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lodges (rumored to be the Rodríguez
Campomanes, Esquilache, Wall, Azara, Miguel de la Nava, Pedro del Río, Jovellanos, Valle, Salazar, Olavide, Roda, the Duke of Alba, the Count Floridablanca and the Count of Aranda), managing to convince the king to limit the authority of the Spanish Inquisition (even being behind the Expulsion of the Jesuits), because the presence of Freemasonry was very influential in the Cortes of Carlos III and Carlos IV to encourage enlightened despotism, being almost omnipresent in the noble, literary and military aristocracies that surrounded him. It is not surprising that in the year 1751, when the Peruvian Inquisition had a case of accusation against a Frenchman, this revealed that in the city of Lima there were already at least 40 initiates in Freemasonry. It is also mentioned that through Francisco Saavedra and the Gálvez brothers (Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo together with José de Gálvez y Gallardo), Freemasonry presented links with the government of the colonial territories in Hispanic America.
4416:
958:
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1963:
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that even his anti-Masonic policies were apparent, according to the
Masonic oath of obedience and his vow of secrecy about his activities within Freemasonry (being, then, apparent and agreed persecutions). Despite this, there is a consensus that the expansion of Freemasonry in the enlightened Spain of Charles III unquestionably developed, in the same way as it was developed in the other European countries (specifically in the royal and noble houses of Germany, France and England). According to the Freemason Carlos José Gutiérrez de los Ríos, he believes that the increase in the number of people joining Freemasonry, during the reign of Charles III, was the product of the naivety of many Spaniards:
3526:
2396:
1982:, had a considerable influence over him. Tanucci had found a solution to Charles's acceding to the throne, but then implemented a major regalist policy toward the Church, substantially limiting the privileges of the clergy, whose vast possessions enjoyed tax exemption and their own jurisdiction. His realm was financially a backward, underdeveloped stagnant agrarian economy, with 80% of the land being owned or controlled by the church and therefore tax-exempt. Landlords often registered their properties with the church to benefit from tax exemptions. Their rural tenants were under their landlords' control rather than royal jurisdiction. Taxes were collected by
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1043:"I believe, that you will not be displeased to learn of her first interview with her little husband. They embraced very affectionately and kissed one another, and it appears to me that he does not displease her. Thus, since this evening they do not like to leave one another. She says a hundred pretty things; one would not credit the things that she says unless one heard them. She has the mind of an angel, and my son is only too happy to possess her . . . She has charged me to tell you that she loves you with all her heart and that she is quite content with her husband."
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2037:. This move had a little practical effect: though a few Jews did come to Sicily, though there was no legal impediment to their living there, they felt their lives insecure, and they soon went back to Turkey. Despite the King's goodwill, the Jewish community of Sicily which had flourished in the Middle East was not re-established. Still, this was a significant symbolic gesture, the King clearly repudiating a past policy of religious intolerance. Moreover, the expulsion of the Jews from Sicily had been an application of the Spanish
2774:
1755:
3087:
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1310:, had only limited resources for the defense of Naples and were divided on how best to oppose the Spanish. The Emperor wanted to keep Naples, but most of the Neapolitan nobility was against him, and some conspired against his viceroy. They hoped that Philip would give the kingdom to Charles, who would be more likely to live and rule there, rather than having a viceroy and serve a foreign power. On 9 March the Spanish took
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3040:
military was insufficient for a war with
Britain. Military defense of the empire was a top priority, an expensive but necessary undertaking. With the 1763 peace treaty ending the Seven Years' War, Spain regained its ports of Havana, Cuba, and Manila, in the Philippines. Esquilache needed to find revenue to support the establishment of a standing military and fortification of ports. To raise funds, the sales tax
2061:"The position of Italian matters is not more beautiful; but it is worsened by the fact that the King of Naples and the King of Sardinia, adding troops to larger forces of the others, could oppose itself to the plans of their neighbors; to defend itself against the dangers of the peace of the enemies themselves they were in a way united, but they are separated by their different systems of government."
3356:
1519:
of the
Kingdom of Naples by a peace treaty, and so the Emperor was considered still de jure King of Naples. Receiving the Hackney from the Holy Roman Empire was common while receiving it from a Bourbon was unusual. The Pope, therefore, considered the first option a less dramatic gesture, and in doing so provoked the wrath of the religious Spanish infante.
2828:, and all their possessions were confiscated. His quarrel with the Jesuits, and the memory of those with the Pope while he was King of Naples, turned him towards a general policy of restriction of what he saw as the overgrown power of the Church. The number of reputedly idle clergy, and more particularly of the monastic orders, was reduced, and the
2306:; he would stay in Italy while his father was in Spain. Charles formally abdicated the crowns of Naples and Sicily on 6 October 1759 in favor of Ferdinand. Charles left his son's education and care to a regency council composed of eight members, which would govern the kingdom until the young king was 16 years old. Charles and his wife arrived in
1435:, while other Austrian troops were able to escape to the sea. To celebrate the victory, Naples was illuminated for three nights, and on 30 May, the Duke of Montemar, Charles's army commander, was named the Duke of Bitonto. Today there is an obelisk in the city of Bitonto commemorating the battle constructed and designed by
5341:
delle storie de' secoli andati, e dell'arte militare, e posso con verità assicurare la MV non-averlo per il più sentito parlar d'altro in occasione del pranzo, che dell'età degli astanti, di caccia, delle qualità de' suoi cani, della bontà ed insipidezza de' cibi, e della mutazione de' venti indicanti pioggia o serenità
3106:
on the frontier and its educational institutions. For
American-born Spaniards, at a stroke, the most wealthy and prestigious religious order that educated their sons and accepted a chosen few into their ranks were consigned to Italian exile. Jesuit properties, included thriving haciendas, were confiscated, the
1055:"I find her the most beautiful and most lovable child in the world. It is the most pleasing thing imaginable to see her with her little husband: how they caress one another and how they love one another already. They have a thousand little secrets to tell one another, and they cannot part for an instant."
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Freemasonry arrived in Spain in 1726, by the year 1748, there were already 800 members in Cádiz, which was the door to
Spanish America. During the reign of Carlos III, Freemasonry enjoyed wide liberties, where the most influential political leaders and social figures were distinguished members of the
2835:
In the meantime, much-antiquated legislation that tended to restrict trade and industry was abolished, and roads, canals, and drainage works were established. Many of his paternal ventures led to little more than the wasting of monies, or the creation of hotbeds of jobbery; on the whole, however, the
1989:
Charles encouraged the development of skilled craftsmen in Naples and Sicily, after centuries of foreign domination. Charles is recognized for having recreated the "Neapolitan nation", building an independent and sovereign kingdom. He also instituted reforms that were more administrative, more social
1518:
horse from the Holy Roman
Emperor rather than from Charles. The Hackney was a white mare and a sum of money which the King of Naples offered the Pope as feudal homage every 29 June, at the feast of Saints Peter and Paul. The reason for this choice was that Charles had not yet been recognized as ruler
1389:
Two chroniclers of the era, the
Florentine Bartolomeo Intrieri, and the Venetian Cesare Vignola made conflicting reports on the view of the situation by Neapolitans. Intrieri writes that the arrival was a historic event and that the crowd cried out that "His Royal Highness is beautiful, that his face
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Il di lui talento è naturale, e non-stato coltivato da maestri, sendo stato allevato all'uso di Spagna, ove i ministri non-amano di vedere i loro sovrani intesi di molte cose, per poter indi più facilmente governare a loro talento. Poche sono le notizie delle corti straniere, delle leggi, de' Regni,
3105:
was seen as the real culprit. After exiling
Esquilache, Charles expelled the Jesuits from Spain and its empire in 1767. In Spanish America, the impact was significant, since the Jesuits were a wealthy and powerful religious order, owning lucrative haciendas that produced revenue funding its missions
2286:
In order to defend the Duchy of Parma from
Charles Emmanuel's threats, Charles deployed troops on the borders of the Papal States. Thanks to the mediation of Louis XV, Charles Emmanuel renounced his claims to Piacenza in exchange for financial compensation. Charles thus assured the succession of one
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Charles was not expected to ascend to the throne of Spain, since his father had sons from his first wife who were more likely to rule. As the first son of his father's second wife, Charles benefited from his mother's ambition that he have a kingdom to rule, an experience that served him well when he
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in 1765 to find ways to extract further revenue from its richest overseas possession and to observe conditions. The position gave sweeping powers to its holder, sometimes greater than that of the viceroy. Following his return to Spain in 1771, Gálvez became Minister of the Indies and proceeded with
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His internal government was, on the whole, beneficial to the country. He began by compelling the people of Madrid to give up emptying their slops out of the windows, and when they objected he said they were like children who cried when their faces were washed. At the time of his accession to Spain,
1588:, who the following year allowed the creation of a concordat with the Kingdom of Naples. This allowed the taxation of certain property of the clergy, the reduction of the number of the ecclesiastical, and the limitation of their immunity and autonomy of justice via the creation of a mixed tribunal.
630:
In the Spanish Empire his regime enacted a series of sweeping reforms with the aim of bringing the overseas territories under firmer control by the central government, reversing the trend toward local autonomy, and gaining more control over the Church. Reforms including the establishment of two new
3422:
However, authors such as Miguel Morayta (endorsing the thesis that Charles III was a Freemason) that his anti-Masonic attitudes were actually due to his concern "for his foreign dependence" (for the interests of the United Kingdom and to a lesser extent of his rivals in the French Enlightened), or
2005:
king. Among the initiatives aimed at bringing the kingdom out of difficult economic conditions, Charles created the "commerce council" that negotiated with the Ottomans, Swedes, French, and Dutch. He also founded an insurance company and took measures to protect the forests, and tried to start the
1917:
In order to oppose the small but powerful pro-Austrian party in Naples, a new council was formed under the direction of Tanucci that resulted in the arrest of more than 800 people. In April Maria Theresa addressed the Neapolitans with a proclamation in which she promised pardons and other benefits
3371:
In particular, it has problems with the final paragraph of section (in sentences starting "But I also accept that..."), which appears to be either the editor talking in first person, plagiarism from a first person essay, a failed attempt at translating, &/or close paraphrasing from an uncited
1560:
The episode was perceived as a serious affront to the Bourbon court. Consequently, the Spanish and Neapolitan ambassadors left Rome, the seat of the papacy, while apostolic nuncios were dismissed from Madrid and Naples. The regiments of Bourbon troops invaded the Papal States. The threat was such
1411:
The letter began with the words "To the King of Naples, My Son, and My Brother". Charles was unique in the fact that he was the first ruler of Naples to actually live there, after two centuries of viceroys. However, Austrian resistance had not yet been completely eliminated. The emperor had sent
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were captured (1762–63) by the British. Charles's predecessors on the throne had begun reforming the relationship between the Iberian metropole Spanish American and Philippine possessions, to create a centralized and unified empire. The Seven Years' War had demonstrated to Charles that Spain's
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Bourbon Spain, like their Habsburg predecessors, were drawn into European conflicts, not necessarily to Spain's benefit. The traditional friendship with Bourbon France brought about the idea that the power of Great Britain would decrease and that of Spain and France would do the opposite; this
3436:
The rule of Charles III has been considered the "apogee of empire" and not sustained after his death. Charles III ascended the throne of Spain with considerable experience in governance, and enacted significant reforms to revivify Spain's economy and strengthen its empire. Although there were
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However, despite this rosy legend of his relative tolerance, Charles III remained a devout Catholic who persecuted Freemasonry, first in the Kingdom of Naples (where in 1751 he had published an edict prohibiting Freemasonry as disturbing public tranquility and of violating the rights of Royal
1224:
heard about the ceremony, he was enraged that Gian Gastone had not informed him, since he was overlord of Tuscany and the nomination should have been his prerogative. Despite the celebrations, Elisabeth Farnese urged her son to go on to Parma, which he did in October 1732, where he was warmly
3322:
on the eastern outskirts of Madrid, aged 35, on 27 September 1760. She was buried at the El Escorial in the royal crypt. Charles did not marry again. The example of his actions and works was not without effect on other Spanish nobles. In his domestic life, King Charles was regular, and was a
1291:. On 27 February, King Philip declared his intention to capture the Kingdom of Naples, claiming he would free it of "excessive violence by the Austrian Viceroy of Naples, oppression, and tyranny". Charles, now "Charles I of Parma", was to be in charge. Charles inspected the Spanish troops at
1572:
The commission of cardinals to whom the case was assigned decided to send a delegation of prisoners of Trastevere and Velletri to Naples as reparations. The papal subjects were punished with just a few days in jail and then, after seeking royal pardon, were granted it. The Neapolitan king
2326:
His twenty years in the Italian Peninsula had been very fruitful, and he came to the throne of Spain with significant experience. Internal politics, as well as diplomatic relationships with other countries, underwent complete reform. Charles represented a new type of ruler, who followed
1341:
from a delegation of the city's elected officials. Chronicles of the time reported that Naples was captured "with humanity" and that the combat was only due to a general climate of courtesy between the two armies, often under the eyes of the Neapolitans that approached with curiosity
3291:. Maria Josepha was a niece of Emperor Charles; the marriage was seen as the only alternative to an Austrian marriage. Maria Amalia was only 13 when she was informed of her proposed marriage. The marriage date was confirmed on 31 October 1737. Maria Amalia was married by proxy at
1000:
Charles's half-brother, Infante Philip Peter, died on 29 December 1719, putting Charles third in line to the throne after Luis and Ferdinand. He would retain his position behind these two until they died and he succeeded to the Spanish throne. His second full brother, Infante
4415:
1534:. The coronation bypassed the authority of the Pope thanks to the apostolic legation of Sicily, a medieval privilege which ensured the island a special legal autonomy from the Church. Thus, the papal legate did not attend the ceremony as Charles would have wanted.
3411:
sovereignty) and later in Spain, gaining the fame of being the most distinguished European monarch in repressing Freemasonry (according to the record of his letters) and being obedient to the anti-Masonic indications of the bull Providas Romanorum Pontificum of
2475:
of the military navy was introduced by the king on 28 May 1785. Until then, Spanish vessels sported the white flag of the Bourbons with the arms of the sovereign. Charles replaced it due to his concern that it looked too similar to the flags of other nations.
