281:
320:
386:
723:, along with the adoption of higher-grade tape (such as chromium dioxide, but typically recorded in such a way as to play back at the normal 120 μs position), and the frequent use of Dolby HX Pro, meant that cassettes became a viable high-fidelity option, one that was more portable and required less maintenance than records. In addition, cover art, which had generally previously been restricted to a single image of the LP cover along with a minimum of text, began to be tailored to cassettes as well, with fold-out lyric sheets or librettos and fold-out sleeves becoming commonplace.
273:
682:
557:"The buyer who is aware of sound quality is making his own." "They won't be satisfied with the 'tunnel effect' of prerecorded tape. And home tape deck users don't use prerecorded tapes at all." Yet, contended Solomon, while Tower's own stores show strong blank tape sales gains, its prerecorded sales have increased by only 2% to 3%. With an estimated 15% of the chain's total tape business now generated by the sales of blanks, "it would appear our added tape sales are going to TDK, Maxell and Sony, not you." he concluded. -
573:
25:
394:
515:. Sony briefly tried FerriChrome (Type III) which claimed to combine the best of both; some people, however, stated that the reverse was true because the Cr top layer seemed to wear off quickly, reducing this type to Fe in practice. Most recent decks produce the best response and dynamic headroom with metal tapes (IEC Type IV) which require still higher bias for recording, though they will play back correctly at the II setting since the equalization is the same.
90:
98:
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present, such as automotive and recreation environments. Early CD playback equipment also tended to be expensive compared to cassette equipment of similar quality and did not offer recording capability. Many home and portable entertainment systems supported both formats and commonly allowed the CD playback to be recorded on cassette tape. The rise of inexpensive all-solid-state portable digital music systems based on
626:
1450:
2197:
904:, a system which was backward-compatible with existing analog cassette recordings for playback, but it failed to garner a significant market share and was withdrawn. One reason proposed for the lack of acceptance of digital recording formats such as DAT was a fear by content providers that the ability to make very high-quality copies would hurt sales of copyrighted recordings.
374:
channels connected to the electronics at one time, one pair for each direction. Auto-reverse decks employ a capstan and pinch roller for each side. Since these use the same opening in the cassette shell normally used for the erase head, such decks must fit the erase head (or two, one for each direction) into the center opening in the shell along with the record/play head.
361:, or similar.) Three-head systems were common on reel-to-reel decks, but were more difficult to implement for cassettes, which do not provide separate openings for record and play heads. Some models squeezed a monitor head into the capstan area, and others combined separate record and playback gaps into a single headshell.
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511:
Better-quality cassette recorders soon appeared with a switch for the tape type. Later decks incorporated coded holes in the shell to autodetect the tape type. Chromium dioxide tape was thought to cause increased wear on the heads, so TDK and Maxell adapted cobalt-doped ferric formulations to mimic CrO
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are among the few companies still manufacturing cassette decks in relatively small quantities for professional and niche market use. By the late 1990s, automobiles were offered with entertainment systems that played both cassettes and CDs. By the end of the late 2000s, very few cars were offered with
907:
The rapid transition was not realized and CDs and cassettes successfully co-existed for nearly 20 years. A contributing factor may have been the inability of early CD players to reliably read discs with surface damage and offer anti-skipping features for applications where external vibration would be
742:
to improve the sound quality and the tracking of the noise reduction system when recording from an FM stereo broadcast. However, in many especially cheaper decks, this filter cannot be disabled, and because of that record/playback frequency response in those decks typically is limited to 16 kHz.
