44:
7193:
1618:
out the knowledge and personality of the composer, and hence the words are as important as the musical element itself. This poses a special challenge for the musicians because rendering this music does not involve just playing or singing the correct musical notes; the musicians are expected to understand what was conveyed by the composer in various languages, and sing musical phrases that act to create the effect that was intended by the composer in his/her composition.
7144:
1549:
2787:
577:
284:
2801:
976:. While there are an infinite number of sounds falling within a scale (or raga) in Carnatic music, the number that can be distinguished by auditory perception is twenty-two (although over the years, several of them have converged). In this sense, while sruti is determined by auditory perception, it is also an expression in the listener's mind.
905:, or its high esteem among the upper social classes of Colombo and Jaffna, where the learning of Carnatic music among young women is expected as a sign of good education. Many people have travelled to India for improving their skills, and the flow of students to India from Sri Lanka or of Sri Lankan Tamil origin is constantly increasing.
743:, further elaborated on the musical concepts found in Indian classical music. By the 16th and 17th centuries, there was a clear demarcation between Carnatic and Hindustani music; Carnatic music remained relatively unaffected by Persian and Arabic influences. It was at this time that Carnatic music flourished in
2897:
In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of
2296:(in Indian languages). For a duration of three, the letter is capitalized (or diacriticized) and followed by a comma. For a length of four, the letter is capitalized (or diacriticized) and then followed by a semicolon. In this way any duration can be indicated using a series of semicolons and commas.
873:
participate in the extension of the
Carnatic cultural scene abroad, thanks to their rich patronage activity. Carnatic music artists therefore perform abroad among South Indian communities who request their coming, in order to enliven local community life. For a long time in Ceylon, Carnatic music was
778:
By the 16th century, Indian classical music split into two styles: Hindustani in the North and
Karnataka (later called Carnatic) in the South. The term "Karnataka" music originated from the Vijayanagara Empire, historically known as the Karnataka Empire. The term Karnataka might not necessarily refer
2447:
The objective of the accompanying instruments is far more than following the melody and keeping the beats. The accompaniments form an integral part of every composition presented, and they closely follow and augment the melodic phrases outlined by the lead singer. The vocalist and the violinist take
1613:
of the northern part of India, Carnatic music is taught and learned through compositions, which encode many intricate musical details, also providing scope for free improvisation. Nearly every rendition of a
Carnatic music composition is different and unique as it embodies elements of the composer's
1437:
Niraval, usually performed by the more advanced performers, consists of singing one or two lines of text of a song repeatedly, but with a series of melodic improvised elaborations. Although niraval consists of extempore melodic variations, generally, the original patterns of duration are maintained;
2212:
In modern times, it is common for students to visit their gurus daily or weekly to learn music. Though new technology has made learning easier with the availability of quick-learn media such as learning exercises recorded on audio cassettes and CDs, these are discouraged by most gurus who emphasize
1617:
A Carnatic composition really has two elements, one being the musical element, the other being what is conveyed in the composition. It is probably because of this fact that most
Carnatic music compositions are composed for singing. In addition to the rich musical experience, each composition brings
1804:
Known for their complex structure, varnams are a fundamental form in
Carnatic music. Varnams are practised as vocal exercises in multiple speeds by performers of Carnatic music, to help develop voice culture, and maintain proper pitch and control of rhythm. In Carnatic music concerts, varnams are
1534:
Tani
Avartanam refers to the extended solo that is played by the percussionists in a concert, and is usually played after the main composition in a concert. The percussionist displays the full range of his skills and rhythmic imagination during the solo, which may take from two to twenty minutes.
2687:
in sync with the artist's performance. As and when the artist exhibits creativity, the audience acknowledge it by clapping their hands. With experienced artists, towards the middle of the concert, requests start flowing in. The artist usually sings the requests, and it helps in exhibiting the
2648:). The percussion artists perform complex patterns of rhythm and display their skill. If multiple percussion instruments are employed, they engage in a rhythmic dialogue until the main performer picks up the melody once again. Some experienced artists may follow the main piece with a
1422:
Theoretically, this ought to be the easiest type of improvisation, since the rules are so few, but in fact, it takes much skill to sing a pleasing, comprehensive (in the sense of giving a "feel for the ragam") and, most importantly, original raga alapana.
901:. The place given to Carnatic music in the construction of a modern Sri Lankan Tamil identity has reached significant proportions, such as its rise in the curricula of most Jaffna colleges, where it gradually replaced from the mid-1930s the teaching of
1411:
or tone – a slow improvisation with no rhythm, where the raga acts as the basis of embellishment. In performing alapana, performers consider each raga as an object that has beginnings and endings and consists somehow of sequences of thought.
1241:
s have cycles of a defined number of beats and rarely change within a song. They have specific components, which in combinations can give rise to the variety to exist (over 108), allowing different compositions to have different rhythms.
2471:
player can keep beats without following the musical phrases at times, in
Carnatic music, the accompanists have to follow the intricacies of the composition since there are percussion elements such as eduppu in several compositions.
971:
commonly refers to musical pitch. It is the approximate equivalent of a tonic (or less precisely a key) in
Western music; it is the note from which all the others are derived. It is also used in the sense of graded pitches in an
505:(the rhythmic cycles) form the foundation of improvisation and composition in both Carnatic and Hindustani music. Although improvisation plays an important role, Carnatic music is mainly sung through compositions, especially the
2768:, as well as non-Carnatic art forms. Some concert organisers also feature their own Carnatic music festivals during the season. Thousands of performances are held by hundreds of musicians across various venues in the city.
2221:
Notation is not a new concept in Indian music. However, Carnatic music continued to be transmitted orally for centuries without being written down. The disadvantage with this system was that if one wanted to learn about a
2363:
Carnatic music is usually performed by a small ensemble of musicians, who sit on an elevated stage. This usually consists of, at least, a principal performer, a melodic accompaniment, a rhythm accompaniment, and a drone.
889:, who were then heavily influenced by a prominent cultural movement known as the Hindu revival. Carnatic music was thus appropriated and highly promoted during the 1920s and 1930s as a cultural and identity marker of the
948:
Today, Carnatic music is presented by musicians in concerts or recordings, either vocally or through instruments. Carnatic music itself developed around musical works or compositions of phenomenal composers (see below).
1910:(the father or grandfather) of Carnatic music as he formulated the basic lessons in teaching Carnatic music, and in honour of his significant contribution to Carnatic music. He structured graded exercises known as
2497:. Each composition is set with specific notes and beats, but performers improvise extensively. Improvisation occurs in the melody of the composition as well as in using the notes to expound the beauty of the
2159:
The learning texts and exercises are more or less uniform across all the South Indian states. The learning structure is arranged in increasing order of complexity. The lessons start with the learning of the
2179:(perceptor). From the late 20th century onwards, with changes in lifestyles and need for young music aspirants to simultaneously pursue a parallel academic career, this system has found few takers.
1144:(ornamentation), which phrases should be used or avoided, and so on. In effect, it is a series of obligatory musical events which must be observed, either absolutely or with a particular frequency.
2289:
note. In the more precise forms of
Carnatic notation, there are symbols placed above the notes indicating how the notes should be played or sung; however, informally this practice is not followed.
1526:, the pallavi line is often composed by the performer. Through niraval, the performer manipulates the pallavi line in complex melodic and rhythmic ways. The niraval is followed by kalpanaswarams.
517:. Carnatic music is also usually taught and learned through compositions. Telugu language predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music. Most Carnatic compositions are in Telugu, and Sanskrit.
913:
The main emphasis in
Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in a singing style (known as
1489:(the first beat of the rhythmical cycle). The swaras can also be sung at the same speed or double the speed of the melody that is being sung, though some artists sing triple-speed phrases too.
1500:
Tanam is one of the most important forms of improvisation, and is integral to Ragam Tanam Pallavi. Originally developed for the veena, it consists of expanding the raga with syllables like
2627:
thus established, the song begins, usually with lyrics. In this, the accompaniment (usually violin, sometimes veena) performs along with the main performer and the percussion (such as a
2737:, thousands of musicians attend the festival to perform his compositions. Since its inception, other festivals were started in a similar manner throughout India and abroad, such as the
849:
reaching its conclusion in 1947, Carnatic music went through a radical shift in patronage into an art of the masses with ticketed performances organised by private institutions called
2475:
Some concerts feature a good bit of interaction with the lead musicians and accompanists exchanging notes, and accompanying musicians predicting the lead musician's musical phrases.
2299:
However, a simpler notation has evolved which does not use semicolons and capitalization, but rather indicates all extensions of notes using a corresponding number of commas. Thus,
2775:
is an annual conference of Carnatic music, held in February every year, which has lectures and demonstrations in the morning, and performances in the afternoons and evenings.
2424:
flute, can be occasionally found as an accompaniment, but usually, a vocalist is supported by a violin player (who sits on his/her left). The rhythm accompanist is usually a
2292:
To show the length of a note, several devices are used. If the duration of note is to be doubled, the letter is either capitalized (if using Roman script) or lengthened by a
1518:
Ragam, Tanam, and Pallavi are the principal long form in concerts, and is a composite form of improvisation. As the name suggests, it consists of raga alapana, tanam, and a
733:
from the 12th century onwards, Indian classical music began to diverge into two distinct styles — Hindustani music and Carnatic music. Commentaries and other works, such as
458:. The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in
1773:
of a raga) include how each note of the raga should be stressed, the scale of the raga, and so on. All varnams consist of lyrics, as well as swara passages, including a
1080:, there is usually only one variant of each note present. The exceptions exist in "light" ragas, in which, for artistic effect, there may be two, one ascending (in the
2189:, or the hierarchy of disciples from some prominent ancient musician or composer, to which they belong. People whose disciple-hierarchies are often referred to are
1419:
and touch on its various nuances, singing in the lower octaves first, then gradually moving up to higher octaves, while giving a hint of the song to be performed.
520:
Carnatic music is usually performed by a small ensemble of musicians, consisting of a principal performer (usually a vocalist), a melodic accompaniment (usually a
2619:
that shows the performer's skill. All of this is done without any rhythmic accompaniment, or beat. Then the melodic accompaniment (violin or veena), expounds the
2657:
Following the main composition, the concert continues with shorter and lighter songs. Some of the types of songs performed towards the end of the concerts are
2367:
Performances can be musical or musical-dramatic. Musical recitals are either vocal, or purely instrumental in nature, while musical-dramatic recitals refer to
1950:
because of the quality of Syama Sastri's compositions, the varieties of compositions of Muthuswami Dikshitar, and Tyagaraja's prolific output in composing
1245:
Carnatic music singers usually keep the beat by moving their hands up and down in specified patterns, and using their fingers simultaneously to keep time.
