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when men have been placed on the ticket who were notoriously corrupt and dishonest, that they must vote for them; that the salvation of the party depended upon it; that the man who scratched a ticket was not a
Republican. This is only one of the many means these unprincipled demagogues have devised to perpetuate the intellectual bondage of my people...The bitterness and hate created by the late civil strife has, in my opinion, been obliterated in this state, except perhaps in some localities, and would have long since been entirely obliterated, were it not for some unprincipled men who would keep alive the bitterness of the past, and inculcate a hatred between the races, in order that they may aggrandize themselves by office, and its emoluments, to control my people, the effect of which is to degrade them.
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accompanying corruption. This sum, enormous for the time, aroused great concern." Foner says
Littlefield disbursed $ 200,000 (bribes) to win support in the legislature for state money for his railroads, and Democrats as well as Republicans were guilty of taking the bribes and making the decisions on the railroad. North Carolina Democrats condemned the legislature's "depraved villains, who take bribes every day"; one local Republican officeholder complained, "I deeply regret the course of some of our friends in the Legislature as well as out of it in regard to financial matters, it is very embarrassing indeed."
641:. Active in the Republican Party and elected as a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1868–1869, Ruby was later elected as a Texas state senator and had wide influence. He supported construction of railroads to support Galveston business. He was instrumental in organizing African-American dockworkers into the Labor Union of Colored Men, to gain them jobs at the docks after 1870. When Democrats regained control of the state government in 1874, Ruby returned to New Orleans, working in journalism. He also became a leader of the
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710:. It described people who joined mutual societies with the hope of making a quick profit from their conversion to joint stock companies. Those so-called carpetbaggers were roving financial opportunists, often of modest means, who spotted investment opportunities and aimed to benefit from a set of circumstances to which they were not ordinarily entitled. The best opportunities for carpetbaggers came from opening membership accounts at building societies to qualify for
283:, a native of New York; Col. A.T. Morgan, of the Second Wisconsin Volunteers; Gen. W.S. Barry, former commander of a Colored regiment raised in Kentucky; an Illinois general and lawyer who graduated from Knox College; Maj. W.H. Gibbs, of the Fifteenth Illinois infantry; Judge W. B. Cunningham, of Pennsylvania; and Cap. E.J. Castello, of the Seventh Missouri infantry. They were among the founders of the Republican party in Mississippi.
235:"joined with the quest for profit, however, was a reforming spirit, a vision of themselves as agents of sectional reconciliation and the South's "economic regeneration." Accustomed to viewing Southerners—black and white—as devoid of economic initiative, the "Puritan work ethic", and self-discipline, they believed that only "Northern capital and energy" could bring "the blessings of a free labor system to the region."
29:
599:, sued a barkeeper in Little Rock, Arkansas for refusing to serve their group. The suit resulted in the only successful Reconstruction prosecution under the state's civil rights law. In the legislature, Furbush worked to create Lee County, Arkansasfrom portions of Phillips County, Crittenden County, Monroe County, and St. Francis County in eastern Arkansas, which had a black-majority population.
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in
Alamance eloquently denounced the situation: "Men are placed in power who instead of carrying out their duties...form a kind of school for to graduate Rascals. Yes if you will give them a few Dollars they will liern you for an accomplished Rascal. This is in reference to the taxes that are rung from the labouring class of people. Without a speedy reformation I will have to resign my post."
592:, where he continued to work as a photographer. He returned to Ohio after 18 months and moved back to Arkansas by 1870. Furbush was elected to two terms in the Arkansas House of Representatives, 1873–74 (from an African-American majority district in the Arkansas Delta, made up of Phillips and Monroe counties.) He served in 1879–80 from the newly established Lee County.
452:, a black minister from New Haven, Connecticut, served as a delegate to South Carolina's 1868 Constitutional Convention. He made eloquent speeches advocating that the plantations be broken up and distributed among the freedmen. They wanted their own land to farm and believed they had already paid for land by their years of uncompensated labor and the trials of slavery.
191:...most carpetbaggers probably combine the desire for personal gain with a commitment to taking part in an effort "to substitute the civilization of freedom for that of slavery"...Carpetbaggers generally supported measures aimed at democratizing and modernizing the South – civil rights legislation, aid to economic development, the establishment of public school systems.
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the states had established public school systems before the
Reconstruction state legislatures created them, and they had systematically underinvested in infrastructure such as roads and railroads. Planters whose properties occupied prime riverfront locations relied on river transportation, but smaller farmers in the backcountry suffered.
345:, remained in Mississippi after the conclusion of the Civil War. He was the last Republican to represent that state in the U.S. House of Representatives, serving from 1883 to 1885. He died in Vicksburg, Mississippi 16 days after he left Congress. The next Republican congressman from the state was not elected until 80 years later in 1964:
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hundreds of
Northern white women moved South, many to teach the newly freed African-American children. They joined like-minded Southerners, most of which were employed by the Methodist and Baptist Churches, who spent much of their time teaching and preaching to slave and freedpeople congregations both before and after the Civil War.