693:
and transport mechanics, sound fidelity on equipment from the top manufacturers far surpassed the levels originally expected of the medium. On suitable audio equipment, cassettes could produce a very pleasant listening experience. High-end cassette decks could achieve 15 Hz-22 kHz±3 dB
641:
noise reduction, which achieved higher levels of noise reduction; Dolby C became common on high-fidelity decks, but Dolby S, released when cassette sales had begun to decline, never achieved widespread use. It was only licensed for use on higher end tape decks that included dual motors, triple heads,
331:
was key to realizing low noise performance on the - compared to reel-to-reel-technology - relatively slow and narrow cassette tapes. It works by boosting the high frequencies on recording, especially low-level high-frequency sounds, with corresponding high frequency reduction on playback. This lowers
224:
controls, dual VU meters, and slider level controls. There was a variety of configurations leading to the next standard format in the late 1970s, which settled on front-loading (see main picture) with cassette well on one side, dual VU meters on the other, and later dual-cassette decks with meters in
159:
became a standard component of home high-fidelity systems. Eventually the reel-to-reel recorder was completely displaced, in part because of the usage constraints presented by their large size, expense, and the inconvenience of threading and rewinding the tape reels - cassettes are more portable and
945:
and elderly people find the newest digital technologies very difficult to use compared to the cassette format. Cassette tapes are not vulnerable to scratching from handling (though the exposed magnetic tape is vulnerable to stretching from poking), and play from where they were last stopped (though
203:
used different bias and equalization settings to reduce the overall noise level and extend the high frequency response. Together these allowed a usefully flat frequency response beyond 15 kHz for the first time. This deck was based on a top-loading mechanism by
Nakamichi, then soon replaced by
769:
have been developed which allow newer media players to be played through existing cassette decks, in particular those in cars which generally do not have input jacks. These units do not suffer from reception problems from FM transmitter based system to play back media players through the FM radio,
718:
From the early 1980s, the fidelity of prerecorded cassettes began to improve dramatically. Whereas Dolby B was already in widespread use in the 1970s, prerecorded cassettes were duplicated onto rather poor quality tape stock at (often) high speed and did not compare in fidelity to high-grade LPs.
528:
less than 0.05% and very low noise. A high-quality recording on cassette could rival the sound of an average commercial CD, though the quality of pre-recorded cassettes has been regarded by the general public as lower than could be achieved in a quality home recording. There was a call for better
401:
In one machine, the Dragon, Nakamichi addressed the issue with a motor-driven automatic head alignment mechanism. This proved effective but very expensive. Later
Nakamichi auto-reverse models, the RX series, was essentially a single-directional deck, but with an added mechanism that physically
373:
feature appeared that allowed the deck to play (and, in some decks, record) on both sides of the cassette without the operator having to manually remove, flip, and re-insert the cassette. Most auto-reverse machines use a four-channel head (similar to those on multitrack recorders), with only two
957:
Today, cassette decks are not considered by most people to be either the most versatile or highest fidelity sound recording devices available, as even very inexpensive CD or digital audio players can reproduce a wide frequency range with no speed variations. Many current budget-oriented cassette
237:
Cassette decks soon came into widespread use and were designed variously for professional applications, home audio systems, and for mobile use in cars, as well as portable recorders. From the mid-1970s to the late 1990s the cassette deck was the preferred music source for the automobile. Like an
596:
being almost universal for both prerecorded tapes and home recording. Dolby B was designed to address the high-frequency noise inherent in cassette tapes, and along with improvements in tape formulation it helped the cassette win acceptances as a high-fidelity medium. At the same time, Dolby B
486:
in 1982. This was used in many higher-end decks. HX Pro reduces the high-frequency bias during recording when the signal being recorded has a high level of high frequency content. Such a signal is self-biasing. Reducing the level of the bias signal permits the desired signal to be recorded at a
454:
of a particular cassette deck featuring logic control. Some examples of fail-safe mechanisms incorporated into logic control decks include: a mechanism designed to protect internal components from damage when the tape or motor is locked, a mechanism designed to prevent the tape from being wound
381:
mechanism uses an ordinary two-track, quarter-width head, but operates by mechanically rotating the head 180 degrees so that the two head gaps access the other tracks of the tape. There is usually an azimuth adjustment screw for each position. Nevertheless, due to the repeated movement, the
710:
of up to 61 dB (for Type IV tape, without noise-reduction) . With noise reduction typical signal-to-noise figures of 70-76 dB with Dolby C, 80-86 dB with Dolby S, and 85 - 90 dB with dbx could be achieved. Many casual listeners could not tell the difference between compact
510:
or Type II) was the first tape designed for extended high-frequency response, but it required higher bias. Later, as the IEC Type II standard was defined, a different equalization settings was also mandated to reduce hiss, thus giving up some extension at the high end of the audio spectrum.
743:
In other decks, the MPX filter can be switched off or on independently from the Dolby switch. On yet other decks, the filter is off by default, and an option to switch it on or off is only provided when Dolby is activated; this prevents the MPX filter from being used when it's not required.
348:
Three-head technology uses separate heads for recording and playback (the third of the three heads being the erase head). This allows different record and playback head gaps to be used. A narrower head gap is optimal for playback than for recording, so the head gap width of any combined
790:
and the rubber pinch roller can become coated with these particles, leading them to pull the tape less precisely over the head; this in turn leads to misalignment of the tape over the head azimuth, producing noticeably unclear high tones, just as if the head itself were out of alignment.
