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state of
Georgia, and the American South. To that end, the center operates a museum in the Smith–McCullers' home, presents extensive educational and cultural programs for the community, maintains an ever-growing archive of materials related to the life and work of McCullers, and offers fellowships for writers and composers who live for periods of time in the Smith-McCullers home in Columbus.
556:. Her most documented and extended love obsession was with Annemarie Schwarzenbach, of whom she once wrote "She had a face that I knew would haunt me for the rest of my life." In her autobiography, McCullers reports that the two shared one kiss. McCullers's passion, however, was not reciprocated, and the two remained friends with McCullers dedicating her next novel,
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In 1944, when McCullers's father died, her mother left
Columbus and moved to Nyack, New York, where she bought her daughter's famed Nyack home. McCullers lived with her mother and sister off and on in this house for a number of years, eventually buying the house from her mother. McCullers was living
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McCullers's therapist and longtime friend, Dr. Mary E. Mercer, bequeathed the house in Nyack to
Columbus State University's Carson McCullers Center for Writers and Musicians, the same center that owns and operates out of McCullers's childhood home in Columbus, Georgia. At Dr. Mercer's death in late
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In 1945, Carson and Reeves McCullers remarried. Three years later, while severely depressed, she attempted suicide. In 1953, Reeves tried to persuade her to commit suicide with him, but she fled and Reeves killed himself in their Paris hotel with an overdose of sleeping pills. Her bittersweet play
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is the astonishing humanity that enables a white writer, for the first time in
Southern fiction, to handle Negro characters with as much ease and justice as those of her own race. This cannot be accounted for stylistically or politically; it seems to stem from an attitude toward life which enables
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in upstate New York. Carson lived nearby, and one day when Buzz and I were out for a walk she hailed us from her doorway. She was then in her early 20s, and had already suffered the first of a series of strokes. I remember her as a fragile thing with great shining eyes, and a tremor in her hand as
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and is the central location of the university's Carson McCullers Center for
Writers and Musicians. The center is dedicated to preserving the legacy of McCullers; to nurturing American writers and musicians; to educating young people; and to fostering the literary and musical life of Columbus, the
288:, where Reeves had found work as a credit salesman. The couple made a pact to take alternating turns as writer then breadwinner, starting with Reeves's taking a salaried position while McCullers wrote. Her eventual success as a writer precluded his literary ambitions.
244:. After losing the money she was going to use to study at Juilliard on the subway, she decided instead to work, take night classes, and write. She worked several odd jobs, including as a waitress and a dog walker. After falling ill with
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she placed it in mine. It wasn't palsy, rather a quiver of animal timidity. But there was nothing timid or frail about the manner in which Carson McCullers faced life. And as her afflictions multiplied, she only grew stronger.
654:, as the majority of her works take place in the Southern United States and feature eccentric characters suffering from loneliness interspersed by moments of deep empathy. In a discussion with the Irish critic and writer
221:, and Marguerite Waters. She was named after her maternal grandmother, Lula Carson Waters. She had a younger brother, Lamar, Jr. and a younger sister, Marguerite. Her great grandfather on her mother's side was a
737:. Shapland's book contends McCullers was queer, or closeted. Other critics have noted that "McCullers camouflaged her love for women in her fiction, gay and lesbian themes are inarguably present in her work."
471:, reviewed her first novel, published in 1940 when she was 23, and said she was the first white writer to create fully human black characters. In his review 'Hugo: Secrets of the Inner Landscape', he stated:
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From 1935 to 1937, as her studies and health dictated, she divided her time between
Columbus and New York. In September 1937, aged 20, she married an ex-soldier and aspiring writer, Reeves McCullers. A
591:(1957) drew upon these traumatic experiences. In the 1950s, McCullers was in therapy for a variety of reasons, and discussed with her therapist, Dr. Mary A. Mercer, the possibility of being a lesbian.