2615:
to slowly elaborate the notes and flow of the raga. This begins slowly and builds to a crescendo, and finally establishes a complicated exposition of the
794:. Some of the royalty of the kingdoms of Mysore and Travancore were themselves noted composers and proficient in playing musical instruments, such as the
7209:
5265:
993:
refers to a type of musical sound that is a single note, which defines a relative (higher or lower) position of a note, rather than a defined frequency.
8383:
5065:
5060:
3588:
4317:
2281:. The notions of key and absolute pitch are deeply rooted in Western music, whereas the Carnatic notation does not specify the key and prefers to use
779:
to the modern state of Karnataka. The British later influenced the change in name to "Carnatic" music, and the term is only about 150-200 years old.
3016:
1805:
often performed by musicians as the opening item – acting as a warm up for the musicians, and as a means of grabbing the attention of the audience.
8085:
382:
1842:. The final (and longest) verse that wraps up the song. The Charanam usually borrows patterns from the Anupallavi. There can be multiple charanas.
5242:
3672:
626:, or notes, to the sounds of animals and birds and man's effort to simulate these sounds through a keen sense of observation and perception. The
3088:
5237:
4290:
3274:
2594:, have no awkward pauses or lapses in the beat of the song, and create a complex pattern of notes that a knowledgeable audience can follow.
8459:
2062:
Composers of Carnatic music were often inspired by religious devotion and were usually scholars proficient in one or more of the languages
4406:
1446:
cycle. The lines are then also played at different levels of speed which can include double speed, triple speed, quadruple speed and even
8500:
4897:
2683:
The audience of a typical concert will have some understanding of Carnatic music. It is also typical to see the audience tapping out the
7182:
6807:
1688:, so both the sound value, and the meaning of the text, guide the musician through elaborate melodic improvisations. Forms such as the
3439:
O’Shea, Janet; Morris, Gay; Giersdorf, Jens Richard (2016). "From Temple to Battlefield: Bharata Natyam in the Sri Lankan Civil War".
5316:
2756:", which has been described as the world's largest cultural event. The Music Season was started in 1927, to mark the opening of the
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In most concerts, the main item will at least have a section at the end of the item, for the percussion to perform solo (called the
8008:
7846:
5078:
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6567:
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Most songs were in Telugu or Sanskrit, though some were in Tamil, but even Telugu and Tamil were strongly inflected by Sanskrit.
8043:
7831:
4621:
3195:
Subramaniam, L. (1999). "The reinvention of a tradition: Nationalism, Carnatic music and the Madras Music Academy, 1900–1947".
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2487:) usually lasts about three hours, and comprises a number of varied compositions. Carnatic songs are composed in a particular
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3415:
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Written notation of Carnatic music was revived in the late 17th century and early 18th century, which coincided with rule of
2729:
festival in 1846. The Aradhana festival is an annual death-anniversary celebration of the prolific Carnatic music composer,
1450:
speed. The improvised elaborations are made with a view of outlining the raga, the tempo, and the theme of the composition.
8358:
3530:
2942:
2911:
375:
4344:
L'Armand, A. K.; L'armand, Adrian (1983). "One Hundred Years of Music in Madras: A Case Study in Secondary Urbanization".
2416:
In a vocal recital, a concert team may have one or more vocalists as the principal performer(s). Instruments, such as the
2371:. Regardless of what type of recital it is, what is featured are compositions which form the core of this genre of music.
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as an accompaniment to vocal recitations. References to Indian classical music are made in many ancient texts, including
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Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers.
6732:
4538:
3538:
2829:
2578:
in any octave according to the rules of the raga and return to beginning of the cycle of beats smoothly, joining the
1596:
2273:
in Western music. It becomes difficult to write Carnatic music using the staff notation without the use of too many
1578:
1218:
s (descendant ragas of a particular janaka raga). Janya ragas are themselves subclassified into various categories.
8373:
7994:
2701:
1635:(which have their own peculiar composition structures) are principally meant to serve as basic learning exercises.
1492:
Kalpanaswaram is the most elementary type of improvisation, usually taught before any other form of improvisation.
882:
shop"), in reference to the South Indians-owned restaurants and eateries that typically played this kind of music.
8490:
7223:
6003:
3331:
Hughes, S. P. (2002). "The 'Music Boom' in Tamil South India: gramophone, radio and the making of mass culture".
3004:
Carnatic music. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2428:
player (who sits on the other side, facing the violin player). However, other percussion instruments such as the
2088:, in their compositions. For example, all songs by Tyāgarāja (who composed in Sanskrit and Telugu) have the word
1570:
1237:
refers to a fixed time cycle or metre, set for a particular composition, which is built from groupings of beats.
1076:
shows vowel changes to solfege symbols with ra, ri, ru etc. to denote the higher quarter-tones. In one scale, or
368:
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1996:
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2760:. It used to be a traditional month-long Carnatic music festival, but since then it has also diversified into
8325:
7891:
7401:
7119:
7046:
6604:
5309:
5138:
3814:
Kassebaum, G. R. (1987). "Improvisation in Alapana Performance: A Comparative View of Raga Shankarabharana".
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1367:" ("music of imagination") as it is known in Carnatic music, embraces several varieties of improvisation.
8353:
8022:
7851:
7688:
6560:
4530:
3013:
2772:
2156:. It typically takes several years of learning before a student is adept enough to perform at a concert.
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4736:
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Kalpanaswaram, also known as swarakalpana, consists of improvising melodic and rhythmic passages using
885:
From the 20th century, Carnatic music gained significant popularity among certain social strata of the
632:, which is believed to have laid the foundation for Indian classical music, consists of hymns from the
298:
233:
228:
5582:
3676:
3563:"Tamil of Sri Lanka Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Tamil of Sri Lanka"
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in them, all songs by Muttuswāmi Dīkṣitar (who composed in Sanskrit and Maṇipravāl̥am) have the words
841:(now known as Chennai) emerged as the locus for Carnatic music. With the dissolution of the erstwhile
759:) of Carnatic music", formulated the system that is commonly used for the teaching of Carnatic music.
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8092:
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notation using either a Roman or Indic script to represent the solfa names. Past attempts to use the
1960:
1947:
1001:
of Carnatic music, which consist of seven notes, "sa-ri-ga-ma-pa-da-ni" (compare with the Hindustani
886:
791:
514:
3368:"Roots of Carnatic Music in Sri Lanka - Artistic interrelations between Sri Lanka and South India A"
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Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism: its origins and development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
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s or compositions requested by the audience. Every concert that is the last of the day ends with a
2524:. It is lively and fast to get the audience's attention. An invocatory item may usually follow the
2409:. The drone itself is an integral part of performances and furnishes stability – the equivalent of
1706:
are often performed similarly, however, these forms can also have a set melody and rhythm like the
1559:
712:
4300:
1485:
Kalpanaswaras have a somewhat predictable rhythmical structure; the swaras are sung to end on the
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8320:
8258:
7774:
7494:
6782:
5148:
5083:
3444:
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2012:
1819:
Carnatic songs (kritis) are varied in structure and style, but generally consist of three units:
1563:
1183:("wheels", though actually segments in the conventional representation) grouped according to the
902:
2230:, it involved the difficult task of finding a person from Purandara Dasa's lineage of students.
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2020:
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should figure more and which notes should be used more sparingly, which notes may be sung with
782:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Carnatic music was mainly patronised by the local kings of the
443:
275:
252:
6842:
2973:
2725:) emerging as the locus for Carnatic music during the 19th century, its musicians founded the
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7589:
7391:
7124:
7072:
6708:
6424:
6135:
5103:
4607:
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1675:
787:
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1470:(solfa syllables). Like niraval, kalpanaswaras are sung to end on a particular swara in the
8495:
8411:
8335:
8278:
8148:
7779:
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7366:
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5218:
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2650:
2623:. Experienced listeners can identify many ragas after they hear just a few notes. With the
2194:
2052:
1939:
870:
638:, set to musical tunes which would be sung using three to seven musical notes during Vedic
536:
throughout the performance. Other typical instruments used in performances may include the
127:
2100:
in them; all songs by Purandaradasa (who composed in Kannada and Sanskrit) have the words
1763:
Varnams are short metric pieces which encapsulate the main features and requirements of a
1646:
have also been increasingly used in the Carnatic music repertoire. The performance of the
1157:, which groups them according to the kinds of notes that they have. There are seventy-two
861:
From the 18th century, South Indian immigrant communities abroad increased, especially in
509:(or kirtanam) – a form developed between the 14th and 20th centuries by composers such as
8:
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2586:. The violin performs these alternately with the main performer. In very long strings of
2048:
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2008:
2004:
1513:
748:
565:
411:
86:
2590:, the performers must calculate their notes accurately to ensure that they stick to the
2245:
in Tanjore and they give us an idea of the music and its form. They contain snippets of
1370:
The main traditional forms of improvisation in Carnatic music consist of the following:
1016:-ni or Western do-re-mi-fa-so-la-ti). These names are abbreviations of the longer names
684:, one who has the knowledge of srutis and one who is adept in tala, attains liberation (
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3589:"Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora: The new force spreading Carnatic music and dance worldwide"
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2285:(relative pitch) to denote notes. The singer is free to choose the actual pitch of the
2274:
1833:
1781:
1193:
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from the tonic), the remaining thirty-six of whose madhyama (subdominant) is prati (an
688:) without doubt"). Contemporray Carnatic music is based on musical concepts (including
670:
653:
599:, Indian classical music is believed to be a divine art form which originated from the
564:. Various Carnatic music festivals are held throughout India and abroad, including the
3982:
Higgins, J. B. (1987). "Performing Arts in India: Essays on Music, Dance, and Drama".
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consists only of notes, and has no words. Still others have a verse at the end of the
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Jeyaratnam Wilson, Alfred (2000). "Language, Poetry; Culture and Tamil Nationalism".
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in them; songs by Śyāma Śāstri (who composed in Sanskrit and Telugu) have the words Ś
1151:(those with all seven notes in their scales) are classified into a system called the
898:
783:
739:
339:
245:
3116:
2269:
have mostly failed. Indian music makes use of hundreds of ragas, many more than the
676:
vīṇāvādana tattvajñaḥ śrutijātiviśāradaḥ tālajñaścāprayāsena mokṣamārgaṃ niyacchati"
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featuring Carnatic music performances are held in India, and throughout the world.
2464:
2059:. The compositions of these composers are rendered frequently by artists of today.
