292:
331:
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734:, along with the adoption of higher-grade tape (such as chromium dioxide, but typically recorded in such a way as to play back at the normal 120 μs position), and the frequent use of Dolby HX Pro, meant that cassettes became a viable high-fidelity option, one that was more portable and required less maintenance than records. In addition, cover art, which had generally previously been restricted to a single image of the LP cover along with a minimum of text, began to be tailored to cassettes as well, with fold-out lyric sheets or librettos and fold-out sleeves becoming commonplace.
284:
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568:"The buyer who is aware of sound quality is making his own." "They won't be satisfied with the 'tunnel effect' of prerecorded tape. And home tape deck users don't use prerecorded tapes at all." Yet, contended Solomon, while Tower's own stores show strong blank tape sales gains, its prerecorded sales have increased by only 2% to 3%. With an estimated 15% of the chain's total tape business now generated by the sales of blanks, "it would appear our added tape sales are going to TDK, Maxell and Sony, not you." he concluded. -
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36:
405:
526:. Sony briefly tried FerriChrome (Type III) which claimed to combine the best of both; some people, however, stated that the reverse was true because the Cr top layer seemed to wear off quickly, reducing this type to Fe in practice. Most recent decks produce the best response and dynamic headroom with metal tapes (IEC Type IV) which require still higher bias for recording, though they will play back correctly at the II setting since the equalization is the same.
101:
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present, such as automotive and recreation environments. Early CD playback equipment also tended to be expensive compared to cassette equipment of similar quality and did not offer recording capability. Many home and portable entertainment systems supported both formats and commonly allowed the CD playback to be recorded on cassette tape. The rise of inexpensive all-solid-state portable digital music systems based on
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915:, a system which was backward-compatible with existing analog cassette recordings for playback, but it failed to garner a significant market share and was withdrawn. One reason proposed for the lack of acceptance of digital recording formats such as DAT was a fear by content providers that the ability to make very high-quality copies would hurt sales of copyrighted recordings.
385:
channels connected to the electronics at one time, one pair for each direction. Auto-reverse decks employ a capstan and pinch roller for each side. Since these use the same opening in the cassette shell normally used for the erase head, such decks must fit the erase head (or two, one for each direction) into the center opening in the shell along with the record/play head.
372:, or similar.) Three-head systems were common on reel-to-reel decks, but were more difficult to implement for cassettes, which do not provide separate openings for record and play heads. Some models squeezed a monitor head into the capstan area, and others combined separate record and playback gaps into a single headshell.
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Better-quality cassette recorders soon appeared with a switch for the tape type. Later decks incorporated coded holes in the shell to autodetect the tape type. Chromium dioxide tape was thought to cause increased wear on the heads, so TDK and Maxell adapted cobalt-doped ferric formulations to mimic CrO
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are among the few companies still manufacturing cassette decks in relatively small quantities for professional and niche market use. By the late 1990s, automobiles were offered with entertainment systems that played both cassettes and CDs. By the end of the late 2000s, very few cars were offered with
918:
The rapid transition was not realized and CDs and cassettes successfully co-existed for nearly 20 years. A contributing factor may have been the inability of early CD players to reliably read discs with surface damage and offer anti-skipping features for applications where external vibration would be
753:
to improve the sound quality and the tracking of the noise reduction system when recording from an FM stereo broadcast. However, in many especially cheaper decks, this filter cannot be disabled, and because of that record/playback frequency response in those decks typically is limited to 16 kHz.
