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913:, argued in 2017: "If your effect is so fragile that it can only be reproduced , then why do you think it can be reproduced by schoolteachers?" Brown points out that most of the research in this area has been conducted by Dweck or her collaborators. After Brown's application of the GRIM method showed that some of the means reported in the 1998 study were "impossible", he reviewed the original study data and found some errors in the recording of data, which Dweck publicly acknowledged. Brown praised Dweck's "openness and willingness to address the problems".
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is a negative statement on their basic abilities, while growth mindset individuals don't mind or fear failure as much because they realize their performance can be improved and learning comes from failure. According to Dweck, these two mindsets play an important role in all aspects of a person's life; she argues that the growth mindset allows a person to live a less stressful and more successful life.
928:, says "it's great to dwell on the fact that intelligence is not fundamentally genetic and unchangeable", but he believes the limitations of mindset outweigh its uses: "It individualises the failure – 'they couldn't change the way they think, so that's why they failed'." James notes that a study in 2013 showed no statistically significant effect of mindset theory.
2087:; Schneider, Barbara; Hulleman, Chris S.; Hinojosa, Cintia P.; Paunesku, David; Romero, Carissa; Flint, Kate; Roberts, Alice; Trott, Jill; Iachan, Ronaldo; Buontempo, Jenny; Yang, Sophia Man; Carvalho, Carlos M.; Hahn, P. Richard; Gopalan, Maithreyi; Mhatre, Pratik; Ferguson, Ronald; Duckworth, Angela L.; Dweck, Carol S. (August 7, 2019).
327:; some responsibilities like erasing the blackboard and carrying the flag were reserved to students with the highest IQs. She later described becoming "increasingly afraid to risk her reputation as one of the most intelligent children in the class", by avoiding participation in a spelling bee and a French competition.
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parents want to give their children a gift, the best thing they can do is to teach their children to love challenges, be intrigued by mistakes, enjoy effort, and keep on learning. That way, their children don't have to be slaves of praise. They will have a lifelong way to build and repair their own confidence."
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According to Dweck, individuals can be placed on a continuum according to their implicit views of where ability comes from; those believing their success to be based on innate ability are said to have a "fixed" theory of intelligence (fixed mindset), and those believing their success is based on hard
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of intelligence and personality, which she first introduced in a 1988 paper. In the academic literature, the term "implicit theories" is often treated as synonymous with "implicit beliefs", "self-theories", or "mindsets", and is defined by Dweck as "core assumptions about the malleability of personal
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According to Dweck, individuals may not necessarily be aware of their own mindset, but according to Dweck, their mindset can still be discerned based on their behavior, being especially evident in their reaction to failure. Dweck has described fixed-mindset individuals as dreading failure because it
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In 2017, she stated "I am now developing a broad theory that puts motivation and the formation of mindsets (or beliefs) at the heart of social and personality development." Later that year she published the theory in a paper titled "From Needs to Goals and
Representations: Foundations for a Unified
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In a fixed mindset students believe their basic abilities, their intelligence, their talents, are just fixed traits. They have a certain amount and that's that, and then their goal becomes to look smart all the time and never look dumb. In a growth mindset students understand that their talents and
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Dweck warns of the dangers of praising intelligence as it puts children in a fixed mindset, and they will not want to be challenged because they will not want to look stupid or make a mistake. She notes, "Praising children's intelligence harms motivation and it harms performance." She advises, "If
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As explained by Dweck, a growth mindset is not just about effort. Dweck has written that a common misunderstanding is that the growth mindset is "just about effort". She states, "The growth mindset was intended to help close achievement gaps, not hide them. It is about telling the truth about a
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in
England, involved 101 schools and 5018 pupils across the country. After the trial they found that pupils in schools receiving the intervention showed no additional progress in literacy or numeracy relative to pupils in the control group. These findings were determined by the national
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for
Education Research, citing her mindset work. The prize includes receipt of approximately US$ 3.9 million, divided equally between a cash prize and project funding. Dweck received an APS Mentor Award in 2019, and was named an APS William James Fellow in 2020.