124:
attempted to commercialize the cartridge format, but a few factors stalled adoption, including lower-than-advertised availability of selections in the prerecorded media catalog, delays in production setup, and a stand-alone design that was not considered by audiophiles to be truly hi-fi.
1189:"By the provision of a logical circuit in the control circuit for a magnetic recorder, even when the keys of the key board are actuated in any desired sequence, the magnetic recorder and its associated devices can be promptly and precisely controlled without causing any damages thereon."
402:
removed the cassette from the transport, flipped it over, and re-inserted it. Akai made a similar machine but with the mechanism and cassette laid out horizontally instead of upright. This permitted the convenience of auto-reverse with little compromise in record or playback quality.
1225:
The transport controls are fully logic operated through solenoids. Any transport control button can be touched while the machine is running in any mode without risking damage to tape or deck. Even the button for the cassette compartment door can be operated while the tape is
1135:
349:
record/playback head must necessarily be a compromise. Separate record and playback heads also allow off-the-tape monitoring during recording, permitting immediate verification of the recording quality. (Such machines can be identified by the presence of a
734:
cassettes in the 1980s, which were recorded on high-grade tape and duplicated on premium equipment in real time from a digital master. Unlike audiophile LPs, which continue to attract a following, these became moot after the compact disc became widespread.
160:
can be stopped and immediately removed in the middle of playback without rewinding. Cassettes became extremely popular for automotive and other portable music applications. Although pre-recorded cassettes were widely available, many users would combine (
763:. In-car cassette players were the first to adopt automatic reverse ("auto-reverse") of the tape direction at each end, allowing a cassette to be played endlessly without manual intervention. Home cassette decks soon added the feature.
937:
came with a cassette deck as an option until the model was discontinued in 2011. As radios became tightly integrated into dashboards, many cars lacked even standard openings that would accept aftermarket cassette player installations.
523:
With all of these improvements, the best units could record and play the full audible spectrum from 20 Hz to over 20 kHz (although this was commonly quoted at -10, -20 or even -30 dB, not at full output level), with
961:
Cassettes remain popular for audio-visual applications. Some CD recorders, particularly those intended for business use, incorporate a cassette deck to allow both formats for recording meetings, church sermons, and books on tape.
1132:
216:
style transport controls, with the Model 201 using the distinctive combination of a separate lever for rewind/fast forward and the large play and stop button as found on their commercial reel to reel machines of the era.
382:
alignment (in particular, the azimuth) deviates with usage. Even in a machine with a four-channel head, slight asymmetries in the cassette shell make it difficult to align the head perfectly for both directions.
785:
One problem occurs when iron oxide (or similar) particles from the tape itself become lodged in the playback head. As a result, the tape heads will require occasional cleaning to remove such particles. The metal
549:. He used this technique to demonstrate what he called "the tunnel effect" in the audio range of pre-recorded cassettes and commented to the reporter Sam Sutherland, who wrote a news article printed in
116:
recorders and players were commonly used by enthusiasts, but required large individual reels and tapes which had to be threaded by hand, making them less-accessible to the casual consumer. Both
1293:
There was a slight "clunk" from the solenoids as they operated, but the buttons themselves required almost no activating pressure, and the control logic appeared to be as foolproof as claimed.
148: inch (actually 0.15 inch, 3.81 mm) and tape speed was 1.875 inches (4.8 cm) per second, giving a decidedly non Hi-Fi frequency response and quite high noise levels.
770:
though supported frequencies for FM transmitters that are not used on commercial broadcasters in a given region (e.g. any frequency below 88.1 in the US) somewhat eliminates that problem.
689:
By the late 1980s, thanks to such improvements in the electronics, the tape material and manufacturing techniques, as well as dramatic improvements to the precision of the cassette shell,
264:
Cassette decks were eventually manufactured by almost every well known brand in home audio, and many in professional audio, with each company offering models of very high quality.
212:, which was commonly used in audio/visual applications. Both featured an unusual single VU meter which could be switched between or for both channels. The Model 200 featured
426:
design, which aims to enhance mechanical systems with electronic components in order to improve performance, increase system flexibility, or reduce cost. The inclusion of
246:, as well as the obvious advantages of smaller physical size and fast forward/rewind capability. A major boost to the cassette's popularity came with the release of the
656:, it did not require a decoder to play back. Since B&O held patent rights and required paying license fees, many other manufacturers refrained from using it too.