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and transport mechanics, sound fidelity on equipment from the top manufacturers far surpassed the levels originally expected of the medium. On suitable audio equipment, cassettes could produce a very pleasant listening experience. High-end cassette decks could achieve 15 Hz-22 kHz±3 dB
652:
noise reduction, which achieved higher levels of noise reduction; Dolby C became common on high-fidelity decks, but Dolby S, released when cassette sales had begun to decline, never achieved widespread use. It was only licensed for use on higher end tape decks that included dual motors, triple heads,
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was key to realizing low noise performance on the - compared to reel-to-reel-technology - relatively slow and narrow cassette tapes. It works by boosting the high frequencies on recording, especially low-level high-frequency sounds, with corresponding high frequency reduction on playback. This lowers
235:
controls, dual VU meters, and slider level controls. There was a variety of configurations leading to the next standard format in the late 1970s, which settled on front-loading (see main picture) with cassette well on one side, dual VU meters on the other, and later dual-cassette decks with meters in
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became a standard component of home high-fidelity systems. Eventually the reel-to-reel recorder was completely displaced, in part because of the usage constraints presented by their large size, expense, and the inconvenience of threading and rewinding the tape reels - cassettes are more portable and
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and elderly people find the newest digital technologies very difficult to use compared to the cassette format. Cassette tapes are not vulnerable to scratching from handling (though the exposed magnetic tape is vulnerable to stretching from poking), and play from where they were last stopped (though
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used different bias and equalization settings to reduce the overall noise level and extend the high frequency response. Together these allowed a usefully flat frequency response beyond 15 kHz for the first time. This deck was based on a top-loading mechanism by
Nakamichi, then soon replaced by
780:
have been developed which allow newer media players to be played through existing cassette decks, in particular those in cars which generally do not have input jacks. These units do not suffer from reception problems from FM transmitter based system to play back media players through the FM radio,
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From the early 1980s, the fidelity of prerecorded cassettes began to improve dramatically. Whereas Dolby B was already in widespread use in the 1970s, prerecorded cassettes were duplicated onto rather poor quality tape stock at (often) high speed and did not compare in fidelity to high-grade LPs.
539:
less than 0.05% and very low noise. A high-quality recording on cassette could rival the sound of an average commercial CD, though the quality of pre-recorded cassettes has been regarded by the general public as lower than could be achieved in a quality home recording. There was a call for better
412:
In one machine, the Dragon, Nakamichi addressed the issue with a motor-driven automatic head alignment mechanism. This proved effective but very expensive. Later
Nakamichi auto-reverse models, the RX series, was essentially a single-directional deck, but with an added mechanism that physically
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feature appeared that allowed the deck to play (and, in some decks, record) on both sides of the cassette without the operator having to manually remove, flip, and re-insert the cassette. Most auto-reverse machines use a four-channel head (similar to those on multitrack recorders), with only two
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Today, cassette decks are not considered by most people to be either the most versatile or highest fidelity sound recording devices available, as even very inexpensive CD or digital audio players can reproduce a wide frequency range with no speed variations. Many current budget-oriented cassette
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Cassette decks soon came into widespread use and were designed variously for professional applications, home audio systems, and for mobile use in cars, as well as portable recorders. From the mid-1970s to the late 1990s the cassette deck was the preferred music source for the automobile. Like an
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being almost universal for both prerecorded tapes and home recording. Dolby B was designed to address the high-frequency noise inherent in cassette tapes, and along with improvements in tape formulation it helped the cassette win acceptances as a high-fidelity medium. At the same time, Dolby B
497:
in 1982. This was used in many higher-end decks. HX Pro reduces the high-frequency bias during recording when the signal being recorded has a high level of high frequency content. Such a signal is self-biasing. Reducing the level of the bias signal permits the desired signal to be recorded at a
465:
of a particular cassette deck featuring logic control. Some examples of fail-safe mechanisms incorporated into logic control decks include: a mechanism designed to protect internal components from damage when the tape or motor is locked, a mechanism designed to prevent the tape from being wound
392:
mechanism uses an ordinary two-track, quarter-width head, but operates by mechanically rotating the head 180 degrees so that the two head gaps access the other tracks of the tape. There is usually an azimuth adjustment screw for each position. Nevertheless, due to the repeated movement, the
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of up to 61 dB (for Type IV tape, without noise-reduction) . With noise reduction typical signal-to-noise figures of 70-76 dB with Dolby C, 80-86 dB with Dolby S, and 85 - 90 dB with dbx could be achieved. Many casual listeners could not tell the difference between compact
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or Type II) was the first tape designed for extended high-frequency response, but it required higher bias. Later, as the IEC Type II standard was defined, a different equalization settings was also mandated to reduce hiss, thus giving up some extension at the high end of the audio spectrum.
754:
In other decks, the MPX filter can be switched off or on independently from the Dolby switch. On yet other decks, the filter is off by default, and an option to switch it on or off is only provided when Dolby is activated; this prevents the MPX filter from being used when it's not required.
359:
Three-head technology uses separate heads for recording and playback (the third of the three heads being the erase head). This allows different record and playback head gaps to be used. A narrower head gap is optimal for playback than for recording, so the head gap width of any combined
801:
and the rubber pinch roller can become coated with these particles, leading them to pull the tape less precisely over the head; this in turn leads to misalignment of the tape over the head azimuth, producing noticeably unclear high tones, just as if the head itself were out of alignment.