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Blackwell, Lisa S.; Trzesniewski, Kali H.; Dweck, Carol Sorich (February 2007). "Implicit
Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across an Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention".
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abilities can be developed through effort, good teaching and persistence. They don't necessarily think everyone's the same or anyone can be
Einstein, but they believe everyone can get smarter if they work at it.
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in 2012. Dweck was named an APS James McKeen
Cattell Fellow in 2013. On September 19, 2017, the Hong Kong-based Yidan Prize Foundation named Dweck one of two inaugural laureates, to be awarded the
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Other education and psychology researchers have expressed worry that "mindset" has simply become another aspect to be assessed and graded in children; Matt O'Leary, an education lecturer at
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Dweck is married to David
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Dweck, C.S. (2017). "From Needs to Goals and
Representations: Foundations for a Unified Theory of Motivation, Personality, and Development".
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Paunesku, David; Walton, Gregory M.; Romero, Carissa; Smith, Eric N.; Yeager, David S.; Dweck, Carol S. (April 10, 2015).
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The Role of
Expectations and Attributions in the Alleviation of Learned Helplessness in a Problem-Solving Situation
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The Role of
Expectations and Attributions in the Alleviation of Learned Helplessness in a Problem-Solving Situation
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Some critics have said that Dweck's research can be difficult to replicate; for instance, a 2017 opinion piece by
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Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any
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student's current achievement and then, together, doing something about it, helping him or her become smarter."
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work, learning, training and doggedness are said to have a "growth" or an "incremental" theory of intelligence (
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Dweck, Carol S.; Leggett, Ellen L. (April 1988). "A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality".
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264:(born October 17, 1946) is an American psychologist. She holds the Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professorship of
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Dweck, C. S.; Chiu, C. Y.; Hong, Y. Y. (1995). "Implicit Theories: Elaboration and Extension of the Model".
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Yeager, David S.; Hanselman, Paul; Walton, Gregory M.; Murray, Jared S.; Crosnoe, Robert; Muller, Chandra;
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APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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to move this section toward a scientific rather than popular presentation of criticism.
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In July 2019, a large randomized controlled trial of growth mindset training by the
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Lisa Trei, "New study yields instructive results on how mindset affects learning"
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644:). In 2012, Dweck defined fixed and growth mindsets, in interview, in this way:
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attributes". Dweck later popularized the concept in her 2006 non-academic book
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2256:(Report). London, England: The Education Endowment Foundation. p. 42-44.
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tests in reading, grammar, punctuation, and spelling (GPS), and mathematics.
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Fixed versus growth intelligence mindsets: It's all in your head, Dweck says
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2089:"A National Experiment Reveals Where a Growth Mindset Improves Achievement"
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cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.
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before joining the Stanford University faculty in 2004. She was named an
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Dweck's key contribution to social psychology relates to the concept of
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1732:"Stanford University's Carol Dweck on the Growth Mindset and Education"
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1381:"New Study Yields Instructive Results on How Mindset Affects Learning"
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in 2002, and the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the
316:. She was the only daughter and the middle sibling of three children.
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1121:
Self-theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development
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1809:"#2 Growth Mindset: What is it and how does it apply to what we do?"
1779:"#2 Growth Mindset: What is it and how does it apply to what we do?"
462:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
312:. Her father worked in the export-import business and her mother in
24:
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Dweck, C. (2017). "The Journey to Children's Mindsets–And Beyond".
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2320:"Carol S. Dweck: Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions"
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Folioano, Francesca; Rolfe; Buzzeo; Runge; Wilkinson (July 2019).
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1595:"Feel Like You're Going Out of Your Mind? Consider Your Mind-Set"
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2378:"Four APS Fellows Elected to the National Academy of Sciences"
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Dweck, Carol & Stanford University Staff (June 21, 2023).