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Carpetbaggers were least numerous in Texas. Republicans controlled the state government from 1867 to
January 1874. Only one state official and one justice of the state supreme court were Northerners. About 13% to 21% of district court judges were Northerners, along with about 10% of the delegates who
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Escott notes that extravagance and corruption increased taxes and the costs of government in a state that had always favored low expenditure. The context was that a planter elite kept taxes low because it benefited them. They used their money toward private ends rather than public investment. None of
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regime with railroads, factories, and more efficient farming. They actively promoted public schooling and created numerous colleges and universities. The
Northerners were especially successful in taking control of Southern railroads, aided by state legislatures. In 1870, Northerners controlled 21% of
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was a prominent
Republican U.S. Senator. His 1872 reelection campaign in Alabama opened him to allegations of "political betrayal of colleagues; manipulation of Federal patronage; embezzlement of public funds; purchase of votes; and intimidation of voters by the presence of Federal troops." He was a
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Escott claimed "Some money went to very worthy causes—the 1869 legislature, for example, passed a school law that began the rebuilding and expansion of the state's public schools. But far too much was wrongly or unwisely spent" to aid the
Republican Party leadership. A Republican county commissioner
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Since reconstruction, the masses of my people have been, as it were, enslaved in mind by unprincipled adventurers, who, caring nothing for country, were willing to stoop to anything no matter how infamous, to secure power to themselves, and perpetuate it...My people have been told by these schemers,
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The "Black and Tan" (biracial) constitutional convention in
Mississippi in 1868 included 30 white Southerners, 17 Southern freedmen and 24 non-southerners, nearly all of whom were veterans of the Union Army. They included four men who had lived in the South before the war, two of whom had served in
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Carpetbaggers also established banks and retail businesses. Most were former Union soldiers eager to invest their savings and energy in this promising new frontier, and civilians lured south by press reports of "the fabulous sums of money to be made in the South in raising cotton." Foner notes that
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No one more gladly welcomes the Northern man who comes in all sincerity to make a home here, and to become one of our people, than I, but for the adventurer and the office-seeker who comes among us with one dirty shirt and a pair of dirty socks, in an old rusty carpet bag, and before his washing is
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In 1878, Furbush was elected again to the Arkansas House. His election is notable because he was elected as a black Democrat during a campaign season notorious for white intimidation of black and Republican voters in black-majority eastern Arkansas. He was the first-known black Democrat elected to
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was dubbed the "Prince of Carpetbaggers", and bought votes in the legislature "to support grandiose and fraudulent railroad schemes". Escott concludes that some Democrats were involved, but Republicans "bore the main responsibility for the issue of $ 28 million in state bonds for railroads and the
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moved to areas in the South that had fallen under Union control. Schoolteachers and religious missionaries went to the South to teach the freedmen; some were sponsored by northern churches. Some were abolitionists who sought to continue the struggle for racial equality; they often became agents of
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If any two hundred Southern men backed by a Federal administration should go to Indianapolis, turn out the Indiana people, take possession of all the seats of power, honor, and profit, denounce the people at large as assassins and barbarians, introduce corruption in all the branches of the public
845:. The modified B-24 aircraft used for the night-time missions were referred to as "carpetbaggers". (Among other special features, they were painted a glossy black to make them less visible to searchlights.) Between January and September 1944, Operation Carpetbagger operated 1,860 sorties between
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to help former slaves in Port Royal, South Carolina. When the Civil War ended, Campbell was assigned to the Sea Islands of Georgia, where he engaged in an apparently successful land reform program for the benefit of the freedmen. He eventually became vice-chair of the Georgia Republican Party, a
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During the time most blacks were enslaved, many were prohibited from being educated and attaining literacy. Southern states had no public school systems, and upper-class white Southerners either sent their children to private schools (including in England) or hired private tutors. After the war,
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for previously living in New Jersey until months before the election. Fetterman won the election, with some claiming that this attack was vital to his victory. The term is now sometimes even used for politicians who relocate from the South to the North for politically opportunistic reasons. For
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policies, such as not accepting new deposits from customers who lived outside the normal operating area of the society. Another measure was to insert a charitable assignment clause for new members into the constitution of the organisation, requiring customers opening a savings account to sign a
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Between 1997 and 2002, a group of pro-demutualization supporters, "Members for Conversion", operated a website, carpetbagger.com, which highlighted the best ways of opening share accounts with UK building societies, and organised demutualisation resolutions. That led many building societies to
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The new investors in those mutuals would receive shares in the newly created public companies, usually distributed at a flat rate, which equally benefited small and large investors, providing a broad incentive for members to vote for leadership candidates who were pushing for demutualisation.
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was the Republican governor of Louisiana from 1868 to 1874. As governor, Warmoth was plagued by accusations of corruption, which continued to be a matter of controversy long after his death. He was accused of using his position as governor to trade in state bonds for his personal benefit. In
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with toothpicks or thread, and it sometimes is wrapped in bacon. The combination of beef and oysters is traditional. The earliest specific reference is in a United States newspaper in 1891. The earliest specific Australian reference is a printed recipe sometime between 1899 and 1907.
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power-sharing compromise between Populist Democrats and Republicans. Furbush originally was elected as a Republican, but he switched to the Democratic Party at the end of his time as sheriff. Democrats held most of the economic power and cooperating with them could make his future.
475:, a white Democratic terrorist organization, conducted an open campaign of violence and intimidation against Republicans, including freedmen, with the goals of regaining Democratic power and white supremacy. They pushed Republicans from political positions, were responsible for the
479:, disrupted Republican organizing, and preceded elections with such intimidation and violence that black voting was sharply reduced. Warmoth stayed in Louisiana after Reconstruction, as white Democrats regained political control of the state. He died in 1931 at age 89.