248:, she returned to Columbus to recuperate, and she changed her mind about studying music. Returning to New York, she worked in menial jobs while pursuing a writing career; she attended night classes at
2001:
264:. In 1936, she published her first work, "Wunderkind", an autobiographical piece that Bates admired, depicting a music prodigy's adolescent insecurity and losses. It first appeared in
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Shapland was an intern at the Harry Ransom Center, a writers' and artists' archive at the
University of Texas at Austin, when she discovered love letters written to McCullers from
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406:, McCullers describes the feelings of a young girl at her brother's wedding. The Broadway stage adaptation of the novel had a successful run in 1950–51 and was produced by the
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roots. Critics also describe her writing and eccentric characters as universal in scope. Her stories have been adapted to stage and film. A stage adaptation of her novel
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April 2013, the McCullers Center inherited not only the house but also many artifacts and documents that shed light on the last ten years of McCullers's life.
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The two former McCullers houses now owned by
Columbus State University together contain the world's most extensive research collection on the author.
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February House: The Story of W. H. Auden, Carson McCullers, Jane and Paul Bowles, Benjamin
Britten, and Gypsy Rose Lee, Under One Roof in Brooklyn
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Miss McCullers to rise above the pressures of her environment and embrace white and black humanity in one sweep of apprehension and tenderness.
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descent. From the age of ten, she took piano lessons; when she was fifteen, her father gave her a typewriter to encourage her story writing.
170:(February 19, 1917 – September 29, 1967) was an American novelist, short-story writer, playwright, essayist, and poet. Her first novel,
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McCullers fell in love with a number of women and pursued them sexually with great determination. Love letters written to McCullers from
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578:. But if Carson ever actually had sex with a woman, even Tennessee didn't hear of it. According to McCullers's brilliant biographer,
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in London in
September 2007. The original production won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for the best play of the season.
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that began in her youth. In 1962, she had a breast cancer surgery and mastectomy. She lived the last twenty years of her life in
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in this house when she died in 1967. In December 2006 the house in Nyack was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
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1728:"National Register of Historic Places Official Website--Part of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior"
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While the center operates out of the Smith–McCullers house, the writer's childhood home and museum is open to the public.
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Knowles, A. S. Jr. (1969). "Six Bronze Petals and Two Red: Carson McCullers in the Forties". In French, Warren G. (ed.).
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The Rainey-McCullers School of the Arts in Columbus, Georgia, is named in honor of McCullers and fellow Columbus native
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240:. In September 1934, at age 17, she left home on a steamship bound for New York City, planning to study piano at the
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201:(1946), which captures a young girl's feelings at her brother's wedding, made a successful Broadway run in 1950–51.
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391:(1951) depicts loneliness and the pain of unrequited love; at the time of its writing, McCullers was a resident at
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profile described her husband as "...a dreamer attracted to big, capable women". They began their married life in
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for five hundred dollars in August 1940. It was published in two parts in the magazine in October and November.
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was McCullers's literary agent in 1938 and intermittently thereafter. In 1940, at the age of 23, writing in the
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Carson and Reeves McCullers divorced in 1941. After separating from Reeves she moved to New York to live with
2013:
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311:. The title was suggested by her editor and was taken from the poem "The Lonely Hunter" by the Scottish poet
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443:. McCullers died a fortnight before that film's premiere in October 1967. Huston, in his autobiography,
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1680:, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 31251). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition
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Many know her works largely by their film adaptations, neither of which she lived to see.
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176:(1940), explores the spiritual isolation of misfits and outcasts in a small town of the
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1431:"She Found Carson McCullers's Love Letters. They Taught Her Something About Herself"
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533:. During this period of separation, Reeves had a relationship with the composer
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McCullers lived mostly in Paris. Her close friends during these years included
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Whitt, Jan (1999). "The 'we of me': Carson McCullers as lesbian novelist".
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The Horror in the Mansion: Gothic Fiction in the Works of Carson McCullers
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2018:
1892:. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. p.
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Wright, James (May–June 1973). "Hugo: Secrets Of The Inner Landscape".