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from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
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In her sixth grade class at the P.S. 153 elementary school in
2721:"Growth Mindset - Professor Carol Dweck on Bridging the Gaps"
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1348:"Psychologist Carol Dweck: 'Everyone is a work in progress'"
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1682:"A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality"
1311:"Carol Dweck, Professor of Psychology, Stanford University"
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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After obtaining her PhD, Dweck joined the faculty of the
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Changing Mindsets: Effectiveness Trial—Evaluation Report
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Dweck's findings have been reported in journals such as
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1636:"Conceptual Issues and Assessment of Implicit Theories"
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Theory of Motivation, Personality, and Development."
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Fellows of the Association for Psychological Science
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Stanford University Department of Psychology faculty
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Morehead, James & Dweck, Carol (June 19, 2012).
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Dweck's research focuses on mindset and motivation.
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Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty
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Unboxed: If You're Open to Growth, You Tend to Grow
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Motivation and Self-Regulation Across the Life Span
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1680:Dweck, Carol S.; Leggett, Ellen L. (April 1988).
1634:LĂĽftenegger, Marko; Chen, Jason A. (April 2017).
1187:Elliot, Andrew J.; Dweck, Carol S., eds. (2007).
1085:Heckhausen, Jutta; Dweck, Carol S., eds. (1998).
3360:Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
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1309:McInerney, Laura; Dweck, Carol (June 25, 2015).
107:Innovation: Where Creativity and Technology Meet
39:, potentially preventing the article from being
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2156:"Schools are Desperate to Teach Growth Mindset"
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1193:(Pbk. ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
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3430:James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award recipients
2704:"Mindsets - A Conversation with Carol Dweck"
2694:Carol Dweck's TED Talk on the Growth Mindset
2561:"Awards 2020: 2020 APS William James Fellow"
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1911:. New York, NY: Random House. p. 179f.
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1762:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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735:needs attention from an expert in Psychology
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1839:"Carol Dweck Revisits the 'Growth Mindset'"
1274:Dweck, Carol S. and NAS Staff (June 2023).
1219:Mindset: How You Can Fulfill Your Potential
713:Learn how and when to remove these messages
421:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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527:about living persons that is unsourced or
173:Member of the National Academy of Sciences
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59:reliable, independent, third-party sources
2655:at the Human Intelligence project of the
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1505:Stanford Profiles (profiles.stanford.edu)
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926:British Journal of Sociology of Education
862:Learn how and when to remove this message
808:Learn how and when to remove this message
616:Learn how and when to remove this message
598:Learn how and when to remove this message
478:Learn how and when to remove this message
323:, students were seated in order of their
105:Carol Dweck speaking for the documentary
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1873:"The Words That Could Unlock Your Child"
1410:Barnard College Staff (April 10, 2018).
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379:Mindset § Fixed and growth mindsets
53:by replacing them with more appropriate
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1886:from the original on September 19, 2017
635:Mindset: The New Psychology of Success.
36:too closely associated with the subject
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3410:21st-century American women scientists
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2607:from the original on December 11, 2019
2592:Krakovsky, Marina (March–April 2007).
1908:Mindset: The New Psychology of Success
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1542:from the original on September 6, 2023
1154:Mindset: The New Psychology of Success
956:(APS) in 2011. She was elected to the
745:may be able to help recruit an expert.
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2294:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2199:from the original on November 9, 2019
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294:Association for Psychological Science
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1837:Dweck, Carol (September 22, 2015).
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13:
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1412:"Being the First: Carol Dweck '67"
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954:American Psychological Association
354:, eventually reaching the rank of
14:
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2187:Chivers, Tom (January 14, 2017).
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1536:The Chronicle of Higher Education
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694:This section has multiple issues.
402:This section has multiple issues.