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to vote and hold office) and individuals who saw business and political opportunities because of the chaotic state of the local economies following the war. In practice, the term carpetbagger often was applied to any Northerners who were present in the South during the
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and laissez-faire in the economy. They portrayed "liberty" in 1896 as the right to rise above the rising tide of equality. Chamberlain was said to justify white supremacy by arguing that, in evolutionary terms, the Negro obviously belonged to an inferior social order.
714:, running into thousands of pounds, from the process of conversion and takeover. The influx of such transitory "token" members, who took advantage of the deposit criteria, often instigated or accelerated the demutualisation of the organisation.
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Carpetbaggers tended to be well educated and middle class in origin. Some had been lawyers, businessmen, and newspaper editors. The majority (including 52 of the 60 who served in Congress during Reconstruction) were veterans of the Union Army.
298:, described as "the military arm of the Democratic Party", worked openly to violently overthrow Republican rule, using intimidation and assassination to turn Republicans out of office and suppress freedmen's voting. Mississippi Representative
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In the United States, the common usage, usually derogatory, refers to politicians who move to different states, districts or areas to run for office despite their lack of local ties or familiarity. For example, West Virginia Congressman
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wrote the Reconstruction constitution of 1869. Of the 142 men who served in the 12th Legislature, some 12 to 29 were from the North. At the county level, Northerners made up about 10% of the commissioners, county judges and sheriffs.
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administration, make government a curse instead of a blessing, league with the most ignorant class of society to make war on the enlightened, intelligent, and virtuous, what kind of social relations would such a state of things beget.
637:, an African American from New York City, who grew up in Portland, Maine, worked as a teacher in New Orleans from 1864 until 1866 when he migrated to Texas. There he was assigned to Galveston, Texas as an agent and teacher for the
581:, born a mixed-race slave in Carroll County, Kentucky in 1839 received part of his education in Ohio. He migrated to Helena, Arkansas in 1862. After returning to Ohio in February 1865, he joined the Forty-second Colored Infantry.
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over the "Brindle Tail" faction led by Joseph Brooks, which included most of the scalawags. The dispute weakened both factions and the entire Republican Party, enabling the sweeping Democratic victory in the 1874 state elections.
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Andrew J. Fletcher "was one of the first, if not the very first, in the State to denounce the hordes of greedy office-seekers who came from the North in the rear of the army in the closing days of the War", in the June 1867
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Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by scalawags and 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers. White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers, which survived through government patronage.
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and slaves who had escaped to the North and returned South after the war, were elected from the South as Republicans to Congress. The majority of Republican governors in the South during Reconstruction were from the North.
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was attacked as a carpetbagger when he first ran for Congress in 2014, as he had previously been a Maryland State Senator and Chairman of the Maryland Republican Party. 2022 Republican nominee for Pennsylvania Senator
722:, who announced the society's conversion with rules removing the entitlement of the most recent new savers to potential windfalls, stating in a media interview, "I have no qualms about disenfranchising carpetbaggers."
108:, a form of cheap luggage, made from carpet fabric, which many of the newcomers carried. The term came to be associated with opportunism and exploitation by outsiders. It is now used in the United States to refer to a
209:, which started operations in 1865 to assist the vast numbers of recently emancipated slaves. The bureau established schools in rural areas of the South for the purpose of educating the mostly illiterate Black and
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population. Other Northerners who moved to the South did so to participate in the profitable business of rebuilding railroads and various other forms of infrastructure that had been destroyed during the war.
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and viewed "carpetbaggers" unfavorably, arguing that they degraded the political and business culture. The revisionist school in the 1930s called them stooges of Northern business interests. After 1960 the
849:, England, and various points in occupied Europe. British Agents used this "noise" as cover for their use of Carpetbagger for the nominated Agent who was carrying monies to the Underground/Resistance.
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A cartoon threatening that the KKK will lynch scalawags (left) and carpetbaggers (right) on March 4, 1869, the day Horatio Seymour, a Democrat, will supposedly become president. Tuscaloosa, Alabama,
314:, the Republican sheriff of Yazoo, Mississippi, received a brief flurry of national attention when insurgent white Democrats took over the county government and forced him to flee. He later wrote
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The analogous term to carpetbagging in Britain is "chicken run", to denote an MP running in a safer constituency to seek re-election. The term was first used by the Labour Party to describe
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Leading "black carpetbaggers" believed that the interests of capital and labor were identical and that the freedmen were entitled to little more than an "honest chance in the race of life."
864:, a former Premier of New South Wales and federal Liberal finance minister, in the context of shoddy "tradespeople" who travelled to Queensland to take advantage of victims following the
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Since the end of the Reconstruction era, the term has been used to denote people who move into a new area for purely economic or political reasons despite not having ties to that place.
2017:
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White Southerners commonly denounced carpetbaggers collectively during the post-war years, fearing they would loot and plunder the defeated South and be allied politically with the
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Mr Yendall offered to take charge of an attack by carpetbagger.com on three building societies before the new rules came into effect and beat the deadline by a matter of hours.
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and were perceived to be exploiting the local populace for their own financial, political, or social gain. The term broadly included both individuals who sought to promote
618:
In March 1879, Furbush left Arkansas for Colorado. He returned to Arkansas in 1888, setting up practice as a lawyer. In 1889, he co-founded the African American newspaper
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or carpetbagger steak is an end cut of steak that is pocketed and stuffed with oysters, among other ingredients, such as mushrooms, blue cheese, and garlic. The steak is
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112:, that is, an outsider who runs for public office in an area without having lived there for more than a short time, or without having other significant community ties.