76:
is a more generic term to identify a device that usually has a self-contained power amplifier and either has a built-in speaker or comes packaged with one.
597:
provided acceptable performance when played back on decks that lacked Dolby circuitry, meaning there was little reason not to use it if it was available.
958:
decks lack a tape selector to set proper bias and equalization settings to take best advantage of the extended high end of Type II and Type IV tapes.
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and other metallic parts of the recorder/player mechanism. Without such maintenance, the high-frequency response of the cassette equipment will suffer.
2125:
192:
1385:
534:
151:
Early recorders were intended for dictation and journalists, and were typically hand-held battery-powered devices with built-in microphones and
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electronically). Cassette tapes can also be recorded multiple times (though some solid-state digital recorders are now offering that function).
1103:
Cassettes were originally disdained by audio critics as very low-end technology ... a very low perceived potential for sound reproduction
951:
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mechanical actuators, though low cost models would retain mechanical controls. Some models could search and count gaps between songs.
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cassette decks. The last vehicle model in the United States that came standard with a factory-installed cassette player was the 2010
1320:
The following conveniences are available: *Direct change of mode... *Light-touch button... *Punch-in recording... *Remote control...
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drive with separate reel motors. Auto-reversing decks became popular and were standard on most factory installed automobile decks.
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Cassette decks reached their pinnacle of performance and complexity by the mid-1980s. Cassette decks from companies such as
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of high frequencies to boost low-level treble information by up to 9 dB, reducing them (and the hiss) on playback. CrO
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on recording. Tape recorder audio-quality had improved by the mid-1970s, and a cassette deck with manual level controls and
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31:
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1203:
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Cassette equipment needs regular maintenance, as cassette tape is a magnetic medium that is in physical contact with the
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transport controls and mechanical linkages. One goal of using logic circuitry in cassette decks or recorders was to
1540:
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108:
The first consumer tape recorder to employ a tape reel permanently housed in a small removable cartridge was the
1305:
494:
Some decks incorporated microprocessor programs to adjust tape bias and record level calibration automatically.
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845:
57:. It can be a part of an automotive entertainment system, a part of a portable mini system or a part of a home
280:
1895:
1520:
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618:(DNL) which did not require the tapes to be processed during recording; this was also the basis of the later
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1915:
1832:
1756:
1594:
1152:
van
Amerongen, Job (2005). "Chapter 12: The Role of Controls in Mechatronics". In Bishop, Robert H. (ed.).
678:, fine pitch adjustment and (sometimes) head azimuth adjustment such as the Tandberg TCD-330 and TCD-340A.
328:
884:
Analog cassette deck sales were expected to decline rapidly with the advent of the compact disc and other
257:
music source. Although the vast majority of such players eventually sold were not Sony products, the name
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2110:
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during the recording of strong high-frequency sounds, which had a bias effect of their own. Developed by
2226:
1857:
1766:
941:
Despite the decline in the production of cassette decks, these products are still valued by some. Many
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improperly, among others. Some logic control decks were designed to incorporate light-touch buttons or
2080:
1978:
1958:
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1624:
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1481:
608:, but was essentially unlistenable when played back on decks that lacked the dbx decoding circuitry.
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to the point that the technology could be applied to consumer electronics. The application of such
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1589:
838:
803:
787:
619:
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and similar formats finally saw the eventual decline of the domestic cassette deck. As of 2020,
2221:
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systems, where the small size of the tape was significantly more convenient than the competing
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into the transport and control mechanism. Such fail-safe behavior was described in a review by
343:
319:
152:
1847:
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807:
766:
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615:
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180:
54:
1182:, Goji Uchikoshi, "Control system for a magnetic recorder", published 1967-10-17
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1988:
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Other refinements to improve cassette performance included
Tandberg's DYNEQ, Toshiba's
483:
411:
332:
the high frequency noise (hiss) by approximately 9 dB. Enhanced versions included
225:
the middle. Mechanical controls were replaced with electronic push buttons controlling
176:
121:
109:
648:
headroom extension provided better high-frequency response by adjusting the inaudible
1910:
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that does not have a built-in power amplifier or speakers, and serves primarily as a
681:
2085:
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1983:
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cassette player in 1979, designed specifically as a headphone-only ultra-compact
161:
1114:
112:, which appeared in 1958 as a predecessor to the cassette format. At that time,
2095:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2004:
1822:
1817:
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The heads and other metallic components in the tape path (such as spindles and
760:
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system. Cassette players in cars and for home use were often integrated with a
675:
572:
542:
456:
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into the transport and control mechanisms of cassette decks, often referred to
415:
545:
track; one he had recorded himself and the pre-recorded cassette release from
340:
types. Of the three, however, only Dolby B became common on automobile decks.
