Dickinson College.
5647:, from New York) later took two degrees at
4764:
4186:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
3666:"Carlisle Indian Industrial School History"
3389:between the newly independent U.S. and the
2898:
2778:
2548:Part of the 2005 mini-series on cable TV's
2455:Archives and Special Collections Department
2404:U.S. Army War College—Jim Thorpe Sports Day
2071:. Pratt's modest granite memorial stone in
1318:
867:Circle, the girls could choose between the
7510:
7496:
7066:SC Gov's Sch for the Arts & Humanities
6533:
6519:
5941:
5927:
5509:
5089:
4857:
4699:
4598:
3764:. National Collegiate Athletic Association
3551:
2820:National Historic Landmark summary listing
2509:, a biographical feature film produced by
2186:
2013:Frank C. Goings, the recruiting agent for
731:(established 1757, afterwards site of the
490:Standing Bear later wrote of this period:
487:girls were provided with uniform dresses.
68:
8480:Universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
7535:Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute
5662:Parezo, Nancy J.; Fowler, Don D. (2007).
5305:
4339:
3909:
3878:
3435:"Influence from the Faculty at Dickinson"
3399:United States Declaration of Independence
2915:
2603:Canadian Indian residential school system
2329:. The Carlisle Indian School exemplified
2093:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
1858:First Inaugural Parade of 26th President
1048:, Wanamaker established a Post Office in
690:
37:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
8388:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8372:
8370:
8368:
5712:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
5651:. He became a successful businessman in
5582:. South Dakota State Historical Society.
5483:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
5145:
4189:
3759:
2924:
2335:
2127:
2119:
2100:
1974:
1962:
1853:
1770:
1750:
1689:
1677:
1586:
1574:
1024:
767:
755:
694:
668:
624:
583:
568:
298:
282:
270:
8460:Native American history of Pennsylvania
8366:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8348:
7076:TX Acad of Leadership in the Humanities
5825:, Cumberland County Historical Society.
5549:
5528:
5475:
5407:
5282:
5231:
5215:
5077:
4979:
4962:
4924:
4884:
4808:
4751:Carlisle Indian Digital Resource Center
4516:
4133:
4121:
4050:
3853:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3698:
3651:
3519:
3369:
3336:
3320:
3308:
3151:
3102:
3085:
2999:
2954:
2822:. National Park Service. Archived from
2493:American Mutoscope and Biograph Company
2398:U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center
2392:U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center
949:Susan Longstreth Literary Society, 1895
937:Young women students at gym class, 1880
737:U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center
592:(Oglala Lakota), at Carlisle, June 1880
8407:
7000:IN Acad for Sci, Math & Humanities
5771:
5447:
5129:
5117:
5072:
5060:
5029:from the original on February 15, 2021
5003:
4991:
4974:
4957:
4945:
4773:
4662:
4560:
4545:
4458:
4395:
4198:(2). Univ. of Nebraska Press: 203–20.
4104:
4092:
4011:
3999:
3954:
3942:
3903:
3683:
3639:
3627:
3588:
3357:
3296:
3281:
3269:
3254:
3114:
3090:
3040:
3028:
3011:
2982:
2970:
2762:"National Register Information System"
2756:
2754:
2662:. The book was in the longlist of the
1020:
841:Curricula and extracurricular programs
517:
351:Hampton Normal and Agricultural School
220:United States Indian Industrial School
8230:
8203:
8122:
7973:
7678:
7491:
7464:
6514:
5922:
5705:
5696:
5682:
5586:
5577:
5466:
5388:
4845:
4776:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
4710:
4665:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
4528:
4499:
4487:
4475:
4463:
4446:
4434:
4419:
4407:
4359:
4241:
4224:
4171:
4031:
4023:
3972:
3918:
3671:
3571:
3414:
3126:
2987:
2909:
2895:. Beacon Press: Boston, 2014, p. 151.
2808:
2037:
2032:
1870:. Six famous Native American Chiefs,
1381:reform, voting rights and education.
1076:The "Carlisle Indians" (sports teams)
8345:
7748:Shoshone Bannock Jr./Sr. High School
7010:Craft Acad for Exc in Sci & Math
6452:Native American archaeological sites
5532:American Indians and Popular Culture
5514:. Lincoln NA: Nebraska Univ. Press.
5471:. Central Missouri State University.
4340:Binkovitz, Leah (January 16, 2013).
3229:Roberta Estes (September 25, 2013).
2767:National Register of Historic Places
2475:Cumberland County Historical Society
2426:Cumberland County Historical Society
2416:Cumberland County Historical Society
2215:to seek full-time employment in the
2008:Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota
1565:
879:or the Invincible Debating Society.
751:
580:) at Carlisle Indian School, c. 1879
56:Pennsylvania state historical marker
8420:1879 establishments in Pennsylvania
6861:WI Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp
6831:TX Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp
6811:SD Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp
6566:AR Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp
5623:Brigham Young University Law Review
3760:Richmond, Sam (November 11, 2015).
3510:"Charles Francis Himes (1838-1918)"
2857:Snyder, Christina (July 15, 2019).
2751:
2666:2020 for Young People's Literature.
2611:Mohawk Institute Residential School
275:Between 1879 and 1918, over 10,000
13:
7457:(DC, Maryland, Miami, Los Angeles)
6561:AZ State Schs f/t Deaf & Blind
5655:, and a leader in Indian affairs.
5629:
5206:23.2 (2006): 167-189, quote p 176.
5137:
4864:. Penguin Books. pp. 87–103.
4579:Chronicles of Dickinson University
3663:
2838:
2537:played the famed football coach -
1933:'s former unit that fought at the
1064:was the first department store in
458:education with Pratt at Carlisle.
254:. The property is now part of the
14:
8496:
8415:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
8130:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
7531:Haskell Indian Nations University
7308:Havasupai Boarding and Day School
7285:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
7244:Shiprock Associated Schools, Inc.
6887:IA Braille & Sight Saving Sch
5809:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
5791:
4364:. Yale Univ. Press. p. 257.
3921:"Improvement, Not Transformation"
3919:Leupp, Francis E. (May 4, 1905).
2939:
2563:Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
1759:in Chicago, Illinois. During the
1344:New England Conservatory of Music
791:The Pennsylvania State University
649:Model U.S. Indian Boarding School
620:
228:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
29:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
8485:Boarding schools in Pennsylvania
8455:Native American boarding schools
7955:Te Tsu Geh (Tesuque) Oweenge Day
7021:LA Sch for Math, Sci, & Arts
6871:WV Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind
6841:UT Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind
6746:ND Vision Services/Sch f/t Blind
6494:
6485:
6484:
6004:
5997:
5469:Oskate Wicasa (One Who Performs)
5354:
5329:
5299:
5276:
5254:
5241:
5196:
5183:
5158:
5146:Anderson, Stephanie (May 2000).
5123:
5083:
5066:
5041:
5009:
4968:
4951:
4930:
4851:
4839:
4814:
4739:
4656:
4630:
4592:
4566:
4522:
4493:
4452:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2599:Native American boarding schools
2366:
2350:
2097:Native American boarding schools
2087:Assimilation efforts at Carlisle
1990:The Carlisle Indian School and "
1808:William F. ("Buffalo Bill") Cody
1714:. Founding members included Dr.
1560:Leupp Art Studio, Carlisle, 1907
1553:
1530:
1521:cover art and illustrations for
1507:
1488:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1292:
1277:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1046:United States Postmaster General
942:
930:
918:
903:
891:
117:
110:
92:
85:
7866:Northern Cheyenne Tribal School
7320:Northern Cheyenne Tribal School
7071:SC Gov's Sch for Sci & Math
7041:MO Acad of Sci, Math & Comp
6990:AR Sch for Math, Sci & Arts
6924:TX Blind, Deaf & Orphan Sch
6806:SC Sch f/t Deaf & the Blind
6736:Gov Morehead Sch (NC) f/t Blind
5852:Doctors, Lawyers, Indian Chiefs
5597:NM: Univ. of New Mexico Press.