135:
attempted to commercialize the cartridge format, but a few factors stalled adoption, including lower-than-advertised availability of selections in the prerecorded media catalog, delays in production setup, and a stand-alone design that was not considered by audiophiles to be truly hi-fi.
1200:"By the provision of a logical circuit in the control circuit for a magnetic recorder, even when the keys of the key board are actuated in any desired sequence, the magnetic recorder and its associated devices can be promptly and precisely controlled without causing any damages thereon."
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removed the cassette from the transport, flipped it over, and re-inserted it. Akai made a similar machine but with the mechanism and cassette laid out horizontally instead of upright. This permitted the convenience of auto-reverse with little compromise in record or playback quality.
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The transport controls are fully logic operated through solenoids. Any transport control button can be touched while the machine is running in any mode without risking damage to tape or deck. Even the button for the cassette compartment door can be operated while the tape is
1146:
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record/playback head must necessarily be a compromise. Separate record and playback heads also allow off-the-tape monitoring during recording, permitting immediate verification of the recording quality. (Such machines can be identified by the presence of a
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cassettes in the 1980s, which were recorded on high-grade tape and duplicated on premium equipment in real time from a digital master. Unlike audiophile LPs, which continue to attract a following, these became moot after the compact disc became widespread.
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can be stopped and immediately removed in the middle of playback without rewinding. Cassettes became extremely popular for automotive and other portable music applications. Although pre-recorded cassettes were widely available, many users would combine (
774:. In-car cassette players were the first to adopt automatic reverse ("auto-reverse") of the tape direction at each end, allowing a cassette to be played endlessly without manual intervention. Home cassette decks soon added the feature.
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came with a cassette deck as an option until the model was discontinued in 2011. As radios became tightly integrated into dashboards, many cars lacked even standard openings that would accept aftermarket cassette player installations.
534:
With all of these improvements, the best units could record and play the full audible spectrum from 20 Hz to over 20 kHz (although this was commonly quoted at -10, -20 or even -30 dB, not at full output level), with
972:
Cassettes remain popular for audio-visual applications. Some CD recorders, particularly those intended for business use, incorporate a cassette deck to allow both formats for recording meetings, church sermons, and books on tape.
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227:
style transport controls, with the Model 201 using the distinctive combination of a separate lever for rewind/fast forward and the large play and stop button as found on their commercial reel to reel machines of the era.
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alignment (in particular, the azimuth) deviates with usage. Even in a machine with a four-channel head, slight asymmetries in the cassette shell make it difficult to align the head perfectly for both directions.
796:
One problem occurs when iron oxide (or similar) particles from the tape itself become lodged in the playback head. As a result, the tape heads will require occasional cleaning to remove such particles. The metal
560:. He used this technique to demonstrate what he called "the tunnel effect" in the audio range of pre-recorded cassettes and commented to the reporter Sam Sutherland, who wrote a news article printed in
127:
recorders and players were commonly used by enthusiasts, but required large individual reels and tapes which had to be threaded by hand, making them less-accessible to the casual consumer. Both
1304:
There was a slight "clunk" from the solenoids as they operated, but the buttons themselves required almost no activating pressure, and the control logic appeared to be as foolproof as claimed.
159: inch (actually 0.15 inch, 3.81 mm) and tape speed was 1.875 inches (4.8 cm) per second, giving a decidedly non Hi-Fi frequency response and quite high noise levels.
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though supported frequencies for FM transmitters that are not used on commercial broadcasters in a given region (e.g. any frequency below 88.1 in the US) somewhat eliminates that problem.
700:
By the late 1980s, thanks to such improvements in the electronics, the tape material and manufacturing techniques, as well as dramatic improvements to the precision of the cassette shell,
275:
Cassette decks were eventually manufactured by almost every well known brand in home audio, and many in professional audio, with each company offering models of very high quality.
223:, which was commonly used in audio/visual applications. Both featured an unusual single VU meter which could be switched between or for both channels. The Model 200 featured
437:
design, which aims to enhance mechanical systems with electronic components in order to improve performance, increase system flexibility, or reduce cost. The inclusion of
257:, as well as the obvious advantages of smaller physical size and fast forward/rewind capability. A major boost to the cassette's popularity came with the release of the
667:, it did not require a decoder to play back. Since B&O held patent rights and required paying license fees, many other manufacturers refrained from using it too.