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Corruption was a charge made by Democrats in North Carolina against the Republicans, notes the historian Paul Escott, "because its truth was apparent." The historians
271:. Ames tried unsuccessfully to ensure equal rights for black Mississippians. His political battles with the Southerners and African Americans ripped apart his party.
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the South's railroads (by mileage); 19% of the directors were from the North. By 1890, they controlled 88% of the mileage; 47% of the directors were from the North.
420:, who succeeded in suppressing the black vote in some majority-black counties. While serving in South Carolina, Chamberlain was a strong supporter of Negro rights.
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388:, moved to North Carolina, where he practiced as a lawyer and was appointed a judge. He once opined that "Jesus Christ was a carpetbagger." Tourgée later wrote
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that was widely reprinted. Revels denounced Ames and Northerners for manipulating the Black vote for personal benefit, and for keeping alive wartime hatreds:
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Many Northern and Southern Republicans shared a modernizing vision of upgrading the Southern economy and society, one that would replace the inefficient
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movement. Blacks from the Deep South migrated to homestead in Kansas in order to escape white supremacist violence and the oppression of segregation.
412:. He was appointed South Carolina's attorney general from 1868 to 1872 and elected Republican governor from 1874 to 1877. As a result of the national
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416:, Chamberlain lost his office. He was narrowly re-elected in a campaign marked by egregious voter fraud and violence against freedmen by Democratic
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The Republican Party in the South comprised three groups after the Civil War, and white Democratic Southerners referred to two in derogatory terms.
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Prince, K. Stephen. "Legitimacy and Interventionism: Northern Republicans, the 'Terrible Carpetbagger,' and the Retreat from Reconstruction."
1604:"Looting the Mutuals: The Ethics and Economics of Demutualisation. Background Paper for an Address on "Succession and Continuance of Mutuals""
661:(a mass murder of dozens of African Americans) as "the end of carpetbag misrule in the South." Erected in 1950, the sign was removed in 2021.
508:, September 1, 1868. The cartoonist had actual local politicians in mind. A full-scale scholarly history analyzes the cartoonː Guy W. Hubbs,
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Davidson, Gienapp, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff. Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic. 3rd. New York: McGraw Hill, 2002.
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2304:, 1994 72 (3): 275–301. ISSN 0015-4113. Shows how African Americans joined Redeemers to defeat corrupt carpetbagger running for reelection.
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Galdieri, Christopher J. 2019. Stranger in a Strange State: The Politics of Carpetbagging from Robert Kennedy to Scott Brown. SUNY Press.
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In 1873, the state passed a civil rights law. Furbush and three other black leaders, including the bill's primary sponsor, state senator
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Brown, Canter Jr. "Carpetbagger Intrigues, Black Leadership, and a Southern Loyalist Triumph: Florida's Gubernatorial Election of 1872"
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They were prominent in the politics of the state until 1875, but nearly all left Mississippi in 1875 to 1876 under pressure from the
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because she never resided in New York State or participated in the state's politics before the 2000 Senate race; Republican nominee
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were white Southerners who supported the Republican party, "carpetbaggers" were recent arrivals in the region from the North, and
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In the United Kingdom at the end of the 20th century, carpetbagger developed another meaning, referring to people who joined a
81:, a similarly pejorative word used to describe native white Southerners who supported the Republican Party-led Reconstruction.
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have noted that Democrats as well as Republicans received bribes and participated in decisions about the railroads. General
267:, a native of Maine, was appointed military governor and later was elected as Republican governor of Mississippi during the
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He left the state in the 1890s after it disenfranchised black voters. Furbush died in Indiana in 1902 at a veterans' home.
606:. Furbush twice won re-election as sheriff, serving from 1873 to 1878. During his term, he adopted a policy of "fusion", a
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Map of the United States in 1872, showing the disparity of wealth between the North and South during the Reconstruction Era
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Candle, TX. "Louis Post as a Carpetbagger in South Carolina: Reconstruction as a Forerunner of the Progressive Movement".
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declaration agreeing that any windfall conversion benefits to which they might become entitled would be assigned to the
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The Black Man of the South, and the Rebels: Or, the Characteristics of the Former and the Recent Outrages of the Latter
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Tunnell, Ted. "Creating 'the Propaganda of History': Southern Editors and the Origins of Carpetbagger and Scalawag",
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addition, the newspaper company which he owned received a contract from the state government. Warmoth supported the
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In Australia, "carpetbagger" may refer to unscrupulous dealers and business managers in indigenous Australian art.
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over the disputed 1872 election for governor. The victor in the end was the "Minstrel" faction led by carpetbagger
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surreptitiously supplied necessary tools and materials to resistance groups in Europe. The OSS called this effort
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The term continues to be used within the co-operative movement to, for example, refer to the demutualisation of
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Blake Wintory, "William Hines Furbush: An African American, Carpetbagger, Republican, Fusionist and Democrat."
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Following the end of his 1873 legislative term, Furbush was appointed as county sheriff by Republican Governor
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that believed that the Reconstruction era was fatally flawed, claimed that Chamberlain later was influenced by
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Color-Blind Justice: Albion Tourgée and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessy V. Ferguson
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That was the origin of the term "carpet bag", and out of it grew the well known term "carpet-bag government".
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Wintory, Blake. "William Hines Furbush: African-American Carpetbagger, Republican, Fusionist, and Democrat",
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Godbey, William Baxter, "Autobiography of Rev. W.B. Godbey, A.M.", God's Revivalist Office. Cincinnati. 1909.