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The Fourth Ghost: White Southern Writers and European Fascism 1930–1950
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McCullers suffered throughout her life from several illnesses and from
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991:(1972), a posthumous collection of writings, edited by her sister Rita
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The Ballad of the Sad Café: The Novels and Stories of Carson McCullers
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630:. As a result of the heart damage sustained, McCullers suffered from
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The most recent scholarly collection of commentaries on her work is
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Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons
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1567:"National Register Information System – (#06000562)"
1260:"Author Carson McCullers Wrote Prolifically While in Fayetteville"
638:, where she died on September 29, 1967, at the age of 50, after a
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McCullers's childhood home in Columbus, Georgia, is now owned by
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I first met Carson McCullers during the war when I was visiting
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180:. Her other novels have similar themes. Most are set in the
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Lover, Beloved: Songs from an Evening with Carson McCullers
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soldier. Her father was a watchmaker and jeweler of French
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Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library
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Graham-Bertolini, Alison L.; Kayser, Casey, eds. (2016).
1779:"Carson Mccullers Poem by Charles Bukowski - Poem Hunter"
1301:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 233.
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The Tragicomic Vision in the Novels of Carson McCullers
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315:. At the time the novel was thought to suggest an anti-
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Graham-Bertolini, Alison and Casey Kayser, eds. 2020.
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The Carson McCullers Center for Writers and Musicians
501:, an art commune in Brooklyn. Among her friends were
1452:, a Swiss heiress with whom McCullers had an affair.
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Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
1950:
Understanding the Short Fiction of Carson McCullers
1600:
1545:. Portland, Oregon: Tin House Books. pp. 1–2.
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1869:The Lonely Hunter: A Biography of Carson McCullers
957:The Square Root of Wonderful, A Play in Three Acts
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342:) in the span of two months. She sold the book to
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985:A collection of poems illustrated by Rolf GĂ©rard.
598:(1999), during the final months of her life. Her
594:McCullers dictated her unfinished autobiography,
307:traditions, McCullers completed her first novel,
3309:20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
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1871:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
1161:
367:, she published eight books; the best known are
252:and studied creative writing under Texas writer
669:(2016), edited by Graham-Bertolini and Kayser.
1288:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Dissertation Abstracts.
1001:, published more than 30 years after her death
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1262:. FayObserver. March 28, 2010. Archived from
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1090:, a 2016 album by American singer/songwriter
869:a novella of the same title, later made into
574:and a much-implied ongoing "friendship" with
1913:Carson McCullers in the Twenty-first Century
1596:National Archives and Records Administration
667:Carson McCullers in the Twenty-First Century
2085:Two different critical views of McCullers:
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1110:
1108:
896:"Madame Zilensky and the King of Finland" (
2135:
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1397:
1126:
31:
3304:American women dramatists and playwrights
3279:American LGBTQ dramatists and playwrights
1645:"The Unhappy Endings of Carson McCullers"
1200:"The Unhappy Endings of Carson McCullers"
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1803:
1535:
1462:
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650:McCullers's style is often described as
3314:Writers of American Southern literature
1116:The Member of the Wedding
952:A 1950 play adapted from the 1946 novel
187:McCullers's work is often described as
3294:LGBTQ people from Georgia (U.S. state)
3226:
2019:Carson McCullers collection, 1941-1975
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662:or political elements in her writing.
642:. She is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery.
330:), McCullers and her husband moved to
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975:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1964.
918:magazine section, September 16, 1951)
856:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1951.
831:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1961.
809:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1946.
787:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1941.
765:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1940.
709:wrote a poem about Carson McCullers.
570:There is the infamous obsession with
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1863:
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1606:
1591:New York SP McCullers, Carson, House
1572:National Register of Historic Places
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1542:My Autobiography of Carson McCullers
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1310:
1297:Brinkmeyer, Robert H., Jr. (2009).