2215:
2182:
2151:
1852:
1786:
1730:
1637:
1614:
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1199:
530:
451:
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24:
344:
Three heads for realtime monitoring of recordings and improved sound quality
1925:
1885:
1827:
1720:
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1647:
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1179:
988:(28-page supplement) (Vol 79., No. 14 ed.). 1967-04-08. pp. 1–28.
712:
645:
247:
242:, it was relatively insensitive to vehicle motion, but it had reduced tape
165:
113:
46:
1464:– A discussion forum of interest to those involved in cassette technology.
276:
Revox B 215, 4-motor-cassette deck without belts (direct drive, 1985–1992)
140:
in 1963 and marketed as a device purely intended for portable speech-only
2166:
2161:
2120:
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1973:
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1963:
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731:
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427:
196:
102:
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cassette deck with azimuth adjustment 1983 - 1993, 1995 (Last
Edition)
89:
1776:
1695:
1069:"Rewound. On its 50th birthday, the cassette tape is still rolling".
942:
779:
690:
649:
518:
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Auto reverse for automated sequential playback of both cassette sides
304:
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1968:
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Dolby HX Pro for higher recording levels on the same tape material
2064:
1809:
917:
806:) may become magnetized with use, and require demagnetizing (see
638:
634:
611:
593:
337:
333:
169:
133:
1333:
625:
467:, so that the cassette deck would take up less dashboard space.
1449:
925:
913:
479:
984:"The Phillips cassette around the world: A Billboard report".
220:
Most manufacturers adopted a standard top-loading format with
16:
Tape machine for playing and recording audio compact cassettes
2130:
2100:
660:
296:
195:, the first high-fidelity cassette deck. Dolby B uses volume
459:, among other features marketed as being convenient. In the
1900:
921:
897:
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industry, full logic control was developed with the aim of
1237:
487:
higher level without saturating the tape, thus increasing
1667:
909:
614:
developed an alternative noise reduction system known as
204:
the Model 201 based on a more reliable transport made by
117:
30:
A typical late 1980s component deck with Dolby B, C and
2009:
1470:- A collection of Vintage cassette decks of all brands.
751:
A key element of the cassette's success was its use in
209:
93:
Typical top loading stereo cassette deck from mid-1970s
1433:"These 10 car features took absolutely forever to die"
592:
and other schemes are used to increase fidelity, with
315:
Integrated noise reduction systems - Dolby B, C, and S
1133:
fonoforum.de 8/1991, Testreport Dolby-S-Kassettendeck
1060:- SoundBlog, 23 March 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
1051:
414:, the ongoing development of electronics technology
529:sound quality in 1981, surprisingly by the head of
444:
minimize equipment damage upon incorrect user input
1240:"Logic Controlled Cassette Deck Mechanism "DK-76""
519:Effects achieved by the technological developments
406:Integration of digital electronics, from the 1980s
101:A typical portable desktop cassette recorder from
2213:
303:incorporated advanced features such as multiple
268:Performance improvements and additional features
261:has become synonymous with this type of device.
746:
567:
535:National Association of Recording Merchandisers
422:to cassette decks provides an early example of
1334:"Ultra-Compact, Full-Logic Cassette Mechanism"
1178:
1084:
604:noise reduction system, which achieved a high
482:headroom extension system in conjunction with
1489:
1151:
1078:
497:
323:Dolby S cassette deck by harman/kardon (1990)
1377:
1017:
900:recorder drives. Philips responded with the
132:(a Philips trademark) was introduced by the
2116:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
852:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1706:Comparison of analog and digital recording
1496:
1482:
1394:. Vol. 93, no. 38. pp. 3, 6
1383:
979:
977:
975:
1085:Hinman, Doug; Brabazon, Brabazon (1994).
872:Learn how and when to remove this message
61:. In the latter case it is also called a
813:
799:are both suitable head-cleaning fluids.
680:
674:, and on some high-end decks, automatic
624:
571:
502:New tape formulations were introduced.
392:
384:
318:
279:
271:
96:
88:
972:
416:decreased the cost of digital circuitry
2214:
1362:
1266:
1238:Takahata, Masato; et al. (1991).