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561:" was a factional dispute, 1872–74 that culminated in an armed confrontation in 1874 between factions of the
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Emma Spaulding Bryant: Civil War Bride, Carpetbagger's Wife, Ardent Feminist; Letters and Diaries, 1860–1900
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Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial
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325:, a Mississippi Republican and the first African American U.S. Senator, wrote a letter to U.S. President
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Edge of the Sword: The Ordeal of Carpetbagger Marshall H. Twitchell in the Civil War and Reconstruction
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Boyer, Paul S.; Clark, Clifford E.; Hawley, Sandra; Kett, Joseph F.; Rieser, Andrew (January 5, 2009).
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1971 34 (1): 40–61. ISSN 0018-2370; Lynch was Mississippi's first African American secretary of state.
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that he delivered across Tennessee in support of the re-election of the disabled Tennessee Governor
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https://archive.org/details/notablemenoftenn00temp_0/page/126/mode/1up?q=Mason&view=theater
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Blake J. Wintory, "African-American Legislators in the Arkansas General Assembly, 1868–1893."
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In French politics, carpetbagging is known as parachutage, which means parachuting in French.
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state senator and the head of an African-American militia which he hoped to use against the
2188:"Lauren Boebert blasted as carpetbagger in first debate in new congressional district race"
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mocked Clinton by putting an Arkansas flag on top of the New York City Hall. Ahead of the
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Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman
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Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman
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1786:"Election 2019: Tory minister Mims Davies accused of taking 'chicken run' to safer seat"
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In the late 1990s, carpetbagging was used as a term in Great Britain during the wave of
408:, a New Englander who had served as an officer of a predominantly black regiment of the
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Campbell, Randolph B. "Carpetbagger Rule in Reconstruction Texas: an Enduring Myth."
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2094:"Perspective | In the Pa. Senate race, will it matter that Dr. Oz is a carpetbagger?"
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Carpetbaggers first was used in this context in early 1997 by the chief executive of
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The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865, Concise
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For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South
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The term carpetbagger, used exclusively as a pejorative term, originated from the
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Notable Men of Tennessee, from 1833 to 1875, Their Times and Their Contemporaries
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442:, also from Massachusetts, wrote an account of his experience in South Carolina:
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Klein, Maury. "Southern Railroad Leaders, 1865–1893: Identities and Ideologies"
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1905:. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). July 28, 2008. Archived from
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But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction
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Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction
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Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction
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Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War
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but lack roots in the working class that the party was formed to represent.
770:. The term has been used at subsequent elections, to describe MPs including
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Harris, William C. "James Lynch: Black Leader in Southern Reconstruction",
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2018:"Keep out flood carpetbaggers, says reconstruction inspectorate John Fahey"
1992:"Keep out flood carpetbaggers, says reconstruction inspectorate John Fahey"
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125:
2513:
Carpetbagger from Vermont: The Autobiography of Marshall Harvey Twitchell.
2288:
When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861–1865
878:
783:
634:
33:
2556:
1529:
1509:
1476:
2541:
Woolfolk, Sarah Van V. "George E. Spencer: a Carpetbagger in Alabama",
2473:
2404:
2354:
Many Excellent People: Power and Privilege in North Carolina, 1850–1900
2339:, Fordham University Press, 1999; religious reformer in South Carolina.
358:
210:
184:
105:
89:
540:, a black New York businessman, was hired in 1863 by Secretary of War
2433:
The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi
1284:. Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. p.
919:
was accused of carpetbagging after switching to the less-competitive
883:
642:
2386:
Fowler, Wilton B. "A Carpetbagger's Conversion to White Supremacy."
2347:
James Shepherd Pike: Republicanism and the American Negro, 1850–1882
1710:"Radical Routes plans to free housing co-ops from the mortgage trap"
1865:
465:
173:
169:
78:
2515:
ed by Ted Tunnell; Louisiana State University Press, 1989. 216 pp.
2168:
1259:, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, paperback, 2007, pp.80–87
349:
of Mize, Mississippi, who served a single term from 1965 to 1967.
905:
2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado
585:
431:
to become a white supremacist. They also wrote that he supported
404:
A politician in South Carolina who was called a carpetbagger was
485:, a New Hampshire native, served briefly in the U.S. House from
1815:"UK Tory MPs accused of plotting 'chicken runs' to safer seats"
1186:
Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom,
983:
Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic
759:
28:
471:
Warmoth struggled to lead the state during the years when the
16:
Pejorative for Northerners who moved South after the Civil War
2337:
Carpetbagger of Conscience: A Biography of John Emory Bryant
1281:
Lucius Q.C. Lamar: His Life, Times, and Speeches. 1825-1893
886:
was prominently attacked as a carpetbagger by his opponent
657:
Historical marker in Colfax, Louisiana that celebrates the
2472:
Vol. 10, No. 1 (Jan. 1925), pp. 10–79 autobiography.
2461:
Carpetbagger's Crusade: The Life of Albion Winegar Tourgee
2414:
Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton
2376:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
2370:, Oxford University Press, 1993, Revised, 1996, LSU Press.
1376:
1374:
1124:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877
2449:, 1968 42 (3): 288–310. ISSN 0007-6805 Fulltext in JSTOR.
2383:(1988). Harper & Row, 1988, recent standard history.
1930:"White ignorance about indigenous issues fails everyone"
1368:, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, paperback, 2007
423:
Some historians of the early 1800s, who belonged to the
1371:
1322:
1320:
1138:
Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment
996:"The South after Reconstruction | Boundless US History"
253:
137:
done becomes a candidate for office, I have no welcome.