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1167:
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1038:Stories, Plays, & Other Writings
973:Sweet as a Pickle and Clean as a Pig
730:My Autobiography of Carson McCullers
608:National Register of Historic Places
475:To me the most impressive aspect of
3319:Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
3249:20th-century American women writers
1969:The Forties: Fiction, Poetry, Drama
1809:"The Closeting of Carson McCullers"
1642:
1429:O'Grady, Megan (February 4, 2020).
1240:from the original on March 27, 2023
1228:"The Closeting of Carson McCullers"
1226:Shapland, Jenn (February 3, 2020).
1194:
622:. At the age of 15, she contracted
256:and with Sylvia Chatfield Bates at
13:
3339:20th-century American LGBTQ people
1942:
1690:Graham-Bertolini & Kayser 2016
1386:
1137:1920 United States Federal Census.
942:. New York: New Directions. 1951.
14:
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3299:People from South Nyack, New York
1992:
1643:Als, Hilton (November 25, 2001).
1185:
1146:1930 United States Federal Census
3329:20th-century American memoirists
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3199:
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1040:. New York: Library of America.
537:, and the two lived together in
157:
3244:20th-century American novelists
1886:Carr, Virginia Spencer (2005).
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1066:. New York: MGM Records. 1958.
3259:Writers from Columbus, Georgia
1889:Understanding Carson McCullers
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1219:
1140:
1008:
844:
546:Annemarie Clarac-Schwarzenbach
1:
2882:Nell Kendall Hodgson Woodruff
2094:Marxism in Carson McCullers'
2014:University of Texas at Austin
1375:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1098:
1036:Dews, Carlos L., ed. (2017).
554:University of Texas at Austin
484:
270:magazine and is collected in
204:
3334:People from Brooklyn Heights
3035:Jean Elizabeth Geiger Wright
2851:Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas
2144:Georgia Women of Achievement
2061:The Carson McCullers Project
1633:. Sue Walker, March 3, 2017.
1631:"Carson McCullers biography"
1524:The New Georgia Encyclopedia
1513:Carson McCullers (1917–1967)
1060:Carson McCullers Reads from
1052:
995:Illumination and Night Glare
762:The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
645:
596:Illumination and Night Glare
589:The Square Root of Wonderful
477:The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
415:The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
370:The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
332:Fayetteville, North Carolina
324:The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
309:The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
217:, in 1917 to Lamar Smith, a
173:The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
128:The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
7:
2369:Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans
1284:Johnson, Thomas S. (1974).
1079:
921:"A Tree, a Rock, a Cloud" (
784:Reflections in a Golden Eye
559:Reflections in a Golden Eye
428:Reflections in a Golden Eye
376:Reflections in a Golden Eye
336:Reflections in a Golden Eye
16:American writer (1917–1967)
10:
3365:
3269:New York University alumni
3264:Columbia University alumni
2778:May duBignon Stiles Howard
2302:Susan Cobb Milton Atkinson
2260:Emily Harvie Thomas Tubman
2082:— New Georgia Encyclopedia
1857:
1835:Dearborn, Mary V. (2024).
1403:"McCullers: Canon Fodder?"
1371:Tippins, Sherill (2005).
1338:The American Poetry Review
1122:Internet Broadway Database
959:. New York: French. 1958.