87:
is a more generic term to identify a device that usually has a self-contained power amplifier and either has a built-in speaker or comes packaged with one.
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provided acceptable performance when played back on decks that lacked Dolby circuitry, meaning there was little reason not to use it if it was available.
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decks lack a tape selector to set proper bias and equalization settings to take best advantage of the extended high end of Type II and Type IV tapes.
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and other metallic parts of the recorder/player mechanism. Without such maintenance, the high-frequency response of the cassette equipment will suffer.
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Early recorders were intended for dictation and journalists, and were typically hand-held battery-powered devices with built-in microphones and
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electronically). Cassette tapes can also be recorded multiple times (though some solid-state digital recorders are now offering that function).
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Cassettes were originally disdained by audio critics as very low-end technology ... a very low perceived potential for sound reproduction
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mechanical actuators, though low cost models would retain mechanical controls. Some models could search and count gaps between songs.
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cassette decks. The last vehicle model in the United States that came standard with a factory-installed cassette player was the 2010
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The following conveniences are available: *Direct change of mode... *Light-touch button... *Punch-in recording... *Remote control...
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drive with separate reel motors. Auto-reversing decks became popular and were standard on most factory installed automobile decks.
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Cassette decks reached their pinnacle of performance and complexity by the mid-1980s. Cassette decks from companies such as
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of high frequencies to boost low-level treble information by up to 9 dB, reducing them (and the hiss) on playback. CrO
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on recording. Tape recorder audio-quality had improved by the mid-1970s, and a cassette deck with manual level controls and
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42:
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Cassette equipment needs regular maintenance, as cassette tape is a magnetic medium that is in physical contact with the
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transport controls and mechanical linkages. One goal of using logic circuitry in cassette decks or recorders was to
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The first consumer tape recorder to employ a tape reel permanently housed in a small removable cartridge was the
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Some decks incorporated microprocessor programs to adjust tape bias and record level calibration automatically.
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68:. It can be a part of an automotive entertainment system, a part of a portable mini system or a part of a home
17:
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629:(DNL) which did not require the tapes to be processed during recording; this was also the basis of the later
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1926:
1843:
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1605:
1163:
van
Amerongen, Job (2005). "Chapter 12: The Role of Controls in Mechatronics". In Bishop, Robert H. (ed.).
689:, fine pitch adjustment and (sometimes) head azimuth adjustment such as the Tandberg TCD-330 and TCD-340A.
339:
895:
Analog cassette deck sales were expected to decline rapidly with the advent of the compact disc and other
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music source. Although the vast majority of such players eventually sold were not Sony products, the name
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during the recording of strong high-frequency sounds, which had a bias effect of their own. Developed by
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Despite the decline in the production of cassette decks, these products are still valued by some. Many
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improperly, among others. Some logic control decks were designed to incorporate light-touch buttons or
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1989:
1969:
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619:, but was essentially unlistenable when played back on decks that lacked the dbx decoding circuitry.
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to the point that the technology could be applied to consumer electronics. The application of such
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and similar formats finally saw the eventual decline of the domestic cassette deck. As of 2020,
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systems, where the small size of the tape was significantly more convenient than the competing
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into the transport and control mechanism. Such fail-safe behavior was described in a review by
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330:
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818:
777:
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191:
65:
1193:, Goji Uchikoshi, "Control system for a magnetic recorder", published 1967-10-17
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1999:
1964:
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Other refinements to improve cassette performance included
Tandberg's DYNEQ, Toshiba's
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422:
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the high frequency noise (hiss) by approximately 9 dB. Enhanced versions included
236:
the middle. Mechanical controls were replaced with electronic push buttons controlling
187:
132:
120:
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headroom extension provided better high-frequency response by adjusting the inaudible
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that does not have a built-in power amplifier or speakers, and serves primarily as a
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cassette player in 1979, designed specifically as a headphone-only ultra-compact
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1125:
123:, which appeared in 1958 as a predecessor to the cassette format. At that time,
2106:
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2060:
2055:
2015:
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1828:
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The heads and other metallic components in the tape path (such as spindles and
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system. Cassette players in cars and for home use were often integrated with a
686:
583:
553:
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into the transport and control mechanisms of cassette decks, often referred to
426:
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track; one he had recorded himself and the pre-recorded cassette release from
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types. Of the three, however, only Dolby B became common on automobile decks.