2024:
1988:
1170:
1061:
918:
451:
2395:
instrument used in concerts. However, tamburas are increasingly being replaced by
963:
8391:
8178:
8153:
8064:
7861:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7766:
7756:
7741:
7698:
7584:
7579:
7504:
7489:
7031:
6960:
6869:
6680:
6675:
6614:
6599:
6496:
6491:
6399:
6353:
6251:
6206:
6185:
6049:
5904:
5822:
5747:
5725:
5604:
5460:
5193:
5183:
5178:
5143:
3020:
2711:
2417:
2258:
2206:
2202:
2079:
2056:
2036:
2016:
1980:
1976:
1924:
1690:
842:
831:
718:
600:
560:. The greatest concentration of Carnatic musicians is to be found in the city of
553:
454:, which emerged as a distinct form because of Persian or Islamic influences from
151:
43:
3344:
2277:. Furthermore, the staff notation requires that the song be played in a certain
8444:
8293:
8283:
8218:
8213:
7809:
7731:
7708:
7703:
7640:
7569:
7484:
7376:
7326:
7282:
7255:
7082:
6970:
6965:
6950:
6935:
6925:
6907:
6787:
6690:
6642:
6444:
6434:
6246:
6130:
6094:
6054:
6044:
5989:
5916:
5875:
5810:
5513:
5495:
5454:
5413:
5098:
5093:
4892:
4822:
4756:
4701:
4630:
3208:
2440:
frequently also accompany the main percussion instrument and play in an almost
2266:
2227:
2125:
2075:
1903:
1166:
1140:
1003:
862:
772:
752:
596:
510:
469:
455:
419:
319:
61:
2855:
1072:), which has two forms. A 7th century stone inscription in Kudumiyan Malai in
874:
associated with Indian immigrants, and was often derogatorily referred to as "
771:(1660 AD). Govindacharya is known for expanding the melakarta system into the
568:, which has been considered to be one of the world's largest cultural events.
8479:
8168:
8163:
8138:
7969:
7959:
7924:
7899:
7881:
7544:
7529:
7414:
7331:
7303:
7264:
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6792:
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6501:
6429:
6419:
6394:
6378:
6358:
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6287:
6241:
6125:
5910:
5857:
5681:
5610:
5519:
5036:
4950:
4776:
4448:
3508:
3462:
2689:
2566:
2541:
2457:
2392:
2286:
2223:
2153:
2124:
Carnatic music is traditionally taught according to the system formulated by
1952:
1852:
1814:
1741:
1459:
1131:
1057:
760:
723:
533:
506:
117:
5344:
3548:
3425:
8263:
8198:
8143:
7866:
7564:
7519:
7454:
7419:
7129:
7109:
6990:
6985:
6945:
6652:
6624:
6414:
6333:
6318:
6277:
6180:
6155:
6150:
6145:
5781:
5763:
5757:
5598:
5560:
5501:
5108:
4955:
4842:
4685:
4517:
In the Course of Performance: Studies in the World of Musical Improvisation
4392:
3797:
3383:
3145:
Singer, M. (1958). "The Great Tradition in a Metropolitan Center: Madras".
2806:
2792:
2441:
2312:
2282:
2270:
2262:
2198:
1984:
1943:
1797:
1726:
1523:
1479:
1443:
1233:
1227:
1135:
1119:
939:
932:
744:
707:
706:) that were described in detail in several ancient works, particularly the
702:
499:
344:
303:
166:
76:
2112:
of Carnatic music, composed in Tamil and Sanskrit, and used the signature
2104:; while Gopalakrishna Bharathi (who composed in Tamil) used the signature
936:
922:
612:
496:
486:
476:
466:
405:
399:
8396:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8188:
8173:
8133:
7549:
7099:
7041:
7026:
6930:
6874:
6825:
6777:
6745:
6700:
6670:
6328:
6231:
6216:
6160:
5928:
5881:
5787:
5769:
5669:
5572:
5542:
5525:
5478:
5472:
5448:
5425:
5419:
4871:
4510:
4049:
Henry, E. O. (2002). "The Rationalization of Intensity in Indian Music".
3734:
2734:
2549:, although some are composed with more than one raga; these are known as
2278:
2000:
1992:
1968:
1964:
1674:
forms are particularly unique. Though these forms consist of lyric-based
1162:
1069:
879:
799:
734:
730:
664:
557:
415:
5647:
3752:
3089:"Sci Tech / Speaking Of Science: The music of we primates: Nada Brahmam"
2448:
turns while elaborating or while exhibiting creativity in sections like
2311:
The notation is divided into columns, depending on the structure of the
8183:
7979:
7929:
7524:
7011:
6901:
6830:
6797:
6772:
6368:
6272:
6170:
6165:
5898:
5828:
5804:
5731:
5713:
5707:
5687:
5675:
5663:
5407:
5168:
4960:
4923:
4245:
3961:
3766:
3711:
3654:
2234:
2143:
1972:
1184:
1073:
819:
643:
446:
that evolved from ancient Hindu texts and traditions, particularly the
431:
217:
161:
7190:
5697:
4365:
4214:
4156:
4070:
4003:
3944:
3892:
3837:
3637:
3251:
3166:
3062:
622:. Ancient treatises also describe the connection of the origin of the
8243:
8203:
7974:
7909:
7904:
7459:
7434:
7214:
7200:
7077:
6896:
6889:
6836:
6802:
6524:
6373:
5851:
5834:
5775:
5737:
5622:
5592:
5554:
5548:
5507:
5366:
5354:
5325:
4492:
4465:
4411:
4322:
4295:
3616:
Breyer, Barbara (1972). "Composers and Tradition in Karnatik Music".
3093:
2746:
2742:
2730:
2628:
2425:
2396:
2368:
2293:
2241:. Copies of Shahaji's musical manuscripts are still available at the
2190:
2186:
2067:
1935:
1631:
1438:
each word in the lines of text stay set within their original place (
1153:
1086:
815:
764:
627:
615:
580:
525:
435:
423:
182:
107:
81:
3785:
3487:
Dance and the nation: performance, ritual, and politics in Sri Lanka
3367:
2535:
and/or invocatory item, the artist sings longer compositions called
2182:
Musicians often take great pride in letting people know about their
1548:
1044:. Unlike other music systems, every member of the solfege (called a
587:
of all knowledge, music, arts and science, with her instrument, the
8248:
8071:
7871:
7539:
7464:
7429:
7087:
6864:
6852:
6762:
6750:
6740:
6718:
6404:
6343:
6282:
6211:
6201:
6175:
6140:
6104:
6099:
6084:
6079:
6059:
5431:
5401:
5384:
5378:
5360:
4918:
4711:
4357:
4206:
4148:
4062:
3995:
3936:
3884:
3829:
3629:
3243:
3158:
2172:
2138:
2071:
1839:
1791:
1720:
1702:
1696:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1447:
823:
658:
447:
329:
5294:
4558:
The Music and Musical Instruments of southern India and the Deccan
4379:
Rosenthal, E. (1931). "Tyagaraja: A Great South Indian Composer".
3230:
Ries, R. E. (1969). "The Cultural Setting of South Indian Music".
2597:
Performers then begin the main compositions with a section called
850:
8288:
7939:
7934:
7474:
7016:
6857:
6847:
6713:
6685:
6449:
6363:
6348:
6302:
6297:
6236:
6069:
5922:
5863:
5657:
5616:
4986:
4887:
4866:
4817:
4802:
4781:
4751:
4522:
3406:. Princeton studies in culture / power / history. Princeton, NJ:
2718:
2659:
2633:
2599:
2453:
2437:
2433:
2410:
2387:
2346:
2246:
2238:
2175:
system, where the student lived with and learnt the art from his
2165:
2108:
in his compositions. Papanasam Sivan, who has been hailed as the
2063:
1827:
1823:
1775:
1685:
1643:
1625:
1519:
1432:
1402:
1188:
998:
890:
634:
561:
545:
541:
529:
351:
212:
197:
192:
132:
6545:
4721:
4716:
4343:
1733:
The most common and significant forms in Carnatic music are the
1407:
An alapana, sometimes also called ragam, is the exposition of a
925:
489:
465:
Although there are stylistic differences, the basic elements of
8158:
7954:
7949:
7876:
7424:
7409:
7036:
6767:
6591:
6486:
6481:
6470:
6409:
6267:
6064:
6034:
6029:
4997:
4902:
4847:
4807:
4786:
4771:
4766:
4726:
4599:
4594:
4526:
4452:
3701:, Tamil Nadu Government Archeology Department publication, 1981
2722:
2510:
or an invocatory item which will act as the opening piece. The
2506:
2429:
2148:
1927:
as the first scale to be learnt by beginners. He also composed
1758:
1735:
1651:
1179:
1115:
973:
894:
866:
838:
807:
803:
685:
537:
521:
439:
427:
202:
187:
172:
122:
112:
102:
5981:
648:, which mainly consists of sacrificial formulae, mentions the
8193:
8128:
7479:
7104:
6662:
6634:
6519:
6109:
6074:
6039:
6012:
5965:
5950:
4837:
4761:
4706:
3737:(1974). "Thoughts On Improvisation: A Comparative Approach".
2765:
2761:
2516:
2493:, which means that they do not deviate from the notes in the
2468:
1466:
1416:
1213:
1045:
985:
795:
690:
680:
639:
623:
608:
479:
356:
324:
66:
3404:
Charred lullabies: chapters in an anthropography of violence
576:
7114:
6015:
5955:
4928:
4832:
4812:
4561:. William Gibb (lllus.). Novello, Ewer & Co., London -.
2489:
2449:
2421:
2183:
2176:
1920:
1765:
1680:
1471:
1408:
1114:
in Carnatic music prescribes a set of rules for building a
1099:
1077:
811:
696:
604:
584:
549:
334:
156:
71:
1048:) has three variants. The exceptions are the drone notes,
834:(1852–1926) and Veene Subbanna (1861–1939), among others.
4489:
Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638–1947 A.D.)
3485:
Reed, Susan A. (2010). "Dance, Ethnicity and the State".
3023:
Written by Malathi Rangaswamy, Secretary of Music Academy
2972:
Fuller, C. J.; Narasimhan, Haripriya (11 November 2014).
2675:, a thankful prayer and conclusion to the musical event.
283:
4574:
4027:
4025:
3956:
3954:
1769:. The features and rules of the raga (also known as the
856:
767:
system of raga classification in his Sanskrit work, the
4441:
Kassebaum, Gayatri Rajapur. 'Karnatak raga' (2000). In
3824:. International Council for Traditional Music: 45–64.
2752:
The city of Chennai also holds a six-week-long grand "
2574:
to the beat. The performer must improvise a string of
4261:
4259:
4022:
3951:
3438:
2654:
mid-concert, if they do not use it as the main item.
1860:, which may in addition include swara passages named
611:
gods and goddesses), and is venerated as symbolic of
2947:. Vol. 5: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent.
2916:. Vol. 5: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent.
2782:
2146:. After the student has reached a certain standard,
4554:
4514:
4476:Musical Improvisation: Art, Education, and Society
4256:
3372:Smrti - Department of Indian Music: Annual Journal
3190:
3188:
2975:Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste
2261:, Carnatic music is notated almost exclusively in
1614:vision, as well as the musician's interpretation.