5510:Fear-Segal, Jacqueline (2007).
4378:
4353:
4333:
4308:
4276:
4247:
4230:
4177:
4153:
4139:
4098:
4061:
4017:
3960:
3872:
3858:. Millbrook Press. p. 22.
3847:
3776:
3753:
3740:
3657:
3606:
3545:
3498:
3473:
3459:
3441:
3425:
3408:
3375:
3342:
3222:
3164:
3145:
3136:
3079:
3017:
2976:
2682:American Indian outing programs
2431:Commissioners of Indian Affairs
2235:
2224:Deaths from infectious diseases
2017:and other "Wild West" shows at
1656:Pan-American Exposition of 1901
968:American Indian outing programs
875:. The boys had a choice of the
617:that this practice was ended.
371:U.S. Department of the Interior
266:
238:, which was transferred to the
46:U.S. National Historic Landmark
7691:Truxton Canyon Training School
7537:are BIE-operated universities.
7521:(BIE) and predecessor agencies
6761:NM Sch f/t Blind & Vis Imp
6636:IN Sch f/t Blind & Vis Imp
5730:Standing Bear, Luther (1933).
5587:Moses, Lester George (1999) .
5393:. University of Kansas Press.
5283:Douglas, Ronald James (2010).
4639:"Isaiah Wasaquam Student File"
4599:Ellinghaus, Katherine (2006).
3025:Telling Stories Out of School,
2933:
2885:
2850:
1712:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
1634:, while portraitists included
1432:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
962:Carlisle Summer Outing Program
911:The Carlisle Arrow and Red Man
310:Founded in 1879 by Lieutenant
176:
1:
8339:(U.S. military school system)
8180:Pierre Indian Learning Center
7344:Galena Interior Learning Acad
7202:Pine Hill Schs (Ramah Navajo)
7196:Pierre Indian Learning Center
6621:ID Sch f/t Deaf and the Blind
6616:HI Sch f/t Deaf and the Blind
6447:European archaeological sites
5706:Pratt, Richard Henry (2003).
5697:Pratt, Richard Henry (1983).
5578:Moses, Lester George (1991).
5389:Adams, David Wallace (1997).
5382:
4636:
3973:Shope, Suzanne Alene (2009).
3231:"Chief American Horse, Sioux"
1824:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
1777:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
884:Pine Grove Furnace State Park
606:Civilization Fund Act of 1819
126:Show map of the United States
8006:Cherokee Central High School
7843:Choctaw Tribal School System
7115:Choctaw Tribal School System
6756:Katzenbach (NJ) Sch f/t Deaf
6556:AL Inst f/t Deaf & Blind
5414:. Rowman & Littlefield.
5170:carlisleindian.dickinson.edu
4607:University of Nebraska Press
2658:, born and raised among the
2558:, takes place at the school.
1830:in the United States before
1812:Columbian Exposition of 1893
1648:Trans-Mississippi Exposition
1454:Smith College, Massachusetts
1423:Native American arts program
1308:American Expeditionary Force
1161:Many Carlisle Indians, such
685:
18:United States historic place
7:
8294:Oneida Nation School System
8238:Intermountain Indian School
7848:Choctaw Central High School
7314:Rock Point Community School
6912:Scranton State Sch f/t Deaf
6846:VA Sch f/t Deaf & Blind
6721:MT Sch f/t Deaf & Blind
6601:FL Sch f/t Deaf & Blind
6591:CO Sch f/t Deaf & Blind
6467:National Historic Landmarks
5736:. Univ. of Nebraska Press.
5668:. Univ. of Nebraska Press.
5617:September 16, 2012, at the
5497:Journal of American Studies
3927:. Vol. 1, no. 36.
3554:Journal of American Studies
2925:Hultgren, Mary Lou (1989).
2863:. Oxford University Press.
2670:
2539:Glenn Scobey ("Pop") Warner
2480:
2073:Arlington National Cemetery
1747:World fairs and expositions
1704:Society of American Indians
1674:Society of American Indians
1450:Hampton Institute, Virginia
762:Old West, Dickinson College
711:, was a thriving town as a
609:parenting. John S. Ward, a
74:Carlisle Indian School logo
10:
8501:
8331:Eight Mile School District
8310:St. Stephens Indian School
8024:Circle of Nations Wahpeton
7764:Meskwaki Settlement School
7711:Sherman Indian High School
7519:Bureau of Indian Education
6586:CA Sch f/t Deaf, Riverside
5845:Richard Henry Pratt Papers
5481:Pratt, the Red Man's Moses
5362:"Apple (Skin to the Core)"
4299:Parezo & Fowler (2007)
4283:Parezo & Fowler (2007)
4271:Parezo & Fowler (2007)
4255:Parezo & Fowler (2007)
4237:Parezo & Fowler (2007)
4077:Parezo & Fowler (2007)
4051:Heppler, Jason A. (2011).
3403:United States Constitution
3387:American Revolutionary War
2790:Historical Marker Database
2291:National Historic Landmark
2180:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2090:
1956:
1925:army cadets and the famed
1598:From 1886 to the onset of
1079:
983:Pennsylvania Dutch Country
965:
833:geography and astronomy."
777:Carlisle was also home to
432:prejudice against Indians.
261:
252:U.S. Department of Defense
8323:in Alaska was formerly a
8321:Mt. Edgecumbe High School
8318:
8302:
8286:
8250:
8223:
8211:Chamberlain Indian School
8142:
8115:
8099:
8073:
8016:
7993:
7890:
7874:
7858:
7835:
7809:
7796:Hannahville Indian School
7788:
7772:
7756:
7740:
7719:
7703:
7587:
7575:Mt. Edgecumbe High School
7565:
7549:
7542:
7526:
7349:Nenana Student Living Ctr
7333:
7300:
7279:Albuquerque Indian School
7271:
7089:
7081:TX Acad of Math & Sci
7036:MS Sch for Math & Sci
7005:KS Acad of Math & Sci
6968:
6942:
6879:
6546:
6480:
6439:
6376:
6013:
5995:
5956:
5876:US Department of Interior
5772:Witmer, Linda F. (1993).
5733:Land of the Spotted Eagle
5535:. Two volumes. ABC-CLIO.
5130:Witmer, Linda F. (2002).
4747:"Mary Welch Student File"
4360:Utely, Robert M. (2012).
4192:American Indian Quarterly
3883:. ABC-CLIO. p. 100.
3879:Rappaport, Helen (2001).
3566:10.1017/S002187589900612X
3491:The Carlisle Indian Press
3482:The Carlisle Indian Press
3200:. Forgotten Books. 2016.
3175:. U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
3152:Rensink, Brenden (2011).
2786:"PHMC Historical Markers"
2639:Legacy of Hope Foundation
2588:My Heart Is on the Ground
2550:Turner Network Television
2506:Jim Thorpe – All-American
2387:Contemporary institutions
2361:, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
2201:Miller Brothers 101 Ranch
2061:Presidio of San Francisco
2023:Miller Brothers 101 Ranch
1544:, by Baldwin Blue Horse (
1502:) taught arts at Carlisle
1441:In 1906, Leupp appointed
1082:Carlisle Indians football
877:Standard Literary Society
533:U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment
208:
200:
192:
187:
175:NRHP reference
174:
164:
156:
148:
135:
79:
67:
63:
52:
43:
34:
27:
23:
8475:Native American genocide
8325:Bureau of Indian Affairs
8054:No longer BIE-affiliated
8001:Cherokee Central Schools
7732:Miccosukee Indian School
7635:(former Chinle Boarding)
7595:Dishchii'bikoh Community
7172:(former Chinle Boarding)
7061:OK Sch of Sci & Math
7051:U. of NC Sch of the Arts
7046:NC Sch of Sci & Math
7026:ME Sch of Sci & Math
6985:AL Sch of Math & Sci
6897:Ctrl NC Sch f/t Deaf K-8
6581:CA Sch f/t Deaf, Fremont
5823:"Carlisle Indian School"
5593:. illustrated, reprint.