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35:
355:
Three heads for realtime monitoring of recordings and improved sound quality
1936:
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1190:
999:(28-page supplement) (Vol 79., No. 14 ed.). 1967-04-08. pp. 1–28.
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258:
253:, it was relatively insensitive to vehicle motion, but it had reduced tape
176:
124:
57:
1475:– A discussion forum of interest to those involved in cassette technology.
287:
Revox B 215, 4-motor-cassette deck without belts (direct drive, 1985–1992)
151:
in 1963 and marketed as a device purely intended for portable speech-only
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1984:
1941:
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1974:
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113:
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cassette deck with azimuth adjustment 1983 - 1993, 1995 (Last
Edition)
100:
1787:
1706:
1080:"Rewound. On its 50th birthday, the cassette tape is still rolling".
953:
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Auto reverse for automated sequential playback of both cassette sides
315:
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Dolby HX Pro for higher recording levels on the same tape material
2075:
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817:) may become magnetized with use, and require demagnetizing (see
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645:
622:
604:
348:
344:
180:
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636:
478:, so that the cassette deck would take up less dashboard space.
1460:
936:
924:
490:
995:"The Phillips cassette around the world: A Billboard report".
231:
Most manufacturers adopted a standard top-loading format with
27:
Tape machine for playing and recording audio compact cassettes
2141:
2111:
671:
307:
206:, the first high-fidelity cassette deck. Dolby B uses volume
470:, among other features marketed as being convenient. In the
1911:
932:
908:
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industry, full logic control was developed with the aim of
1248:
498:
higher level without saturating the tape, thus increasing
1678:
920:
625:
developed an alternative noise reduction system known as
215:
the Model 201 based on a more reliable transport made by
128:
41:
A typical late 1980s component deck with Dolby B, C and
2020:
1481:- A collection of Vintage cassette decks of all brands.
762:
A key element of the cassette's success was its use in
220:
104:
Typical top loading stereo cassette deck from mid-1970s
1444:"These 10 car features took absolutely forever to die"
603:
and other schemes are used to increase fidelity, with
326:
Integrated noise reduction systems - Dolby B, C, and S
1144:
fonoforum.de 8/1991, Testreport Dolby-S-Kassettendeck
1071:- SoundBlog, 23 March 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
1062:
425:, the ongoing development of electronics technology
540:sound quality in 1981, surprisingly by the head of
455:
minimize equipment damage upon incorrect user input
1251:"Logic Controlled Cassette Deck Mechanism "DK-76""
530:Effects achieved by the technological developments
417:Integration of digital electronics, from the 1980s
112:A typical portable desktop cassette recorder from
2224:
314:incorporated advanced features such as multiple
279:Performance improvements and additional features
272:has become synonymous with this type of device.
757:
578:
546:National Association of Recording Merchandisers
433:to cassette decks provides an early example of
1345:"Ultra-Compact, Full-Logic Cassette Mechanism"
1189:
1095:
615:noise reduction system, which achieved a high
493:headroom extension system in conjunction with
1500:
1162:
1089:
508:
334:Dolby S cassette deck by harman/kardon (1990)
1388:
1028:
911:recorder drives. Philips responded with the
143:(a Philips trademark) was introduced by the
2127:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
863:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1717:Comparison of analog and digital recording
1507:
1493:
1405:. Vol. 93, no. 38. pp. 3, 6
1394:
990:
988:
986:
1096:Hinman, Doug; Brabazon, Brabazon (1994).
883:Learn how and when to remove this message
72:. In the latter case it is also called a
824:
810:are both suitable head-cleaning fluids.
691:
685:, and on some high-end decks, automatic
635:
582:
513:New tape formulations were introduced.
403:
395:
329:
290:
282:
107:
99:
983:
427:decreased the cost of digital circuitry
14:
2225:
1373:
1277:
1249:Takahata, Masato; et al. (1991).
1209:
1034:
611:The main alternative to Dolby was the
574:, Vol. 93, No. 38, 26 September 1981.