4415:. Chennai, India. 3 February 2005. Archived from
4312:
4310:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4176:
4174:
3649:
3647:
3524:
2688:artist's broad knowledge of the several thousand
2303:quadrupled in length would be denoted as "S,,,".
2213:that face-to-face learning is best for students.
1265:, though complex talas may have other parts like
775:scheme – the system that is in common use today.
8477:
3809:
3807:
3333:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
2971:
2631:). In the next stage of the song, they may sing
2483:A contemporary Carnatic music concert (called a
2249:to be used when performing the mentioned ragas.
1331:times seven tala groups gives thirty-five basic
414:, is a system of music commonly associated with
4508:Viswanathan, T. & Cormack, Jody (1998). In
4130:
4128:
3185:
2478:
2341:. The end of a cycle is marked by a॥, called a
2171:Carnatic music was traditionally taught in the
4339:
4337:
4307:
4233:
4171:
3977:
3975:
3644:
2082:. They usually included a signature, called a
1191:scale degrees. There is a system known as the
7176:
6561:
5997:
5310:
4615:
4372:
3804:
3611:
3609:
3326:
3324:
921:, Carnatic music rests on two main elements:
376:
253:
4246:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms V"
4125:
4044:
4042:
4040:
3962:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms R"
3767:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms T"
3729:
3727:
3725:
3712:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms M"
3655:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms S"
3366:Aravinthon, Dr (Mrs) Suhanya (1 June 2021).
3000:
2998:
2978:. University of Chicago Press. p. 201.
2520:of the raga, but will also have lyrics, the
1902:There are many composers in Carnatic music.
1856:. There are other possible structures for a
1836:. This is the second verse, also as 2 lines.
1621:There are many types/forms of compositions.
4352:(3). Society for Ethnomusicology: 411–438.
4334:
4201:(1). Society for Ethnomusicology: 162–166.
4186:
3972:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3864:
3197:Indian Economic & Social History Review
3194:
3153:(281). American Folklore Society: 347–388.
1638:Compositions more commonly associated with
1577:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
729:Owing to Persian and Islamic influences in
7183:
7169:
6568:
6554:
6004:
5990:
5317:
5303:
4654:Semi Classical music/Light classical music
4622:
4608:
4504:. United States: Harvard University Press.
3606:
3365:
3321:
3138:
837:During the late 19th century, the city of
763:invented and authored the formula for the
383:
369:
260:
246:
4378:
4057:(1). Society for Ethnomusicology: 33–35.
4037:
3813:
3783:
3722:
3057:
3055:
3053:
2995:
2874:
2152:are taught and later, the student learns
1830:in Western music, with 1 or 2 lines.
1597:Learn how and when to remove this message
1249:is formed with three basic parts (called
1118:– very similar to the Western concept of
27:Music genre originating in southern India
4134:
3911:
3777:
3223:
575:
418:, including the modern Indian states of
4513:; Russell, Melinda (15 December 1998).
4445:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
4192:
3981:
3870:
3624:(2). University of Texas Press: 42–51.
3238:(2). University of Texas Press: 22–31.
2944:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
2913:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
1918:, and at the same time, introduced the
1474:of the melody and at a specific place (
1327:s) based on the counting pattern. Five
1211:s (i.e. melakarta or parent ragas) and
1122:. It specifies rules for movements up (
14:
8478:
4031:
3905:
3790:Proceedings of the Musical Association
3615:
3586:
3401:
3330:
3264:Theory of Music, Vasanthamadhavi P.183
3144:
3050:
2940:
2909:
2545:s). Each kriti sticks to one specific
2136:(exercises based on the seven talas),
1883:
1507:
897:bourgeoisies, and by extension of the
485:(the musical sound of a single note),
7164:
6549:
5985:
5298:
4603:
4509:
4474:Solis, Gabriel; Nettl, Bruno (2009).
4107:
4095:
4083:
4048:
3733:
3520:
3518:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3397:
3395:
3393:
2870:
2868:
2745:, and the Aradhana in the US city of
2329:, and so is the division between two
1177:are grouped into sets of six, called
952:
857:Carnatic music outside of South India
571:
524:), a rhythm accompaniment (usually a
442:. It is one of two main subgenres of
4135:Palackal, J. J. (1998). "untitled".
3922:
3531:University of British Columbia Press
3484:
3229:
2875:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (25 August 2017).
1931:(simple songs) for novice students.
1575:adding citations to reliable sources
1542:
1281:groups which can be formed from the
495:(the mode or melodic formulae), and
5324:
4473:
4119:
3871:Higgins, J. B. (1973). "untitled".
3441:Choreographies of 21st century wars
3275:"Royal tribute to Thanjavur rulers"
2934:
2878:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
2820:List of composers who created ragas
2564:, usually, the performer sings the
1894:List of composers who created ragas
1876:. It is sung immediately after the
1207:s may be divided into two classes:
1106:List of composers who created ragas
24:
8501:Classical and art music traditions
3786:"Some Indian Conceptions of Music"
3515:
3469:
3390:
2903:
2865:
2853:
2374:
1946:, (1762–1827) are regarded as the
1906:(1484–1564) is referred to as the
1898:Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore
25:
8517:
6575:
4584:
4575:Panchapakesa Iyer, A. S. (2003).
4318:"Focus on veena's exalted status"
4265:
3294:, p54-55, p92, p162-163, p225-226
2830:List of Carnatic instrumentalists
1959:Prominent composers prior to the
1529:
1084:) and another descending (in the
1064:), which have only one form; and
7191:
7143:
7142:
4629:
4486:
4459:
4193:Higgins, J. B. (1985). "India".
4108:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998)
4096:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998)
4084:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998)
4032:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998)
3906:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998)
3315:
3303:
3291:
3179:
3147:The Journal of American Folklore
3044:
2799:
2785:
2702:List of Carnatic music festivals
2582:with a phrase selected from the
2514:is composed with an emphasis on
2467:concerts, where an accompanying
1684:phrases in free rhythm, like an
1547:
1453:
1346:
1161:, thirty six of whose madhyama (
282:
42:
6011:
4548:
4502:The Harvard Dictionary of Music
4499:
4487:Pranesh, Meera Rajaram (2003).
4442:
4399:
4283:
4271:
4221:
4180:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4016:
4010:
3899:
3858:
3852:
3759:
3704:
3691:
3665:
3580:
3555:
3432:
3359:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3267:
3258:
3173:
3123:
3105:
3081:
2607:. In this, they use the sounds
1538:
1415:The performer will explore the
1396:
755:, who is known as the "father (
678:(The one who is well versed in
434:and portions of east and south
7245:Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate
4857:Principles of Hindustani music
4277:
4227:
4137:Yearbook for Traditional Music
3817:Yearbook for Traditional Music
3038:
3032:
3026:
3007:
2965:
2847:
2504:Concerts usually begin with a
2444:fashion along with the beats.
2359:Performances of Carnatic music
2352:
1846:This kind of song is called a
1826:. This is the equivalent of a
1221:
1093:
475:(the relative musical pitch),
13:
1:
8326:List of people from Karnataka
4435:
3923:Wolf, R. (1999). "untitled".
3491:University of Wisconsin Press
3402:Daniel, E. Valentine (1996).
2402:, and now more commonly, the
2325:is indicated by a।, called a
751:reached its greatest extent.
8422:Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award
4500:Randel, Don Michael (2003).
4480:University of Illinois Press
2941:Arnold, Alison, ed. (1998).
2910:Arnold, Alison, ed. (1998).
2695:
2479:Contemporary concert content
2216:
1502:tha, nam, thom, aa, nom, na,
1339:s results in a total of 108
847:Indian independence movement
7:
5079:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
4555:Charles Russel Day (1891).
4531:University of Chicago Press
3345:10.1080/0143968022000012129
3063:"History of Music, Origins"
2778:
2773:Karnataka Ganakala Parishat
2678:
2168:set to a particular raga).
2119:
937:
923:
613:
497:
487:
477:
467:
406:
400:
10:
8522:
4737:Hindustani classical music
3408:Princeton University Press
3209:10.1177/001946469903600201
2951:. pp. 231, 232, 269.
2920:. pp. 231, 232, 269.
2815:List of Carnatic composers
2699:
2560:After singing the opening
2381:Indian musical instruments
2378:
2356:
2226:composed, for example, by
1890:List of Carnatic composers
1887:
1812:
1756:
1522:line. Set to a slow-paced
1511:
1457:
1430:
1426:
1400:
1323:has five variants (called
1225:
1197:to determine the names of
1103:
1097:
983:
961:
869:. Communities such as the
8435:
8382:
8334:
8307:
8119:
8106:Kannada Sahitya Sammelana
7993:
7890:
7822:
7765:
7717:
7669:
7611:
7598:
7400:
7312:
7222:
7207:
7138:
7060:
7004:
6916:
6816:
6731:
6699:
6661:
6633:
6590:
6583:
6530:Asampurna Melakarta ragas
6510:
6458:
6387:
6311:
6260:
6194:
6118:
6022:
5961:Asampurna Melakarta Ragas
5941:
5890:
5843:
5796:
5746:
5696:
5646:
5635:
5581:
5534:
5487:
5440:
5393:
5343:
5332:
5264:
5227:
5129:Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh
5053:
5029:
5013:
5006:
4969:
4941:
4911:
4880:
4856:
4795:
4744:
4735:
4694:
4666:
4637:
2856:"A Karnatic Music Primer"
2835:Trinity of Carnatic music
2539:(commonly referred to as
2317:. The division between a
2306:
2252:
1961:Trinity of Carnatic music
1948:Trinity of Carnatic music
1752:
1335:s, although use of other
935:or melodic formulae, and
908:
830:proficient in music were
792:Maratha rulers of Tanjore
515:Trinity of Carnatic music
8101:Kannada Sahitya Parishat
7555:Unification of Karnataka
6904:(changing string tuning)
6222:Karnataka Shuddha Saveri
5054:Region wise Indian Music
4460:Moorthy, Vijaya (2001).
4120:Solis & Nettl (2009)
2883:Rowman & Littlefield
2840:
2825:List of Carnatic singers
1808:
1495:
1359:– an essential aspect. "
1277:. There are seven basic
979:
957:
878:music" ("music from the
450:. The other subgenre is
8321:Karnataka ethnic groups
8259:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III
5070:Karnataka Sugam sangeet
5041:Light songs in the play
4568:Encyclopædia Britannica
4495:: Vee Emm Publications.
4468:: Abhinav Publications.
4455:: Taylor & Francis.
3445:Oxford University Press
2854:Sriram, Parthasarathy.
2739:Chembai Sangeetholsavam
2692:that are in existence.
2243:Saraswati Mahal Library
2013:Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi
1880:, but at double speed.