5499:, 33#2 (1999): 323–341.
5467:Boorn, Alida S. (2005).
5408:Agonito, Joseph (2011).
5366:National Book Foundation
5312:Apple (Skin to the Core)
3391:Kingdom of Great Britain
2816:"Carlisle Indian School"
2745:
2601:in Western New York and
2567:In the White Man's Image
2019:Pine Ridge, South Dakota
1935:Battle of Little Bighorn
1836:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1820:Pine Ridge, South Dakota
1732:American Indian Magazine
1581:Hog Island, Philadelphia
1319:The Carlisle Indian Band
1195:William Jennings Gardner
1015:Hog Island, Philadelphia
873:Susan Longstreth Society
805:, Victor M. Kelley, and
789:, (1834) - now part of
615:Indian Child Welfare Act
382:Bureau of Indian Affairs
165:Architectural style
152:24.5 acres (9.9 ha)
101:Show map of Pennsylvania
8086:Riverside Indian School
8034:Standing Rock Community
6950:Gov Baxter Sch f/t Deaf
6676:LA Sch f/t Visually Imp
6631:IL Sch f/t Visually Imp
5550:Jenkins, Sally (2008).
5477:Eastman, Elaine Goodale
5429:Anderson, Lars (2007).
5249:Multicultural Education
4713:OAH Magazine of History
3235:Native Heritage Project
2891:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne.
2647:Apple: Skin to the Core
2572:The American Experience
2187:Back on the reservation
2057:Letterman Army Hospital
1953:Carlisle "Wild Westers"
1342:played violin with the
869:Mercer Literary Society
787:Dickinson School of Law
293:St. Petersburg, Florida
8435:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
7780:Kickapoo Nation School
7616:Hunters Point Boarding
7145:Hunters Point Boarding
6995:IL Math & Sci Acad
5969:Keeper of the Register
5854:. Tuxedo Press. 2008.
4725:10.1093/maghis/15.2.20
3854:Capaldi, Gina (2011).
3158:University of Nebraska
2940:Pratt, Richard Henry.
2341:
2272:United States entered
2134:
2125:
2117:
1987:
1972:
1916:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
1863:
1792:
1768:
1736:Elaine Goodale Eastman
1699:
1687:
1595:
1584:
1523:Elaine Goodale Eastman
1443:Native American artist
1335:on its grand opening.
1053:
774:
765:
709:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
704:
701:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
691:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
674:
639:Pine Ridge Reservation
630:
593:
581:
564:
508:Elaine Goodale Eastman
497:
448:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
440:
425:
324:Scott County, Kentucky
307:
296:
280:
240:Department of Interior
232:Indian boarding school
224:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
142:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
8107:Chemawa Indian School
7686:Phoenix Indian School
7410:Randolph Academy UFSD
7291:Phoenix Indian School
5984:National Park Service
5964:Contributing property
4822:Philadelphia Inquirer
2772:National Park Service
2459:Waidner-Spahr Library
2410:U.S. Army War College
2359:U.S. Army War College
2339:
2283:U.S. Army War College
2131:
2123:
2104:
1978:
1966:
1857:
1774:
1754:
1693:
1681:
1636:Elbridge Ayer Burbank
1590:
1578:
1140:U.S. Military Academy
1028:
966:Further information:
803:Hastings M. Robertson
783:James Andrew McCauley
771:
759:
733:U.S. Army War College
698:
672:
628:
587:
572:
559:
492:
429:
420:
340:cultural assimilation
332:Civilization Fund Act
302:
286:
274:
256:U.S. Army War College
226:, generally known as
8278:Yakama Nation Tribal
8258:Chief Leschi Schools
8150:Cheyenne-Eagle Butte
7934:San Felipe Pueblo ES
7882:Pyramid Lake Schools
7650:Rough Rock Community
7645:Rock Point Community
7632:Many Farms Community
7220:Rough Rock Community
7169:Many Farms Community
7139:Greyhills Academy HS
7109:Cheyenne-Eagle Butte
6691:MN St Acad f/t Blind
5684:Pratt, Richard Henry
5649:Princeton University
5637:Pennsylvania History
5448:Benjey, Tom (2008).
4913:Standing Bear (1975)
4901:Standing Bear (1933)
4834:Standing Bear (1975)
4573:Phillip Earenfight.
4534:Standing Bear (1933)
4505:Standing Bear (1933)
4174:, pp. 131, 140.
3989:on November 4, 2013.
3842:Standing Bear (1975)
3735:Standing Bear (1975)
3723:Standing Bear (1975)
3711:Standing Bear (1975)
3613:Standing Bear (1933)
3601:Standing Bear (1975)
3536:Standing Bear (1975)
3074:Standing Bear (1975)
3053:Standing Bear (1975)
3031:, pp. 75, 323 n. 31.
2664:National Book Awards
2607:Thomas Indian School
2531:1932 Summer Olympics
1980:Luther Standing Bear
1910:) and Little Plume (
1757:Columbian Exposition
1632:John Nicholas Choate
1548:), Carlisle, c. 1880
1285:Frank Mount Pleasant
1163:Frank Mount Pleasant
1156:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1144:West Point, New York
1052:at Luther's request.
1042:Luther Standing Bear
972:The Carlisle Summer
913:, school publication
666:a menace to others.
633:Oglala Lakota Chief
574:Luther Standing Bear
473:Luther Standing Bear
306:with a young student
209:Designated PHMC
7944:Shiprock Associated
7557:Wrangell Institute
6980:AL Sch of Fine Arts
6851:WA St Sch f/t Blind
6781:OH St Sch f/t Blind
6771:NY St Sch f/t Blind
6696:MN St Acad f/t Deaf
6656:KS St Sch f/t Blind
5901: /
5813:Library of Congress
5754:My People the Sioux
5570:Mauro, H.P., 2011.
5152:Central PA Magazine
2796:on December 7, 2013
2422:Borough of Carlisle
2015:"Buffalo Bill" Cody
1939:Pennsylvania Avenue
1840:Haskell Indian Band
1785:Haskell Indian Band
1479:, later changed to
1365:Yankton Reservation
1338:From 1897 to 1899,
1021:Student internships
660:John Nicolas Choate
518:Student recruitment
312:Richard Henry Pratt
304:Richard Henry Pratt
230:, was the flagship
201:Designated NHL
8268:Muckleshoot Tribal
8195:Tiospa Zina Tribal
8190:St. Francis Indian
7981:Albuquerque Indian
7822:Fond du Lac Ojibwe
7670:Tuba City Boarding
7256:Tuba City Boarding
7031:MS Sch of the Arts
6776:NY St Sch f/t Deaf
5556:. Broadway Books.
5315:. Levine Querido.
4960:, pp. 59, 89.
4824:, August 21, 1888.
4677:10.1353/fro.0.0014
4637:Wasaquam, Isaiah.
4609:. pp. 38–40.
4346:smithsonianmag.com
3966:Jane E. Simonsen.
3748:Sports Illustrated
3397:, a signer of the
3385:, which ended the
2342:
2135:
2126:
2118:
2110:, before and after
2053:United States Army
2038:Pratt's retirement
2033:Closing and legacy
2027:Sells Floto Circus
1988:
1973:
1868:Theodore Roosevelt
1864:
1860:Theodore Roosevelt
1793:
1769:
1700:
1688:
1640:Charles M. Russell
1596:
1585:
1054:
1050:Kyle, South Dakota
1011:Ford Motor Company
807:William J. Gardner
795:Albert A. Exendine
775:
766:
705:
675:
631:
594:
582:
404:at the end of the
373:for this purpose.