2188:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
1488:
1342:
552:, Solomon played two recordings of a
149:Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin
1514:
861:adding citations to reliable sources
828:
548:(NARM) Retail Advisory Committee in
544:, Russ Solomon. At a meeting of the
388:In later auto-reverse machines, the
24:
1283:"Aiwa Model AD-6900 cassette deck"
749:Almost all cassette decks have an
179:or cassettes to make a new custom
25:
2269:
2253:Audiovisual introductions in 1963
1737:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
1454:
1380:"Prerecorded cassette quality?".
243:
2206:
1459:
1102:A History of Magnetic Audio Tape
1041:A History of Magnetic Audio Tape
833:
60:for playing and recording audio
34:
1722:Experimental musical instrument
1436:
1417:
1397:"Better Cassette Quality Urged"
1395:Sutherland, Sam (26 Sep 1981).
1336:
1322:. Victor Company of Japan. 1982
1309:
1271:
1242:
1203:
1183:
400:Nakamichi RX series RX-505 deck
1424:Circuit and description of DNL
1351:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
1156:
1137:
1119:
1074:
1055:
1003:
784:
340:Dolby B noise reduction system
13:
1:
1907:Electronic musical instrument
1258:Fujitsu Ten Technical Journal
1166:Mechatronics: An Introduction
1037:"RCA Cartridges: 1958 - 1964"
976:
408:RX-505 auto reverse mechanism
2213:Record production portal
2102:Institute of Broadcast Sound
1433:URL accessed August 25, 2006
1343:Takai, Kazuki (1985-02-01).
1035:Cook, Diana; Morton, David.
758:In-car entertainment systems
579:Noise reduction and fidelity
502:or maximum recording level.
194:noise reduction system with
7:
2258:Products introduced in 1963
2122:Musical Electronics Library
1317:"JVC Stereo Cassette Decks"
1215:"Eumig 'CCD' Cassette Deck"
1169:. CRC Press. p. 12.1.
1098:"Cassettes: 1963 - present"
1086:. 12 August 2013. p. 56-57.
10:
2274:
1869:Sound reinforcement system
1778:Sound reinforcement system
1349:SAE Technical Paper 850024
509:Advances in tape materials
364:switch with positions for
95:
90:
2202:
2150:
2092:Audio Engineering Society
2084:
2008:
1990:Software effect processor
1970:Digital audio workstation
1955:
1877:
1819:
1811:Digital signal processing
1796:
1750:
1692:
1634:
1575:Digital audio workstation
1550:
1522:
1429:November 5, 2008, at the
730:However, systems such as
449:, contrasts with earlier
2183:Professional audio store
2085:People and organizations
2071:Sound recording engineer
913:digital compact cassette
737:Some companies, such as
640:JVC KD-D10E with Dolby B
1601:Microphone preamplifier
1473:Audio Asylum Tape Trail
1191:United States 3347996 A
653:and other refinements.
644:Dolby later introduced
74:component cassette deck
1542:Electronic and digital
1479:Vintage Cassette Decks
1446:. Driving. 2019-02-03.
1131:June 25, 2009, at the
778:Cassette tape adaptors
697:
641:
596:
576:
409:
401:
335:
299:
288:
164:automatic gain control
155:. The tape width was ⁄
116:
105:
1468:at Wikimedia Commons
1126:Advent cassette decks
899:technologies such as
825:Decline in popularity
819:Cassette demagnetizer
719:signal-to-noise ratio
695:
639:
627:Dynamic Noise Limiter
617:signal-to-noise ratio
586:
566:
407:
399:
333:
294:
286:
202:) tape to create the
111:
103:
2000:Software synthesizer
1965:Digital audio editor
1751:Playback transducers
1611:Multitrack recording
1384:(Forum). 2005-09-05.
857:improve this section
764:in-car entertainment
717:below 0.022%, and a
550:Carlsbad, California
1291:Popular Electronics
1223:Popular Electronics
1153:(German; PDF, 2 MB)
946:Ford Crown Victoria
696:TDK MA-R90 cassette
517:(referred to as CrO
431:digital electronics
380:In later years, an
175:) songs from their
147:Corporation at the
2248:1963 in technology
2051:Re-recording mixer
1854:Keyboard amplifier
1570:Binaural recording
1149:2020-04-12 at the
1067:2013-10-09 at the
901:digital audio tape
707:frequency response
698:
665:Bang & Olufsen
642:
597:
495:Dolby Laboratories
487:Bang & Olufsen
423:Digital Revolution
410:
402:
336:
300:
289:
188:Advent Corporation
153:dictation machines
121:RCA tape cartridge
117:
106:
2238:Recording devices
2220:
2219:
2026:Guitar technician
1922:Music workstation
1806:Digital recording
1783:Speaker enclosure
1702:8-track cartridge
1644:Phonograph record
1464:Media related to
1176:978-1-4200-3724-1
944:430, however the
897:digital recording
893:
892:
885:
808:denatured alcohol
804:Isopropyl alcohol
768:8-track cartridge
681:and Telefunken's
633:noise reduction.