1644:Indian devotional music
1147:In Carnatic music, the
945:, the rhythmic cycles.
903:Western classical music
8491:Indian styles of music
4668:Indian classical music
4650:Indian classical music
4645:Music in ancient India
4579:. Gānāmruta Prachuram.
4577:Gānāmruta Varna Mālikā
3784:MacCarthy, M. (1912).
3384:10.5281/zenodo.6550640
3279:The New Indian Express
3132:"Yajnavalkya on Music"
2741:in the Indian city of
2733:. Held in the city of
2045:Subramania Bharathiyar
2029:Patnam Subramania Iyer
2021:Gopalakrishna Bharathi
2015:. Other composers are
1678:, musicians improvise
1640:Indian classical dance
1357:Indian classical music
828:famous court-musicians
595:Like all art forms in
592:
444:Indian classical music
412:South Indian languages
276:Indian classical music
48:Tanjavur-style tambura
7590:Western Ganga dynasty
7125:Violin musical styles
7073:History of the violin
6709:Electric upright bass
4912:Variations of Bandish
4745:Types of compositions
4472:Nettl, B. (2009). In
4303:on 19 September 2006.
3410:. pp. 157, 145.
3019:26 April 2012 at the
2142:or simple songs, and
2116:in his compositions.
1173:from the tonic). The
887:Sri Lankan population
871:Nattukottai Chettiars
788:Kingdom of Travancore
769:Chaturdandi Prakasika
579:
8412:Rajyotsava Prashasti
8279:K. S. Narasimhaswamy
6976:Double bass concerto
4943:Semi-classical music
4570:(15 ed.). 2005.
4393:10.1093/mq/XVII.1.14
3798:10.1093/jrma/38.1.41
3792:. 38th Sess: 41–65.
3493:. pp. 131–132.
3113:"Veena in Yajurveda"
2949:Taylor & Francis
2918:Taylor & Francis
2758:Madras Music Academy
2651:ragam thanam pallavi
2195:Muthuswami Dikshitar
2132:(graded exercises),
2053:M. Balamuralikrishna
1940:Muthuswami Dikshitar
1571:improve this section
1361:Manodharma Sangeetam
997:s also refer to the
8506:Carnatic violinists
8299:G. S. Shivarudrappa
8269:Gopalakrishna Adiga
7920:Chitrakala Parishat
7847:Dams and reservoirs
7719:Kalaburagi division
7560:Vijayanagara Empire
7535:Rashtrakuta dynasty
7450:Chitradurga Nayakas
7236:Emblem of Karnataka
7005:Related instruments
6919:and genres of music
6885:Finger substitution
6535:List of Janya ragas
6466:Thyagaraja Mangalam
5971:List of Janya ragas
5228:Language wise Music
4462:Romance of the Raga
3679:on 11 December 2008
3119:on 31 October 2006.
3067:The Carnatica Group
2706:Madras Music Season
2391:is the traditional
2345:, and looks like a
2049:Kalyani Varadarajan
2041:Muthiah Bhagavathar
2033:Mysore Vasudevachar
2009:Sadasiva Brahmendra
2005:Bhadrachala Ramadas
1934:The contemporaries
1884:Prominent composers
1514:Ragam Tanam Pallavi
1508:Ragam Tanam Pallavi
1056:(also known as the
749:Vijayanagara Empire
566:Madras Music Season
128:Rāgaṃ Tānaṃ Pallavi
87:Asaṃpūrṇa Mēḷakarta
8209:Nijaguna Shivayogi
7613:Bangalore division
6610:Five-string violin
6478:(Shuddha Dhanyasi)
6476:Udayaravichandrika
5817:Simhendramadhyamam
5021:Music of Bollywood
5007:Indian Light Music
4994:Uttarakhandi Music
4419:on 7 February 2005
3697:S. Santhanlingam,
3587:Srinivasan, Anil.
2727:Tyagaraja Aradhana
2667:– bits of popular
2611:, etc. instead of
2413:in Western music.
2102:Purandara Vitthala
1942:, (1776–1835) and
1194:katapayadi sankhya
953:Important elements
671:Yajnavalkya Smriti
593:
572:Origin and history
532:, which acts as a
407:Karnāṭaka saṅgītam
8473:
8472:
8417:Jakanachari Award
8254:Shishunala Sharif
7965:Togalu gombeyaata
7818:
7817:
7671:Belagavi division
7515:Kingdom of Mysore
7495:Kalyani Chalukyas
7304:Southern birdwing
7158:
7157:
6727:
6726:
6543:
6542:
6227:Kathanakuthuhalam
5979:
5978:
5937:
5936:
5720:Shubhapantuvarali
5631:
5630:
5292:
5291:
5266:Maharashtra music
5260:
5259:
5089:Arunachal Pradesh
5030:Indian play music
5014:Indian film music
4971:Indian folk music
4937:
4936:
4658:Indian folk music
4407:"Musical Musings"
4381:Musical Quarterly
3753:10.1093/mq/LX.1.1
3740:Musical Quarterly
3500:978-0-299-23164-4
3454:978-0-19-020166-1
3417:978-0-691-02774-6
3101:on 31 March 2005.
3014:The Music Academy
2985:978-0-226-15288-2
2958:978-0-8240-4946-1
2927:978-0-8240-4946-1
2892:978-1-5381-0686-0
2717:With the city of
2257:Unlike classical
1989:Narayana Theertha
1607:
1606:
1599:
1365:kalpana Sangeetam
1351:Improvisation in
899:Sri Lankan Tamils
784:Kingdom of Mysore
740:Sangita Ratnakara
462:(singing) style.
401:Karnāṭaka saṃgīta
393:
392:
270:
269:
16:(Redirected from
8513:
8427:Kempegowda Award
8407:Basava Puraskara
8402:Nrupatunga Award
8274:V. Seetharamaiah
8095:
8088:
8081:
8074:
8067:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8044:Western Chalukya
8039:
8032:
8025:
8018:
8011:
7985:Mysore musicians
7915:Channapatna toys
7832:Cities and towns
7785:Dakshina Kannada
7609:
7608:
7575:Veera Ballala II
7510:Kittur Chennamma
7470:Kingdom of Coorg
7445:Chalukya dynasty
7195:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7162:
7161:
7146:
7145:
7068:Violin acoustics
7022:Hardanger fiddle
6956:String orchestra
6620:Alexander violin
6588:
6587:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6547:
6546:
6339:Navarasa kannada
6006:
5999:
5992:
5983:
5982:
5644:
5643:
5341:
5340:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5124:Himachal Pradesh
5074:Goa trance music
5066:Rajasthani Music
5045:Sugama Sangeetha
5011:
5010:
4979:Rabindra Sangeet
4881:Types of Bandish
4742:
4741:
4681:Hindustani music
4624:
4617:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4544:
4520:
4505:
4496:
4483:
4469:
4456:
4443:Arnold, Alison.
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4330:on 27 June 2003.
4326:. Archived from
4314:
4305:
4304:
4299:. Archived from
4291:"The golden era"
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4254:
4253:
4242:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4190:
4184:
4181:Kassebaum (2000)
4178:
4169:
4168:
4132:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4046:
4035:
4029:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3979:
3970:
3969:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3920:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3868:
3862:
3859:Kassebaum (2000)
3856:
3850:
3849:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3731:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3702:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3675:. Archived from
3673:"Sound of India"
3669:
3663:
3662:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3567:encyclopedia.com
3559:
3553:
3552:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3482:
3467:
3466:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3399:
3388:
3387:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3192:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3115:. Archived from
3109:
3103:
3102:
3097:. Archived from
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2465:Hindustani music
2209:, among others.
2128:. This involves
2025:Neelakanta Sivan
1691:divya prabandham
1611:Hindustani music
1602:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1551:
1543:
1171:augmented fourth
944:
930:
919:Hindustani music
621:
504:
494:
484:
474:
452:Hindustani music
409:
403:
385:
378:
371:
299:Hindustani music
286:
272:
271:
262:
255:
248:
46:
32:
31:
21:
8521:
8520:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8511:
8510:
8476:
8475:
8474:
8469:
8431:
8392:Karnataka Ratna
8378:
8330:
8303:
8239:Jagannatha Dasa
8154:Devar Dasimayya
8115:
8091:
8084:
8077:
8070:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8007:
7989:
7886:
7814:
7767:Mysore division
7761:
7713:
7665:
7661:Chikkaballapura
7626:Bangalore Rural
7621:Bangalore Urban
7594:
7585:Vikramaditya VI
7580:Vikramaditya II
7505:Shivappa Nayaka
7490:Kadamba dynasty
7396:
7308:
7218:
7203:
7189:
7159:
7154:
7134:
7120:Violin lutherie
7056:
7032:Lira da braccio
7000:
6961:Violin concerto
6918:
6912:
6812:
6723:
6695:
6681:Cello da spalla
6676:Baritone violin
6657:
6629:
6615:Violino piccolo
6600:Electric violin
6579:
6574:
6544:
6539:
6525:Melakarta ragas
6506:
6497:Yadukulakamboji
6454:
6440:Sindhu Bhairavi
6400:Salaga Bhairavi
6383:
6354:Poornachandrika
6307:
6256:
6207:Kalyanavasantam
6190:
6114:
6050:Amritha Kalyani
6018:
6010:
5980:
5975:
5933:
5905:Jyoti swarupini
5886:
5839:
5792:
5742:
5726:Shadvidamargini
5692:
5639:
5637:
5627:
5605:Gangeyabhushani
5577:
5567:Sankarabharanam
5530:
5483:
5461:Mayamalavagowla
5436:
5389:
5336:
5334:
5328:
5326:Melakarta Ragas
5323:
5293:
5288:
5256:
5223:
5049:
5025:
5002:
4965:
4933:
4907:
4876:
4852:
4791:
4731:
4690:
4662:
4633:
4628:
4587:
4565:
4551:
4541:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4377:
4373:
4346:Ethnomusicology
4342:
4335:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4266:Bradnock (1992)
4264:
4257:
4244:
4243:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4195:Ethnomusicology
4191:
4187:
4179:
4172:
4133:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4051:Ethnomusicology
4047:
4038:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4011:
3980:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3921:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3812:
3805:
3782:
3778:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3732:
3723:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3699:Kudumiyan Malai
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3653:
3652:
3645:
3614:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3541:
3523:
3516:
3501:
3483:
3470:
3455:
3447:. p. 119.