308:
297:
291:at Fort Marion in
281:
8402:
8401:
8246:
8245:
8219:
8218:
8155:Crow Creek Tribal
8138:
8137:
8069:
8068:
7989:
7988:
7913:Kha'p'o Community
7817:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig
7699:
7698:
7665:Tohono Oʼodham HS
7636:
7601:Greyhills Acad HS
7583:
7582:
7485:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7414:
7400:Taylor Int'l Dorm
7329:
7328:
7238:Sherman Indian HS
7208:Pine Ridge School
7173:
7127:Crow Creek Tribal
7121:Circle of Nations
6964:
6963:
6826:W TN Sch f/t Deaf
6731:E NC Sch f/t Deaf
6606:GA Acad f/t Blind
6508:
6507:
5974:Historic district
5905:40.209°N 77.178°W
5861:978-0-9774486-7-8
5783:978-0-9638923-0-0
5653:Buffalo, New York
5440:978-1-4000-6600-1
5400:978-0-7006-0838-6
5341:ericgansworth-new
5138:Landis, Barbara.
5096:. Penguin Books.
4871:978-0-14-243709-4
4519:, pp. 216–7.
4490:, pp. 101–3.
4466:, pp. 101–3.
4317:"Carlisle Herald"
4285:, p. 135-6, 354,
4244:, pp. 137–8.
4227:, pp. 210–5.
4058:Nebraska-Lincoln.
3890:978-1-57607-101-4
3674:, pp. 275–6.
3664:Landis, Barbara.
3603:, pp. 154–5.
2870:978-0-19-005382-6
2463:Dickinson College
2375:Carlisle Barracks
2287:Carlisle Barracks
2258:Indian Commission
2246:William A. Mercer
1969:Gertrude Käsebier
1876:Chiricahua Apache
1660:Buffalo, New York
1620:Frank A. Rinehart
1616:Gertrude Käsebier
1592:Buffalo Bill Cody
1566:Political context
1374:Dawes Act of 1877
1329:Dennison Wheelock
1116:Army (West Point)
799:Ernest Robitaille
779:Dickinson College
752:Dickinson College
741:Dickinson College
729:Carlisle Barracks
725:Susquehanna River
721:Cumberland County
444:Carlisle Barracks
359:Carlisle Barracks
236:Carlisle Barracks
216:
215:
188:Significant dates
8492:
8393:
8390:
8251:Washington State
8228:
8227:
8201:
8200:
8165:Flandreau Indian
8120:
8119:
8091:Sequoyah Schools
8051:
8050:
7971:
7970:
7960:T'siya (Zia) Day
7918:Mescalero Apache
7727:Ahfachkee School
7676:
7675:
7634:
7622:Kaibeto Boarding
7547:
7546:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7489:
7488:
7462:
7461:
7412:
7354:Mt. Edgecumbe HS
7269:
7268:
7214:Riverside Indian
7171:
7157:Kaibeto Boarding
7133:Flandreau Indian
7095:Indian Education
6907:OR Sch f/t Blind
6892:MI Sch f/t Blind
6877:
6876:
6816:TN Sch f/t Blind
6791:OK Sch f/t Blind
6711:MS Sch f/t Blind
6701:MO Sch f/t Blind
6661:KY Sch f/t Blind
6576:CA Sch f/t Blind
6549:blind & deaf
6535:
6528:
6521:
6512:
6511:
6498:
6488:
6487:
6008:
6001:
6000:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5865:
5787:
5768:
5747:
5723:
5702:
5693:
5679:
5608:
5583:
5567:
5546:
5525:
5492:
5472:
5463:
5452:. Tuxedo Press.
5444:
5433:. Random House.
5425:
5404:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5337:"Eric Gansworth"
5333:
5327:
5326:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5270:Films for action
5258:
5252:
5251:7.1 (1999): 34+.
5245:
5239:
5229:
5223:
5213:
5207:
5200:
5194:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5087:
5081:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5021:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4972:
4966:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4771:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4708:
4697:
4696:
4671:(2/3): 106–145.
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4312:
4306:
4296:
4290:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4251:
4245:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4048:
4039:
4021:
4015:
4014:, p. 78-80.
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3981:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3945:, pp. 78–9.
3940:
3934:
3928:
3916:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3757:
3751:
3750:, April 23, 2007
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3577:
3569:
3549:
3543:
3533:
3527:
3517:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3423:
3412:
3406:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3060:
3050:
3044:
3043:, pp. 12–3.
3038:
3032:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2913:
2907:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2758:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2677:Marianna Burgess
2642:
2577:N. Scott Momaday
2535:Charles Bickford
2513:and directed by
2435:Native Americans
2370:
2354:
2209:Indian Territory
2197:Sioux City, Iowa
2176:Chief Blue Horse
2143:Native Americans
2081:Washington, D.C.
1931:George A. Custer
1904:Hollow Horn Bear
1888:Buckskin Charlie
1844:Aboriginal Suite
1789:Aboriginal Suite
1716:Carlos Montezuma
1684:Carlos Montezuma
1557:
1534:
1511:
1492:
1477:Indian Craftsman
1436:"Carlisle Arrow"
1428:Francis E. Leupp
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:Harper's Monthly
1360:Harper's Monthly
1354:Atlantic Monthly
1349:Paris Exposition
1304:John J. Pershing
1296:
1281:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1223:Ted St. Germaine
1219:Woodchuck Welmas
1171:Francis M. Cayou
1120:Navy (Annapolis)
946:
934:
922:
907:
895:
865:King's Daughters
745:Carlisle Indians
524:Dakota Territory
438:
402:Indian Territory
355:Upstate New York
196:October 15, 1966
178:
169:Colonial Revival
127:
121:
120:
114:
102:
96:
95:
89:
72:
57:
21:
20:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8490:
8489:
8405:
8404:
8403:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8391:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8314:
8298:
8282:
8273:Quileute Tribal
8242:
8215:
8199:
8134:
8111:
8095:
8065:
8049:
8039:Turtle Mountain
8012:
7985:
7969:
7939:Santa Fe Indian
7886:
7870:
7854:
7831:
7805:
7784:
7768:
7752:
7736:
7715:
7695:
7674:
7579:
7567:
7561:
7538:
7529:
7522:
7516:
7486:
7477:
7460:
7455:SEED Foundation
7413:Randolph Campus
7325:
7296:
7267:
7226:Santa Fe Indian
7094:
7091:
7085:
7056:NM Sch f/t Arts
6972:
6970:
6960:
6956:RI Sch f/t Deaf
6938:
6934:WY Sch f/t Deaf
6918:SD Sch f/t Deaf
6902:NE Sch f/t Deaf
6875:
6866:WI Sch f/t Deaf
6856:WA Sch f/t Deaf
6836:TX Sch f/t Deaf
6821:TN Sch f/t Deaf
6801:OR Sch f/t Deaf
6796:OK Sch f/t Deaf
6786:OH Sch f/t Deaf
6766:NM Sch f/t Deaf
6741:ND Sch f/t Deaf
6726:NC Sch f/t Deaf
6716:MS Sch f/t Deaf
6706:MO Sch f/t Deaf
6686:MI Sch f/t Deaf
6681:MD Sch f/t Deaf
6671:LA Sch f/t Deaf
6666:KY Sch f/t Deaf
6651:KS Sch f/t Deaf
6646:IA Sch f/t Deaf
6641:IN Sch f/t Deaf
6626:IL Sch f/t Deaf
6611:GA Sch f/t Deaf
6596:DE Sch f/t Deaf
6571:AR Sch f/t Deaf
6548:
6542:
6539:
6509:
6504:
6476:
6435:
6372:
6014:Lists by county
6009:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5993:
5952:
5947:
5910:40.209; -77.178
5909:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5862:
5850:
5794:
5784:
5765:
5744:
5720:
5676:
5632:
5630:Primary sources
5619:Wayback Machine
5605:
5564:
5543:
5522:
5460:
5441:
5422:
5401:
5385:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5345:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5307:Gansworth, Eric
5304:
5300:
5281:
5277:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5246:
5242:
5230:
5226:
5214:
5210:
5201:
5197:
5189:Joanna Hearne,
5188:
5184:
5174:
5172:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5104:
5088:
5084:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4788:10.2307/3346212
4772:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4709:
4700:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4635:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4433:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4394:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4358:
4354:
4338:
4334:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4297:
4293:
4281:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4204:10.2307/1184042
4182:
4178:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4049:
4042:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3808:, pp. 2–6.