1369:
Charles had his triumphant entrance to Naples on 10 May 1734, through the old city gate at Capuana surrounded by the city councilors along with a group of people who threw money to the locals. The procession went on through the streets and ended up at the
2938:
constructed, as well a number of routes that led to the capital of Madrid, which is located in the center of Spain. Other cities were improved during his reign; Seville for example saw the introduction of many new structures such as hospitals and the
1337:. There they awaited reinforcements sufficient to defeat the Spanish. The Spanish entered Naples and laid siege to the Austrian-held fortresses. During that interval, Charles received the compliments of the local nobility, and the city keys and the
3271:
His physical appearance was dominated by the Bourbon nose that he had inherited from his father's side of the family. He was described as "a brown boy, who has a lean face with a bulging nose", and was known for his happy and exuberant character.
1498:
During the early years of Charles's reign, the Neapolitan court was engaged in a dispute with the Holy See over jurisdiction, clerical appointments, and revenues. The Kingdom of Naples was an ancient fief of the Papal States. For this reason,
2550:, given to Spain by France as compensation for Spain's war losses. Britain's easy victories in capturing Spanish ports prompted Spain to create a standing army and local militias in key parts of Spanish America and fortify vulnerable forts.
1394:
on the statue that the representative". Vignola wrote in contrast that "there were only some acclamations", and that the crowd applauded with "a lot of languors" and only "to incite those that threw the money to throw it in more abundance".
2751:
and generally liberalized most commerce. Despite this action, it provoked the overlord to charge high prices because of the "monopolizers" speculating on the bad harvests of the previous years. On 23 March 1766, his attempt to force the
2112:, which was a constant threat to the capital, as was the sea. Charles himself laid the foundation stone of the palace amid many festivities on his 36th birthday, 20 January 1752. Other buildings he had built in his kingdom were the
1883:
Charles had wanted to stay neutral during the conflict, but his father wanted him to join in and gather troops to aid the French. Charles arranged for 10,000 Spanish soldiers that were to be sent to Italy under the command of the
1067:
Out of these proposed marriages, only Louis and Louise Élisabeth would wed. Elisabeth Farnese looked for other potential brides for her eldest son. For this, she looked to Austria, Spain's principal opponent for influence on the
2287:
of his sons, the protection of his brother Philip's duchy and, at the same time, reduced Charles Emmanuel's ambitions. According to Domenico Caracciolo, this was "a fatal blow to the hopes and designs of the king of Sardinia".
3323:
considerate master, though he had a somewhat caustic tongue and took a rather cynical view of humanity. He was passionately fond of hunting. During his later years he had some trouble with his eldest son and daughter-in-law.
1286:
On 20 January 1734, Charles, now 18, reached his majority, and was "free to govern and to manage in a manner independent its states". He was also named commander of all Spanish troops in Italy, a position he shared with the
4457:
1477:
In 1735, pursuant to the treaty ending the war, Charles formally ceded Parma to Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in exchange for his recognition as King of Naples and Sicily. Following the loss of Parma, Charles removed the
2100:). Construction ideas for the stunning palace started in 1751 when he was 35 years old. The site had previously been home to a small hunting lodge, as had Versailles, which he was fond of because it reminded him of the
5640:
3427:"The other initiates ignore it and enter in good faith for the attraction of fun and even flatter the recruits with mutual aid, they enjoy all the occasions of great ease to enter and find friends everywhere..."
2052:
wanted to create an Italian league where Naples and Sardinia would fight together against Austria, but Charles refused to participate. This choice was sharply criticized by the Neapolitan Ambassador in Turin,
2925:
industrialized quickly and produced much revenue for the Spanish economy. He then turned to the foreign economy looking towards his colonies in the Americas. In particular, he looked at the finances of the
1600:). This was intended to emphasize that he was the first King of Naples to live there, and to mark the discontinuity between him and previous rulers named Charles, specifically his predecessor, the Habsburg
4991:
The Academy of Real Navy 10 December 1735, was the first institution to be established by Charles III for cadets, followed 18 November 1787 by the Royal Military Academy (later Military School of Naples):
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Menéndez-Pidal De Navascués, Faustino; (1999)El escudo; Menéndez Pidal y Navascués, Faustino; O´Donnell, Hugo; Lolo, Begoña. Símbolos de España. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales.
3244:
Giovanni Antonio Medrano taught him geography, history and mathematics, as well as military art and architecture during his stay in the cities of Florence, Parma and Piacenza. He was also educated in
1937:, who retreated with heavy losses. The courage shown by Charles caused the King of Sardinia, his enemy, to write that "he revealed a worthy consistency of his blood and that he behaved gloriously".
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representing Charles. This marriage was looked upon favorably by the Holy See and effectively ended its diplomatic disagreement with Charles. The couple met for the first time on 19 June 1738 at
1522:
Meanwhile, Charles had landed in Sicily. Although the Bourbon conquest of the island was not complete, he was crowned King of the Two Sicilies ("utriusque Siciliae rex") on 3 July in the ancient
1024:
of France would marry the three-year-old Infanta Mariana Victoria and thus she would become Queen of France; Charles's half-brother Louis would marry the fourth surviving daughter of the regent,
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educating their sons closed, and frontier missions were turned over to other religious orders. Politically, culturally, and economically the expulsion was a blow into the fabric of the empire.
4429:
2538:, Spain's stronghold for its Asian trade and colony of strategic islands. Charles III wanted to keep fighting the following year, but he was persuaded by the French leadership to stop. In the
2275:, by which Austria formally renounced the Italian Duchies. Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, however, continued to pressure on the possible gain of Piacenza and even threatened to occupy it.
1974:
Charles left a lasting legacy on his kingdom, introducing reforms during his reign. In Naples, Charles began internal reforms that he later continued in peninsular Spain and the ultramarine
822:
as Philip V. For the remainder of his reign (1700–46), he continually attempted to regain the ceded territories in Europe. In 1714, after the death of the king's first wife, the Princess
1507:, the Pope let Charles know he did not consider valid the nomination received by him from Charles's father, Philip V, King of Spain. In response, a committee headed by the Tuscan lawyer
1322:. A week later they defeated the Austrians at sea. On 31 March, his army closed in on the Austrians in Naples. The Spanish flanked the defensive position of the Austrians under general
623:. Although he did not achieve complete control over Spain's finances, and was sometimes obliged to borrow to meet expenses, most of his reforms proved successful in providing increased
3093:, Mexican Jesuit exiled to Italy. His history of ancient Mexico was a significant text for pride for contemporaries in New Spain. He is revered in modern Mexico as a creole patriot.
2576:
the power of the revitalized Spanish military after the disastrous Spanish experience in the Seven Years' War. The assault was also meant to demonstrate that Spain would defend its
1906:
The decision to remain neutral was again revived and was poorly received by the French and his father in Spain. Charles's parents encouraged him to take arms as his brother Infante
658:
writes that Charles "was probably the most successful European ruler of his generation. He had provided firm, consistent, intelligent leadership. He had chosen capable ministers
2271:
Determined to maintain the hold of his descendants on the court of Naples, Charles undertook lengthy diplomatic negotiations with Maria Theresa, and in 1758 the two signed the
3004:(Gala Dining room) was built during the years of 1765–1770; the room took the place of the old apartments of Queen Maria Amalia. He died in the palace on 14 December 1788.
1642:
Charles, by the Grace of God King of Naples, Sicily and of Jerusalem, etc. Infante of Spain, Duke of Parma, Piacenza and of Castro etc. Great Hereditary Prince of Tuscany.
603:, and promoted science and university research. He implemented regalist policies to increase the power of the state regarding the church. During his reign, he expelled the
5614:
3097:
Charles's Italian minister Esquilache was hated in Spain, seen as a foreigner, and responsible for policies that many Spaniards opposed. Bread riots in 1766, known as the
2461:
and a flag, a capital city worthy of the name, and the construction of a network of coherent roads converging on Madrid. On 3 September 1770 Charles III declared that the
8110:
5648:
2863:, aimed to establish greater legal control over slaves in the Spanish colonies, in order to expand agricultural production. The first code was written for the city of
2001:
Charles was the most popular king the Neapolitans had had for many years. He was very supportive of the people's needs, regardless of class, and has been hailed as an
1470:
on 2 September 1734, beginning a conquest of the island's Austrian-held fortresses that ended in early 1735. Capua, the only remaining Austrian stronghold in Naples,
6036:, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms.
1910:
had done. After publishing a proclamation on 25 March 1744 reassuring its subjects, Charles took the command of an army against the Austrian armies of the prince of
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on 6 May. This all occurred even though Charles had no military experience, seldom wore uniforms, and could only with difficulty be persuaded to witness a review.
1333:
The Austrian viceroy, Giulio Borromeo Visconti, and the commander of his army, Giovanni Carafa , left some garrisons holding the city's fortresses and withdrew to
3275:
Charles's mother Elisabeth Farnese sought potential brides for her son, when he was formally recognized as King of Naples and Sicily. It was impossible to get an
2364:
The principles of the Enlightenment were applied to his rule in Naples, and he intended to do the same in Spain though on a much larger scale. Charles went about
4673:
Mörner, Magnus. "The expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and Spanish America in 1767 in light of eighteenth-century regalism." The Americas 23.2 (1966): 156-164.
1986:
through low paid employees who supplemented their income by the exploitation of their position. "Smuggling and corruption were institutionalized at all levels."
1126:
was thought to have been pregnant at the time of his death. The Duchess was examined by many doctors without any confirmation of her pregnancy. As a result, the
3338:, which started to emulate Charles by purchasing more slaves, to the point where by the 1780s 4% of Madrid's population was enslaved. Charles was buried at the
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1699:
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2294:, had learning difficulties and was thus taken out of the line of succession to any throne; he died in Portici, where he had been born, in 1747. The title of
599:
to increase the flow of funds to the crown and defend against foreign incursions on the empire. He facilitated trade and commerce, modernized agriculture and
2054:
1503:
considered himself the only one entitled to invest the king of Naples, and so he did not recognize Charles of Bourbon as a legitimate sovereign. Through the
838:. Elisabeth and Philip married on 24 December 1714; she quickly proved a domineering consort and influenced King Philip to make Cardinal Giulio Alberoni the
3081:
3044:
was increased from 2% to 5%. To increase trade, Havana and other Caribbean ports were allowed to trade with other ports within the Spanish empire, not full
2901:
In Spain, he continued with his work trying to improve the services and facilities of his people. He created the Luxury Porcelain factory under the name of
3445:
with skills or experience in governance. Charles IV continued a number of policies of his more distinguished father, but was forced to abdicate by his son
1537:
In March 1735 a new discord developed between Rome and Naples. In Rome, it was discovered that the Bourbons had confined Roman citizens in the basement of
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was freer trade. With the expansion, Spain hoped to undermine Britain's secret trade with Spanish America, and gain more revenue for the Spanish crown.
1271:), also entered the conflict. Charles's mother, as regent, saw the opportunity to regain the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, which Spain had lost in the
957:
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2381:
1596:
Charles was the seventh king of that name to rule Naples, but he never styled himself Charles VII. He was known simply as Charles of Bourbon (Italian:
2712:
Charles had able and enlightened ministers who helped craft his reform policies. During his early rule in Spain, he appointed Italians, including the
2349:, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education. Charles shared these ideals with other monarchs, including
1288:
4901:
Giovanni Drei, Giuseppina Allegri Tassoni (a cura di) I Farnese. Grandezza e decadenza di una dinastia Italiana, Rome, La Libreria Dello Stato, 1954.
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The policies that centralized the Spanish state on the Iberian Peninsula were extended to its overseas territories, especially after the end of the
1561:
that some of the gates of Rome were barred and the civil guard was doubled. Velletri was occupied and forced to pay 8000 crowns for the occupation.
1189:, was named his co-tutor and despite Charles being the second in line to inherit Tuscany, the Grand Duke still gave him a warm welcome. En route to
2713:
2407:
rather than a collection of kingdoms and territories with a common sovereign. This was a long process that his Bourbon predecessors had initiated.
2077:
pro-independence rebels, was an officer of the Neapolitan army and the Genoese suspected that he received the assistance of the Kingdom of Naples.
1111:
on 9 November 1729. Provisions of the treaty did allow the Infante Charles the right to occupy Parma, Piacenza, and Tuscany by force if necessary.
5044:
67:
2788:; in English, "1778 Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of the Spains and of the Indies, Mexico , 8 Reales." The reverse depicts the arms of
2092:
in Spain (the latter being modeled on Versailles itself). He undertook and oversaw the construction of one of Europe's most lavish palaces, the
8558:
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Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans
3617:
2986:
1514:
The situation worsened when, in 1735, just a few days before the coronation of Charles, the Pope chose to accept the traditional offering of a
965:
The birth of Charles encouraged Prime Minister Alberoni to start laying out grand plans for Europe. In 1717 he ordered the Spanish invasion of
361:
3318:
The first crisis that Charles had to deal with as King of Spain was the death of his beloved wife Maria Amalia. She died unexpectedly at the
1133:
The duchy was occupied by Count Carlo Stampa, who served as the lieutenant of Parma for the young Charles. Charles was from then on known as
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country prospered. The result was largely due to the king who, even when ill-advised, did at least work steadily at his task of government.
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stormed the palace to liberate them. The riot then degenerated into pillage. Next, the crowd directed itself toward the embassy of Spain in
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1637:, & Hyerusalem, &c. Infans Hispaniarum, Dux Parmae, Placentiae, Castri, &c. Ac Magnus Princeps Haereditarius Hetruriae, &c
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subsequently managed to iron out his differences with the Pope, after long negotiations, through the mediation of its ambassador in Rome,
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who was in charge of excavated items at the king's palace in Portici was also the first to attempt in reading obtained scrolls from the
2170:(1748) were re-discovered. The king encouraged their excavation and continued to be informed about findings even after moving to Spain.
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A preliminary peace with Austria was concluded on 3 October 1735. However, the peace was not finalized until three years later with the
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2457:. When Charles III became King of Spain, he further solidified the standing of the nation as a single political entity. He created the
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1553:. During the clashes that followed, several Bourbon soldiers were killed, including an officer. The disturbances spread to the town of
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Charles also sought to reform Spanish colonial policy, in order to make Spain's colonies more competitive with the plantations of the
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another. France and Savoy formed an alliance to acquire territory from Austria. Spain, which had allied with France in late 1733 (the
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The government of Spain, in an effort to streamline the operation of its colonial empire, began introducing what became known as the
2649:(1776-1783), despite his misgivings about the example it would set for Spain's overseas territories. During the war, Spain recovered
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3217:; he was very pious and was often in awe of his domineering mother, who according to many contemporaries, he resembled greatly. The
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signed in 1748; it was not until the next year that Infante Felipe would officially be the Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla.