3437:
3433:
3418:
3400:
3391:
3364:
3360:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3228:
3224:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3069:. Carnatica.net
3061:
3060:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3021:Wayback Machine
3012:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2986:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2908:
2904:
2893:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2721:(then known as
2712:music festivals
2708:
2700:Main articles:
2698:
2681:
2481:
2418:Saraswati veena
2383:
2377:
2375:Instrumentation
2361:
2355:
2309:
2255:
2219:
2207:Papanasam Sivan
2203:Swathi Thirunal
2122:
2110:Tamil Tyagaraja
2057:Papanasam Sivan
2037:Koteeswara Iyer
2017:Swathi Thirunal
1997:Jagannatha Dasa
1981:Arunachala Kavi
1977:Vadiraja Tirtha
1925:Mayamalavagowla
1900:
1886:
1817:
1811:
1761:
1755:
1609:In contrast to
1603:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1568:
1552:
1541:
1532:
1516:
1510:
1498:
1462:
1456:
1435:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1355:is the soul of
1349:
1230:
1224:
1159:melakarta ragas
1149:sampoorna ragas
1108:
1102:
1096:
988:
982:
966:
960:
955:
911:
859:
843:princely states
832:Veene Sheshanna
574:
389:
266:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8519:
8509:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8486:Carnatic music
8471:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8441:
8439:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8388:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8359:National parks
8356:
8351:
8346:
8340:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8328:
8323:
8317:
8315:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8294:D. V. Gundappa
8291:
8286:
8284:M. Govinda Pai
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8219:Purandara Dasa
8216:
8214:Ratnakaravarni
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8125:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8033:
8026:
8019:
8012:
7999:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7945:Karnatik music
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7896:
7894:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7775:Chamarajanagar
7771:
7769:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7723:
7721:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7709:Uttara Kannada
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7675:
7673:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7617:
7615:
7606:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7570:Vishnuvardhana
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7500:Keladi Nayakas
7497:
7492:
7487:
7485:Hoysala Empire
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7406:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7387:Transportation
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7318:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7300:
7294:
7285:
7276:
7267:
7258:
7256:Asian elephant
7248:
7247:
7238:
7228:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7188:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7165:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7083:Bass amplifier
7075:
7070:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7008:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6996:Carnatic music
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6971:Cello concerto
6968:
6966:Viola concerto
6963:
6958:
6953:
6951:String section
6948:
6943:
6938:
6936:String quintet
6933:
6928:
6926:String quartet
6922:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6899:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6833:
6822:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6705:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6691:Electric cello
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6643:Vertical viola
6639:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6573:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6550:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6515:Carnatic music
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6445:Sunadavinodini
6442:
6437:
6435:Shuddha Saveri
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6131:Darbari Kanada
6128:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6055:Anandabhairavi
6052:
6047:
6045:Amritavarshini
6042:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6009:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5986:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5946:Carnatic music
5942:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5917:Nasikabhushani
5913:
5907:
5901:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5813:
5811:Shanmukhapriya
5807:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5753:
5751:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5710:
5703:
5701:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5653:
5651:
5641:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5588:
5586:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5514:Kharaharapriya
5510:
5504:
5498:
5496:Jhankaradhvani
5491:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5455:Vakulabharanam
5451:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5350:
5348:
5338:
5330:
5329:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5299:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5149:Madhya Pradesh
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5084:Andhra Pradesh
5081:
5076:
5071:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5017:
5015:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4984:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4702:Shruti (music)
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4676:Carnatic music
4672:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4591:Carnatic music
4586:
4585:External links
4583:
4582:
4581:
4572:
4563:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4539:
4506:
4497:
4484:
4470:
4457:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4398:
4371:
4358:10.2307/850653
4333:
4306:
4282:
4270:
4255:
4232:
4220:
4207:10.2307/852348
4185:
4170:
4149:10.2307/768616
4124:
4112:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4063:10.2307/852807
4036:
4021:
4009:
3996:10.2307/833942
3990:(2): 103–118.
3971:
3950:
3937:10.2307/834271
3931:(1): 199–203.
3910:
3908:, pp. 219–220.
3898:
3885:10.2307/833829
3863:
3851:
3830:10.2307/767877
3803:
3776:
3758:
3721:
3703:
3690:
3664:
3643:
3630:10.2307/833958
3605:
3579:
3554:
3539:
3533:. p. 36.
3514:
3499:
3468:
3453:
3431:
3416:
3389:
3358:
3339:(4): 445–473.
3320:
3316:Pranesh (2003)
3308:
3304:Pranesh (2003)
3296:
3292:Pranesh (2003)
3284:
3266:
3257:
3244:10.2307/833909
3222:
3203:(2): 131–163.
3184:
3180:Moorthy (2001)
3172:
3159:10.2307/538567
3137:
3122:
3104:
3080:
3049:
3045:Moorthy (2001)
3037:
3025:
3006:
2994:
2984:
2964:
2957:
2933:
2926:
2902:
2891:
2885:. p. 88.
2864:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2796:
2780:
2777:
2697:
2694:
2680:
2677:
2646:tani avartanam
2609:aa, ri, na, ta
2603:exploring the
2553:(a garland of
2480:
2477:
2376:
2373:
2357:Main article:
2354:
2351:
2308:
2305:
2267:staff notation
2254:
2251:
2228:Purandara Dasa
2218:
2215:
2162:sarali varisai
2126:Purandara Dasa
2121:
2118:
2106:Gopalakrishnan
1938:(1767– 1847),
1904:Purandara Dasa
1885:
1882:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1813:Main article:
1810:
1807:
1787:muktayi swaras
1757:Main article:
1754:
1751:
1605:
1604:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1530:Tani Avartanam
1528:
1512:Main article:
1509:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1458:Main article:
1455:
1452:
1431:Main article:
1428:
1425:
1401:Main article:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:Tani Avartanam
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1348:
1345:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1226:Main article:
1223:
1220:
1199:melakarta raga
1167:perfect fourth
1165:) is shuddha (
1098:Main article:
1095:
1092:
984:Main article:
981:
978:
962:Main article:
959:
956:
954:
951:
910:
907:
863:Southeast Asia
858:
855:
753:Purandara Dasa
719:Cilappatikaram
597:Indian culture
573:
570:
511:Purandara Dasa
456:Northern India
420:Andhra Pradesh
396:Carnatic music
391:
390:
388:
387:
380:
373:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:
354:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
314:
313:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
294:Carnatic music
288:
287:
279:
278:
268:
267:
265:
264:
257:
250:
242:
239:
238:
237:
236:
231:
223:
222:
221:
220:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
164:
159:
154:
152:Sarasvati Vīṇā
149:
143:
142:
138:
137:
136:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
97:
96:
92:
91:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
56:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
36:Carnatic music
26:
18:Carnatic Music
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8518:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8387:
8385:
8381:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8364:Hindu temples
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8169:Allama Prabhu
8167:
8165:
8164:Akka Mahadevi
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8139:Adikavi Pampa
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8094:
8090:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8069:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8048:
8045:
8041:
8038:
8037:Western Ganga
8034:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8020:
8017:
8013:
8010:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7970:Udupi cuisine
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7960:Mysore Dasara
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7925:Gaarudi Gombe
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7900:Bharatanatyam
7898:
7897:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7882:Western Ghats
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7862:Highest point
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7821:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7716:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7668:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7545:Srirangapatna
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7530:Pulakeshin II
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7415:Alupa dynasty
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7298:Carnatic carp
7295:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7265:Indian roller
7262:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7246:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7224:State symbols
7221:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7186:
7181:
7179:
7174:
7172:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7151:
7150:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7003:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6981:Violin sonata
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6941:String sextet
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6793:Shoulder rest
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6648:Viola pomposa
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6577:Violin family
6571:
6566:
6564:
6559:
6557:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6503:
6502:Yamunakalyani
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6430:Shree ranjani
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6420:Sri Tyagaraja
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6359:Punnagavarali
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6324:Nagasvaravali
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6293:Mohanakalyani
6291:
6289:
6288:Malayamarutam
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6007:
6002:
6000:
5995:
5993:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5930:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:Aditya chakra
5889:
5883:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5858:Rishabhapriya
5855:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5634:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5611:Vagadheeswari
5608:
5606:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5523:
5521:
5520:Gourimanohari
5517:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:Kannada music
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:Marathi Music
5233:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5209:Uttar Pradesh
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Natya Sangeet
5035:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:Bihu of Assam
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:Natya Sangeet
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4542:
4540:0-226-57411-3
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4338:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4229:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4121:
4116:
4109:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4017:Randel (2003)
4013:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3976:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3810:
3808:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3700:
3694:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3610:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3540:0-7748-0759-8
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2869:
2857:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2797:
2794:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2639:kalpanaswaram
2636:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2567:kalpanaswaram
2563:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2458:kalpanaswaram
2455:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:scale degrees
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:Western music
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2130:sarali swaras
2127:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1872:, called the
1871:
1867:
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1816:
1815:Kriti (music)
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1561:
1556:This section
1554:
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1503:
1493:
1490:
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1468:
1461:
1460:Kalpanaswaram
1454:Kalpanaswaram
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1358:
1354:
1347:Improvisation
1344:
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1253:s) which are
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987:
977:
975:
970:
965:
964:Śruti (music)
950:
946:
943:
942:
941:
934:
929:
928:
927:
920:
916:
906:
904:
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868:
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854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
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829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
774:
773:sampurna raga
770:
766:
762:
761:Venkatamakhin
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:
736:
732:
727:
725:
724:Ilango Adigal
721:
720:
715:
714:
713:Natya Shastra
709:
705:
704:
699:
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693:
692:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
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637:
636:
631:
630:
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620:
619:
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610:
606:
602:
598:
590:
586:
585:Hindu goddess
582:
578:
569:
567:
563:
559:
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551:
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531:
527:
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492:
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463:
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438:and southern
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34:
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30:
19:
8369:Jain temples
8264:D. R. Bendre
8199:Kumara Vyasa
8058:Vijayanagara
7944:
7867:Bayalu Seeme
7752:Vijayanagara
7565:Vijayanagara
7520:Mayurasharma
7455:Deva Raya II
7420:Amoghavarsha
7322:Architecture
7213:
7147:
7130:Violin octet
7110:Stradivarius
6995:
6991:Cello sonata
6986:Viola sonata
6946:String octet
6835:
6653:Tenor violin
6625:Stroh violin
6514:
6415:Shivaranjani
6334:Nattakurinji
6319:Nada Kalyani
6278:Madhyamavati
6181:Jana Ranjani
6151:Garudadhvani
6146:Gambhiranata
6136:Devagandhari
5945:
5911:Dhatuvardani
5876:Mechakalyani
5844:Rudra chakra
5782:Gamanashrama
5764:Namanarayani
5758:Dhavalambari
5599:Ragavardhini
5561:Harikambhoji
5502:Natabhairavi
5394:Netra chakra
5253:Assami music
5247:Telegu music
5104:Chhattisgarh
4956:Baithak Gana
4686:Odissi music
4675:
4631:Indian music
4576:
4567:
4557:
4549:Bibliography
4516:
4511:Nettl, Bruno
4501:
4488:
4475:
4461:
4444:
4421:. Retrieved
4417:the original
4410:
4401:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4349:
4345:
4328:the original
4321:
4301:the original
4294:
4285:
4278:Gupta (2006)
4273:
4250:karnatik.com
4249:
4228:Nettl (2005)
4223:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4140:
4136:
4115:
4103:
4091:
4079:
4054:
4050:
4012:
3987:
3983:
3966:karnatik.com
3965:
3928:
3924:
3901:
3879:(2): 27–35.