2128:"Pennsylvania Voters Rejected the Carpetbagger Dr. Oz"
1467:, "The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas, 1872–1874",
1246:, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p.132
2466:
Post, Louis F. "A 'Carpetbagger' in South Carolina",
2363:
2 vol 1906. Uses broad collection of primary sources.
341:, a lawyer from Portsmouth, Ohio who fought with the
316:
Yazoo; Or, on the Picket Line of Freedom in the South
2533:
Wintory, Blake. "William Hines Furbush (1839–1902)"
2297:. Duke University Press, 1998; violence in Arkansas.
1406:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1317:
1068:
19:"Carpetbaggers" redirects here. For other uses, see
2080:"West Virginia Newcomer Battles Carpetbagger Label"
1354:
http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/tourgee/summary.html
529:major speculator in a distressed financial paper.
52:to describe allegedly opportunistic or disruptive
160:, seeking personal financial gain by that means.
115:According to a 1912 book by Oliver Temple Perry,
77:(1865–1877). The word is closely associated with
2571:
2330:Those Terrible Carpetbaggers: A Reinterpretation
1903:"Carpet-baggers 'exploiting' Indigenous artists"
1813:Courea, Eleni; Chambre, Agnes (March 31, 2023).
1561:
1559:
1550:The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture
2258:Hastings, Michel; Dolez, Bernard, eds. (2003).
2154:"Democrats Blast Giuliani for Flying Ark. Flag"
88:. Sixty men from the North, including educated
2535:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
2403:
2174:
1574:
2257:
1812:
1556:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1062:
1048:"Business: Your Money Is carpetbagging dead?"
384:, formerly of Ohio and a friend of President
1760:"Defector hopes Labour will find him a seat"
1631:"New king's decree favours 'democratic' way"
1366:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War
1257:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War
825:has also been applied to those who join the
669:of American historians (1900–1950) espoused
2520:The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865–1881
2356:, University of North Carolina Press, 1985.
2323:American Journal of Economics and Sociology
1948:"Four Corners ABC Interview - John Ioannou"
1808:
1806:
1151:The Scalawag in Alabama Politics. 1865–1881
99:
48:is a largely historical pejorative used by
1383:
1301:
985:, 3rd edition, New York: McGraw Hill, 2002
2290:University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
489:but was unseated in 1874 by the Democrat
1803:
1601:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
652:
499:
225:
27:
2590:Political metaphors referring to people
2435:Louisiana State University Press, 1979.
2417:. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
2311:Fordham University Press, 2004. 503 pp.
1757:
1735:
1628:
1547:"William Hines Furbush (1839–1902)" in
1339:, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 119
698:Building society § 1980s and 1990s
678:school emphasized their moral courage.
2572:
2529:, 2004 63 (2): 107–165. ISSN 0004–1823
2456:Michigan State University Press, 1956.
2390:, 1966 43 (3): 286–304. ISSN 0029–2494
2318:, 1994 97 (4): 587–596. ISSN 0038-478X
2262:. Paris: L'Harmattan. pp. 60–61.
1974:"Gary Proctor, Warburton Arts Project"
1838:
1783:
1019:
981:Davidson,Guppie, Herman, Lyte, Scoff.
487:Louisiana's 4th congressional district
2454:Northern Methodism and Reconstruction
2212:
2164:from the original on August 25, 2012.
2125:
1976:. .warburtonarts.com/. Archived from
1629:Sherwen, Patrick (December 4, 1999).
1534:
1417:
1277:
917:Colorado's 3rd congressional district
691:
279:. Among the more prominent were Gen.
2545:, 1966 19 (1): 41–52. ISSN 0002-4341
2490:South Carolina during Reconstruction
2151:
1843:The Politics of the Yorkshire Miners
1708:Kidd, Marie-Claire (June 16, 2015).
1707:
1689:. National Counties Building Society
1153:(University of Alabama Press. 1991).
1075:. Cengage Learning. pp. 362ff.
891:example, former Arkansas First Lady
254:Prominent examples in state politics
195:
2585:American Civil War political groups
2522:. University of Alabama Press, 1991
2126:Clift, Eleanor (November 9, 2022).
1927:
1455:Woolfolk (1966); Foner (1968) p 295
1188:University of North Carolina Press,
1097:Encyclopedia of American Journalism
584:After the war, Furbush migrated to
221:
13:
2239:. The Old Foodie. November 7, 2011
2040:. Merriam-Webster. August 31, 2012
1877:Night Flights Over Occupied Europe
1784:Wright, Oliver (August 31, 2024).
1758:Maguire, Kevin (January 9, 2001).
1348:Hill, Christopher, "Summary" of a
943:
573:
14:
2616:
2549:
2316:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
2237:"The Truth about Carpetbag Steak"
1602:Matthews, Race (April 16, 2000).
1298:Full text in Garner, pp. 399–400.
686:
648:
399:
352:
2555:
2499:. LSU Press, 2001, on Louisiana.
2388:North Carolina Historical Review
2215:"Carpetbagger Steak Recipe from"
1736:Vallely, Paul (August 8, 1995).
871:
2280:
2251:
2229:
2206:
2180:
2145:
2119:
2086:
2072:
2028:
2010:
1984:
1966:
1940:
1921:
1895:
1832:
1777:
1751:
1729:
1701:
1679:
1644:
1622:
1595:
1568:
1514:
1494:
1481:
1458:
1449:
1411:
1397:
1358:
1342:
1329:
1292:
1271:
1262:
1249:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1178:
1169:
1166:(Oxford University Press. 1988)
1156:
1143:
1130:
832:
615:the Arkansas General Assembly.