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was an important minister late in Charles's reign, who was carried over as minister after Charles's death. Also important was the
666:'s assessment is that in Bourbon Spain "Spaniards had to wait half a century before their government was rescued by Charles III."
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for 19 years. Charles gained valuable experience in his 25-year rule in Italy, so that he was well prepared as the monarch of the
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declared that "...he received an education removed from all studies and all applications in order to be able to govern himself" (
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in return. (Charles had inherited Tuscany in 1737 on the death of Gian Gastone.) Tuscany went to Emperor Charles VI's son-in-law
1511:
in Naples concluded that papal investiture was not necessary because the crowning of a king could not be considered a sacrament.
860:
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Cronaca Civile e Militare delle Due Sicilie sotto la dinastia borbonica dall'anno 1734 in poi, Naples, Stamperia Reale, 1857
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After Charles departed for Spain, Minister Tanucci presided over the Council of Regency that ruled until Charles' third son
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of artwork, the archives and the ducal library, the cannons of the fort, and even the marble stairway of the ducal palace.
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1095:, a document drafted by Emperor Charles in 1713 to assure support for Maria Theresa in the succession to the throne of the
635:, realignment of administration into intendancies, creating a standing military, establishing new monopolies, revitalizing
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Lößlein, Horst. 2019. Royal Power in the Late Carolingian Age: Charles III the Simple and His Predecessors. Cologne: MAP.
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of 1783 confirmed the recovery of the Floridas and Menorca and restricted the actions of British commercial interests in
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1099:. The emperor also relinquished all claims to the Spanish throne and promised to support Spain in its attempts to regain
564:. In 1734, at the age of 18, he led Spanish troops in a bold and almost entirely bloodless march down Italy to seize the
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and both realized many reforms. The Spanish Army and Navy were reorganized despite the losses from the Seven Years War.
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Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living
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Coat of arms as Infante of Spain, Sovereign Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, and Grand Prince and Heir of Tuscany
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5554:"Historia de las sociedades secretas, antiguas y modernas en España y especialmente de la Francmasonería - Wikisource"
1020:, the French regent, to arrange three Franco-Spanish marriages that could potentially ease tense relations. The young
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to Great Britain in exchange for the return of Havana and Manila. This was partly compensated by the acquisition of
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580:, who was an educated, cultured woman. The couple had 13 children, eight of whom reached adulthood. They resided in
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Antonietta de Padua Francisca Januaria Francisca de Paula Juana Nepomucena Josefina Onesifora of Naples and Sicily
1962:
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2820:. The wealth and power of the Jesuits were very great; and by the royal decree of 27 February 1767, known as the
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867:(the future Ferdinand VI). Because the Duke Francesco of Parma and his heir were childless, Elisabeth sought the
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2471:: two red stripes above and below a central yellow stripe double in width and the arms of Castile and León. The
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Francesco Renda, Storia della Sicilia Dalle origini ai giorni nostri vol. II, Palerme, Sellerio editore, 2003.
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1220:, and Charles paid homage to the Florentine senate, as was the tradition for heirs to the Tuscan throne. When
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After the Treaty of Seville, Philip V disregarded its provisions and formed an alliance with France and the
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stopped the ambitions of Elisabeth Farnese, and the marriage plans were abandoned with the signing of the
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that stated he would not be able to join the Neapolitan and Sicilian territories to the Spanish throne.
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sweeping administrative changes, replacing the old system of governance with administrative districts (
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The arms used by Charles while King of Spain were used until 1931 when his great-great-great grandson
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before his departure to Spain in 1700. Charles left Spain on 20 October 1731 and traveled overland to
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Gaetano Falzone, Il Regno di Carlo di Borbone in Sicilia. 1734–1759, Bologne, Pàtron Editore, 1964.
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The alliance of Spain and Austria was signed on 30 April 1725 and included Spanish support for the
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879:(1671–1737) was also childless. He was a distant cousin of hers, related via her great-grandmother
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signed on 15 August 1761 (called the "Treaty of Paris"). Charles had become deeply concerned that
1423:
Spanish troops led by the Count of Montemar attacked the Austrians on 25 May 1734 at Bitonto, and
1205:
on 9 March 1732 with a retinue of 250 people. He stayed with his host at the ducal residence, the
1169:("sword of gold") by his father; the sword had been given to Philip V of Spain by his grandfather
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Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Jose Januario Serafin Diego of Naples and Sicily
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2762:), during which he did not display much personal courage. For a long time after, he remained at
2302:, the second-born. The right of succession to Naples and Sicily was reserved for his third son,
1627:) as their sovereign (they rebelled against him), nor Emperor Charles, whom they also disliked.
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Antonio Pascual Bernardo Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Aniello Julian of Naples and Sicily
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1736:. The two children in the foreground are Princess Maria Isabella Anne of Naples and Sicily and
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on 22 July 1731 officially recognized the young Infante Charles as Duke of Parma and Piacenza.
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Charles was one of the largest slave owners in the Spanish Empire, owning 1,500 slaves in the
3287:, a daughter of the newly elected Polish king Augustus III and his (ironically) Austrian wife
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1921:
The participation of Naples and Sicily in the conflict resulted, on 11 August in the decisive
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5045:"Buried by the Ash of Vesuvius, These Scrolls Are Being Read for the First Time in Millennia"
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the Spanish came close to war with Great Britain after expelling the British garrison of the
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Charles succeeded to the Spanish throne in 1759 upon the death of his childless half-brother
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and a descendant by four of his great-great-grandparents. Felipe VI is also a descendant of
3307:. At court, festivities lasted till 3 July. As part of the celebration, Charles created the
3166:
underclasses created an environment in which a large-scale uprising could occur. In 1780 an
588:. His policies in Italy prefigured ones he would put in place in his 30-year rule of Spain.
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Antonio Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Serafin Pascual Salvador of Naples and Sicily
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2561:. However, Spain was forced to back down when it realized its vulnerability to the British
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2240:. Upon gaining the Spanish throne, he abdicated those of Naples and Sicily, respecting the
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2002:
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The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867
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and had issue; current line of the Two Sicilies descends from them; married secondly in a
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2867:
in 1768, while the second code was written for the recently acquired Spanish territory of
2467:
was to be used in official ceremonies. It was Charles who chose the colors of the present
2389:
2029:
On 3 February 1740, King Charles issued a proclamation containing 37 paragraphs, in which
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included the recognition of Charles as heir to the Italian Duchies of Parma and Piacenza.
8:
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2128:
2045:
1873:
1685:
1620:
1383:
1263:, sparked a succession crisis in Poland. France supported one pretender, and Austria and
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780:
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47:
5450:(in Spanish). Universidad Católica/Andrés Bello, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas
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married his niece, Infanta Maria Amalia of Spain (1779–1798) in 1795 and had no issue.
3813:
3488:, established in 1989 and one of the world's top 300 universities, is named after him.
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European conflicts to contend with, he died in 1788, months before the eruption of the
3415:, which made impossible the development of an organized Freemasonry in Spain until the
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The rivalry with Britain also led him to support the American revolutionaries in their
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In 1700, Charles's father, originally a French Bourbon prince, Philip of Anjou, became
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Memòries de la Reial Acadèmia Mallorquina d'Estudis Genealògics, Heràldics i Històrics
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constructed along with the statue of Alcachofa fountain, and moved and redesigned the
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tried to show Charles that the true leaders of the revolt against Esquilache were the
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until 24 November 1734. In the kingdom, independence from the Austrians was popular.
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Antonio Pasquale Giovanni Nepomuceno Serafino Gennaro Benedetto of Naples and Sicily
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for Charles, since he was unlikely to be king of Spain. She also sought for him the
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1911:
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peoples took place against the colonial rulers of the Viceroyalty of Peru, led by
2855:", or Spanish Black Codes. The Black Codes, which were partly based on the French
1856:
would not interfere with this succession. However, this was not the case, and the
1330:. This allowed Charles and his troops to advance on to the city of Naples itself.
1135:
HRH Don Charles of Spain (or Borbón), Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Infante of Spain
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them into the newborn Neapolitan army. Thousands of inhabitants in the suburb of
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1398:
Charles's father, King Philip V of Spain, wrote the following letter to Charles.
1268:
827:
615:'s Muslim past, even after succeeding to the Spanish throne. He strengthened the
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and enforce the Spanish claim to their thrones. In 1738, he married the Princess
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Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Aniello Raimundo Sylvestre of Naples and Sicily
3256:, and a wide range of physical activities, including a future favourite of his,
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1754:
1541:, which was the personal property of King Charles; people were brought there to
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noted that he was greatly impressed at the fondness Charles had for the sport.
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and the chaplain Celestino Galiani. The agreement was achieved on 12 May 1738.
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645:) from high civil and ecclesiastical offices, and eliminating many privileges (
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in legal affairs. He incorporated these formerly privileged entities into the
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5375:"'Hidden in plain sight': the European city tours of slavery and colonialism"
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Charles received the strict and structured education of a Spanish Infante by
3171:
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Suppression of the Society of Jesus § Spanish Empire suppression of 1767
3000:
underwent many alterations under his rule. It was in his reign that the huge
2934:, starting in 1778. He also carried out a number of public works; he had the
2931:
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2756:
to adopt French dress for public security reasons was the excuse for a riot (
2705:
Charles III painted in hunting attire, with few signs of his royal position.
2503:
as well. The French government ceded its largest territory in North America,
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1849:
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The treaty included the transfer to Naples of all the inherited goods of the
1319:
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with Spain. This war led to the dismissal of Alberoni by Philip in 1719. The
655:
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62:
5777:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 8.
5472:
Masonería, Iglesia e Ilustración: un conflicto ideológico-político-religioso
4844:
Harold Acton, I Borboni di Napoli (1734–1825), Florence, Giunti, 1997, p. 25
3122:
throughout South America. In 1776, as part of these reforms, it created the
2947:). Charles was responsible for granting the title "Royal University" to the
2225:, in August 1758, and fell into deep mourning for her. He named Charles his
1364:
8045:
7525:
7485:
5095:
4507:
4477:
3754:
Antonieta Francisca Javier Francisca de Paula Serafina of Naples and Sicily
3472:, Spain's current monarch, is a direct male-line descendant of Charles the
3147:
2878:
2797:
2682:
2673:
secure their southern and western frontiers during the war. The capture of
2654:
2404:
2385:
2202:
1789:
1562:
1358:
1296:
620:
616:
592:
137:
90:
5723:
Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789
5412:"Miguel Cayetano Soler en el espíritu del reformismo ilustrado y masónico"
5272:
Genocide and millennialism in Upper Peru: the Great Rebellion of 1780–1782
4662:
Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789
4586:
Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789
2104:
in Spain. Caserta was also much influenced by his wife, the very cultured
2019:
1990:
and more religious than the kingdom had seen for a long time. In 1746 the
1776:
Naples and Sicily were ceded by Austria to Charles, who gave up Parma and
830:
successfully arranged the swift marriage between Philip and the ambitious
8065:
7948:
7520:
7510:
6358:
3339:
3311:—the most prestigious order of chivalry in the kingdom. He later had the
3245:
2894:
2678:
2572:
in 1775 was ordered by Charles, who was attempting to demonstrate to the
2535:
2463:
2159:
1991:
1983:
1864:, all of whom were against Maria Theresa. Maria Theresa was supported by
1795:
1542:
1447:
1306:
The Austrians, already fighting the French and Savoyard armies to retain
632:
600:
301:
5068:
Franco Valsecchi, Il riformismo borbonico in Italia, Rome, Bonacci, 1990
3468:
was proclaimed (there was also a brief interruption from 1873 to 1875).
3142:. These territories included the economically important silver mines at
2221:
that their father used to suffer from. Ferdinand lost his devoted wife,
2009:
1161:, mother of Elisabeth Farnese and Charles's guardian and regent of Parma
1059:
7928:
7462:
3226:
3155:
3127:
2562:
2504:
1889:
1566:
1546:
179:
7546:
5529:
5363:, Naples, Stabilimento tipografico Luigi Pierro e figlio, 1904, p. 74.
5347:, Napoli, Stabilimento tipografico Luigi Pierro e figlio, 1904, p. 72.
4892:
Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988, pp. 65–66
4880:
Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988, p. 63-64.
2985:
following Neapolitan models. During his reign, the movement to found "
2780:
coin of Carlos III, dated 1778. The Latin inscription reads (obverse)
2510:
In early 1762, Spain entered the war. The major Spanish objectives to
2236:
At that point, Charles was proclaimed King of Spain under the name of
1557:, where the population attacked Spanish troops on the road to Naples.
1490:
7943:
7933:
7535:
7054:
6935:
6804:
6512:
5312:
Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice
4871:
Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988. p. 61-62
4835:
Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988. p. 50-53
3159:
3135:
3064:
2922:
2856:
2701:
2662:
2334:
2307:
2108:. The site of the palace was also far away from the large volcano of
1494:
Bernardo Tanucci, who aided Charles in his conflict with the Holy See
1391:
1212:
Gian Gastone staged a fête in honor of the Patron Saint of Florence,
1170:
1100:
812:
771:
retained its American territories and the Philippines, but ceded the
7332:
5992:
4736:"Full text of "Unruly daughters; a romance of the house of Orléans""
4499:, Nov 1968, Vol. 18 Issue 10, pp. 673-682 and Issue 11, pp. 760–768.
4495:
Henderson, Nicholas. "Charles III of Spain: An Enlightened Despot,"
3143:
2033:
were formally invited to return to Sicily, from where they had been
1998:, though this was not popular and required intervention by Charles.
1940:
The victory at Velletri assured Charles the right to give the title
1295:, and marched toward Naples on 5 March. The army passed through the
896:
690:
7938:
7186:
4995:
4682:
Nicholas Henderson, "Charles III of Spain: An Enlightened Despot,"
4600:
Architecture and Statecraft: Charles of Bourbon's Naples, 1734–1759
3276:
3265:
3253:
3207:
3158:
to the west. The economic hardship this introduced to parts of the
3041:
2918:
2763:
2639:
2265:
1569:
avoided the same fate by the payment of a ransom of 16,000 crowns.
1554:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1021:
641:
550:
5207:
4923:
Liste des décrets sur le site du ministère de la Culture espagnole
4862:
Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988. p. 60
4853:
Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988. p. 59
4490:
Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift
674:
627:
to the crown and expanding state power, leaving a lasting legacy.