1198:
1023:
600:The main alternative to Dolby was the
563:, Vol. 93, No. 38, 26 September 1981.
2177:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
1477:
1331:
541:, Solomon played two recordings of a
138:Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin
1503:
850:adding citations to reliable sources
817:
537:(NARM) Retail Advisory Committee in
533:, Russ Solomon. At a meeting of the
377:In later auto-reverse machines, the
13:
1272:"Aiwa Model AD-6900 cassette deck"
738:Almost all cassette decks have an
168:or cassettes to make a new custom
14:
2258:
2242:Audiovisual introductions in 1963
1726:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
1443:
1369:"Prerecorded cassette quality?".
232:
2195:
1448:
1091:A History of Magnetic Audio Tape
1030:A History of Magnetic Audio Tape
822:
49:for playing and recording audio
23:
1711:Experimental musical instrument
1425:
1406:
1386:"Better Cassette Quality Urged"
1384:Sutherland, Sam (26 Sep 1981).
1325:
1311:. Victor Company of Japan. 1982
1298:
1260:
1231:
1192:
1172:
389:Nakamichi RX series RX-505 deck
1413:Circuit and description of DNL
1340:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
1145:
1126:
1108:
1063:
1044:
992:
773:
329:Dolby B noise reduction system
1:
1896:Electronic musical instrument
1247:Fujitsu Ten Technical Journal
1155:Mechatronics: An Introduction
1026:"RCA Cartridges: 1958 - 1964"
965:
397:RX-505 auto reverse mechanism
2202:Record production portal
2091:Institute of Broadcast Sound
1422:URL accessed August 25, 2006
1332:Takai, Kazuki (1985-02-01).
1024:Cook, Diana; Morton, David.
747:In-car entertainment systems
568:Noise reduction and fidelity
491:or maximum recording level.
183:noise reduction system with
7:
2247:Products introduced in 1963
2111:Musical Electronics Library
1306:"JVC Stereo Cassette Decks"
1204:"Eumig 'CCD' Cassette Deck"
1158:. CRC Press. p. 12.1.
1087:"Cassettes: 1963 - present"
1075:. 12 August 2013. p. 56-57.
10:
2263:
1858:Sound reinforcement system
1767:Sound reinforcement system
1338:SAE Technical Paper 850024
498:Advances in tape materials
353:switch with positions for
84:
79:
2191:
2139:
2081:Audio Engineering Society
2073:
1997:
1979:Software effect processor
1959:Digital audio workstation
1944:
1866:
1808:
1800:Digital signal processing
1785:
1739:
1681:
1623:
1564:Digital audio workstation
1539:
1511:
1418:November 5, 2008, at the
719:However, systems such as
438:, contrasts with earlier
2172:Professional audio store
2074:People and organizations
2060:Sound recording engineer
902:digital compact cassette
726:Some companies, such as
629:JVC KD-D10E with Dolby B
1590:Microphone preamplifier
1462:Audio Asylum Tape Trail
1180:United States 3347996 A
642:and other refinements.
633:Dolby later introduced
63:component cassette deck
1531:Electronic and digital
1468:Vintage Cassette Decks
1435:. Driving. 2019-02-03.
1120:June 25, 2009, at the
767:Cassette tape adaptors
686:
630:
585:
565:
398:
390:
324:
288:
277:
153:automatic gain control
144:. The tape width was ⁄
105:
94:
1457:at Wikimedia Commons
1115:Advent cassette decks
888:technologies such as
814:Decline in popularity
808:Cassette demagnetizer
708:signal-to-noise ratio
684:
628:
616:Dynamic Noise Limiter
606:signal-to-noise ratio
575:
555:
396:
388:
322:
283:
275:
191:) tape to create the
100:
92:
1989:Software synthesizer
1954:Digital audio editor
1740:Playback transducers
1600:Multitrack recording
1373:(Forum). 2005-09-05.