718:The Ballad of the Sad Cafe
397:Saratoga Springs, New York
388:The Ballad of the Sad Café
272:The Ballad of the Sad Cafe
135:The Ballad of the Sad Café
37:McCullers, photographed by
3349:American bisexual writers
3324:American women memoirists
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2078:February 1, 2013, at the
2042:Works by Carson McCullers
2032:Works by Carson McCullers
1062:The Member of the Wedding
938:The Member of the Wedding
866:A collection comprising:
806:The Member of the Wedding
753:
723:In 2020, American writer
679:Columbus State University
672:
497:. She became a member of
404:The Member of the Wedding
395:, the artists' colony in
382:The Member of the Wedding
303:or perhaps Southern (US)
291:
286:Charlotte, North Carolina
258:Washington Square College
242:Juilliard School of Music
198:The Member of the Wedding
156:
151:
142:The Member of the Wedding
116:
106:
96:
86:
69:
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3289:American LGBTQ novelists
3254:American women novelists
3087:Josephine Fields Sanders
2960:Mamie George S. Williams
2924:Carolyn Mackenzie Carter
2501:Alice Harrell Strickland
2475:Catherine Evans Whitener
2214:Cassandra Pickett Durham
2066:January 7, 2014, at the
1837:Carson McCullers: A Life
1470:Journal of Homosexuality
748:
743:Carson McCullers: A Life
716:who adapted her novella
613:
419:film with the same title
351:With influences such as
3159:Elizabeth "Bessie" Tift
3025:Katharine DuPre Lumpkin
2955:Susie Baker King Taylor
2877:Frances Freeborn Pauley
2773:Mary Francis Hill Coley
2693:Caroline Pafford Miller
2667:Elfrida De Renne Barrow
2568:Emily Barnelia Woodward
2558:Helen Dortch Longstreet
2517:Madeleine Kiker Anthony
2491:Wessie Gertrude Connell
1450:Annemarie Schwarzenbach
1004:"Sucker", a short story
997:(1999), her unfinished
735:Annemarie Schwarzenbach
628:rheumatic heart disease
447:(1980), wrote of her:
3274:Bisexual women writers
3123:Luck Flanders Gambrell
3113:Phyllis Jenkins Barrow
3082:Lizzie Lurline Collier
2856:Bazoline Estelle Usher
2830:Henrietta Stanley Dull
2672:Amilee Chastain Graves
2620:Sarah Porter Hillhouse
2522:Helena Maud Brown Cobb
2338:Rebecca Latimer Felton
2004:March 1, 2012, at the
1865:Carr, Virginia Spencer
1518:April 8, 2013, at the
1064:and Other of her Works
912:"A Domestic Dilemma" (
600:home from 1945 to 1967
584:
513:and the writer couple
482:
462:
334:, where she completed
191:and indicative of her
178:Southern United States
3020:Clarice Cross Bagwell
2846:Rebecca Stiles Taylor
2794:Sarah Randolph Bailey
2651:Sara Branham Matthews
2610:Eliza Frances Andrews
2563:Sarah McLendon Murphy
2553:Louise Frederick Hays
2204:Dicksie Bradley Bandy
1577:National Park Service
1511:Dews, Carlos (2005).
1483:10.1300/j082v37n01_09
1198:(November 26, 2001).
871:a Merchant Ivory film
656:Terence de Vere White
604:South Nyack, New York
580:Virginia Spencer Carr
572:Katherine Anne Porter
568:
473:
449:
326:in 1939 (then titled
301:Southern (US) Gothic
236:Smith graduated from
3144:Beatrice Hirsch Haas
3128:Dorothy Rogers Tilly
2908:Katie Hall Underwood
2903:Ellamae Ellis League
2799:Beulah Rucker Oliver
2768:Lillian Gordy Carter
2677:Susan Dowdell Myrick
2646:Helen Douglas Mankin
2615:Grace Towns Hamilton
2496:Lula Dobbs McEachern
2374:Julia Collier Harris
2353:Lucy Barrow McIntire
2281:Anna Colquitt Hunter
1807:(February 3, 2020).
741:published her book,
626:, which resulted in
606:, was listed on the
385:(1946). The novella
238:Columbus High School
3284:Bisexual memoirists
3061:Laura Pope Forester
2981:Mary Dorothy Lyndon
2825:Mary Gregory Jewett
2641:Edith Lenora Foster
2584:Alice Woodby McKane
2527:Julia Lester Dillon
2449:Laura Askew Haygood
2384:Carrie Steele Logan
2343:Mary Ann Harris Gay
2307:Nellie Peters Black
2276:Selena Sloan Butler
2255:Ruth Hartley Mosley
2183:Juliette Gordon Low
2010:Harry Ransom Center
1971:. Deland, Florida:
1839:. New York: Knopf.
1707:mccullerscenter.org
1621:, pp. 466–467.