3804:
3800:
3792:
3790:. May 19, 2007.
3782:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3550:
3546:
3534:
3530:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3413:
3409:
3383:Treaty of Paris
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3227:
3223:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3169:
3165:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3063:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:, pp. 6–8.
2986:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2953:
2949:
2938:
2934:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2886:
2871:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2826:on May 29, 2009
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2774:. July 9, 2010.
2760:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2673:
2656:Onondaga Nation
2633:
2581:Robert M. Utley
2543:Phyllis Thaxter
2483:
2447:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2371:
2362:
2355:
2331:Progressive Era
2238:
2226:
2211:), he moved to
2189:
2168:Cherokee Nation
2155:Carlisle School
2114:Yale University
2099:
2091:Main articles:
2089:
2040:
2035:
1961:
1955:
1852:
1810:a place at the
1797:Progressive Era
1761:Progressive Era
1749:
1744:
1720:Charles Eastman
1696:Charles Eastman
1676:
1652:Omaha, Nebraska
1573:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1549:
1535:
1526:
1519:Lone Star Dietz
1512:
1503:
1493:
1473:Lone Star Dietz
1462:Navajo blankets
1425:
1418:
1415:
1406:
1403:
1394:
1391:
1333:Brooklyn Bridge
1321:
1314:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1270:Albert Exendine
1267:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1231:Albert Exendine
1227:Bill Winneshiek
1199:Martin Wheelock
1084:
1078:
1030:Wanamaker Store
1023:
970:
964:
950:
947:
938:
935:
926:
923:
914:
908:
899:
896:
843:
754:
693:
688:
651:
623:
611:US Indian Agent
537:Little Big Horn
520:
464:Great Sioux War
439:
436:
413:Amherst College
320:Choctaw Academy
316:U.S. government
277:Native American
269:
264:
212:August 31, 2003
140:
131:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:
75:
59:
55:
48:
39:
30:
19:
12:
11:
5:
8498:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8400:
8399:
8395:
8394:
8343:
8342:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8312:
8306:
8304:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8296:
8290:
8288:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8254:
8252:
8248:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8234:
8232:
8225:
8221:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8207:
8205:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8126:
8124:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8103:
8101:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8077:
8075:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8057:
8055:
8048:
8047:
8042:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8008:
7997:
7995:
7994:North Carolina
7991:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7977:
7975:
7968:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7930:(Ramah Navajo)
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7884:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7868:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7782:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7760:
7758:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7680:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7618:(St. Michaels)
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7591:
7589:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7571:
7569:
7568:state-operated
7563:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7553:
7551:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7515:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7492:
7483:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7468:
7466:
7459:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7404:
7403:
7402:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7390:Lahainaluna HS
7384:
7383:
7382:
7380:Woodstock Acad
7377:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7304:
7302:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7275:
7273:
7266:
7265:
7259:
7253:
7250:Shonto Prep HS
7247:
7241:
7235:
7229:
7223:
7217:
7211:
7205:
7199:
7193:
7187:
7181:
7175:
7166:
7160:
7154:
7148:
7142:
7136:
7130:
7124:
7118:
7112:
7106:
7103:Chemawa Indian
7099:
7097:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
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6915:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6883:
6881:
6874:
6873:
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6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
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6778:
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6763:
6758:
6753:
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6708:
6703:
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6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6492:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6464:
6454:
6449:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6436:
6434:
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6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6391:
6386:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6278:Northumberland
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6010:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5989:Property types
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5923:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5867:
5860:
5848:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5817:Flickr Commons
5806:
5800:
5793:
5792:External links
5790:
5789:
5788:
5782:
5769:
5763:
5748:
5742:
5727:
5724:
5718:
5703:
5694:
5680:
5674:
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5631:
5628:
5627:
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5609:
5603:
5584:
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5500:
5493:
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5405:
5399:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5353:
5328:
5321:
5298:
5275:
5253:
5240:
5232:Hoffman (2012)
5224:
5216:Hoffman (2012)
5208:
5195:
5182:
5157:
5122:
5110:
5102:
5082:
5080:, p. 198.
5078:Jenkins (2008)
5065:
5053:
5040:
5008:
4996:
4984:
4982:, p. 292.
4980:Jenkins (2008)
4967:
4965:, p. 299.
4963:Jenkins (2008)
4950:
4938:
4929:
4927:, p. 247.
4925:Agonito (2011)
4917:
4905:
4893:
4885:Agonito (2011)
4877:
4870:
4850:
4838:
4836:, p. 189.
4826:
4813:
4811:, p. 206.
4809:Eastman (1935)
4801:
4763:
4738:
4698:
4655:
4629:
4615:
4605:. Lincoln NE:
4591:
4575:"Introduction"
4565:
4550:
4538:
4521:
4517:Jenkins (2008)
4509:
4492:
4480:
4468:
4451:
4439:
4437:, p. 131.
4424:
4422:, p. 219.
4412:
4400:
4377:
4370:
4352:
4332:
4307:
4291:
4275:
4273:, p. 134.
4263:
4246:
4229:
4217:
4176:
4161:
4152:
4138:
4136:, p. 276.
4134:Jenkins (2008)
4126:
4122:Jenkins (2008)
4114:
4107:, p. 115.
4097:
4095:, p. 113.
4085:
4069:
4060:
4040:
4016:
4004:
4002:, p. 120.
3992:
3970:2006: 203–208.
3959:
3947:
3935:
3908:
3896:
3889:
3871:
3864:
3846:
3844:, p. 149.
3834:
3832:, p. 212.
3830:Eastman (1935)
3822:
3818:Jenkins (2008)
3810:
3806:Jenkins (2008)
3798:
3796:, p. 198.
3794:Jenkins (2008)
3775:
3752:
3739:
3737:, p. 184.
3727:
3725:, p. 182.
3715:
3713:, p. 178.
3703:
3701:, p. 241.
3699:Eastman (1935)
3688:
3676:
3656:
3654:, p. 225.
3652:Eastman (1935)
3644:
3632:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3578:
3544:
3528:
3520:Jenkins (2008)
3497:
3472:
3458:
3450:"Dickinsonian"
3440:
3424:
3407:
3374:
3372:, p. 238.
3370:Jenkins (2008)
3362:
3350:
3341:
3339:, p. 219.
3337:Eastman (1935)
3329:
3321:Jenkins (2008)
3313:
3311:, p. 216.
3309:Eastman (1935)
3301:
3286:
3284:, p. 115.
3274:
3259:
3247:
3221:
3206:
3186:
3163:
3144:
3135:
3119:
3107:
3105:, p. 232.
3103:Eastman (1935)
3095:
3088:, p. 209.