383:Implicit theories of intelligence
272:. Dweck is known for her work on
179:James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award
16:American psychologist (born 1946)
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2218:Rustin, Susanna (May 10, 2016).
2154:Young, Toby (January 21, 2017).
1871:Syed, Matthew (April 19, 2011).
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280:. She was on the faculty at the
34:may rely excessively on sources
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2286:(directory entry—search result)
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1819:from the original on 2024-05-23
1807:Team, Vandermont (2023-03-10).
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1777:Team, Vandermont (2023-03-10).
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1458:(PhD thesis). Yale University.
1416:Barnard News (barnard.edu/news)
1379:Trei, Lisa (February 7, 2007).
1358:from the original on 2023-09-06
702:or discuss these issues on the
410:or discuss these issues on the
372:
2597:(host university news feature)
2411:"James McKeen Cattell Fellows"
1954:Child Development Perspectives
1523:
1157:. New York, NY: Random House.
933:Education Endowment Foundation
665:
1:
3380:American social psychologists
2516:"APS Mentor Award Recipients"
2330:(8): 658–660. November 2011.
2281:AAA&S Staff (June 2023).
2220:"New Test for Growth Mindset"
1257:
783:secondary or tertiary sources
3395:American women psychologists
2514:APS Staff (March 29, 2019).
2409:APS Staff (April 26, 2013).
2283:"AAA&S—Member Directory"
1593:Tugend, Alina (2020-08-12).
1530:Glenn, David (May 9, 2010).
1284:National Academy of Sciences
958:National Academy of Sciences
674:
505:biography of a living person
298:National Academy of Sciences
7:
3365:Columbia University faculty
1640:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Psychologie
1448:Dweck, Carol Susan (1972).
1346:Hill, Andrew (2019-12-06).
1023:10.1207/s15327965pli0604_12
737:. The specific problem is:
532:must be removed immediately
458:the claims made and adding
10:
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2758:E. L. Thorndike Award
1698:10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
1565:"Professor Carol S. Dweck"
1501:(employment autobiography)
1093:Cambridge University Press
994:10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
918:Birmingham City University
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2376:APS Staff (May 2, 2012).
2324:The American Psychologist
2114:10.1038/s41586-019-1466-y
1652:10.1027/2151-2604/a000286
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2521:PsychologicalScience.org
2416:PsychologicalScience.org
2383:PsychologicalScience.org
2042:10.1177/0956797615571017
1905:Dweck, Carol S. (2006).
1532:"Carol Dweck's Attitude"
1224:Constable & Robinson
1216:Dweck, Carol S. (2012).
1151:Dweck, Carol S. (2006).
1118:Dweck, Carol S. (2000).
1078:
304:Early life and education
210:Developmental psychology
2671:. July 6, 2008. p. BU3.
909:, who co-developed the
3385:Positive psychologists
3355:Barnard College alumni
2491:. September 19, 2017.
2189:"What is Your Mindset"
1569:Yidan Prize Foundation
1091:. Cambridge, England:
944:Awards and recognition
904:
889:, associate editor of
743:WikiProject Psychology
651:
519:Please help by adding
352:University of Illinois
334:in 1967, and earned a
282:University of Illinois
232:University of Illinois
2030:Psychological Science
1011:Psychological Inquiry
969:Selected publications
911:GRIM statistical test
897:
876:Psychological Science
646:
167:E. L. Thorndike Award
2989:Wilbert J. McKeachie
2834:John Bissell Carroll
2815:Robert J. Havighurst
1981:Psychological Review
1686:Psychological Review
1126:Taylor & Francis
1124:. Philadelphia, PA:
982:Psychological Review
525:Contentious material
3139:G. Michael Pressley
3072:Richard C. Anderson
2925:Richard C. Atkinson
2874:J. P. Guilford
2842:Robert L. Thorndike
2661:Rae-Dupree, Janet,
2641:Stanford University
2594:"The Effort Effect"
2549:for the award date.
2444:for the award date.