6557:
6023:
3585:
3292:
3257:
3202:
3163:
3131:
3101:, pinned the blame on the minister, but behind the uprising, the
2906:
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2793:
2650:
2596:
2167:
2163:
2119:
2074:
1918:
for those who rose against the "usurpers", meaning the Bourbons.
1861:
1840:
in 1740. That year, Emperor Charles died leaving his Kingdoms of
1531:
1467:
1451:
1417:
1311:
1292:
1182:
1178:
1174:
846:
808:
624:
604:
443:
8504:
Italian military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
8499:
Spanish military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
3182:. Túpac Amaru's uprising was simultaneous with the rebellion of
1076:, that the Infante Charles marry the eight-year-old Archduchess
1039:
later wrote to the regent and his wife regarding their meeting:
8484:
People associated with the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales
7885:
7867:
5447:
Masonería e Inquisición en Latinoamérica durante el siglo XVIII
4960:
Giuseppe Coniglio, I Borboni di Napoli, Milan, Corbaccio, 1999.
4686:, Nov 1968, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p673-682 and Issue 11, pp 760–768
3714:; excluded from succession to the throne due to his imbecility
3699:
Antonio Genaro Pasquale Francesco de Paula of Naples and Sicily
3679:
3516:
3501:
3280:
3249:
3234:
3230:
3036:
3032:
2604:
2531:
2527:
2399:
The Flag of Spain from 1785 to 1873 and again from 1875 to 1931
2081:
1900:
1837:
1334:
1315:
1264:
1225:
greeted. On the front of the ducal palace in Parma was written
1032:, who was the fifth surviving daughter of the Duke of Orléans.
970:
647:
581:
8494:
Italian military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession
8489:
Spanish military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession
5308:
4699:, vol. 1, pp. 399-401. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
2194:
ascended to the throne of Spain and ruled the Spanish Empire.
3649:
3304:
3151:
3045:
2748:
2413:
2041:- which would be repudiated in Spain itself only much later.
1914:, who were at that point marching for the Neapolitan border.
1459:
1455:
1327:
1307:
1035:
In 1726 Charles met Philippine Élisabeth for the first time;
1016:
Beginning in 1721, King Philip had been negotiating with the
760:
5196:, vol. 1, pp. 81-82. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
2943:. In Madrid, he was nicknamed "el Mejor Alcalde de Madrid" (
1584:
After the death of Pope Clement in 1740, he was replaced by
883:, giving Charles a claim to the title through that lineage.
3735:
1432:
1194:
3795:. Ferdinand saw the creation of the Two Sicilies in 1816.
3441:
in July 1789. Charles III did not equip his son and heir,
2766:, leaving the government in the hands of his minister the
2740:
Charles named secretary to the Finances and Treasurer the
1165:
After a solemn ceremony in Seville, Charles was given the
759:(1701–14) and reduced the political and military power of
5260:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 453-58.
5244:, vol. 3, 286-87. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
2665:. Spanish military operations in West Florida and on the
2587:
Continuing territorial disputes with Portugal led to the
2530:, Cuba, a strategic port for all of Spanish America, and
2403:
Under Charles's reign, Spain began to be recognized as a
2030:
1365:
Arrival in Naples and Sicily, recognition as king 1734-35
1201:. Charles made a grand entrance to the Medici capital of
767:
had ruled since 1700. Under the terms of the treaty, the
5081:
vol. 2, p. 81-82. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996
3022:
1378:, Cardinal Pignatelli. Charles took up residence at the
1137:. Since he was still a minor, his maternal grandmother,
4664:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2003, p. 3.
662:... personal life had won the respect of the people."
6547:
consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante
2607:, but not the western regions of Brazil, and also the
2499:, and they would soon seek to declare war against the
2006:
extraction and exploitation of the natural resources.
1957:
1925:, where Neapolitan troops directed by Charles and the
5192:
Burkholder, Suzanne Hiles. "Charles III of Spain" in
5077:
Burkholder, Suzanne Hiles. "Charles III of Spain" in
2229:
on 10 December 1758 before leaving Madrid to stay at
4492:, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.
1836:
The peace between Charles and Austria was signed in
1229:(Parma shall rise again). At the same time the play
5098:, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000, p. 176.
4449:
Coat of arms as Infante of Spain and King of Sicily
4435:
Coat of arms as Infante of Spain and King of Naples
977:. In the same year Charles's first sister, Infanta
5725:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2003.
5242:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
5194:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
5163:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma.
5079:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
4697:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
4588:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2003.
4556:
2518:were both failures. Britain and Portugal not only
2197:
2044:The Kingdom of Naples remained neutral during the
8125:
5534:. Collection hommes et cité. Éd. du Monde Nouveau
5288:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
4996:"Goliardia a Pizzofalcone tra il 1841 ed il 1844"
3075:
1825:
1454:(28 July). The last two Austrian fortresses were
969:. In 1718, Alberoni also ordered the invasion of
560:following the death of his childless grand-uncle
8395:
5613:Barbadillo, Pedro Fernández (20 February 2017).
5579:Benimeli, José Antonio Ferrer (1 January 1974).
5409:
5161:The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands
5158:
4913:before his coronation on 3 July 1735 at Palermo.
4559:King Charles III of Spain: An Enlightened Despot
3345:
3303:, a village on the frontier of the kingdom near
3162:combined with systemic oppression of Indian and
2770:. Not all his reforms were of this formal kind.
2247:
2084:in and around Naples. Charles was in awe of the
1446:on 20 June, Charles also conquered the towns of
1244:
845:On 20 January 1716, Elisabeth gave birth to the
8519:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial
8479:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece
5468:
5361:Il regno di Napoli al tempo di Carlo di Borbone
5345:Il regno di Napoli al tempo di Carlo di Borbone
5286:Revolution in the Andes: The Age of Túpac Amaru
5240:Kent, Jacquelyn Briggs. "Intendancy System" in
5212:Africana: Eneyhpedia of the African and African
3342:located at the Royal Monastery of El Escorial.
3072:) and strengthening centralized crown control.
2337:in which rulers embraced the principles of the
1080:and that her second surviving son, the Infante
3832:; had three children, two of whom died young.
3007:
2871:in 1769. The third code, which was named the "
2696:
2445:from any official use and mandated the use of
1848:(along with many other lands) to his daughter
1187:Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
877:Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
8111:
7562:
7348:
7070:
6820:
6573:
6008:
5615:"Carlos III, un rey que nos vino ya enseñado"
5017:
4602:(Penn State University Press; 2013) 223 pages
4524:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1958.
3473:
2832:, though not abolished, was rendered torpid.
2622:Concerns about the intrusions of British and
2147:constructed in the city. He also founded the
1651:Family of Philip V including Charles in 1743
1485:
1374:, where Charles received a blessing from the
5585:(in Spanish). Siglo XXI de España Editores.
5090:Herr, Richard. "Flow and Ebb, 1700-1833" in
5036:
4502:Herr, Richard. "Flow and Ebb, 1700–1833" in
1860:broke out. France was allied with Spain and
1761:, with whom Charles was in constant conflict
541:and the eldest son of Philip's second wife,
5042:
4204:Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma
3146:, whose economic benefits began to flow to
2615:, and in return Portugal ceded present-day
2213:At the end of 1758, Charles's half brother
2188:
1852:; he had hoped the many signatories to the
925:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
719:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
8118:
8104:
7569:
7555:
7355:
7341:
7077:
7063:
6827:
6813:
6742:Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty:
6580:
6566:
6015:
6001:
5673:Masoneria española: páginas de su historia
5612:
5531:La franc-maçonnerie et l'église catholique
5315:. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–2.
5283:
4522:The Eighteenth Century Revolution in Spain
2507:, to Britain as a result of the conflict.
2441:, abolished its Constitutions, banned the
2333:. This was a form of absolute monarchy or
2206:Charles's third surviving son, the future
2102:Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso
1903:if they did not stay out of the conflict.
1888:, but they were obliged to retreat when a
669:
509:; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was
163:as Charles VII of Naples and III of Sicily
40:
8534:Spanish people of the American Revolution
6384:Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime
6287:Infante Pedro Carlos, Infante of Portugal
5743:"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M)"
5695:Cervantes, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de.
5676:(in Spanish). Establecimiento Tipográfico
5527:
5309:Robins, Nicholas A.; Jones, Adam (2009).
4888:
4886:
4762:, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988, pp. 46–48.
3741:future King Charles IV of Spain; married
3394:Learn how and when to remove this message
2964:Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía
2048:(1756–1763). The British Prime Minister,
1634:Carolus Dei Gratia Rex utriusque Siciliae
1619:. The Sicilian people had not recognized
1412:reinforcements to Naples directed by the
981:was born on 31 March. In reaction to the
945:Learn how and when to remove this message
739:Learn how and when to remove this message
607:from the Spanish Empire and fostered the
334:
6328:Francisco de Asís, King Consort of Spain
5786:
5784:
5578:
5502:
5443:
4805:
4803:
4754:
4752:
4510:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000.
3201:
3193:
3085:
2951:in Manila, which is the oldest in Asia.
2917:in 1778. During his reign, the areas of
2889:
2877:
2851:. This resulted in the creation of the "
2772:
2700:
2591:, on 1 October 1777, in which Spain got
2394:
2317:
2277:
2201:
2018:
2008:
1994:was introduced in domains bought by the
1961:
1794:
1753:
1489:
1382:, which had been built by his ancestor,
1277:
1153:
1058:
1007:
956:
673:
556:In 1731, the 15-year-old Charles became
7576:
5810:"Carlos III, Rey de España (1716-1788)"
5669:
5582:La masonería espãnola en el siglo XVIII
5205:
5149:. New Haven: Yale University Press 1992
4993:
3757:Royal Palace of Naples, 2 December 1749
3315:created in Spain on 19 September 1771.
2954:In the capital, he also had the famous
1740:(daughter of the future Duke of Parma).
1084:, marry the seven-year-old Archduchess
513:in the years 1759 to 1788. He was also
14:
8524:Spanish people of the Seven Years' War
8396:
7084:
6834:
6405:Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
6338:Infante Sebastián, Infante of Portugal
6032:The generations indicate descent from
5701:Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
5503:Benimeli, José Antonio Ferrer (1968).
5469:Ferrer Benimeli, José Antonio (1976).
5444:Benimeli, José Antonio Ferrer (1973).
5372:
4883:
4786:
4784:
4695:Kuethe, Allan J. "Bourbon Reforms" in
4551:
4277:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4035:
3925:
3921:
3297:Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony
2911:Real Fábrica de Cristales de La Granja
2565:and France declined to support Spain.
2493:British success in the Seven Years War
2411:had abolished the special privileges (
2282:Departure of Charles from Naples, 1759
2153:National Archaeological Museum, Naples
2131:—constructed in just 270 days—and the
1803:, whom he married in 1738, dressed in
1609:Charles III of Sicily and of Jerusalem
1028:. Charles himself would be engaged to
961:Elisabeth with her eldest son Charles.
611:. Charles launched enquiries into the
537:(1735–1759). He was the fourth son of
8559:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
8264:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
8243:
8137:
8099:
7550:
7362:
7336:
7058:
6808:
6561:
6022:
5996:
5781:
5721:Stein, Stanley and Barbara H. Stein.
5694:
5405:
5403:
5329:from the original on 15 October 2015.
5147:The Spanish Frontier in North America
5127:Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy
4800:
4797:, Napoli, Edizioni Agea, 1988, p. 48.
4749:
4532:
4476:
4353:
4343:
4339:
4327:
4321:
4311:
4295:
4285:
4281:
4265:
4259:
4249:
4233:
4223:
4219:
4207:
4201:
4191:
4175:
4165:
4161:
4137:
4127:
4111:
4101:
4097:
4085:
4079:
4069:
4053:
4043:
4039:
4023:
4017:
4007:
3991:
3981:
3977:
3965:
3959:
3949:
3933:
3929:
3785:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
3367:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns
3334:. His slave ownership influenced the
3023:Centralizing rule and raising revenue
2479:
2252:Charles was later given the title of
1749:
1282:Charles of Bourbon near Naples (1734)
639:, excluding American-born Spaniards (
595:. As king of Spain, Charles III made
507:Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio
433:Carlo Sebastiano di Borbone e Farnese
425:Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio
387:Ferdinand I, King of the Two Sicilies
256:Dorothea Sophie of Palatinate-Neuburg
6308:Infante Antonio, Duke of Montpensier
5816:(in Spanish). Royal Library of Spain
5641:"LA MASONERÍA EN ESPAÑA (1728-1979)"
5475:. Fundación Universitaria Española.
3706:Palace of Portici, 19 September 1777
3349:
2609:Treaty of El Pardo, on 11 March 1778
2217:was displaying the same symptoms of
2158:During his rule the Roman cities of
1673:The Family of Philip V of Spain 1743
1526:, after having traveled overland to
923:adding citations to reliable sources
890:
717:adding citations to reliable sources
684:
8330:Maria Antonia, Princess of Asturias
6313:Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin
6132:Felipe Próspero, Prince of Asturias
6127:Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias
5850:"Charles III., king of Spain"
4856:
4781:
4356:Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
4056:Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria
3826:Infanta Mariana Vitória of Portugal
3728:Palace of Portici, 11 November 1748
3672:Palace of Portici, 24 November 1745
3632:Palace of Capodimonte, 5 March 1749
3553:Descendants of Charles III of Spain
2843:(particularly the French colony of
2747:Charles also eliminated the tax on
2657:in several military campaigns, but
2626:merchants into Spain's colonies in
2233:, where he died on 10 August 1759.
2143:renovated. He and his wife had the
1958:Impact of rule in Naples and Sicily
1715:Princess Louise Élisabeth of France
1629:
1400:
1149:
330:
24:
8310:Maria Christina, Queen of Sardinia
6597:
6587:
5979:10 August 1759 – 14 December 1788
5410:Pérez-Bustamante, Rogelio (2017).
5400:
4826:Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988. p. 49
4470:
4178:Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma
3847:Palace of Capodimonte, 11 May 1755
3606:Palace of Portici, 20 January 1742
3124:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
3113:
25:
8575:
8549:Generals of former Italian states
8514:Spanish people of Italian descent
8509:Italian people of Spanish descent
8345:Prince Leopold, Prince of Salerno
8325:Maria Amalia, Queen of the French
6466:Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria
6415:Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera
6374:Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera
6364:Infante Gaetan, Count of Girgenti
5832:
5506:La masonería después del Concilio
5231:Kuethe, "Bourbon Reforms", p. 400
5206:Obregón, Liliana (January 1999).