3086:Eastman (1935)
3078:
3061:
3045:
3033:
3016:
3004:
3000:Eastman (1935)
2992:
2975:
2963:
2955:Jenkins (2008)
2947:
2932:
2914:
2897:
2884:
2869:
2849:
2837:
2807:
2777:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2651:Eric Gansworth
2643:
2595:
2584:
2559:
2546:
2523:Burt Lancaster
2515:Michael Curtiz
2501:
2482:
2479:
2446:
2443:
2417:
2414:
2405:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2250:Moses Friedman
2237:
2234:
2225:
2222:
2217:motion picture
2188:
2185:
2088:
2085:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
1957:Main article:
1954:
1951:
1908:Sicangu Lakota
1896:American Horse
1851:
1848:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1675:
1672:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
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1550:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1494:
1487:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1385:
1370:Yankton Dakota
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1080:Main article:
1077:
1074:
1058:John Wanamaker
1038:John Wanamaker
1022:
1019:
974:Outing Program
963:
960:
952:
951:
948:
941:
939:
936:
929:
927:
924:
917:
915:
909:
902:
900:
897:
890:
848:Marianne Moore
842:
839:
815:Moses Friedman
753:
750:
723:, west of the
699:The people of
692:
689:
687:
684:
650:
647:
635:American Horse
622:
621:American Horse
619:
519:
516:
434:
396:in the 1870s,
367:War Department
268:
265:
263:
260:
244:War Department
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
179:
172:
171:
166:
162:
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160:1757 and after
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
139:122 Forbes Ave
137:
133:
132:
116:
115:
109:
108:
107:
106:
91:
90:
84:
83:
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61:
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53:
50:
49:
44:
41:
40:
35:
32:
31:
28:
25:
24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8497:
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8468:
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8114:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8081:Jones Academy
8079:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8043:
8040:
8037:
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8032:
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7958:
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7951:
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7812:
7808:
7802:
7799:
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7794:
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7759:
7755:
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7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
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7722:
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7709:
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7692:
7689:
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7684:
7683:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7655:Salt River ES
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7640:Many Farms HS
7638:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7627:Leupp Schools
7625:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7564:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7536:
7532:
7525:
7520:
7513:
7508:
7506:
7501:
7499:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7474:
7473:Hopevale UFSD
7470:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7456:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
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7398:
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7387:
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7378:
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7373:
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7370:
7365:
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7361:
7359:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7299:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7182:
7179:
7178:Many Farms HS
7176:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7088:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6967:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6941:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6545:
6536:
6531:
6529:
6524:
6522:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6491:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6377:Lists by city
6375:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6007:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5939:
5937:
5932:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5785:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5764:9780803257931
5760:
5756:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5719:9780806136035
5715:
5711:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5675:9780803213944
5671:
5667:
5666:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5604:9780826320896
5600:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5563:9780767926249
5559:
5555:
5554:
5548:
5544:
5542:9780313379918
5538:
5534:
5533:
5527:
5523:
5521:9780803220249
5517:
5513:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5459:9780977448678
5455:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5421:9780762768295
5417:
5413:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5324:
5322:9781646140138
5318:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5257:
5250:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5205:
5199:
5192:
5186:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5153:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5118:Benjey (2008)
5114:
5105:
5103:9780142437094
5099:
5095:
5094:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5073:Witmer (1993)
5069:
5062:
5061:Benjey (2008)
5057:
5050:
5044:
5025:
5018:
5012:
5006:, p. 89.
5005:
5004:Witmer (1993)
5000:
4994:, p. 90.
4993:
4992:Witmer (1993)
4988:
4981:
4977:, p. 89.
4976:
4975:Witmer (1993)
4971:
4964:
4959:
4958:Witmer (1993)
4954:
4948:, p. 16.
4947:
4946:Witmer (1993)
4942:
4933:
4926:
4921:
4914:
4909:
4903:, p. xx.
4902:
4897:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4817:
4810:
4805:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4768:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4618:
4616:9780803257351
4612:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4595:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4561:Witmer (1993)
4557:
4555:
4547:
4546:Witmer (1993)
4542:
4536:, p. xx.
4535:
4530:
4525:
4518:
4513:
4507:, p. xx.
4506:
4501:
4496:
4489:
4484:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4460:
4459:Witmer (1993)
4455:
4448:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4398:, p. 26.
4397:
4396:Witmer (1993)
4391:
4387:
4381:
4373:
4371:9780300198362
4367:
4363:
4356:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4226:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4156:
4148:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4124:, p. 82.
4123:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4105:Witmer (1993)
4101:
4094:
4093:Witmer (1993)
4089:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4064:
4054:
4047:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4013:
4012:Witmer (1993)
4008:
4001:
4000:Witmer (1993)
3996:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3963:
3957:, p. 31.
3956:
3955:Witmer (1993)
3951:
3944:
3943:Witmer (1993)
3939:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3906:, p. 77.
3905:
3904:Witmer (1993)
3900:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3865:9780761352570
3861:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3686:, p. 76.
3685:
3684:Witmer (1993)
3680:
3673:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3642:, p. 21.
3641:
3640:Benjey (2008)
3636:
3630:, p. 37.
3629:
3628:Witmer (1993)
3624:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3591:, p. 29.
3590:
3589:Witmer (1993)
3585:
3583:
3574:, p. 30.
3573:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3492:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:Benjamin Rush
3392:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3371:
3366:
3360:, p. 47.
3359:
3358:Witmer (1993)
3354:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3299:, p. 24.
3298:
3297:Witmer (1993)
3293:
3291:
3283:
3282:Witmer (1993)
3278:
3272:, p. 25.
3271:
3270:Witmer (1993)
3266:
3264:
3257:, p. 15.
3256:
3255:Witmer (1993)
3251:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3207:9781333007492
3203:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3117:, p. 13.
3116:
3115:Witmer (1993)
3111:
3104:
3099:
3093:, p. 23.
3092:
3091:Witmer (1993)
3087:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3041:Witmer (1993)
3037:
3030:
3029:Witmer (1993)
3026:
3020:
3014:, p. 17.
3013:
3012:Witmer (1993)
3008:
3002:, p. 77.
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2983:Witmer (1993)
2979:
2973:, p. 11.
2972:
2971:Witmer (1993)
2967:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2912:, pp. xi-xvi.
2911:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2847:
2844:Hunt, Darek.
2841:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2715:United States
2706:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:Into the West
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2497:Arthur Marvin
2494:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:, and by the
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:Alaska Native
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:Congressional
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:(1908-1914),
2251:
2248:(1904-1908),
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:Ottawa Nation
2148:
2144:
2139:
2130:
2122:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:Tom Torlino,
2103:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:Potomac River
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:San Francisco
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2044:Indian Bureau
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:Oskate Wicasa
2001:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1984:Oglala Lakota
1981:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:, march down
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:Oglala Lakota
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:Quanah Parker
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:Angel De Cora
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:Pan-Indianism
1705:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:Edward Curtis
1621:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1546:Oglala Lakota
1543:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:Angel De Cora
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:Angel De Cora
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:, trained at
1447:
1446:Angel De Cora
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:Jimmy Johnson
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Hawley Pierce
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:in a game at
1141:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1017:, shipyards.