989:The Mortgaged Heart
875:six short stories:
828:Clock Without Hands
550:Harry Ransom Center
539:Rochester, New York
435:(1967) and starred
262:New York University
254:Dorothy Scarborough
250:Columbia University
209:McCullers was born
101:Columbia University
3066:Allie Murray Smith
2950:Ludie Clay Andrews
2929:Clermont Huger Lee
2898:Sarah Harper Heard
2872:Allie Carroll Hart
2820:Lollie Belle Wylie
2589:Nina Anderson Pape
2532:Leila Ross Wilburn
2454:Ellen Axson Wilson
2444:Sallie Ellis Davis
2322:Lugenia Burns Hope
1999:McCullers's Papers
1703:"Carson McCullers"
1436:The New York Times
1023:Library of America
531:Tennessee Williams
425:in the lead role.
211:Lula Carson Smith
73:September 29, 1967
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3149:Adella Hunt Logan
3097:Josephine Wilkins
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2742:Mary Ann Lipscomb
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2636:Margaret O. Bynum
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2286:Hazel Jane Raines
2250:Margaret Mitchell
2219:Viola Ross Napier
2188:Flannery O'Connor
1954:Mercer University
1878:978-0-820-32522-4
1785:. January 3, 2003
1579:. March 13, 2009.
1552:978-1-947793-28-6
1158:, pp. 42–45.
1118:(1950 production)
1046:978-1-59853-511-2
1031:978-1-931082-03-7
903:"The Sojourner" (
417:was adapted as a
353:Isak Dinesen
322:After completing
215:Columbus, Georgia
165:
164:
63:Columbus, Georgia
60:February 19, 1917
51:Lula Carson Smith
3356:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3051:Ruby M. Anderson
3010:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2747:Celestine Sibley
2732:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2594:Jeannette Rankin
2548:Mathilda Beasley
2470:Julia L. Coleman
2434:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2245:Carson McCullers
2178:Lucy Craft Laney
2163:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2104:Carson McCullers
2073:Carson McCullers
2052:
2027:Emory University
1988:
1938:
1907:
1882:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1814:The Paris Review
1801:
1795:
1794:
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1790:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1755:. Archived from
1749:
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1266:on April 8, 2010
1256:
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1233:The Paris Review
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840:
822:at Google books.
818:
800:at Google books.
796:
778:at Google books.
774:
707:Charles Bukowski
640:brain hemorrhage
507:Benjamin Britten
493:, the editor of
467:, the author of
457:Burgess Meredith
453:Paulette Goddard
441:Elizabeth Taylor
431:was directed by
168:Carson McCullers
161:
76:
59:
57:
40:Carl Van Vechten
35:
25:Carson McCullers
21:
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2096:Strangled South
2080:Wayback Machine
2068:Wayback Machine
2006:Wayback Machine
1995:
1973:Everett/Edwards
1966:
1945:
1943:Further reading
1927:
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1759:on June 4, 2015
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1019:Complete Novels
1015:Dews, Carlos L.
1011:
971:
955:
934:
924:Harper's Bazaar
850:
847:
825:
820:Limited preview
803:
798:Limited preview
781:
776:Limited preview
759:
756:
751:
712:She influenced
675:
652:Southern Gothic
648:
636:Nyack, New York
624:rheumatic fever
616:
495:Harper's Bazaar
487:
345:Harper's Bazaar
294:
246:rheumatic fever
207:
189:Southern Gothic
147:
111:Southern Gothic
80:Nyack, New York
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3118:Alice Coachman
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1993:External links
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1926:978-3319820705
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1805:Shapland, Jenn
1796:
1783:PoemHunter.com
1770:
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1669:
1649:The New Yorker
1635:
1623:
1611:
1609:, p. 466.
1599:
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1537:Shapland, Jenn
1528:
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1477:(1): 127–139.
1456:
1421:
1399:Sarah Schulman
1385:
1364:
1327:
1325:, p. 572.