5107:Kuethe, "Bourbon Reforms", p 400.
4482:The Bourbons of Naples, 1734–1825
3911:Ancestors of Charles III of Spain
2930:and encouraged commerce with the
2915:Real Fábrica de Platería Martínez
2313:
2185:reached 16, the age of majority.
1784:, as compensation for ceding the
1591:
8285:Maria Teresa, Holy Roman Empress
8244:
8230:
7414:
6497:Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria
6471:Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera
6456:Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona
6420:Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans
6333:Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville
6226:Infante Felipe, Duke of Calabria
5019:Quei Lumi accesi nel Mezzogiorno
4778:, Florence, Giunti, 1997, p. 18.
4456:
4442:
4428:
4414:
4410:Heraldry of Charles III of Spain
4298:Philip William, Elector Palatine
3887:Caserta Palace, 15 February 1757
3783:married twice; first married to
3588:, Modern Italy, 6 September 1740
3524:
3508:
3493:
3486:Charles III University of Madrid
3354:
3189:
3134:) and the territory that is now
2826:Jesuits were expelled from Spain
2292:Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria
1978:. His chief minister in Naples,
1878:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
1659:
1237:. It was later performed at the
1185:on 27 December 1731. His cousin
1144:
895:
836:Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma
689:
488:
377:Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria
8434:18th-century Navarrese monarchs
8429:18th-century monarchs of Naples
8290:Luisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
8199:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
8189:Prince Felipe, Duke of Calabria
8184:Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress
8158:Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony
8138:
6318:Infante Juan, Count of Montizón
6277:Infante Carlos, Count of Molina
6210:Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón
5802:
5761:
5735:
5715:
5688:
5663:
5633:
5606:
5572:
5546:
5521:
5496:
5462:
5437:
5373:Kassam, Ashifa (2 April 2024).
5366:
5350:
5333:
5302:
5277:
5263:
5247:
5234:
5225:
5199:
5186:
5177:
5152:
5139:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5084:
5071:
5062:
5027:
5006:
5000:L'Ago e Il Filo Edizione Online
4985:
4972:
4963:
4954:
4941:
4936:I Borboni di Napoli (1734–1825)
4928:
4916:
4904:
4895:
4874:
4865:
4847:
4838:
4829:
4816:
4811:I Borboni di Napoli (1734–1825)
4776:I Borboni di Napoli (1734–1825)
4765:
3703:Palace of Portici, 13 June 1747
3603:Antonietta of Naples and Sicily
2966:built, as well as the renowned
2720:, who supported reforms by the
2685:during peace negotiations. The
2208:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
2198:Accession to the Spanish throne
2080:He constructed a collection of
1946:to his younger brother Infante
1929:, and Spanish troops under the
1801:Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony
1738:Infanta Isabella Maria of Spain
1326:and forced them to withdraw to
372:Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress
326:
27:King of Spain from 1759 to 1788
8383:Princesses of the Two Sicilies
6451:Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia
6379:Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid
6236:Fernando I of the Two Sicilies
5921:22 July 1731 – 3 October 1735
5208:"Black Codes in Latin America"
5129:, p. 5. Peter Lang, New York.
4728:
4715:
4702:
4689:
4676:
4667:
4647:
4613:
4082:Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria
3844:Palace of Portici, 3 July 1754
3809:Palace of Portici, 11 May 1752
3687:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
3676:Imperial Palace of the Hofburg
3534:Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid
3363:This section needs editing to
3295:in May 1738, with her brother
3076:Expulsion of the Jesuits, 1767
2974:he added wings to the palace.
2960:Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid
2808:adorned with PLVS VLTRA motto.
2681:enabled Spain to also recover
2437:, Philip V also disbanded the
2155:, which still operates today.
1966:King Charles VII of Naples by
1858:War of the Austrian Succession
1832:War of the Austrian Succession
1826:War of the Austrian Succession
1759:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
1231:La Venuta di Ascanio in Italia
1074:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
1030:Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans
973:, which was also ruled by the
886:
824:Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy
246:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
13:
1:
8564:Children of Philip V of Spain
8419:18th-century Spanish monarchs
8305:Francis I of the Two Sicilies
8127:Bourbons of Naples and Sicily
6542:title granted by Royal Decree
6425:Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid
5952:3 July 1735 – 10 August 1759
4710:History of Spain and Portugal
4640:
4463:Coat of arms as King of Spain
3760:Palace of Portici, 2 May 1750
3743:Princess Maria Luisa of Parma
3346:Relationship with Freemasonry
3279:as a bride, so she looked to
2589:First Treaty of San Ildefonso
2322:Royal monogram of Charles III
2248:Continued connection to Italy
2145:Capodimonte porcelain Factory
1950:. This was recognized in the
1933:, defeated the Austrians of
1245:Conquest of Naples and Sicily
1197:, Charles was taken ill with
1005:, was born on 15 March 1720.
989:then joined the Alliance and
757:War of the Spanish Succession
51:
8424:18th-century kings of Sicily
8269:Lucia Migliaccio of Floridia
6410:Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria
6070:Fernando, Prince of Asturias
5697:"Vida de Carlos III. Tomo I"
4813:Florence, Giunti, 1997 p. 20
3793:Lucia Migliaccio of Floridia
3645:Carmela of Naples and Sicily
3186:in colonial-era Upper Peru.
2903:Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro
2661:in their attempt to capture
2425:, subordinating them to the
1771:War of the Polish Succession
1719:Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela
1251:War of the Polish Succession
1218:Hereditary Prince of Tuscany
834:, niece and stepdaughter of
7:
8439:18th-century dukes of Parma
6446:Alfonso, Prince of Asturias
5509:(in Spanish). Editorial AHR
5284:Serulnikov, Sergio (2013).
4994:Buonomo, Giampiero (2013).
4537:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
4404:
4114:Henriette Adelaide of Savoy
3902:
3248:(remaining an enthusiastic
3206:Tomb of Charles III in the
3008:Ruler of the Spanish Empire
2859:and 13th-century Castilian
2786:HISPAN ET IND REX M 8 R F M
2782:1778 CAROLUS III DEI GRATIA
2697:Domestic political policies
2520:repulsed the Spanish attack
2368:along with the help of the
2290:The eldest son of Charles,
2273:Fourth Treaty of Versailles
1788:to the deposed Polish King
1607:In Sicily, he was known as
1530:, and by sea from Palmi to
1425:achieved a decisive victory
995:Treaty of The Hague of 1720
869:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
859:before dying in 1724); the
10:
8580:
6282:Infante Francisco de Paula
6065:Carlos, Prince of Asturias
5917:Duke of Parma and Piacenza
5619:Libertad Digital - Cultura
5528:Berteloot, Joseph (1947).
4324:Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
4271:
4155:
4029:
3923:
3819:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
3550:
3091:Francisco Javier Clavijero
3079:
3011:
2630:prompted the extension of
2584:or Moroccan encroachment.
2388:and the Genoan aristocrat
2069:relations were stretched:
1876:, which was then ruled by
1829:
1729:Queen of Naples and Sicily
1486:Conflict with the Holy See
1357:on 4 May, and finally the
1248:
1159:Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
1139:Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
1026:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans
983:Quadruple Alliance of 1718
558:Duke of Parma and Piacenza
515:Duke of Parma and Piacenza
351:
213:Duke of Parma and Piacenza
146:The Count of Floridablanca
8371:
8340:Princess Maria Enrichetta
8277:
8256:
8252:
8239:
8228:
8174:Princess Maria Isabel Ana
8166:
8150:
8146:
8133:
8074:
8025:
7986:
7962:
7908:
7884:
7866:
7843:
7806:
7773:
7730:
7697:
7614:
7588:
7461:
7423:
7412:
7383:
7370:
7121:
7092:
7042:
6842:
6795:
6740:
6595:
6537:
6521:
6505:
6479:
6438:
6397:
6389:Carlos III, Duke of Parma
6351:
6300:
6264:
6256:Fernando I, Duke of Parma
6218:
6177:
6161:
6145:
6119:
6088:
6075:Diego, Prince of Asturias
6057:
6041:
6030:
5981:
5972:
5964:
5954:
5941:
5933:
5923:
5914:
5906:
5901:
5866:
5159:Moorhead, Max L. (1991).
4341:
4333:
4305:
4283:
4279:
4243:
4221:
4213:
4185:
4163:
4159:
4121:
4099:
4091:
4063:
4041:
4037:
4001:
3979:
3971:
3943:
3927:
3821:, Spain, 23 November 1788
3541:
3515:Statue of Charles III in
3500:Statue of Charles III in
3431:
3332:Spain's American colonies
2949:University of Santo Tomás
2941:Archivo General de Indias
2822:Pragmatic Penalty of 1767
2578:North African territories
2485:alliance was marked by a
2258:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
2035:brutally expelled in 1492
1952:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
1734:King of Naples and Sicily
484:
474:
464:
454:
442:
419:
414:
410:
382:Charles IV, King of Spain
362:Princess Maria Isabel Ana
344:
308:
296:
279:
266:
262:
251:
241:
231:
220:
211:
201:
191:
178:
167:
154:
119:
106:
96:
86:
75:
61:
39:
34:
8474:House of Bourbon (Spain)
8449:Grand princes of Tuscany
8335:Princess Maria Clothilde
6430:Roberto I, Duke of Parma
6343:Carlos II, Duke of Parma
6251:Infante Francisco Javier
5670:Morayta, Miguel (1915).
5125:Fegley, Randall (1989).
4938:, Florence, Giunti, 1997
4723:Bourbon Spain, 1700-1808
4606:
4535:Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808
3994:Maria Theresa of Austria
3962:Louis, Dauphin of France
3891:Royal Palace of Aranjuez
3546:
3480:Maria Theresa of Austria
3464:lost the crown, and the
3365:comply with Knowledge's
3330:and a further 18,500 in
3309:Order of Saint Januarius
3289:Maria Josepha of Austria
3264:, a British diplomat in
3219:Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo
3215:Giovanni Antonio Medrano
3150:in the east, instead of
2945:the Best Mayor of Madrid
2936:Imperial Canal of Aragon
2853:Códigos Negros Españoles
2555:Falklands Crisis of 1770
2439:Generalitat de Catalunya
2254:Lord of the Two Sicilies
2189:King of Spain, 1759–1788
2125:Giovanni Antonio Medrano
1437:Giovanni Antonio Medrano
1116:Kingdom of Great Britain
863:(who died in 1719); and
849:Charles of Spain at the
826:, the Piacenza Cardinal
805:Kingdom of Great Britain
545:. He was a proponent of
402:Infante Francisco Javier
8355:Princess Maria Isabella
8295:Carlo, Duke of Calabria
8214:Prince Francisco Javier
6246:Infante Antonio Pascual
6205:Felipe I, Duke of Parma
5856:Encyclopædia Britannica
5343:. Michelangelo Schipa,
4725:. Blackwell 1989, p. 2.
4631:
3777:Naples, 12 January 1751
3689:in 1765 and had issue.
3655:Madrid, 8 December 1801
3591:Naples, 2 November 1742
3531:Charles III, statue du
3466:Second Spanish Republic
3449:and then imprisoned by
3168:indigenous insurrection
2913:and then there was the
2897:where Charles is buried
2094:Royal Palace of Caserta
1818:. He took with him the
1767:Treaty of Vienna (1738)
1235:Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni
1128:Second Treaty of Vienna
1063:Charles at 11 years old
852:Royal Alcázar of Madrid
670:Spanish imperial legacy
397:Infante Antonio Pascual
273:Royal Alcazar of Madrid
8469:Monarchs who abdicated
8209:Prince Antonio Pascual
6797:* denotes titular Duke
6602:
5958:Ferdinand IV & III
5859:(11th ed.). 1911.
5018:
4623:
3893:, Spain, 10 April 1771
3780:Naples, 4 January 1825
3474:
3447:Ferdinand VII of Spain
3429:
3285:Maria Amalia of Saxony
3277:Archduchess of Austria
3210:
3199:
3094:
3059:as inspector general (
2998:Royal Palace of Madrid
2898:
2887:
2884:Royal Palace of Madrid
2809:
2742:Marquis of Esquillache
2726:Count of Floridablanca
2714:Marquess of Esquilache
2709:
2593:Colonia del Sacramento
2400:
2382:Count of Floridablanca
2330:Enlightened absolutism
2323:
2283:
2242:third Treaty of Vienna
2210:
2141:Royal Palace of Naples
2106:Maria Amalia of Saxony
2090:Royal Palace of Madrid
2063:
2026:
2024:Royal Palace of Naples
2016:
1971:
1899:threatened to bombard
1811:
1762:
1495:
1380:Royal Palace of Naples
1353:fell on 27 April; the
1283:
1255:In 1733, the death of
1162:
1064:
1057:
1045:
1013:
1012:Charles at 9 years old
962:
873:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
682:
609:Enlightenment in Spain
578:Augustus III of Poland
574:Maria Amalia of Saxony
547:enlightened absolutism
506:
432:
424:
315:Maria Amalia of Saxony
290:Royal Palace of Madrid
206:Ferdinand IV & III
8179:Princess María Josefa
7377:Monarchs' family tree
7005:Parthenopean Republic
6601:
6369:Infante Luis Fernando
5868:Charles III of Spain
5841:Carlos III; (Spanish)
5621:(in European Spanish)
5359:Michelangelo Schipa,
5270:Robins, Nicholas A.:
4822:Gleijeses, Vittorio.
4563:. London: Constable.
3627:Palace of Capodimonte
3455:invaded Spain in 1808
3425:
3340:Pantheon of the Kings
3205:
3197:
3089:
2893:
2881:
2873:Código Negro Carolino
2776:
2704:
2613:Treaty of Tordesillas
2417:) of the Kingdoms of
2398:
2370:Marquis of Esquilache
2321:
2281:
2262:Philip, Duke of Parma
2205:
2137:Reggia di Capodimonte
2133:Palace of Capodimonte
2059:
2022:
2012:
1965:
1927:Duke of Castropignano
1886:Duke of Castropignano
1798:
1757:
1723:Infanta Maria Antonia
1493:
1472:was held by von Traun
1345:The Spanish took the
1318:, two islands in the
1281:
1249:Further information:
1157:
1062:
1053:
1041:
1011:
960:
881:Margherita de' Medici
807:gained the island of
677:
8529:Spanish slave owners
8444:Nobility from Madrid
8404:Charles III of Spain
6190:Infante Felipe Pedro
5878:Cadet branch of the
5049:Smithsonian Magazine
5043:Jo Marchant (2018).