1016:
1012:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
969:
959:
957:
945:
940:
933:
928:
921:
916:
912:
906:
901:
894:
889:
888:
887:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
838:
834:
830:
828:
824:
818:
816:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
770:
763:
758:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
697:
683:
679:
671:
667:
663:
661:
655:
646:
642:
640:
636:
627:
618:
616:
612:
607:
604:Although the
602:
598:
591:
586:
579:
578:Oglala Lakota
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
554:
547:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
525:
515:
511:
509:
504:
500:
496:
491:
488:
484:
482:
478:
474:
468:
465:
459:
455:
451:
449:
445:
433:
428:
424:
419:
418:Pratt wrote:
416:
414:
409:
407:
406:Red River War
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
383:
378:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
341:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
301:
294:
290:
289:Red River War
285:
278:
273:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
193:Added to NRHP
191:
186:
183:
180:
173:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
113:
88:
78:
71:
66:
62:
58:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
26:
22:
16:
8329:
8263:Lummi Nation
8175:Marty Indian
8170:Little Wound
8143:South Dakota
8129:
8116:Pennsylvania
8045:White Shield
8017:North Dakota
7898:Alamo Navajo
7827:Nay Ah Shing
7606:Havauspai ES
7371:Connecticut
7366:(as of 1993)
7301:Dorms closed
7284:
7184:Marty Indian
7163:Lummi Nation
6971:gifted &
6943:Dorms closed
6471:Philadelphia
6394:Philadelphia
6358:Westmoreland
6288:Philadelphia
5886:
5869:
5851:
5773:
5753:
5732:
5708:
5698:
5688:
5664:
5636:
5622:
5589:
5579:
5571:
5552:
5531:
5511:
5503:
5496:
5480:
5468:
5449:
5430:
5410:
5390:
5371:December 12,
5369:. Retrieved
5365:
5356:
5346:December 12,
5344:. Retrieved
5340:
5331:
5311:
5301:
5284:
5278:
5269:
5264:Unseen Tears
5263:
5256:
5248:
5243:
5227:
5211:
5203:
5198:
5193:(2012) p 372
5190:
5185:
5173:. Retrieved
5169:
5160:
5151:
5131:
5125:
5113:
5092:
5085:
5068:
5063:, p. 6.
5056:
5043:
5031:. Retrieved
5011:
4999:
4987:
4970:
4953:
4941:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4880:
4860:
4853:
4846:Adams (1997)
4841:
4829:
4821:
4816:
4804:
4782:(3): 46–50.
4779:
4775:
4754:. Retrieved
4750:
4741:
4716:
4712:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4646:. Retrieved
4642:
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4601:
4594:
4582:. Retrieved
4578:
4568:
4541:
4529:Pratt (2003)
4524:
4512:
4502:, pp. xi-xv.
4500:Pratt (2003)
4495:
4488:Boorn (2005)
4483:
4478:, p. 8.
4476:Boorn (2005)
4471:
4464:Boorn (2005)
4454:
4449:, p. 6.
4447:Boorn (2005)
4442:
4435:Boorn (2005)
4420:Moses (1991)
4415:
4410:, p. 1.
4408:Boorn (2005)
4403:
4389:
4380:
4361:
4355:
4345:
4335:
4326:
4316:
4310:
4294:
4278:
4266:
4249:
4242:Moses (1999)
4239:, p. 6.
4232:
4225:Moses (1991)
4220:
4195:
4191:
4179:
4172:Moses (1999)
4155:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4100:
4088:
4072:
4063:
4052:
4032:Moses (1999)
4024:Moses (1999)
4019:
4007:
3995:
3984:the original
3975:
3967:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3929:See also in
3924:
3899:
3880:
3874:
3855:
3849:
3837:
3825:
3820:, p. 2.
3813:
3801:
3787:
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3755:
3747:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3679:
3672:Pratt (2003)
3659:
3647:
3635:
3608:
3596:
3572:Pratt (1979)
3557:
3553:
3547:
3531:
3513:
3500:
3490:
3481:
3475:
3469:. Dickinson.
3461:
3449:
3443:
3427:
3415:Pratt (2003)
3410:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3344:
3332:
3316:
3304:
3277:
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3234:
3224:
3197:
3172:
3166:
3157:
3147:
3138:
3127:Pratt (2003)
3122:
3110:
3098:
3081:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3019:
3007:
2995:
2988:Pratt (2003)
2985:, p. 3.
2978:
2966:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2926:
2910:Pratt (2003)
2892:
2887:
2859:
2852:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:the original
2819:
2810:
2800:December 20,
2798:. Retrieved
2794:the original
2789:
2780:
2765:
2703:Pennsylvania
2646:
2638:
2629:
2624:Unseen Tears
2622:
2587:
2570:
2566:
2565:documentary
2553:
2511:Warner Bros.
2504:
2486:
2448:
2439:Memorial Day
2419:
2407:
2395:
2343:
2295:
2266:
2239:
2236:20th century
2230:tuberculosis
2227:
2207:(former old
2194:
2190:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2140:
2136:
2116:. Circa 1882
2105:
2041:
2012:
2003:
2000:Show Indians
1992:Wild Westing
1989:
1959:Wild Westing
1920:
1865:
1843:
1816:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1731:
1701:
1668:
1664:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1597:
1538:Buffalo Hunt
1537:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1440:
1435:
1426:
1377:
1358:
1352:
1337:
1322:
1215:Bill Newashe
1211:Artie Miller
1207:Isaac Seneca
1191:Frank Hudson
1183:Bemus Pierce
1160:
1152:Wounded Knee
1148:Lakota/Sioux
1137:
1133:
1092:Pennsylvania
1085:
1070:Pennsylvania
1066:Philadelphia
1055:
1044:. Later, as
1034:Philadelphia
1007:
1003:
999:
971:
953:
910:
881:
857:Angel DeCora
844:
835:
831:
819:
811:
776:
706:
680:
676:
664:
656:
652:
643:
632:
603:
599:
595:
565:
560:
550:
548:
544:Spotted Tail
541:
521:
512:
505:
501:
498:
493:
489:
485:
469:
460:
456:
452:
441:
430:
426:
421:
417:
410:
387:
379:
375:
363:Pennsylvania
353:and some in
348:
344:
336:
309:
267:19th century
227:
219:
217:
204:July 4, 1961
15:
8160:Crazy Horse
8041:(ES-MS, HS)
7923:Navajo Prep
7836:Mississippi
7660:Shonto Prep
7423:Crane Union
7360:California
7232:Sequoyah HS
7190:Navajo Prep
6969:Schools for
6547:Schools for
6500:NRHP portal
6440:Other lists
6399:Center City
6323:Susquehanna
6273:Northampton
5908: /
5595:Albuquerque
5033:February 8,
4915:, p. xviii.
4719:(2): 20–2.
4584:February 2,
3240:February 2,
2645:The memoir
2617:, Southern
2592:Ann Rinaldi
2517:, honoring
2379:World War I
2321:, Iroquois
2279:World War I
2274:World War I
2254:Oscar Lipps
2242:reservation
2075:across the
2048:reservation
1927:7th Cavalry
1832:World War I
1801:World War I
1795:During the
1765:World War I
1650:of 1898 at
1644:John Hauser
1600:World War I
1481:The Red Man
1312:World War I
1062:Wanamaker's
956:Indian club
717:county seat
390:Fort Marion
361:in central
248:World War I
8409:Categories
8185:Pine Ridge
8061:Eight Mile
7965:Wingate HS
7891:New Mexico
7704:California
7611:Hopi J/SHS
7471:New York:
7433:Huntington
7262:Wingate HS
7151:Jones Acad
6384:Pittsburgh
6348:Washington
6303:Schuylkill
6263:Montgomery
6208:Lackawanna
6188:Huntingdon
6138:Cumberland
6118:Clearfield
5896:77°10′41″W
5893:40°12′32″N
5878:, May 2022
5743:0803258909
5383:References
4390:Tom Benjey
4327:Tom Benjey
3768:August 29,
3560:(2): 330.
2879:1090279399
2660:Tuscaroras
2519:Jim Thorpe
2213:California
2069:California
1996:Pine Ridge
1945:", of the
1923:West Point
1914:), met in
1728:Zitkala-Ša
1654:, and the
1542:ledger art
1340:Zitkala-Ša
1327:musician,
1179:Pete Calac
1128:Jim Thorpe
1124:Pop Warner
827:Roman Nose
8335:See also
8287:Wisconsin
7928:Pine Hill
7908:Jemez Day
7903:Isleta ES
7810:Minnesota
7597:(Cibecue)
7406:New York
7396:Michigan
7093:Bureau of
6424:Southwest
6414:Northwest
6409:Northeast
6389:Lancaster
6213:Lancaster
6198:Jefferson
6031:Armstrong
6026:Allegheny
5811:from the
5686:(1979) .