846:improve this section
753:in-car entertainment
706:below 0.022%, and a
539:Carlsbad, California
1280:Popular Electronics
1212:Popular Electronics
1142:(German; PDF, 2 MB)
935:Ford Crown Victoria
685:TDK MA-R90 cassette
506:(referred to as CrO
420:digital electronics
369:In later years, an
164:) songs from their
136:Corporation at the
2237:1963 in technology
2040:Re-recording mixer
1843:Keyboard amplifier
1559:Binaural recording
1138:2020-04-12 at the
1056:2013-10-09 at the
890:digital audio tape
696:frequency response
687:
654:Bang & Olufsen
631:
586:
484:Dolby Laboratories
476:Bang & Olufsen
412:Digital Revolution
399:
391:
325:
289:
278:
177:Advent Corporation
142:dictation machines
110:RCA tape cartridge
106:
95:
2227:Recording devices
2209:
2208:
2015:Guitar technician
1911:Music workstation
1795:Digital recording
1772:Speaker enclosure
1691:8-track cartridge
1633:Phonograph record
1453:Media related to
1165:978-1-4200-3724-1
933:430, however the
886:digital recording
882:
881:
874:
797:denatured alcohol
793:Isopropyl alcohol
757:8-track cartridge
670:and Telefunken's
622:noise reduction.
576:HiFi-Tapedeck by
410:As a part of the
240:8-track cartridge
2254:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2086:Goji Electronics
2025:Monitor engineer
1984:Software sampler
1891:Electronic drums
1868:Electronic music
1838:Guitar amplifier
1683:Analog recording
1643:Compact cassette
1605:Music production
1513:Music technology
1505:Music technology
1498:
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1296:
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1290:
1288:
1283:. pp. 28–31
1276:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1215:. pp. 39–44
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996:
990:
989:
981:
877:
870:
866:
863:
857:
826:
818:
669:
547:Columbia Records
504:Chromium dioxide
336:(from 1980) and
285:Nakamichi Dragon
208:, a division of
193:Advent Model 200
185:chromium dioxide
130:compact cassette
59:component system
27:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2187:
2135:
2069:
2035:Record producer
2020:Mixing engineer
1993:
1940:
1906:MIDI controller
1881:Circuit bending
1862:
1804:
1781:
1757:Monitor speaker
1735:
1677:
1625:Recording media
1619:
1610:Music sequencer
1595:Monitor speaker
1541:Sound recording
1535:
1507:
1502:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1420:Wayback Machine
1411:
1407:
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1140:Wayback Machine
1131:
1127:
1122:Wayback Machine
1113:
1109:
1096:
1094:
1083:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1058:Wayback Machine
1049:
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1006:
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993:
983:
982:
973:
968:
878:
867:
861:
858:
843:
827:
816:
776:
749:
728:Mobile Fidelity
663:
590:noise reduction
570:
526:wow and flutter
521:
514:
509:
500:
473:
465:miniaturization
428:logic circuitry
408:
367:
346:
317:
270:
235:
202:
190:
147:
87:
82:
39:
38:
37:
36:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2232:Tape recording
2229:
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2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
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2149:
2143:
2141:
2140:Related topics
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Lejaren Hiller
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:Sound operator
2052:
2050:Sound follower
2047:
2045:Sound designer
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:Audio engineer
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
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1948:
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1825:
1823:Bass amplifier
1820:
1818:Mixing console
1814:
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1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
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1554:Mixing console
1551:
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1508:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1455:Cassette decks
1445:
1444:External links
1442:
1439:
1438:
1424:
1405:
1376:
1371:AudioKarma.org
1361:
1350:10.4271/850024
1324:
1297:
1268:Hirsch, Julian
1259:
1230:
1200:Hirsch, Julian
1191:
1171:
1164:
1144:
1125:
1107:
1077:
1062:
1043:
1016:
1011:Tape Recording
1002:Tape Recording
991:
970:
969:
967:
964:
880:
879:
830:
828:
821:
815:
812:
775:
772:
761:radio receiver
748:
745:
676:recording bias
569:
566:
520:
517:
512:
507:
499:
496:
478:developed the
472:
469:
457:remote control
407:
404:
366:
363:
345:
342:
316:
313:
269:
266:
234:
233:Widespread use
231:
200:
188:
145:
86:
83:
81:
78:
67:component deck
34:(Sony TC-RX55)
29:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2259:
2248:
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2240:
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2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Audio players
2220:
2219:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2190:
2184:
2183:Vehicle audio
2181:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
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2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:High fidelity
2150:
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1790:
1788:
1787:Digital audio
1784:
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1760:
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1755:
1753:
1750:
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1738:
1732:
1731:Tape recorder
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Cassette deck
1699:
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1688:
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1680:
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1641:
1639:
1638:Magnetic tape
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
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1622:
1616:
1615:Outboard gear
1613:
1611:
1608:
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1601:
1598:
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1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Audio channel
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895:
891:
887:
876:
873:
865:
862:February 2019
855:
851:
847:
841:
840:
836:
831:This section
829:
825:
820:
819:
811:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
783:
781:
771:
768:
764:
762:
758:
754:
744:
741:
736:
733:
729:
724:
722:
716:
714:
711:cassette and
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
683:
679:
677:
673:
667:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:
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627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
607:
603:
598:
595:
591:
588:A variety of
583:
579:
574:
564:
562:
561:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:Tower Records
527:
516:
505:
495:
492:
490:
485:
481:
477:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
452:Julian Hirsch
449:
446:by including
445:
441:
437:
436:logic control
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
403:
395:
387:
383:
380:
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372:
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223:
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211:
207:
198:
194:
186:
182:
178:
175:In 1970, the
173:
171:
167:
166:vinyl records
163:
158:
154:
149:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
104:
99:
91:
77:
75:
74:tape recorder
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:is a type of
44:
43:cassette deck
33:
26:
2193:
1926:Sound module
1886:Drum machine
1828:Effects unit
1721:Player piano
1700:
1648:Compact disc
1570:Effects unit
1447:
1427:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1389:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1353:. Retrieved
1341:
1337:
1327:
1319:
1313:. Retrieved
1300:
1292:
1285:. Retrieved
1278:
1270:(May 1979).