4793:Vittorio Gleijeses,
4533:Lynch, John (1989).
4140:Charles III of Spain
3841:of Naples and Sicily
3668:of Naples and Sicily
3622:of Naples and Sicily
3609:Naples, 1 April 1742
3519:(Juan Adsuara), 1966
3313:Order of Charles III
3283:, choosing Princess
3198:Charles III of Spain
2989:" (an early form of
2962:. He had the future
2732:, who dominated the
2540:1763 Treaty of Paris
2435:Nueva Planta decrees
2353:of Austria, her son
2238:Charles III of Spain
2231:Villaviciosa de Odón
2149:Accademia Ercolanese
2086:Palace of Versailles
1688:Princess of Asturias
1611:, using the ordinal
1214:St. John the Baptist
1177:; he then sailed to
1141:, was named regent.
919:improve this section
811:and the fortress at
713:improve this section
597:far-reaching reforms
367:Infanta Maria Josefa
333:; died
142:The Duke of Grimaldi
8554:Knights of Santiago
8300:Princess Maria Anna
8194:Charles IV of Spain
8086:King/Queen of Spain
7964:House of Trastámara
7808:House of Trastámara
5937:Charles VI & IV
4553:Petrie, Sir Charles
3936:Louis XIV of France
3850:died in childhood.
3830:Maria I of Portugal
3789:Morganatic marriage
3763:died in childhood.
3685:married the future
3652:, Italy 6 July 1744
3635:died in childhood.
3612:died in childhood.
3594:died in childhood.
3376:improve the content
3140:Viceroyalty of Peru
2991:Chamber of Commerce
2830:Spanish Inquisition
2814:Count of Campomanes
2806:Pillars of Hercules
2804:, supported by the
2796:in the base and an
2759:Motín de Esquilache
2722:Count of Campomanes
2647:war of independence
2632:Franciscan missions
2601:Misiones Orientales
2570:invasion of Algiers
2378:Count of Campomanes
2359:Catherine the Great
2310:on 7 October 1759.
2223:Barbara of Portugal
2176:Villa of the Papyri
2139:); he also had the
2129:Teatro di San Carlo
2055:Domenico Caraccioli
1874:Kingdom of Sardinia
1621:Charles I of Naples
1416:, which arrived at
1384:Philip III of Spain
773:Spanish Netherlands
224:26 February 1731 –
196:Charles VI & IV
48:Anton Raphael Mengs
18:Carlos III of Spain
7699:House of Champagne
7654:García Sánchez III
7086:Monarchs of Sicily
6836:Monarchs of Naples
6603:
5814:Ex-Libris Database
5749:. 13 December 2012
5183:Lynch, pp. 319–321
4708:Stanley G. Payne,
4488:Chávez, Thomas E.
4484:. London: Methuen.
3896:died 14 years old
3867:, 31 December 1755
3814:Casita del Infante
3470:Felipe VI of Spain
3451:Napoleon Bonaparte
3320:Buen Retiro Palace
3211:
3200:
3095:
2987:Economic Societies
2899:
2888:
2886:where Charles died
2810:
2734:Council of Castile
2710:
2480:Military conflicts
2431:Council of Castile
2401:
2324:
2296:Prince of Asturias
2284:
2211:
2027:
2017:
1972:
1923:Battle of Velletri
1854:Pragmatic Sanction
1812:
1763:
1750:Peace with Austria
1695:Prince of Asturias
1681:Princess of Brazil
1679:Mariana Victoria,
1575:Cardinal Acquaviva
1565:was sacked, while
1496:
1480:Farnese Collection
1442:After the fall of
1414:Prince of Belmonte
1284:
1222:Emperor Charles VI
1163:
1093:Pragmatic Sanction
1072:. She proposed to
1065:
1049:duchesse d'Orléans
1014:
963:
842:of Spain in 1715.
775:, the kingdoms of
683:
8391:
8390:
8386:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8226:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8093:
8092:
7988:House of Habsburg
7644:García Sánchez II
7544:
7543:
7364:Monarchs of Spain
7330:
7329:
7123:Kingdom of Sicily
7052:
7051:
7046:Monarch of Sicily
7035:
7016:
7000:
6896:
6883:
6867:
6802:
6801:
6733: (1854–1859)
6709: (1808-1814)
6708:
6695: (1808-1814)
6694:
6681: (1765–1802)
6645: (1694–1727)
6627: (1592–1622)
6555:
6554:
6292:Luis I of Etruria
6024:Infantes of Spain
5991:
5990:
5982:Succeeded by
5955:Succeeded by
5924:Succeeded by
5839:Historiaantiqua.
5558:es.wikisource.org
5322:978-0-253-22077-6
5170:978-0-8061-2317-2
4978:Stein and Stein,
4947:Luigi del Pozzo,
4654:Stein, Stanley J.
4598:Thomas, Robin L.
4578:Stein, Stanley J.
4516:978-0-19-280236-1
4478:Acton, Sir Harold
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4262:Elisabeth Farnese
4020:Philip V of Spain
3900:
3899:
3738:, 19 January 1819
3732:Palazzo Barberini
3582:Palace of Portici
3439:French Revolution
3413:Pope Benedict XIV
3404:
3403:
3396:
3328:Iberian Peninsula
2847:) and Portuguese
2671:Thirteen Colonies
2667:Mississippi River
2617:Equatorial Guinea
2603:, in present-day
2595:, in present-day
2522:on Portugal, but
2453:, in effect, the
2451:Cortes of Castile
2447:Castilian Spanish
2429:and ruled by the
2390:Jerónimo Grimaldi
2343:freedom of speech
2114:Palace of Portici
2098:Reggia di Caserta
2067:Republic of Genoa
2014:Palace of Caserta
1996:Cardinal Spinelli
1786:Duchy of Lorraine
1747:
1746:
1707:Elisabeth Farnese
1702:Count of Chinchón
1698:; King Philip V;
1646:
1645:
1586:Pope Benedict XIV
1579:Giuseppe Spinelli
1577:, the archbishop
1524:Palermo Cathedral
1431:after he fled to
1409:
1408:
1390:is as the one of
1273:Treaty of Utrecht
1124:Enrichetta d'Este
1109:Treaty of Seville
1105:Anglo-Spanish War
1070:Italian Peninsula
1037:Elisabeth Farnese
955:
954:
947:
832:Elisabeth Farnese
801:Kingdom of Sicily
753:Treaty of Utrecht
749:
748:
741:
680:Elisabeth Farnese
613:Iberian Peninsula
570:Kingdom of Sicily
566:Kingdom of Naples
543:Elisabeth Farnese
539:Philip V of Spain
496:
495:
469:Elisabeth Farnese
459:Philip V of Spain
438:
437:
186:Palermo Cathedral
112:Elisabeth Farnese
79:10 August 1759 –
16:(Redirected from
8571:
8544:Spanish generals
8464:House of Farnese
8459:Spanish infantes
8373:
8254:
8253:
8241:
8240:
8234:
8148:
8147:
8135:
8134:
8120:
8113:
8106:
8097:
8096:
8027:House of Bourbon
7910:House of Bourbon
7634:García Sánchez I
7616:House of Jiménez
7589:House of Íñiguez
7571:
7564:
7557:
7548:
7547:
7418:
7373:List of monarchs
7357:
7350:
7343:
7334:
7333:
7094:County of Sicily
7079:
7072:
7065:
7056:
7055:
7033:
7014:
6998:
6894:
6881:
6865:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6806:
6805:
6789:* (2010–present)
6702:
6688:
6582:
6575:
6568:
6559:
6558:
6548:
6543:
6323:Infante Fernando
6106:Infante Fernando
6017:
6010:
6003:
5994:
5993:
5965:Preceded by
5934:Preceded by
5907:Preceded by
5897:
5896:14 December 1788
5890:
5881:Capetian dynasty
5873:House of Bourbon
5864:
5863:
5860:
5852:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5806:
5800:
5788:
5779:
5778:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5747:Top Universities
5739:
5733:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5651:on 23 March 2023
5647:. Archived from
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5407:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5281:
5275:
5267:
5261:
5251:
5245:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5203:
5197:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5156:
5150:
5145:Weber, David J.
5143:
5137:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5099:
5092:Spain: A History
5088:
5082:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4989:
4983:
4980:Apogee of Empire
4976:
4970:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4952:
4945:
4939:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4881:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4827:
4820:
4814:
4807:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4756:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4732:
4726:
4719:
4713:
4706:
4700:
4693:
4687:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4665:
4658:Barbara H. Stein
4651:
4634:
4624:Carlo Sebastiano
4617:
4582:Barbara H. Stein
4574:
4562:
4548:
4504:Spain: A History
4485:
4460:
4446:
4432:
4418:
3917:
3916:
3908:
3907:
3881:Francisco Javier
3711:Duke of Calabria
3620:María Isabel Ana
3557:
3556:
3528:
3512:
3497:
3477:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3336:Spanish nobility
3262:Sir Horatio Mann
3103:Society of Jesus
3099:Esquilache Riots
3029:Seven Years' War
2956:Puerta de Alcalá
2909:followed by the
2790:Castile and León
2718:Duke of Grimaldi
2559:Falkland Islands
2548:French Louisiana
2497:balance of power
2495:would upset the
2443:Catalan language
2427:Crown of Castile
2227:heir presumptive
2178:in Herculaneum.
2046:Seven Years' War
1980:Bernardo Tanucci
1816:House of Farnese
1663:
1648:
1647:
1630:
1598:Carlo di Borbone
1551:Piazza di Spagna
1509:Bernardo Tanucci
1505:apostolic nuncio
1501:Pope Clement XII
1401:
1376:local archbishop
1372:Naples Cathedral
1351:Castel Sant'Elmo
1289:Duke of Montemar
1150:Arrival in Italy
979:Mariana Victoria
950:
943:
939:
936:
930:
899:
891:
857:Louis I of Spain
793:Habsburg Austria
789:State of Presidi
765:House of Bourbon
744:
737:
733:
730:
724:
693:
685:
661:
492:
412:
411:
355:
338:
336:
332:
328:
286:
283:14 December 1788
227:
174:
124:
115:
82:
81:14 December 1788
56:
53:
44:
32:
31:
21:
8579:
8578:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8454:Crown of Aragon
8394:
8393:
8392:
8387:
8359:
8320:Prince Giuseppe
8273:
8248:
8235:
8218:
8162:
8142:
8129:
8124:
8094:
8089:
8070:
8029:- Upper Navarre
8021:
7990:- Upper Navarre
7982:
7966:- Upper Navarre
7958:
7912:- Lower Navarre
7904:
7888:- Lower Navarre
7886:House of Albret
7880:
7868:House of Albret
7862:
7853:Francis Phoebus
7839:
7802:
7775:House of Évreux
7769:
7726:
7693:
7610:
7584:
7575:
7545:
7540:
7457:
7419:
7410:
7379:
7366:
7361:
7331:
7326:
7117:
7088:
7083:
7053:
7048:
7038:
6838:
6833:
6803:
6798:
6791:
6736:
6727: (1849–54)
6721: (1847–49)
6715: (1814–47)
6675: (1748–65)
6669: (1740–48)
6663: (1735–40)
6657: (1731–35)
6651: (1727–31)
6639: (1646–94)
6633: (1622–46)
6621: (1586–92)
6615: (1556–86)
6609: (1545–47)
6591:
6586:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6533:
6522:16th generation
6517:
6506:15th generation
6501:
6492:Infante Alfonso
6480:14th generation
6475:
6461:Infante Gonzalo
6439:13th generation
6434:
6398:12th generation
6393:
6352:11th generation
6347:
6301:10th generation
6296:
6260:
6241:Infante Gabriel
6214:
6173:
6157:
6141:
6115:
6084:
6053:
6037:
6026:
6021:
5987:
5978:
5970:
5960:
5951:
5939:
5929:
5920:
5912:
5891:
5889:20 January 1716
5885:
5884:
5876:
5869:
5847:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5819:
5817:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5789:
5782:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5720:
5716:
5706:
5704:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5677:
5668:
5664:
5654:
5652:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5611:
5607:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5577:
5573:
5563:
5561:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5526:
5522:
5512:
5510:
5501:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5467:
5463:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5438:
5428:
5426:
5418:(27): 145–169.
5408:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5371:
5367:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5338:
5334:
5323:
5307:
5303:
5296:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5264:
5252:
5248:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5204:
5200:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5157:
5153:
5144:
5140:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5089:
5085:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5012:
5011:
5007:
4990:
4986:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4946:
4942:
4934:Acton, Harold.
4933:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4821:
4817:
4809:Acton, Harold.
4808:
4801:
4790:
4789:
4782:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4757:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4716:
4707:
4703:
4694:
4690:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4571:
4545:
4520:Herr, Richard.
4473:
4471:Further reading
4466:
4464:
4461:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4407:
4402:
4236:Isabella d'Este
3905:
3858:Antonio Pascual
3745:and had issue.