1847:. London: Croom Helm. p.
1424:(First ed.). Tuscaloosa:
1115:
1102:
1089:
1040:
1028:
1013:
988:
975:
837:During World War II, the U.S.
745:
302:, a Democrat, stated in 1875:
258:
1:
2560:The dictionary definition of
2527:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2488:, and Robert Hilliard Woody.
2398:Reconstruction in Mississippi
2152:Duke, Lynne (July 29, 1999).
1928:Dow, Steve (April 27, 2009).
1522:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
1502:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
1469:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
1020:Temple, Oliver Perry (1912).
968:
895:was attacked by opponents as
720:the Woolwich Building Society
681:
590:American Colonization Society
163:
156:, that is, to convert into a
21:Carpetbagger (disambiguation)
2511:Twitchell, Marshall Harvey.
2480:Journal of the Civil War Era
2469:The Journal of Negro History
2302:Florida Historical Quarterly
1233:Garner (1902); Harris (1979)
1164:Those Terrible Carpetbaggers
852:
839:Office of Strategic Services
455:
410:United States Colored Troops
200:Beginning in 1862, Northern
117:Tennessee Secretary of State
42:history of the United States
7:
2595:Pejorative terms for people
2505:Journal of Southern History
2349:Duke University Press, 1957
2024:. Melbourne. July 28, 2011.
1581:. Open Court. p. 178.
1504:63 (Summer 2004): 107–165.
1426:University of Alabama Press
1418:Hubbs, Guy (May 15, 2015).
951:
866:2010–2011 Queensland floods
764:Harrogate and Knaresborough
552:
497:for Hot Springs, Arkansas.
10:
2621:
2175:Gerth & Van Natta 2007
1606:. Brisbane. Archived from
1184:Williams, Heather Andrea,
926:
860:The term was also used by
695:
532:
520:
296:paramilitary organizations
152:, in order to force it to
32:1872 cartoon depiction of
18:
2518:Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk;
2345:Durden, Robert Franklin;
2332:(1988), a favorable view.
1380:Simkins and Woody. (1932)
1000:courses.lumenlearning.com
563:Arkansas Republican Party
2307:Bryant, Emma Spaulding.
2260:Le parachutage politique
1873:"Operation Carpetbagger"
1654:. London. July 21, 2001.
1471:(1971) 30#4 pp. 315-336
1162:Richard Nelson Current,
1149:Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins,
1095:Stephen L. Vaughn, ed.,
733:Charities Aid Foundation
625:
440:Charles Woodward Stearns
406:Daniel Henry Chamberlain
100:Etymology and definition
68:(including the right of
2486:Simkins, Francis Butler
2447:Business History Review
2396:Garner, James Wilford.
2335:Currie-Mcdaniel, Ruth.
2295:Who Killed John Clayton
1839:Taylor, Andrew (1984).
1687:"Charitable Assignment"
1575:Jeffrey Hummel (2013).
1050:. BBC. January 22, 1999
816:Basildon and Billericay
277:Confederate States Army
1278:Mayes, Edward (1896).
958:Rootless cosmopolitans
843:Operation Carpetbagger
662:
517:
336:
309:
231:
193:
139:
37:
2325:34#4 (1975): 423–432.
1883:on September 14, 2011
1738:"A very British coop"
1403:"George Luke Smith",
1206:Foner 1988 pp 294–295
696:Further information:
656:
579:William Hines Furbush
503:
450:Francis Lewis Cardozo
367:Milton S. Littlefield
343:Army of the Tennessee
331:
321:On November 6, 1875,
304:
229:
189:
134:
31:
2177:, pp. 200, 204.
1326:Foner, 1988, pp. 387
1197:Foner, 1988, pp. 137
756:Kingston-upon-Thames
740:housing cooperatives
635:George Thompson Ruby
2600:Political metaphors
2431:Harris, William C.
2359:Fleming, Walter L.
2293:Barnes, Kenneth C.
1108:Richard H. Abbott,
608:post-Reconstruction
506:Independent Monitor
396:in North Carolina.
281:Beroth B. Eggleston
247:Southern plantation
176:were freed slaves.
158:joint stock company
146:mutual organization
130:William G. Brownlow
110:parachute candidate
86:Radical Republicans
66:Republican politics
2580:Reconstruction Era
2508:, (Nov 2006) 72#4.
2482:2#4 (2012): 538–63
2452:Morrow, Ralph E.;
2328:Current, YO mama.
2194:. January 26, 2024
1998:. February 8, 2011
1980:on April 25, 2012.
1909:on January 9, 2009
804:Bexhill and Battle
800:Crewe and Nantwich
728:anti-carpetbagging
708:building societies
692:Building societies
663:
620:National Democrat.
518:
477:Coushatta Massacre
414:Compromise of 1877
269:Reconstruction era
232:
121:Radical Republican
75:Reconstruction Era
62:American Civil War
38:
2424:978-0-316-01742-8
1954:on August 3, 2011
1715:Co-operative News
1667:Missing or empty
1524:(2006): 385-434.
1428:. p. cover.
1364:Nicholas Lemann,
1255:Nicholas Lemann,
1242:George C. Rable,
1224:Klein 1968 p. 269
1215:Foner 1988 pp 289
1136:Willie Lee Rose,
1099:(2007) pp 440-41.