3876:
3872:
3866:
3854:
3821:
3815:
3789:
3779:
3771:karnatik.com
3770:
3761:
3744:
3738:
3735:Nettl, Bruno
3716:karnatik.com
3715:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3681:. Retrieved
3677:the original
3667:
3659:karnatik.com
3658:
3621:
3617:
3596:. Retrieved
3592:
3582:
3570:. Retrieved
3566:
3557:
3526:
3486:
3440:
3434:
3403:
3378:(1): 90–95.
3375:
3371:
3361:
3336:
3332:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3200:
3196:
3175:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3125:
3117:the original
3107:
3099:the original
3092:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3066:
3040:
3033:Nettl (2005)
3028:
3009:
2989:
2974:
2967:
2943:
2936:
2912:
2905:
2896:
2877:
2849:
2807:Music portal
2793:India portal
2770:
2754:Music Season
2751:
2716:
2709:
2684:
2682:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:raga alapana
2598:
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2446:
2442:contrapuntal
2415:
2405:
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2366:
2362:
2343:double ḍaṇḍā
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2291:
2271:church modes
2263:tonic sol-fa
2256:
2232:
2220:
2211:
2199:Syama Sastri
2181:
2170:
2161:
2158:
2147:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2061:
1985:Annamacharya
1958:
1951:
1944:Syama Sastri
1933:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1877:
1874:madhyamakāla
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1818:
1803:
1798:chittaswaras
1796:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1727:thiruppugazh
1725:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1593:
1584:
1569:Please help
1557:
1539:Compositions
1533:
1517:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1439:
1436:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1397:Raga Alapana
1386:Swarakalpana
1369:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:Triputa tala
1290:
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1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:Tala (music)
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1178:
1174:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1127:
1126:) and down (
1123:
1111:
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1081:
1065:
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1049:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
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947:
938:
924:
914:
912:
884:
875:
860:
836:
781:
777:
768:
756:
747:, while the
745:Vijayanagara
738:
728:
717:
711:
701:
695:
689:
679:
675:
669:
663:
657:
649:
644:
633:
628:
614:
594:
588:
519:
498:
488:
478:
468:
464:
459:
395:
394:
304:Odissi music
293:
169:(Citra Vīṇā)
95:Compositions
35:
29:
8496:South India
8397:Pampa Award
8234:Gopala Dasa
8229:Vijaya Dasa
8224:Kanaka Dasa
8189:Rudrabhatta
8134:Gunavarma I
8121:Noted poets
8030:Rashtrakuta
7780:Chikmagalur
7656:Ramanagara
7631:Chitradurga
7550:Tipu Sultan
7100:Jazz violin
7042:Nyckelharpa
7027:Hurdy-gurdy
6931:String trio
6875:Double stop
6778:Fingerboard
6701:Double bass
6671:Bass violin
6584:Instruments
6425:Shree ragam
6369:Reethigowla
6232:Kedaragaula
6161:Hamsadhvani
5966:Janya ragas
5929:Rasikapriya
5882:Chitrambari
5797:Disi chakra
5788:Vishwambari
5770:Kamavardani
5670:Jhalavarali
5573:Naganandini
5543:Mararanjani
5535:Bana chakra
5526:Varunapriya
5488:Veda chakra
5479:Hatakambari
5473:Suryakantam
5467:Chakravakam
5449:Gayakapriya
5441:Agni chakra
5426:Kokilapriya
5420:Natakapriya
5250:Tamil music
5238:Hindi music
5219:West Bengal
5214:Uttarakhand
5154:Maharashtra
4991:Ganasangeet
3984:Asian Music
3925:Asian Music
3873:Asian Music
3683:18 December
3618:Asian Music
3232:Asian Music
3129:YjS 3.115.
2735:Thiruvayaru
2404:electronic
2353:Performance
2275:accidentals
2098:yāma Kr̥ṣṇa
2001:Gopala Dasa
1993:Vijaya Dasa
1969:Vyasatirtha
1965:Sripadaraja
1866:chittaswara
1862:chittaswara
1771:sanchaaraas
1587:August 2014
1312:Rupaka tala
1306:Jhampa tala
1300:Dhruva tala
1275:kaakapaadam
1222:Tala system
1209:janaka raga
1163:subdominant
1094:Raga system
1070:subdominant
876:thosai kade
800:rudra veena
735:Sharngadeva
731:North India
665:Mahabharata
558:chitraveena
416:South India
398:, known as
167:Goṭṭuvādyaṃ
141:Instruments
8480:Categories
8460:Television
8450:Newspapers
8374:Waterfalls
8184:Raghavanka
8174:Siddharama
8009:Milestones
7995:Literature
7980:Yakshagana
7930:Ilkal sari
7737:Kalaburagi
7636:Davanagere
7525:Pattadakal
7342:Demography
7283:Sandalwood
7012:Arpeggione
6902:Scordatura
6831:Bow stroke
6818:Techniques
6808:Tuning peg
6798:Sound post
6273:Madhuvanti
6171:Hamsanandi
6166:Hamsanadam
5899:Sucharitra
5870:Vachaspati
5829:Dharmavati
5805:Shamalangi
5732:Suvarnangi
5714:Bhavapriya
5708:Gavambhodi
5688:Raghupriya
5676:Navaneetam
5664:Jalarnavam
5408:Hanumatodi
5199:Tamil Nadu
4961:Sikh music
4924:Madhyalaya
4436:References
4423:13 January
2551:ragamalika
2531:After the
2379:See also:
2339:anudhrutam
2235:Shahaji II
2144:Swarajatis
1973:Kanakadasa
1912:Swaravalis
1888:See also:
1848:keerthanam
1834:Anupallavi
1782:anupallavi
1708:devaranama
1660:, Kannada
1632:swarajatis
1309:Matya tala
1185:supertonic
1128:avarohanam
1104:See also:
1087:avarohanam
1074:Tamil Nadu
1012:-ga-ma-pa-
820:nadaswaram
790:, and the
513:, and the
432:Tamil Nadu
218:Shruti box
179:Percussion
162:Nādasvaraṃ
8455:Magazines
8244:Lakshmisa
8204:Chamarasa
8144:Sri Ponna
8111:Karnataka
7975:Veeragase
7910:Bidriware
7905:Buta Kola
7837:Districts
7824:Geography
7604:divisions
7600:Districts
7460:Durvinita
7435:Balligavi
7362:Geography
7357:Folk arts
7352:Education
7314:Overviews
7215:Bengaluru
7201:Karnataka
7093:Slap bass
7078:Jazz bass
6917:Ensembles
6897:Pizzicato
6890:Bariolage
6880:Fingering
6870:Harmonics
6837:Col legno
6803:Tailpiece
6374:Revagupti
5852:Kantamani
5835:Neetimati
5776:Ramapriya
5738:Divyamani
5623:Chalanata
5593:Yagapriya
5555:Sarasangi
5549:Charukesi
5508:Keeravani
5373:Vanaspati
5367:Ganamurti
5355:Kanakangi
5189:Rajasthan
5164:Meghalaya
5139:Karnataka
5134:Jharkhand
4898:Sanchaari
4493:Bangalore
4466:New Delhi
4412:The Hindu
4387:: 14–24.
4323:The Hindu
4296:The Hindu
4165:191394968
3846:192945498
3593:Scroll.in
3509:317288154
3463:915135656
3353:191466174
3217:144368744
3094:The Hindu
2747:Cleveland
2743:Guruvayur
2731:Tyagaraja
2696:Festivals
2665:thukkadas
2629:mridangam
2522:saahityam
2426:mridangam
2369:Harikatha
2294:diacritic
2217:Notations
2191:Tyagaraja
2187:Parampara
2134:alankaras
2114:Ramadasan
2090:Tyagaraja
2068:Malayalam
1936:Tyagaraja
1916:Alankaras
1672:sisapadya
1558:does not
1478:) in the
1442:) in the
1291:anudhrtam
1263:anudhrtam
1154:melakarta
1134:of which
1124:aarohanam
816:mridangam
765:melakarta
674:states, "
656:like the
645:Yajurveda
581:Saraswati
528:), and a
526:mridangam
436:Telangana
424:Karnataka
229:Composers
183:Mr̥daṅgaṃ
108:Svarajati
82:Mēḷakarta
8249:Sarvajna
8179:Harihara
8072:Haridasa
8023:Medieval
7872:Malenadu
7857:Villages
7684:Belagavi
7679:Bagalkot
7651:Tumakuru
7540:Sringeri
7465:Halebidu
7430:Banavasi
7392:Wildlife
7302:Insect:
7149:Category
7088:Big band
7047:Pochette
6865:Arpeggio
6853:Spiccato
6763:Chinrest
6741:Bass bar
6719:Octobass
6605:Pochette
6492:Vasantha
6405:Saramati
6344:Niroshta
6283:Malahari
6212:Kambhoji
6202:Kalavati
6186:Jaunpuri
6176:Hindolam
6141:Dhanyasi
6105:Bilahari
6100:Bhupalam
6090:Bhairavi
6085:Bahudari
6080:Bageshri
6060:Andolika
5823:Hemavati
5638:Madhyama
5432:Rupavati
5402:Senavati
5385:Tanarupi
5379:Manavati
5361:Ratnangi
5335:Madhyama
5174:Nagaland
5061:Bhojpuri
4919:Vilambit
4828:Bhairavi
4712:Alankara
4695:Concepts
4449:New York
3747:: 9–12.