3629:, 30 April 1743
3555:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3520:
3513:
3504:
3498:
3434:
3400:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3373:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3192:
3120:Bourbon Reforms
3116:
3114:Bourbon Reforms
3084:
3078:
3025:
3020:
3014:Bourbon Reforms
3012:Main articles:
3010:
3002:Comedor de gala
2983:Christmas cribs
2981:and introduced
2979:Spanish Lottery
2977:He created the
2968:Museo del Prado
2841:French Antilles
2768:Count of Aranda
2730:Count of Aranda
2699:
2691:Central America
2687:Treaty of Paris
2636:Alta California
2512:invade Portugal
2482:
2459:national anthem
2455:Cortes of Spain
2374:Count of Aranda
2316:
2250:
2200:
2191:
2172:Camillo Paderni
2039:Alhambra Decree
1968:Camillo Paderni
1960:
1892:squadron under
1834:
1828:
1809:Louis Silvestre
1799:Charles's wife
1782:Francis Stephen
1752:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1669:
1664:
1625:Charles d'Anjou
1594:
1539:Palazzo Farnese
1488:
1444:Reggio Calabria
1427:. Belmonte was
1367:
1355:Castel dell'Ovo
1269:Bourbon Compact
1253:
1247:
1233:was created by
1152:
1147:
1120:Antonio Farnese
1018:Duke of Orléans
1003:Philip of Spain
951:
940:
934:
931:
916:
900:
889:
828:Giulio Alberoni
745:
734:
728:
725:
710:
694:
672:
659:
562:Antonio Farnese
479:Catholic Church
427:
406:
392:Infante Gabriel
349:
348:
340:
324:
320:
317:
304:
288:
284:
271:
270:20 January 1716
236:Antonio Farnese
225:
215:
172:
162:
150:
144:
140:
134:
133:
122:Chief Ministers
120:
110:
80:
71:
57:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8577:
8567:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8539:Sons of counts
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8389:
8388:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8352:
8350:Prince Alberto
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8315:Prince Gennaro
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8260:
8258:
8250:
8249:
8237:
8236:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8204:Prince Gabriel
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8170:
8168:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8154:
8152:
8144:
8143:
8131:
8130:
8123:
8122:
8115:
8108:
8100:
8091:
8090:
8082:King of France
8078:King of Aragon
8075:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8032:
8030:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7993:
7991:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7969:
7967:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7915:
7913:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7891:
7889:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7872:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7837:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7812:
7810:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7779:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7736:
7734:
7732:House of Capet
7728:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7703:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7679:García Ramírez
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7620:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7601:García Íñiguez
7598:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7574:
7573:
7566:
7559:
7551:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7467:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7429:
7427:
7425:Personal union
7421:
7420:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7399:
7389:
7387:
7385:Dynastic union
7381:
7380:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7360:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7337:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7307:Victor Amadeus
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7090:
7089:
7082:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7059:
7050:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7008:
7001:
6992:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6968:
6962:
6956:
6950:
6944:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6889:
6884:
6876:
6871:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6832:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6809:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6696:
6682:
6676:
6670:
6664:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6589:Dukes of Parma
6585:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6562:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6265:9th generation
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6219:8th generation
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6178:7th generation
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6165:
6163:
6162:6th generation
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6146:5th generation
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6123:
6121:
6120:4th generation
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6111:Infante Alonso
6108:
6103:
6101:Infante Carlos
6098:
6092:
6090:
6089:3rd generation
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6058:2nd generation
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6045:
6043:
6042:1st generation
6039:
6038:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6020:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5997:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5980:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5953:
5944:King of Naples
5940:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5913:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5902:Regnal titles
5899:
5898:
5877:
5870:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5845:
5834:
5833:External links
5831:
5828:
5827:
5801:
5780:
5760:
5734:
5731:978-0801873393
5714:
5687:
5662:
5632:
5605:
5591:
5571:
5545:
5520:
5495:
5481:
5461:
5436:
5399:
5365:
5349:
5332:
5321:
5301:
5294:
5276:
5262:
5246:
5233:
5224:
5198:
5185:
5176:
5169:
5151:
5138:
5118:
5109:
5100:
5083:
5070:
5061:
5035:
5026:
5005:
4984:
4971:
4962:
4953:
4940:
4927:
4915:
4903:
4894:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4815:
4799:
4780:
4774:Harold Acton,
4764:
4748:
4727:
4714:
4701:
4688:
4675:
4666:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4632:Carlu Bastianu
4611:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4594:978-0801873393
4575:
4569:
4549:
4543:
4530:
4525:
4518:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4413:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:Caserta Palace
3862:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3834:
3833:
3828:, daughter of
3822:
3810:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3729:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3673:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3492:
3433:
3430:
3417:Napoleonic Era
3402:
3401:
3362:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3223:Doge of Venice
3191:
3188:
3180:Túpac Amaru II
3126:by separating
3115:
3112:
3080:Main article:
3077:
3074:
3057:José de Gálvez
3050:comercio libre
3024:
3021:
3018:Spanish Empire
3009:
3006:
2861:Siete Partidas
2845:Saint-Domingue
2707:Francisco Goya
2698:
2695:
2574:Barbary States
2542:, Spain ceded
2526:the cities of
2501:Spanish Empire
2488:Family Compact
2481:
2478:
2315:
2314:Ruler of Spain
2312:
2249:
2246:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2110:Mount Vesuvius
2071:Pasquale Paoli
1976:Spanish Empire
1959:
1956:
1931:Count of Gages
1897:William Martin
1830:Main article:
1827:
1824:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1727:Maria Amalia,
1711:Infante Philip
1666:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1593:
1592:Choice of name
1590:
1487:
1484:
1464:Siege of Gaeta
1450:(27 June) and
1407:
1406:
1404:
1366:
1363:
1347:Carmine Castle
1339:privilege book
1299:then ruled by
1246:
1243:
1239:Teatro Farnese
1227:Parma Resurget
1181:, arriving at
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1103:. The ensuing
975:House of Savoy
953:
952:
903:
901:
894:
888:
885:
861:Infante Felipe
840:prime minister
797:House of Savoy
785:Duchy of Milan
769:Spanish Empire
755:concluded the
747:
746:
697:
695:
688:
671:
668:
586:Spanish Empire
576:, daughter of
531:King of Sicily
523:King of Naples
494:
493:
486:
482:
481:
476:
472:
471:
466:
462:
461:
456:
452:
451:
446:
440:
439:
436:
435:
417:
416:
408:
407:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
358:
356:
342:
341:
322:
318:
313:
312:
310:
306:
305:
300:
298:
294:
293:
287:(aged 72)
281:
277:
276:
268:
264:
263:
260:
259:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
226:3 October 1735
222:
218:
217:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
182:
176:
175:
173:6 October 1759
171:3 July 1735 –
169:
165:
164:
156:King of Naples
152:
151:
149:
148:
129:
128:
127:
125:
117:
116:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
65:
59:
58:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8576:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8378:
8370:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8242:
8238:
8233:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8121:
8116:
8114:
8109:
8107:
8102:
8101:
8098:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8061:Ferdinand III
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8024:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7985:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7961:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7865:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7845:House of Foix
7842:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7696:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7629:Jimeno Garcés
7627:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7607:
7606:Fortún Garcés
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7572:
7567:
7565:
7560:
7558:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7531:Juan Carlos I
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7506:Ferdinand VII
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7417:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7369:
7365:
7358:
7353:
7351:
7346:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7323:
7322:Ferdinand III
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7232:Frederick III
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7080:
7075:
7073:
7068:
7066:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7047:
7041:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6941:Ferdinand III
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6830:
6825:
6823:
6818:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6794:
6788:
6785:
6783:* (1977–2010)
6782:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6747:* (1859–1907)
6746:
6743:
6739:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6719:Charles Louis
6717:
6714:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6697:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6667:Maria Theresa
6665:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6590:
6583:
6578:
6576:
6571:
6569:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6487:Juan Carlos I
6485:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6035:
6029:
6025:
6018:
6013:
6011:
6006:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5976:
5975:King of Spain
5969:
5963:
5959:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5932:
5928:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5875:
5874:
5865:
5858:
5857:
5851:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5798:
5797:84-259-1074-9
5794:
5787:
5785:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5764:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5675:
5674:
5666:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5594:
5592:9788432301407
5588:
5584:
5583:
5575:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5533:
5532:
5524:
5508:
5507:
5499:
5484:
5482:9788473920872
5478:
5474:
5473:
5465:
5449:
5448:
5440:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5404:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5353:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5305:
5297:
5295:9780822354833
5291:
5287:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5243:
5237:
5228:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5189:
5180:
5172:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5116:Lynch, p. 319
5113:
5104:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5080:
5074:
5065:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5030:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5009:
5002:(in Italian).
5001:
4997:
4988:
4981:
4975:
4966:
4957:
4950:
4944:
4937:
4931:
4924:
4919:
4912:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4887:
4877:
4868:
4859:
4850:
4841:
4832:
4825:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4796:
4787:
4785:
4777:
4768:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4737:
4731:
4724:
4721:Lynch, John.
4718:
4711:
4705:
4698:
4692:
4685:
4684:History Today
4679:
4670:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4633:
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4625:
4621:
4616:
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4579:
4576:
4572:
4570:0-09-457270-4
4566:
4561:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4544:0-631-14576-1
4540:
4536:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4497:History Today
4494:
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4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4459:
4454:
4445:
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4426:
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4183:
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4179:
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4015:
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4011:
4010:
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3999:
3998:
3995:
3989:
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3985:
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3975:
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3889:
3886:
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3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:20 April 1817
3869:
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3808:
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3713:
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3708:
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3698:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3682:, 15 May 1792
3681:
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3506:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3462:Alphonso XIII
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3398:
3395:
3387:
3384:November 2023
3377:
3370:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3321:
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3298:
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3273:
3269:
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3259:
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3247:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3196:
3190:Personal life
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3055:Charles sent
3053:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2988:
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2980:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2932:United States
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:Santo Domingo
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:Silver 8 real
2775:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:(1766-1773).
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2638:, as well as
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2618:
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2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
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2579:
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2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:flag of Spain
2466:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:Maria Theresa
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:Enlightenment
2336:
2332:
2331:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:was given to
2297:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2239:
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2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2073:, general of
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2057:, who wrote:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:Enlightenment
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1943:Duke of Parma
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:Great Britain
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:Maria Theresa
1847:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:, painted by
1806:
1805:Polish attire
1802:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1769:, ending the
1768:
1760:
1756:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:on 10 April;
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:Bay of Naples
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1242:
1241:in the city.
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1207:Palazzo Pitti
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1145:Rule in Italy
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Maria Theresa
1075:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1006:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
987:Duke of Savoy
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
959:
949:
946:
938:
935:December 2018
928:
924:
920:
914:
913:
909:
904:This section
902:
898:
893:
892:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:King of Spain
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:In 1713, the
743:
740:
732:
722:
718:
714:
708:
707:
703:
698:This section
696:
692:
687:
686:
681:
676:
667:
665:
657:
656:Stanley Payne
652:
651:) of clergy.
650:
649:
644:
643:
638:
637:silver mining
634:
633:viceroyalties
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:(1731–1735);
520:
516:
512:
511:King of Spain
508:
504:
500:
491:
487:
483:
480:
477:
473:
470:
467:
463:
460:
457:
453:
450:
447:
445:
441:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
409:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
357:
354:
353:
347:
343:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
282:
278:
274:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
237:
234:
230:
223:
219:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
184:3 July 1735,
183:
181:
177:
170:
166:
161:
157:
153:
147:
143:
139:
136:
135:
132:
126:
123:
118:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
78:
74:
69:
64:
63:King of Spain
60:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
8381:
8375:
8246:Ferdinand IV
8139:
8050:
8046:Ferdinand II
7827:
7820:
7596:Íñigo Arista
7526:Alfonso XIII
7490:
7486:Ferdinand VI
7316:
7267:Ferdinand II
7217:Frederick II
7202:Constance II
7030:Ferdinand IV
7011:Ferdinand IV
7003:
6995:Ferdinand IV
6988:
6926:Ferdinand II
6713:Marie Louise
6704:
6690:
6654:
6528:
6272:Fernando VII
6199:
6168:
6152:
5973:
5968:Ferdinand VI
5942:
5915:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5871:
5854:
5840:
5818:. Retrieved
5813:
5804:
5799:, p. 208.209
5774:
5769:
5763:
5751:. Retrieved
5746:
5737:
5722:
5717:
5705:. Retrieved
5703:(in Spanish)
5700:
5690:
5678:. Retrieved
5672:
5665:
5653:. Retrieved
5649:the original
5645:www2.uned.es
5644:
5635:
5623:. Retrieved
5618:
5608:
5596:. Retrieved
5581:
5574:
5562:. Retrieved
5560:(in Spanish)
5557:
5548:
5536:. Retrieved
5530:
5523:
5511:. Retrieved
5505:
5498:
5486:. Retrieved
5471:
5464:
5452:. Retrieved
5446:
5439:
5427:. Retrieved
5415:
5392:13 September
5390:. Retrieved
5379:The Guardian
5378:
5368:
5360:
5357:(in Italian)
5352:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5311:
5304:
5285:
5279:
5271:
5265:
5257:
5254:D.A. Brading
5249:
5241:
5236:
5227:
5215:. Retrieved
5211:
5201:
5193:
5188:
5179:
5160:
5154:
5146:
5141:
5126:
5121:
5112:
5103:
5096:Raymond Carr
5091:
5086:
5078:
5073:
5064:
5052:. Retrieved
5048:
5038:
5029:
5016:
5013:(in Italian)
5008:
4999:
4987:
4979:
4974:
4965:
4956:
4943:
4935:
4930:
4918:
4911:Rex Neapolis
4910:
4906:
4897:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4823:
4818:
4810:
4794:
4791:(in Italian)
4775:
4772:(in Italian)
4767:
4759:
4739:. Retrieved
4730:
4722:
4717:
4712:(1973) 2:371
4709:
4704:
4696:
4691:
4683:
4678:
4669:
4661:
4649:
4615:
4599:
4585:
4558:
4534:
4521:
4508:Raymond Carr
4503:
4496:
4489:
4481:
4139:
3880:
3857:
3838:
3812:
3802:
3770:
3752:Maria Teresa
3751:
3721:
3709:
3696:
3665:
3643:María Josefa
3642:
3619:
3601:Maria Josefa
3600:
3576:Maria Isabel
3575:
3532:
3484:
3459:
3435:
3426:
3421:
3409:
3405:
3390:
3381:
3374:Please help
3364:
3325:
3317:
3274:
3270:
3243:
3238:
3212:
3184:Túpac Katari
3148:Buenos Aires
3117:
3107:
3096:
3070:intendancies
3069:
3060:
3054:
3049:
3026:
3001:
2995:
2993:) was born.