1082:978-0-547-22278-3
963:The Carpetbaggers
812:North West Durham
639:Freedmen's Bureau
597:Richard A. Dawson
559:Brooks–Baxter War
526:George E. Spencer
483:George Luke Smith
386:James A. Garfield
382:Albion W. Tourgée
207:Freedmen's Bureau
196:Reforming impulse
70:African Americans
36:as a carpetbagger
2612:
2559:
2428:
2352:Paul D. Escott;
2286:Ash, Stephen V.
2274:
2273:
2255:
2249:
2248:
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2244:
2233:
2227:
2226:
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2222:
2210:
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2184:
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2165:
2149:
2143:
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2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2082:. July 10, 2014.
2076:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1950:. Archived from
1944:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1879:. Archived from
1869:
1863:
1862:
1846:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1798:
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1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1610:on July 23, 2008
1599:
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1572:
1566:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1532:
1518:
1512:
1498:
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1485:
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1465:Earl F. Woodward
1462:
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1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
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1167:
1160:
1154:
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1128:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
992:
986:
979:
923:for reelection.
704:demutualizations
542:Edwin M. Stanton
461:Henry C. Warmoth
429:Social Darwinism
327:Ulysses S. Grant
312:Albert T. Morgan
222:Economic motives
150:building society
56:who came to the
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2570:
2569:
2552:
2459:Olsen, Otto H.
2425:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2217:. CDKitchen.com
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2158:Washington Post
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2132:The Daily Beast
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2098:Washington Post
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1565:Campbell (1994)
1564:
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1004:
1002:
994:
993:
989:
980:
976:
971:
954:
946:
944:French politics
933:carpetbag steak
929:
911:representative
893:Hillary Clinton
874:
855:
835:
780:St Helens South
768:North Yorkshire
752:Norman Lamont's
748:
700:
694:
689:
684:
676:neoabolitionist
671:White supremacy
659:Colfax massacre
651:
628:
576:
574:William Furbush
555:
535:
523:
493:. He then left
491:William M. Levy
458:
402:
390:A Fool's Errand
355:
347:Prentiss Walker
300:Wiley P. Harris
261:
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58:Southern states
24:
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2550:External links
2548:
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2543:Alabama Review
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2495:Tunnell, Ted.
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2131:
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2097:
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2042:. Retrieved
2037:Carpetbagger
2036:
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2021:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1995:
1986:
1978:the original
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:the original
1942:
1936:. Melbourne.
1933:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:the original
1876:
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1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
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1767:. Retrieved
1764:The Guardian
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1741:. Retrieved
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1713:
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1693:February 11,
1691:. Retrieved
1681:
1669:|title=
1652:The Guardian
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1635:The Guardian
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1612:. Retrieved
1608:the original
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1491:(1993) p. 79
1488:
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1394:Foner (1968)
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1127:(1988) p 296
1122:
1121:Eric Foner,
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1054:February 15,
1052:. Retrieved
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921:4th district
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833:World War II
827:Labour Party
823:carpetbagger
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547:Ku Klux Klan
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148:, such as a
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126:stump speech
114:
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83:
46:carpetbagger
45:
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25:
2405:Gerth, Jeff
2213:luckytrim.
2198:January 26,
2137:January 19,
2111:January 19,
2062:|work=
1721:November 2,
1487:Eric Foner
879:Alex Mooney
784:Mims Davies
746:UK politics
259:Mississippi
154:demutualize
90:free blacks
54:Northerners
50:Southerners
34:Carl Schurz
2574:Categories
2243:August 18,
2022:Herald Sun
2002:August 18,
1996:Herald Sun
1958:October 2,
1824:August 31,
1795:August 31,
1769:August 31,
1743:August 31,
1637:. London.
1314:Escott 160
969:References
909:Republican
862:John Fahey
792:Mid Sussex
754:move from
726:implement
682:Modern use
495:Shreveport
418:Red Shirts
359:Eric Foner
288:Red Shirts
211:Poor White
185:Eric Foner
183:Historian
164:Background
106:carpet bag
60:after the
2440:Historian
2221:August 3,
2106:0190-8286
2064:ignored (
2054:cite book
2044:August 3,
1913:August 3,
1790:The Times
1660:cite news
1614:August 4,
884:Mehmet Oz
853:Australia
821:The term
788:Eastleigh
643:Exoduster
466:franchise
456:Louisiana
170:Scalawags
2474:in JSTOR
2411:(2007).
2162:Archived
1887:June 28,
1819:POLITICO
1530:40028092
1510:40024078
1477:40038083
1005:July 24,
952:See also
553:Arkansas
446:(1873).
318:(1884).
187:argues:
174:freedmen
79:scalawag
2537:(2006).
2492:(1932).
1934:The Age
1441:May 18,
1140:(1976).
1112:(2004).
937:sutured
927:Cuisine
806:), and
586:Liberia
533:Georgia
521:Alabama
514:excerpt
512:(2015)
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760:London
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1526:JSTOR
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1473:JSTOR
626:Texas
557:The "
2419:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2245:2014
2223:2013
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2139:2023
2113:2023
2102:ISSN
2066:help
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2004:2014
1960:2011
1915:2013
1889:2011
1853:ISBN
1826:2024
1797:2024
1771:2024
1745:2024
1723:2019
1695:2024
1673:help
1616:2008
1583:ISBN
1443:2024
1430:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1056:2017
1007:2021
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