3549:41467484
3426:34669394
3017:Archived
2779:See also
2710:Various
2679:Audience
2673:mangalam
2660:tillanas
2537:kirtanas
2485:kutcheri
2331:dhrutams
2173:gurukula
2120:Learning
2094:Guruguha
2072:Sanskrit
1963:include
1908:Pitamaha
1792:charanam
1747:kirtanam
1739:and the
1721:thillana
1703:ugabhoga
1697:thevaram
1662:Ugabhoga
1658:viruttam
1655:, Tamil
1648:Sanskrit
1626:Geethams
1448:sextuple
1303:Eka tala
1297:Ata tala
1082:arohanam
1066:madhyama
1062:dominant
1060:and the
1054:panchama
1038:dhaivata
1034:panchama
1030:madhyama
1026:gandhara
1022:rishabha
917:). Like
845:and the
824:swarabat
757:pitamaha
662:and the
659:Ramayana
629:Samaveda
448:Samaveda
330:Alankara
312:Concepts
234:Glossary
54:Concepts
8344:Beaches
8336:Tourism
8313:society
8289:Kuvempu
8065:Vachana
8051:Hoysala
8003:Kannada
7940:Kannada
7935:Kamsale
7892:Culture
7747:Raichur
7727:Ballari
7694:Dharwad
7689:Bijapur
7646:Shimoga
7475:Halmidi
7402:History
7367:History
7347:Economy
7337:Cuisine
7332:Climate
7210:Capital
7052:Quinton
7017:Baryton
6908:Vibrato
6858:Tremolo
6848:Portato
6843:Martelé
6714:Violone
6686:Cellone
6450:Surutti
6364:Ranjani
6349:Pharaju
6303:Mukhari
6298:Mohanam
6252:Lavangi
6247:Lalitha
6237:Kedaram
6095:Bhimsen
6070:Asaveri
5923:Kosalam
5864:Latangi
5658:Salagam
5617:Shulini
5414:Dhenuka
5333:Shuddha
5204:Tripura
5169:Mizoram
5159:Manipur
5119:Haryana
5114:Gujarat
4987:Dandiya
4888:Sthaayi
4867:Bandish
4823:Bhairav
4818:Asavari
4803:Bilaval
4782:Qawwali
4752:Dhrupad
4523:Chicago
4143:: 207.
3598:10 June
3572:10 June
2719:Chennai
2641:again.
2634:niraval
2570:of the
2463:Unlike
2454:niraval
2438:morsing
2434:kanjira
2420:and/or
2411:harmony
2406:tambura
2388:tambura
2347:caesura
2337:and an
2335:dhrutam
2323:dhrutam
2247:solfege
2239:Tanjore
2166:solfege
2149:varnams
2139:geetams
2064:Kannada
1878:charana
1870:charana
1840:Charana
1828:refrain
1824:Pallavi
1776:pallavi
1730:forms.
1686:alapana
1668:padyamu
1666:Telugu
1579:removed
1564:sources
1520:pallavi
1482:cycle.
1433:Niraval
1427:Niraval
1403:Alapana
1380:Pallavi
1377:Niraval
1374:Alapana
1329:jaathis
1189:mediant
1180:chakras
1130:), the
1042:nishada
999:solfege
891:Colombo
826:. Some
708:Bharata
635:Rigveda
618:brāhman
562:Chennai
552:flute,
546:morsing
542:kanjira
530:tambura
410:in the
352:Sangita
213:Tambura
198:Kanjira
193:Morsing
133:Tillana
123:Kīrtana
8445:Cinema
8384:Awards
8309:People
8159:Basava
8093:Modern
8079:Mysore
7955:Khedda
7950:Kasuti
7877:Kanara
7852:Taluks
7842:Rivers
7805:Mysore
7800:Mandya
7795:Kodagu
7790:Hassan
7757:Yadgir
7742:Koppal
7699:Haveri
7425:Badami
7410:Aihole
7382:Sports
7377:People
7327:Cinema
7296:Fish:
7270:Flower
7252:Animal
7232:Emblem
7037:Lirone
6826:Bowing
6788:Scroll
6773:F-hole
6768:Endpin
6758:Bridge
6592:Violin
6520:Swaras
6487:Varali
6482:Valaji
6471:Tilang
6410:Saveri
6395:Sahana
6379:Revati
6268:Mahati
6242:Khamas
6126:Darbar
6065:Arabhi
6035:Abhogi
6030:Abheri
5951:Swaras
5750:chakra
5748:Brahma
5700:chakra
5682:Pavani
5650:chakra
5585:chakra
5347:chakra
5285:Kirtan
5282:Lavani
5279:Gavlan
5273:Powada
5194:Sikkim
5184:Punjab
5179:Odisha
5144:Kerala
4998:Lavani
4903:Aabhog
4893:Antara
4848:Kalyan
4808:Khamaj
4796:Thaats
4787:Ghazal
4772:Thumri
4767:Tarana
4757:Dhamar
4727:Prahar
4595:Curlie
4537:
4527:London
4525:&
4453:London
4451:&
4366:850653
4364:
4268:, p631
4230:, p189
4215:852348
4213:
4163:
4157:768616
4155:
4122:, p188
4110:, p221
4098:, p232
4086:, p219
4071:852807
4069:
4034:, p232
4019:, p562
4004:833942
4002:
3945:834271
3943:
3893:833829
3891:
3844:
3838:767877
3836:
3638:833958
3636:
3547:
3537:
3507:
3497:
3461:
3451:
3424:
3414:
3351:
3318:, p128
3306:, p108
3252:833909
3250:
3215:
3167:538567
3165:
3073:3 July
2982:
2955:
2924:
2889:
2723:Madras
2690:kritis
2613:swaras
2580:swaras
2576:swaras
2533:varnam
2526:varnam
2517:swaras
2512:varnam
2507:varnam
2430:ghatam
2321:and a
2307:Rhythm
2253:Melody
2154:kritis
2080:Telugu
1953:kritis
1896:, and
1795:, and
1759:Varnam
1753:Varnam
1736:varnam
1712:javali
1676:verses
1467:swaras
1363:" or "
1325:jaathi
1289:, and
1287:dhrtam
1273:, and
1267:plutam
1261:, and
1259:dhrtam
1141:gamaka
1116:melody
1050:shadja
1018:shadja
1004:sargam
974:octave
931:, the
915:gāyaki
909:Nature
895:Jaffna
867:Ceylon
851:sabhās
839:Madras
822:, and
808:ghatam
804:violin
700:, and
686:moksha
668:. The
642:. The
640:yajnas
624:svaras
583:, the
556:, and
538:ghatam
522:violin
460:gāyaki
440:Odisha
428:Kerala
320:Shruti
203:Thavil
188:Ghaṭaṃ
173:Violin
148:Melody
113:Varṇaṃ
8465:Radio
8437:Media
8354:Forts
8194:Janna
8149:Ranna
8129:Asaga
8016:Epics
7810:Udupi
7732:Bidar
7704:Gadag
7641:Kolar
7480:Hampi
7440:Belur
7372:Media
7292:Mango
7288:Fruit
7274:Lotus
7197:State
7105:Rosin
7061:Other
6733:Parts
6663:Cello
6635:Viola
6156:Gaula
6110:Bowli
6075:Atana
6040:Ahiri
6016:ragas
6013:Janya
5956:Ragas
5648:Rishi
5640:Ragas
5636:Prati
5337:Ragas
5099:Bihar
5094:Assam
4843:Marwa
4838:Purvi
4777:Dadra
4762:Khyal
4707:Swara
4362:JSTOR
4280:, p68
4211:JSTOR
4183:, 158
4161:S2CID
4153:JSTOR
4067:JSTOR
4000:JSTOR
3941:JSTOR
3889:JSTOR
3861:, p17
3842:S2CID
3834:JSTOR
3634:JSTOR
3349:S2CID
3248:JSTOR
3213:S2CID
3182:, p18
3163:JSTOR
3047:, p17
3035:, p38
2859:(PDF)
2841:Notes
2766:drama
2762:dance
2669:kriti
2588:swara
2584:kriti
2562:kriti
2555:ragas
2542:kriti
2469:tabla
2400:boxes
2398:śruti
2393:drone
2333:or a
2327:ḍaṇḍā
2319:laghu
2314:tāḷaṃ
2287:tonic
2224:kriti
2085:mudra
2078:, or
2076:Tamil
1929:Gitas
1858:kriti
1853:kriti
1850:or a
1809:Kriti
1779:, an
1742:kriti
1716:padam
1652:sloka
1504:etc.
1496:Tanam
1487:samam
1417:ragam
1389:Tanam
1383:Ragam
1321:laghu
1283:laghu
1255:laghu
1214:janya
1175:ragas
1136:notes
1132:scale
1068:(the
1058:tonic
1046:swara
995:Svara
991:Svara
986:Svara
980:Svara
969:Śruti
958:Śruti
933:modes
796:veena
691:svara
681:veena
654:epics
650:veena
609:Hindu
605:devis
601:devas
589:veena
554:veena
534:drone
507:kriti
480:svara
470:śruti
357:Vadya
325:Svara
209:Drone
118:Kr̥ti
103:Gītaṃ
67:Svara
62:Śruti
8349:Dams
8311:and
8086:Play
7602:and
7279:Tree
7261:Bird
7241:Song
7115:Viol
6751:Frog
6329:Nata
6217:Kāpi
5927:72.
5921:71.
5915:70.
5909:69.
5903:68.
5897:67.
5880:66.
5874:65.
5868:64.
5862:63.
5856:62.
5850:61.
5833:60.
5827:59.
5821:58.
5815:57.
5809:56.
5803:55.
5786:54.
5780:53.
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5768:51.
5762:50.
5756:49.
5736:48.
5730:47.
5724:46.
5718:45.
5712:44.
5706:43.
5698:Vasu
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5680:41.
5674:40.
5668:39.
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5656:37.
5621:36.
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5597:32.
5591:31.
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5565:29.
5559:28.
5553:27.
5547:26.
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5524:24.
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5430:12.
5424:11.
5418:10.
5345:Indu
4929:Drut
4863:Alap
4833:Todi
4813:Kafi
4722:Tāla
4717:Rāga
4638:Main
4566:"".
4535:ISBN
4425:2007
4385:XVII
3685:2006
3600:2016
3574:2016
3545:OCLC
3535:ISBN
3505:OCLC
3495:ISBN
3459:OCLC
3449:ISBN
3422:OCLC
3412:ISBN
3075:2007
2980:ISBN
2953:ISBN
2922:ISBN
2887:ISBN
2771:The
2764:and
2704:and
2685:tala
2663:and
2625:raga
2621:raga
2617:raga
2605:raga
2592:raga
2572:raga
2547:raga
2499:raga
2495:raga
2490:raga
2456:and
2450:raga
2436:and
2422:venu
2385:The
2205:and
2184:Guru
2177:guru
2055:and
2011:and
1921:Raga
1914:and
1864:. A
1789:, a
1766:raga
1745:(or
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1681:raga
1642:and
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1480:tala
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1440:idam
1409:raga
1353:raga
1341:tala
1337:anga
1333:tala
1279:tala
1271:guru
1251:anga
1247:Tala
1239:Tala
1234:Tala
1216:raga
1205:Raga
1187:and
1120:mode
1112:raga
1100:Raga
1078:raga
1052:and
1040:and
940:tāḷa
926:rāga
893:and
880:dosa
865:and
812:venu
716:and
703:tala
697:raga
616:nāda
603:and
550:venu
500:tala
490:rāga
345:Tala
340:Rasa
335:Raga
157:Veṇu
77:Tāḷa
72:Rāga
7199:of
6783:Nut
6746:Bow
6459:T-V
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