2976:
2953:
2944:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2872:
2852:
2838:
2834:
2821:
2811:
2798:inescutcheon
2785:
2784:, (reverse)
2781:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2711:
2683:East Florida
2655:West Florida
2644:
2621:
2586:
2580:against any
2567:
2552:
2514:and capture
2509:
2486:
2483:
2462:
2412:
2405:nation state
2402:
2386:Ricardo Wall
2363:
2328:
2325:
2289:
2285:
2270:
2253:
2251:
2237:
2235:
2215:Ferdinand VI
2212:
2192:
2180:
2157:
2136:
2117:
2097:
2079:
2064:
2060:
2050:William Pitt
2043:
2028:
2000:
1988:
1973:
1941:
1939:
1920:
1916:
1905:
1882:
1835:
1813:
1790:Stanislaus I
1775:
1764:
1733:
1728:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1670:
1636:
1633:
1624:
1616:
1615:rather than
1612:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1536:
1521:
1513:
1497:
1476:
1441:
1422:
1410:
1397:
1388:
1368:
1359:Castel Nuovo
1344:
1338:
1332:
1305:
1297:Papal States
1285:
1254:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1166:
1164:
1134:
1132:
1113:
1090:
1066:
1054:
1051:she writes:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1015:
999:
964:
941:
932:
917:Please help
905:
850:
844:
817:
763:, which the
750:
735:
726:
711:Please help
699:
678:Portrait of
653:
646:
640:
629:
621:Spanish Navy
617:Spanish Army
593:Ferdinand VI
590:
555:
534:
526:
518:
498:
497:
350:
285:(1788-12-14)
216:as Charles I
138:Ricardo Wall
130:
91:Ferdinand VI
46:Portrait by
29:
8414:1788 deaths
8409:1716 births
8140:Charles VII
8056:Charles VII
7973:Ferdinand I
7793:Charles III
7712:Theobald II
7521:Alfonso XII
7511:Isabella II
7491:Charles III
7397:Ferdinand V
7297:Charles III
7252:Ferdinand I
7172:Frederick I
7162:Constance I
7157:William III
7125:(1130–1816)
7096:(1071–1130)
7034:(3rd reign)
7015:(2nd reign)
6999:(1st reign)
6989:Charles VII
6916:Ferdinand I
6895:(2nd reign)
6882:(1st reign)
6874:Charles III
6781:Carlos Hugo
6777:* (1974–77)
6771:* (1959–74)
6765:* (1950–59)
6759:* (1939–50)
6753:* (1907–39)
6725:Charles III
6637:Ranuccio II
6359:Alfonso XII
6195:Fernando VI
4758:Gleijeses,
4465:(1761–1788)
4451:(1736–1759)
4437:(1736–1759)
4423:(1731–1735)
3666:Maria Luisa
3475:rey alcalde
3246:printmaking
2928:Philippines
2895:El Escorial
2679:the Bahamas
2669:helped the
2536:Philippines
2464:Marcha Real
2361:of Russia.
2160:Herculaneum
2127:design the
1992:Inquisition
1984:tax farming
1868:, ruled by
1732:; Charles,
1693:Ferdinand,
1482:to Naples.
1392:San Gennaro
1301:Clement XII
1257:Augustus II
1047:And to the
991:went to war
887:Early years
799:gained the
601:land tenure
535:Charles III
527:Charles VII
499:Charles III
302:El Escorial
258:(1731-1735)
232:Predecessor
192:Predecessor
114:(1759–1760)
87:Predecessor
55: 1761
35:Charles III
8398:Categories
8374:See also:
8066:Isabella I
8051:Charles VI
8036:Philip VII
7997:Charles IV
7829:Blanche II
7822:Charles IV
7788:Charles II
7783:Philip III
7707:Theobald I
7689:Sancho VII
7649:Sancho III
7496:Charles IV
7463:Real union
7453:Charles II
7443:Philip III
7393:Isabella I
7312:Charles IV
7292:Philip III
7277:Charles II
7142:William II
6983:Charles VI
6971:Philip III
6953:Charles IV
6947:Joanna III
6921:Alfonso II
6853:Charles II
6685:Cambacérès
6661:Charles II
6625:Ranuccio I
6607:Pier Luigi
6200:Carlos III
6080:Felipe III
5985:Charles IV
5927:Charles II
5135:0820409774
5054:19 January
4982:, pp. 4-5.
4824:Don Carlos
4795:Don Carlos
4760:Don Carlos
4641:References
3771:Ferdinando
3658:unmarried
3551:See also:
3443:Charles IV
3227:Ambassador
3170:of mostly
3128:Upper Peru
2754:madrileños
2628:California
2619:to Spain.
2599:, and the
2563:Royal Navy
2505:New France
2366:his reform
2219:depression
2123:), he had
2118:Reggia di
1890:Royal Navy
1872:, and the
1820:collection
1602:Charles VI
1567:Palestrina
1547:Trastevere
1259:, King of
1086:Maria Anna
875:, because
803:, and the
787:, and the
729:April 2024
664:John Lynch
654:Historian
180:Coronation
101:Charles IV
8257:Spouse(s)
8151:Spouse(s)
8017:Charles V
8012:Philip VI
8002:Philip IV
7954:Charles V
7934:Louis III
7924:Henry III
7858:Catherine
7798:Blanche I
7760:Charles I
7755:Philip II
7684:Sancho VI
7674:Alfonso I
7659:Sancho IV
7639:Sancho II
7536:Felipe VI
7448:Philip IV
7438:Philip II
7433:Charles I
7317:Charles V
7302:Philip IV
7287:Philip II
7257:Alfonso I
7247:Martin II
7197:Charles I
7187:Conrad II
7152:Roger III
7137:William I
7025:Joachim I
6977:Charles V
6965:Philip II
6936:Louis III
6931:Frederick
6910:Alfonso I
6900:Joanna II
6892:Ladislaus
6879:Ladislaus
6847:Charles I
6769:Robert II
6679:Ferdinand
6655:Charles I
6643:Francesco
6619:Alexander
6513:Felipe VI
6231:Carlos IV
6137:Carlos II
6096:Felipe IV
6049:Felipe II
5424:1885-8600
5387:0261-3077
5217:10 August
3839:Maria Ana
3837:Princess
3750:Princess
3663:Princess
3641:Princess
3618:Princess
3599:Princess
3574:Princess
3160:Altiplano
3138:from the
3136:Argentina
3065:New Spain
2923:Catalonia
2905:in 1760;
2869:Louisiana
2857:Code Noir
2663:Gibraltar
2640:presidios
2534:, in the
2433:. In the
2347:the press
2335:despotism
2308:Barcelona
2304:Ferdinand
2183:Ferdinand
2065:With the
1970:, c. 1757
1935:Lobkowitz
1912:Lobkowitz
1894:Commodore
1870:George II
1686:Barbara,
1171:Louis XIV
1167:épée d'or
1101:Gibraltar
1097:Habsburgs
906:does not
865:Ferdinand
813:Gibraltar
700:does not
519:Charles I
485:Signature
242:Successor
202:Successor
97:Successor
8278:Children
8167:Children
8041:Louis II
8007:Philip V
7978:Joan III
7949:Louis VI
7939:Louis IV
7929:Louis II
7900:Joan III
7895:Henry II
7876:John III
7740:Philip I
7664:Sancho V
7624:Sancho I
7578:Monarchs
7481:Philip V
7471:Philip V
7406:Philip I
7282:Philip I
7242:Martin I
7222:Peter II
7182:Conrad I
7177:Henry II
7132:Roger II
7113:Roger II
7020:Joseph I
6959:Philip I
6887:Louis II
6863:Joanna I
6731:Robert I
6705:Piacenza
6034:Carlos I
5820:18 March
5753:23 April
5327:Archived
4741:1 August
4628:Sicilian
4555:(1971).
4480:(1956).
4405:Heraldry
3903:Ancestry
3824:married
3372:source..
3301:Portella
3266:Florence
3254:painting
3208:Escorial
3130:(modern
3108:colleges
3042:alcabala
2972:Aranjuez
2919:Asturias
2764:Aranjuez
2524:captured
2423:Valencia
2409:Philip V
2266:Piacenza
2162:(1738),
2151:and the
2088:and the
2075:Corsican
1677:; (L-R)
1555:Velletri
1448:L'Aquila
1429:captured
1203:Florence
1199:smallpox
1191:Florence
1022:Louis XV
967:Sardinia
781:Sardinia
642:criollos
619:and the
551:regalism
475:Religion
131:See list
8377:Princes
8084:. Also
8080:. Also
7944:Louis V
7919:Antoine
7835:Eleanor
7816:John II
7765:Joan II
7745:Louis I
7717:Henry I
7669:Peter I
7582:Navarre
7476:Louis I
7212:James I
7207:Peter I
7192:Manfred
7167:Henry I
7147:Tancred
7103:Roger I
6869:Louis I
6649:Antonio
6631:Odoardo
6613:Ottavio
5910:Anthony
5707:25 June
5680:25 June
5655:25 June
5625:25 June
5598:25 June
5564:25 June
5538:25 June
5513:25 June
5488:25 June
5454:25 June
5429:25 June
4620:Italian
3879:Prince
3856:Prince
3803:Gabriel
3801:Prince
3768:Prince
3720:Prince
3695:Prince
3586:Portici
3293:Dresden
3258:hunting
3176:Quechua
3164:mestizo
3132:Bolivia
3061:visitor
3031:, when
2907:Crystal
2818:Jesuits
2794:Granada
2792:, with
2651:Menorca
2624:Russian
2597:Uruguay
2582:Ottoman
2553:In the
2544:Florida
2516:Jamaica
2300:Charles
2168:Pompeii
2164:Stabiae
2120:Portici
2082:palaces
1862:Prussia
1846:Hungary
1842:Bohemia
1778:Tuscany
1543:impress
1532:Palermo
1516:Hackney
1468:Palermo
1452:Pescara
1418:Bitonto
1312:Procida
1293:Perugia
1183:Livorno
1179:Tuscany
1175:Antibes
927:removed
912:sources
847:Infante
809:Menorca
721:removed
706:sources
625:revenue
605:Jesuits
503:Spanish
449:Bourbon
429:Italian
421:Spanish
339:
323:
319:
292:, Spain
275:, Spain
68:more...
7750:John I
7722:Joan I
7516:Amadeo
7501:Joseph
7404:&
7402:Joanna
7395:&
7272:Joanna
7044:*Also
6905:René I
6858:Robert
6787:Carlos
6775:Xavier
6757:Joseph
6745:Robert
6701:
6699:Lebrun
6687:
6673:Philip
6185:Luis I
5948:Sicily
5892:
5843:(2008)
5795:
5729:
5589:
5479:
5422:
5385:
5319:
5292:
5167:
5133:
4592:
4567:
4541:
4514:
4506:, ed.
3722:Carlos
3697:Felipe
3680:Vienna
3569:Notes
3542:Family
3517:Madrid
3502:Madrid
3432:Legacy
3281:Poland
3250:etcher
3235:Naples
3231:Venice
3172:Aymara
3144:Potosí
3048:, but
3037:Manila
3033:Havana
2849:Brazil
2824:, the
2724:. The
2675:Nassau
2659:failed
2605:Brazil
2532:Manila
2528:Havana
2419:Aragon
2414:fueros
2357:, and
2355:Joseph
2256:. The
1948:Felipe
1908:Felipe
1901:Naples
1838:Vienna
1700:Luis,
1462:. The
1335:Apulia
1316:Ischia
1265:Russia
1261:Poland
1082:Philip
985:, the
971:Sicily
795:. The
783:, the
777:Naples
660:
648:fueros
582:Naples
529:; and
465:Mother
455:Father
352:Detail
329:
309:Spouse
297:Burial
252:Regent
160:Sicily
107:Regent
8076:Also
7237:Maria
7227:Louis
7108:Simon
6763:Elias
6751:Henry
6691:Parma
5894:Died:
5887:Born:
5773:[
4607:Notes
3650:Gaeta
3566:Death
3563:Birth
3547:Issue
3305:Fondi
3152:Cuzco
3063:) to
3046:trade
2970:. At
2802:Anjou
2749:flour
1563:Ostia
1528:Palmi
1460:Capua
1456:Gaeta
1328:Capua
1324:Traun
1308:Milan
1193:from
761:Spain
533:, as
525:, as
517:, as
444:House
415:Names
346:Issue
337:)
325:(
321:
221:Reign
168:Reign
76:Reign
8380:and
7262:John
6866:with
6529:None
6169:None
6153:None
5946:and
5822:2013
5793:ISBN
5755:2020
5727:ISBN
5709:2023
5682:2023
5657:2023
5627:2023
5600:2023
5587:ISBN
5566:2023
5540:2023
5515:2023
5490:2023
5477:ISBN
5456:2023
5431:2023
5420:ISSN
5394:2024
5383:ISSN
5317:ISBN
5290:ISBN
5219:2013
5165:ISBN
5131:ISBN
5056:2019
4743:2013
4656:and
4590:ISBN
4580:and
4565:ISBN
4539:ISBN
4512:ISBN
4354:15.
4296:14.
4234:13.
4176:12.
4112:11.
4054:10.
3736:Rome
3560:Name
3453:who
3225:and
3174:and
3156:Lima
3154:and
3035:and
3016:and
2996:The
2921:and
2882:The
2812:The
2716:and
2653:and
2568:The
2473:flag
2421:and
2345:and
2166:and
2031:Jews
1844:and
1458:and
1433:Bari
1314:and
1195:Pisa
910:any
908:cite
779:and
704:any
702:cite
568:and
549:and
335:1760
331:1738
280:Died
267:Born
158:and
7580:of
4322:7.
4260:3.
4202:6.
4138:1.
4080:5.
4018:2.
3992:9.
3960:4.
3934:8.
3791:to
3252:),
3241:).
3233:to
3229:of
2800:of
2677:in
2634:to
2268:).
1613:III
921:by
791:to
715:by
8400::
7375:|
7032:*
7013:*
6997:*
5853:.
5812:.
5783:^
5745:.
5699:.
5643:.
5617:.
5556:.
5414:.
5402:^
5381:.
5377:.
5325:.
5256:,
5210:.
5094:.
5047:.
4998:.
4885:^
4802:^
4783:^
4751:^
4660:.
4630::
4626:;
4622::
4584:.
3817:,
3734:,
3678:,
3584:,
3482:.
3457:.
3260:.
3221:,
2693:.
2642:.
2392:.
2384:,
2380:,
2376:,
2372:,
1880:.
1792:.
1773:.
1725:;
1721:;
1717:;
1713:;
1709:;
1705:;
1691:;
1684:;
1639:.
1604:.
1439:.
1420:.
1386:.
1303:.
1275:.
1209:.
1118:.
1088:.
815:.
553:.
505::
431::
423::
327:m.
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52:c.
50:,
8119:e
8112:t
8105:v
8088:.
7570:e
7563:t
7556:v
7356:e
7349:t
7342:v
7078:e
7071:t
7064:v
6991:*
6985:*
6979:*
6973:*
6967:*
6961:*
6955:*
6949:*
6943:*
6912:*
6849:*
6828:e
6821:t
6814:v
6707:)
6703:(
6693:)
6689:(
6581:e
6574:t
6567:v
6016:e
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5824:.
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5711:.
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5659:.
5629:.
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5433:.
5396:.
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3378:.
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937:)
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