2105:2019Natur.573..364Y
1464:10079/bibid/9849217
1420:Columbia University
1222:. London, England:
1128:-Psychology Press.
364:Stanford University
360:Columbia University
356:associate professor
346:Career and research
338:in psychology from
330:She graduated from
270:Stanford University
224:Columbia University
220:Stanford University
3321:has a profile for
3297:Daniel L. Schwartz
3262:Joanna P. Williams
3155:Patricia Alexander
3147:Jacquelynne Eccles
3024:Herbert Klausmeier
2791:B. F. Skinner
2709:2018-01-17 at the
2681:2010-03-31 at the
2668:The New York Times
2657:Indiana University
2651:2018-02-18 at the
2635:2015-06-21 at the
2559:APS Staff (2020).
2545:2020-10-30 at the
2440:2023-06-21 at the
1993:10.1037/rev0000082
1966:10.1111/cdep.12225
1599:The New York Times
1429:on January 8, 2020
1391:on August 26, 2019
1282:. Washington, DC:
924:and editor of the
922:Cardiff University
503:This section of a
443:possibly contains
321:Brooklyn, New York
308:Dweck was born in
228:Harvard University
3327:
3306:
3305:
3198:Richard Shavelson
3115:John D. Bransford
2775:Sidney L. Pressey
2601:Stanford Magazine
2489:news.stanford.edu
2292:. Cambridge, MA:
2099:(7774): 364–369.
2085:Tipton, Elizabeth
1318:SchoolsWeek.co.uk
1043:Child Development
872:
871:
864:
854:
853:
818:
817:
810:
777:needs additional
760:
759:
717:
630:implicit theories
626:
625:
618:
608:
607:
600:
582:
508:needs additional
488:
487:
480:
445:original research
425:
262:Carol Susan Dweck
259:
258:
206:Social psychology
196:Scientific career
119:Carol Susan Dweck
87:
86:
79:
3442:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3299:
3291:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3131:Robert Sternberg
3125:
3117:
3109:
3107:Richard E. Mayer
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2850:John C. Flanagan
2844:
2836:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2783:William Brownell
2777:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2556:
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2500:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2451:
2445:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2336:10.1037/a0024397
2316:
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2309:
2307:
2305:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2168:on March 9, 2017
2164:. Archived from
2151:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2116:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
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1834:
1828:
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1804:
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1717:
1677:
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1618:
1590:
1584:
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1561:
1552:
1551:
1549:
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1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1427:(alumni feature)
1422:. Archived from
1418:. New York, NY:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1387:. Archived from
1376:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1299:
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1295:
1271:
1245:
1212:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1147:
1114:
1074:
1036:
1034:
1005:
867:
860:
849:
846:
840:
828:
827:
820:
813:
806:
802:
799:
793:
770:
769:
762:
755:
752:
746:
728:
727:
720:
709:
687:
686:
679:
621:
614:
603:
596:
592:
589:
583:
581:
540:
521:reliable sources
498:
497:
490:
483:
476:
472:
469:
463:
460:inline citations
436:
435:
428:
417:
395:
394:
387:
251:
132:
129:October 17, 1946
128:
126:
103:
89:
88:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
27:
19:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3324:Carol S. Dweck
3316:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3230:Stephen J. Ceci
3227:
3219:
3214:Keith Stanovich
3211:
3206:Barry Zimmerman
3203:
3195:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3016:Richard E. Snow
3013:
3002:
2997:Frank H. Farley
2994:
2986:
2981:Merlin Wittrock
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2866:Robert M. Gagné
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2761:
2755:
2711:Wayback Machine
2683:Wayback Machine
2653:Wayback Machine
2637:Wayback Machine
2626:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2557:
2553:
2547:Wayback Machine
2531:
2529:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2442:Wayback Machine
2426:
2424:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2152:
2148:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2020:
2016:
1977:
1973:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1820:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1775:
1771:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1377:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1352:Financial Times
1344:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1234:
1201:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1136:
1103:
1081:
976:
971:
946:
895:, states that:
868:
857:
856:
855:
850:
844:
841:
838:
829:
825:
814:
803:
797:
794:
787:
771:
767:
756:
750:
747:
741:
729:
725:
688:
684:
677:
668:
622:
611:
610:
609:
604:
593:
587:
584:
541:
539:
518:
499:
495:
484:
473:
467:
464:
449:
437:
433:
396:
392:
385:
375:
348:
340:Yale University
332:Barnard College
306:
249:
230:
226:
222:
208:
190:
153:Yale University
151:
149:Barnard College
145:Alma mater
130:
124:
122:
121:
120:
110:
94:
83:
72:
66:
63:
48:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3448:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3317:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3289:Thomas L. Good
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3246:Edward Haertel
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3171:Bernard Weiner
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3088:Albert Bandura
3083:
3080:Lauren Resnick
3075:
3067:
3064:David Berliner
3059:
3051:
3043:
3040:Samuel Messick
3035:
3032:Robert L. Linn
3027:
3019:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2973:Nathaniel Gage
2968:
2965:Ernst Rothkopf
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2906:Patrick Suppes
2901:
2898:Julian Stanley
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2858:Benjamin Bloom
2853:
2845:
2837:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2715:Ideas Roadshow
2701:
2698:TEDxNorrkoping
2691:
2685:
2672:
2659:
2643:
2625:
2624:External links
2622:
2619:
2618:
2584:
2551:
2538:See also this
2506:
2476:
2461:. 2017-09-19.
2446:
2433:See also this
2401:
2368:
2311:
2273:
2241:
2210:
2179:
2146:
2075:
2036:(6): 784–793.
2014:
1971:
1960:(2): 139–144.
1944:
1917:
1897:
1863:
1844:Education Week
1829:
1799:
1769:
1722:
1692:(2): 256–273.
1672:
1623:
1585:
1553:
1522:
1488:
1440:
1402:
1368:
1335:
1301:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1232:
1213:
1199:
1184:
1163:
1148:
1134:
1115:
1101:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1049:(1): 246–263.
1037:
1017:(4): 322–333.
1006:
988:(2): 256–273.
975:
972:
970:
967:
945:
942:
870:
869:
852:
851:
832:
830:
823:
816:
815:
774:
772:
765:
758:
757:
732:
730:
723:
718:
692:
691:
689:
682:
676:
673:
667:
664:
642:growth mindset
624:
623:
606:
605:
529:poorly sourced
502:
500:
493:
486:
485:
440:
438:
431:
426:
400:
399:
397:
390:
374:
371:
347:
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305:
302:
257:
256:
253:
252:
241:
235:
234:
217:
213:
212:
203:
199:
198:
192:
191:
189:
188:
182:
176:
170:
163:
161:
157:
156:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
118:
116:
112:
111:
104:
96:
95:
92:
85:
84:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3447:
3436:
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3421:
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3406:
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3381:
3378:
3376:
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3353:
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3350:Living people
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3254:Robert Slavin
3250:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3238:Michelene Chi
3234:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3222:Sandra Graham
3218:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2957:Anne Anastasi
2953:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2941:Robert Glaser
2937:
2934:
2933:Jerome Bruner
2929:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2890:David Ausubel
2886:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2787:
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2779:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2752:
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2745:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2712:
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2702:
2699:
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2689:
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2673:
2670:
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2664:
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2658:
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2650:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
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2628:
2627:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2562:
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2548:
2544:
2541:
2527:
2523:
2522:
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2490:
2486:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2299:
2296:(AAA&S).
2295:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2161:The Spectator
2157:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1737:OneDublin.org
1733:
1726:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:(2): 99–106.
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1498:"Carol Dweck"
1492:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1385:Stanford News
1382:
1375:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:NASOnline.org
1277:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1250:Personal life
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