587:HiFi-Tapedeck by
421:As a part of the
251:8-track cartridge
16:(Redirected from
2265:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2097:Goji Electronics
2036:Monitor engineer
1995:Software sampler
1902:Electronic drums
1879:Electronic music
1849:Guitar amplifier
1694:Analog recording
1654:Compact cassette
1616:Music production
1524:Music technology
1516:Music technology
1509:
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1463:
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1301:
1299:
1294:. pp. 28–31
1287:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1226:. pp. 39–44
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1000:
992:
888:
881:
877:
874:
868:
837:
829:
680:
558:Columbia Records
515:Chromium dioxide
347:(from 1980) and
296:Nakamichi Dragon
219:, a division of
204:Advent Model 200
196:chromium dioxide
141:compact cassette
70:component system
38:
21:
2273:
2272:
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2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2146:
2080:
2046:Record producer
2031:Mixing engineer
2004:
1951:
1917:MIDI controller
1892:Circuit bending
1873:
1815:
1792:
1768:Monitor speaker
1746:
1688:
1636:Recording media
1630:
1621:Music sequencer
1606:Monitor speaker
1552:Sound recording
1546:
1518:
1513:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1431:Wayback Machine
1422:
1418:
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1393:
1389:
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1161:
1157:
1151:Wayback Machine
1142:
1138:
1133:Wayback Machine
1124:
1120:
1107:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1079:
1075:
1069:Wayback Machine
1060:
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1029:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
993:
984:
979:
889:
878:
872:
869:
854:
838:
827:
787:
760:
739:Mobile Fidelity
674:
601:noise reduction
581:
537:wow and flutter
532:
525:
520:
511:
484:
476:miniaturization
439:logic circuitry
419:
378:
357:
328:
281:
246:
213:
201:
158:
98:
93:
50:
49:
48:
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28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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2245:
2243:Tape recording
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2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2185:
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2160:
2154:
2152:
2151:Related topics
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2107:Lejaren Hiller
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:Sound operator
2063:
2061:Sound follower
2058:
2056:Sound designer
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Audio engineer
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
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1834:Bass amplifier
1831:
1829:Mixing console
1825:
1823:
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1800:
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1565:Mixing console
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1512:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1466:Cassette decks
1456:
1455:External links
1453:
1450:
1449:
1435:
1416:
1387:
1382:AudioKarma.org
1372:
1361:10.4271/850024
1335:
1308:
1279:Hirsch, Julian
1270:
1241:
1211:Hirsch, Julian
1202:
1182:
1175:
1155:
1136:
1118:
1088:
1073:
1054:
1027:
1022:Tape Recording
1013:Tape Recording
1002:
981:
980:
978:
975:
891:
890:
841:
839:
832:
826:
823:
786:
783:
772:radio receiver
759:
756:
687:recording bias
580:
577:
531:
528:
523:
518:
510:
507:
489:developed the
483:
480:
468:remote control
418:
415:
377:
374:
356:
353:
327:
324:
280:
277:
245:
244:Widespread use
242:
211:
199:
156:
97:
94:
92:
89:
78:component deck
45:(Sony TC-RX55)
40:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
18:Cassette decks
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2270:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Audio players
2231:
2230:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2201:
2195:
2194:Vehicle audio
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
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2176:
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2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:High fidelity
2161:
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1799:
1798:Digital audio
1795:
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1776:
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1749:
1743:
1742:Tape recorder
1740:
1738:
1735:
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1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Cassette deck
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1650:
1649:Magnetic tape
1647:
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1637:
1633:
1627:
1626:Outboard gear
1624:
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1560:Audio channel
1558:
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898:
887:
884:
876:
873:February 2019
866:
862:
858:
852:
851:
847:
842:This section
840:
836:
831:
830:
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:
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800:
794:
792:
782:
779:
775:
773:
769:
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755:
752:
747:
744:
740:
735:
733:
727:
725:
722:cassette and
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
694:
690:
688:
684:
678:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
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647:
638:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
618:
614:
609:
606:
602:
599:A variety of
594:
590:
585:
575:
573:
572:
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563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:Tower Records
538:
527:
516:
506:
503:
501:
496:
492:
488:
479:
477:
473:
469:
464:
463:Julian Hirsch
460:
457:by including
456:
452:
448:
447:logic control
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
414:
406:
398:
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391:
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205:
197:
193:
189:
186:In 1970, the
184:
182:
178:
177:vinyl records
174:
169:
165:
160:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
115:
110:
102:
88:
86:
85:tape recorder
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:is a type of
55:
54:cassette deck
44:
37:
19:
2204:
1937:Sound module
1897:Drum machine
1839:Effects unit
1732:Player piano
1711:
1659:Compact disc
1581:Effects unit
1458:
1438:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1400:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1364:. Retrieved
1352:
1348:
1338:
1330:
1324:. Retrieved
1311:
1303:
1296:. Retrieved
1289:
1281:(May 1979).