5645:Tuscarora
5293:757916758
5175:April 19,
5075:, p. xvi.
4756:April 18,
4693:162325934
4648:April 19,
4622:April 17,
4548:, p. xiv.
3925:The Arrow
3507:See also
3216:978555933
3076:, p. xii.
3057:pp. 136-8
2615:Brantford
2500:AM&B.
2262:U.S. Army
1971:, c. 1900
1912:Blackfeet
1781:St. Louis
1608:"Red Man"
1300:Gus Welch
1175:Joe Guyon
1167:Gus Welch
1108:Princeton
1100:Dartmouth
991:Lancaster
823:Red Cloud
707:In 1880,
686:Community
590:Red Cloud
242:from the
8074:Oklahoma
8029:Mandaree
7950:Taos Day
7789:Michigan
7438:Mitchell
6973:talented
6490:Category
6318:Sullivan
6313:Somerset
6238:Lycoming
6218:Lawrence
6173:Franklin
6148:Delaware
6133:Crawford
6128:Columbia
6056:Bradford
5615:Archived
5489:35021899
5479:(1935).
5309:(2020).
5289:ProQuest
5120:, p. ii.
5024:Archived
4733:25163421
4685:40071937
4563:, cover.
4531:, p. xv.
4461:, p. xv.
4362:Geronimo
3931:epix.net
3524:pp. 80-1
3131:pp.222-4
2727:Politics
2671:See also
2605:such as
2481:In media
2315:Cheyenne
2307:Cherokee
2260:and the
2205:Oklahoma
2046:and the
2025:and the
1943:Geronimo
1884:Comanche
1872:Geronimo
1500:Ho-Chunk
1466:textiles
1122:. Coach
871:and the
853:Ho-Chunk
735:, , and
553:Washichu
531:and the
435:—
182:66000658
136:Location
8303:Wyoming
7946:(NW HS)
7859:Montana
7720:Florida
7588:Arizona
7443:Paisley
7419:Oregon
7386:Hawaii
7375:Gilbert
7340:Alaska
7090:Tribal/
6461:covered
6457:Bridges
6363:Wyoming
6338:Venango
6268:Montour
6253:Mifflin
6233:Luzerne
6223:Lebanon
6203:Juniata
6193:Indiana
6163:Fayette
6143:Dauphin
6123:Clinton
6113:Clarion
6091:Chester
6076:Cameron
6071:Cambria
6041:Bedford
5621:, 2008
5272:. 2009.
4796:3346212
4392:. 2009.
4329:. 2009.
4212:1184042
2830:July 2,
2739:Schools
2689:Portals
2619:Ontario
2457:of the
2293:(NHL).
2059:in the
1929:, Gen.
1628:Jo Mora
1583:", 1918
1458:jewelry
1372:by the
1306:in the
1150:at the
1096:Cornell
1088:Harvard
995:Lebanon
987:Dauphin
855:artist
773:School.
713:borough
535:at the
477:Sicangu
394:Florida
369:to the
328:Choctaw
262:History
8231:Closed
8204:Closed
8123:Closed
8100:Oregon
7974:Closed
7875:Nevada
7773:Kansas
7679:Closed
7550:Closed
7543:Alaska
7465:Merged
7428:Harper
7272:Closed
6880:Closed
6343:Warren
6308:Snyder
6298:Potter
6258:Monroe
6248:Mercer
6243:McKean
6228:Lehigh
6183:Greene
6178:Fulton
6168:Forest
6086:Centre
6081:Carbon
6066:Butler
6036:Beaver
5957:Topics
5858:
5780:
5761:
5740:
5716:
5672:
5657:online
5641:Seneca
5601:
5560:
5539:
5518:
5487:
5456:
5437:
5418:
5397:
5319:
5291:
5220:p. 134
5100:
4889:p. 241
4868:
4794:
4731:
4691:
4683:
4613:
4368:
4303:p. 156
4210:
4028:p. 133
3887:
3862:
3540:p. 155
3422:life."
3419:p. 316
3325:p. 216
3214:
3204:
3179:
3023:Bell,
2877:
2867:
2609:, and
2473:, the
2424:. The
2327:Oneida
2325:, and
2323:Seneca
2311:Apache
2303:Ojibwe
2299:Lakota
2108:Navajo
1947:Apache
1718:, Dr.
1525:, 1911
1325:Oneida
1229:, and
1114:, and
993:, and
979:Quaker
764:, 1810
588:Chief
529:Custer
481:Oglala
471:them.
314:under
144:, U.S.
7741:Idaho
7448:Spray
7334:Other
6419:South
6404:North
6353:Wayne
6333:Union
6328:Tioga
6283:Perry
6106:South
6101:North
6061:Bucks
6051:Blair
6046:Berks
6021:Adams
5236:p.120
5027:(PDF)
5020:(PDF)
4792:JSTOR
4729:JSTOR
4689:S2CID
4681:JSTOR
4259:p.131
4208:JSTOR
4036:p. 69
3987:(PDF)
3980:(PDF)
3181:55389
2959:p. 57
2746:Notes
2079:from
2063:, at
1828:fairs
1112:Brown
437:Pratt
423:mind.
398:Pratt
157:Built
8224:Utah
7757:Iowa
7533:and
7322:(MT)
7316:(AZ)
7310:(AZ)
7293:(AZ)
7287:(PA)
7281:(NM)
7264:(NM)
7258:(AZ)
7252:(AZ)
7246:(NM)
7240:(CA)
7234:(OK)
7228:(NM)
7222:(AZ)
7216:(OK)
7210:(SD)
7204:(NM)
7198:(SD)
7192:(NM)
7186:(SD)
7180:(AZ)
7174:(AZ)
7165:(WA)
7159:(AZ)
7153:(OK)
7147:(AZ)
7141:(AZ)
7135:(SD)
7129:(SD)
7123:(ND)
7117:(MS)
7111:(SD)
7105:(OR)
7012:(KY)
6952:(ME)
6914:(PA)
6429:West
6368:York
6293:Pike
6158:Erie
6096:East
5856:ISBN
5778:ISBN
5759:ISBN
5738:ISBN
5714:ISBN
5670:ISBN
5599:ISBN
5558:ISBN
5537:ISBN
5516:ISBN
5485:LCCN
5454:ISBN
5435:ISBN
5416:ISBN
5395:ISBN
5373:2020
5348:2020
5317:ISBN
5177:2017
5098:ISBN
5035:2021
4866:ISBN
4758:2017
4650:2017
4624:2017
4611:ISBN
4586:2021
4366:ISBN
3885:ISBN
3860:ISBN
3770:2018
3454:YMCA
3242:2021
3212:OCLC
3202:ISBN
3177:OCLC
2875:OCLC
2865:ISBN
2832:2008
2802:2013
2654:the
2561:The
2529:and
2527:1912
2449:The
2396:The
2095:and
1694:Dr.
1682:Dr.
1642:and
1630:and
1517:and
1452:and
1357:and
1118:and
1104:Yale
954:The
863:and
861:YMCA
715:and
218:The
149:Area
7566:Now
6153:Elk
5815:at
5625:377
4784:doi
4721:doi
4673:doi
4287:459
4200:doi
4081:p.6
3788:npr
3562:doi
3505:14.
2649:by
2613:in
2590:by
2461:at
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2203:in
1902:),
1894:),
1892:Ute
1886:),
1878:),
1779:in
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446:in
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322:in
222:in
177:No.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.