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1246:
1233:
1224:
1217:. Retrieved
1210:
1202:(May 1979).
1194:
1174:
1154:
1147:
1128:
1110:
1102:
1095:. Retrieved
1093:. Diana Cook
1090:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1032:. Diana Cook
1029:
1019:
1010:
1001:
994:
985:
960:
956:
946:some modern
940:
906:
883:
868:
859:
844:Please help
832:
801:
784:
777:
765:
750:
737:
725:
717:
713:compact disc
688:
658:
646:Dolby HX Pro
644:
632:
610:
599:
587:
580:with analog
558:
556:
550:
522:
501:
493:
474:
439:
435:
409:
400:
379:auto reverse
378:
376:
371:auto-reverse
370:
368:
358:
354:
350:
347:
326:
290:
263:
258:
254:
250:
248:Sony Walkman
236:
219:
174:
150:
129:
127:
114:reel to reel
107:
73:
71:
66:
62:
47:tape machine
42:
40:
2167:Music store
2162:Home cinema
2121:Robert Moog
2106:Max Mathews
2030:Piano tuner
1998:Professions
1974:Scorewriter
1931:Synthesizer
1747:Loudspeaker
1219:18 December
952:savestating
948:MP3 players
774:Maintenance
730:, produced
664: [
424:mechatronic
2216:Categories
2157:Home audio
2147:Audiophile
1964:GarageBand
1810:Live music
1752:Headphones
1716:Phonograph
1585:Microphone
1580:Headphones
1526:Electrical
1521:Mechanical
1355:2017-12-13
1315:2017-12-13
1253:2017-12-12
1249:(4): 52–60
1097:25 October
1036:25 October
966:References
896:, and the
740:MPX filter
732:audiophile
691:tape heads
553:magazine:
461:car stereo
448:fail-safes
305:tape heads
197:companding
172:cassette.
122:Bell Sound
103:RadioShack
65:or just a
1921:Sequencer
1848:PA system
1777:Subwoofer
1762:PA system
1696:Amplifier
1658:Hard disk
1575:Equalizer
1391:Billboard
1004:magazine"
986:Billboard
833:does not
780:tape head
650:tape bias
582:VU-meters
560:Billboard
551:Billboard
440:piano-key
432:solenoids
307:and dual
293:Nakamichi
222:piano key
214:piano key
206:Wollensak
179:combined
157:VU meters
55:transport
51:cassettes
1969:ProTools
1946:Software
1936:Theremin
1876:Chiptune
1833:Foldback
1663:MiniDisc
1416:Archived
1226:running.
1136:Archived
1118:Archived
1054:Archived
931:Lexus SC
894:MiniDisc
804:capstans
672:High Com
578:Technics
489:headroom
301:Tandberg
255:wearable
251:personal
227:solenoid
2065:Tape op
1916:Sampler
1013:. 1968.
918:Marantz
892:(DAT),
854:removed
839:sources
788:capstan
704:flutter
639:Dolby S
635:Dolby C
612:Philips
594:Dolby B
543:Santana
351:monitor
338:Dolby S
334:Dolby C
309:capstan
259:Walkman
244:flutter
181:Dolby B
170:mixtape
134:Philips
85:Origins
80:History
2179:(NIME)
1853:Reverb
1398:4 June
1344:: 20.
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