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894:
890:The New Yorker
887:"The Jockey" (
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878:"Wunderkind" (
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576:Gypsy Rose Lee
564:Sarah Schulman
511:Gypsy Rose Lee
499:February House
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465:Richard Wright
421:in 1968, with
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2173:Martha Berry
2108:Find a Grave
2095:
2046:Open Library
1968:
1949:
1915:. New York:
1912:
1888:
1868:
1836:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1812:
1799:
1789:February 13,
1787:. Retrieved
1782:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1747:
1737:February 13,
1735:. Retrieved
1731:
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1712:February 13,
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
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1434:
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1414:November 24,
1412:. Retrieved
1406:
1381:0-61841911-X
1372:
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1264:the original
1254:
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1231:
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1209:. Retrieved
1203:
1175:
1170:, p. 5.
1163:
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1092:Suzanne Vega
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75:(1967-09-29)
18:
3239:1967 deaths
3234:1917 births
2312:Ellen Craft
1732:www.nps.gov
1196:Als, Hilton
1009:Collections
845:Other works
745:, in 2024.
548:are at the
519:Jane Bowles
515:Paul Bowles
503:W. H. Auden
433:John Huston
379:(1941) and
227:Confederate
3228:Categories
3206:Literature
2934:Lucile Nix
2348:Nancy Hart
2036:Faded Page
1975:. p.
1962:1132425380
1820:August 27,
1763:August 23,
1408:The Nation
1099:References
727:published
660:tragicomic
620:alcoholism
562:, to her.
485:Later life
423:Alan Arkin
357:Dostoevsky
281:New Yorker
205:Early life
182:Deep South
87:Occupation
56:1917-02-19
3194:Biography
3092:Hedy West
2224:Ma Rainey
1985:654392962
1935:961938130
1867:(2003) .
1657:0028-792X
1619:Carr 2003
1607:Carr 2003
1491:0091-8369
1442:August 8,
1351:0360-3709
1345:(3): 13.
1323:Carr 2003
1311:Carr 2003
1180:Carr 2003
1168:Carr 2005
1156:Carr 2003
1053:Recording
701:Ma Rainey
646:Criticism
610:in 2006.
469:Black Boy
408:Young Vic
340:Army Post
319:message.
152:Signature
97:Education
2076:Archived
2064:Archived
2038:(Canada)
2002:Archived
1917:Palgrave
1662:June 13,
1539:(2020).
1516:Archived
1499:10203074
1359:27774587
1238:Archived
1080:See also
1072:89741503
981:64020538
965:59001296
948:51010532
862:51010969
837:61010351
815:46002022
793:41002706
771:40010298
566:writes:
521:. After
373:(1940),
328:The Mute
231:Huguenot
219:jeweller
193:Southern
91:Novelist
3180:Portals
2012:at the
2008:at the
1956:Press.
1858:Sources
1753:"Nyack"
1594:at the
1244:May 21,
1211:May 30,
1120:at the
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632:strokes
552:at the
365:Tolstoy
361:Chekhov
317:Fascist
305:realist
223:planter
121:Novels:
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363:, and
292:Career
82:, U.S.
65:, U.S.
42:, 1959
3218:LGBTQ
3003:2020s
2725:2010s
2427:2000s
2156:1990s
1355:JSTOR
881:Story
749:Works
614:Death
393:Yaddo
267:Story
107:Genre
3137:2024
3106:2023
3075:2022
3044:2021
3013:2020
2969:2019
2943:2018
2917:2017
2891:2016
2865:2015
2839:2014
2813:2013
2787:2012
2761:2011
2735:2010
2686:2009
2660:2008
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2603:2006
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2541:2004
2510:2003
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2463:2001
2437:2000
2393:1999
2362:1998
2331:1997
2295:1996
2269:1995
2233:1994
2197:1993
2166:1992
1981:OCLC
1958:OCLC
1931:OCLC
1921:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1822:2022
1791:2020
1765:2015
1739:2020
1714:2020
1664:2023
1653:ISSN
1547:ISBN
1495:PMID
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1272:2011
1246:2024
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1068:LCCN
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