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1257:
1244:
1235:
1228:. Retrieved
1221:
1213:(May 1979).
1205:
1185:
1165:
1158:
1139:
1121:
1113:
1106:. Retrieved
1104:. Diana Cook
1101:
1091:
1081:
1076:
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1043:. Diana Cook
1040:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1005:
996:
971:
967:
957:some modern
951:
917:
894:
879:
870:
855:Please help
843:
812:
795:
788:
776:
761:
748:
736:
728:
724:compact disc
699:
669:
657:Dolby HX Pro
655:
643:
621:
610:
598:
591:with analog
569:
567:
561:
533:
512:
504:
485:
450:
446:
420:
411:
390:auto reverse
389:
387:
382:auto-reverse
381:
379:
369:
365:
361:
358:
337:
301:
274:
269:
265:
261:
259:Sony Walkman
247:
230:
185:
161:
140:
138:
125:reel to reel
118:
84:
82:
77:
73:
58:tape machine
53:
51:
2178:Music store
2173:Home cinema
2132:Robert Moog
2117:Max Mathews
2041:Piano tuner
2009:Professions
1985:Scorewriter
1942:Synthesizer
1758:Loudspeaker
1230:18 December
963:savestating
959:MP3 players
785:Maintenance
741:, produced
675: [
435:mechatronic
2227:Categories
2168:Home audio
2158:Audiophile
1975:GarageBand
1821:Live music
1763:Headphones
1727:Phonograph
1596:Microphone
1591:Headphones
1537:Electrical
1532:Mechanical
1366:2017-12-13
1326:2017-12-13
1264:2017-12-12
1260:(4): 52–60
1108:25 October
1047:25 October
977:References
907:, and the
751:MPX filter
743:audiophile
702:tape heads
564:magazine:
472:car stereo
459:fail-safes
316:tape heads
208:companding
183:cassette.
133:Bell Sound
114:RadioShack
76:or just a
1932:Sequencer
1859:PA system
1788:Subwoofer
1773:PA system
1707:Amplifier
1669:Hard disk
1586:Equalizer
1402:Billboard
1015:magazine"
997:Billboard
844:does not
791:tape head
661:tape bias
593:VU-meters
571:Billboard
562:Billboard
451:piano-key
443:solenoids
318:and dual
304:Nakamichi
233:piano key
225:piano key
217:Wollensak
190:combined
168:VU meters
66:transport
62:cassettes
1980:ProTools
1957:Software
1947:Theremin
1887:Chiptune
1844:Foldback
1674:MiniDisc
1427:Archived
1237:running.
1147:Archived
1129:Archived
1065:Archived
942:Lexus SC
905:MiniDisc
815:capstans
683:High Com
589:Technics
500:headroom
312:Tandberg
266:wearable
262:personal
238:solenoid
2076:Tape op
1927:Sampler
1024:. 1968.
929:Marantz
903:(DAT),
865:removed
850:sources
799:capstan
715:flutter
650:Dolby S
646:Dolby C
623:Philips
605:Dolby B
554:Santana
362:monitor
349:Dolby S
345:Dolby C
320:capstan
270:Walkman
255:flutter
192:Dolby B
181:mixtape
145:Philips
96:Origins
91:History
2190:(NIME)
1864:Reverb
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