Caste system in India

6893:. Caste in its current form, claimed Gandhi, had nothing to do with religion. The discrimination and trauma of castes, argued Gandhi, was the result of custom, the origin of which is unknown. Gandhi said that the customs' origin was a moot point, because one could spiritually sense that these customs were wrong, and that any caste system is harmful to the spiritual well-being of man and economic well-being of a nation. The reality of colonial India was, Gandhi noted, that there was no significant disparity between the economic condition and earnings of members of different castes, whether it was a Brahmin or an artisan or a farmer of low caste. India was poor, and Indians of all castes were poor. Thus, he argued that the cause of trauma was not in the caste system, but elsewhere. Judged by the standards being applied to India, Gandhi claimed, every human society would fail. He acknowledged that the caste system in India spiritually blinded some Indians, then added that this did not mean that every Indian or even most Indians blindly followed the caste system, or everything from ancient Indian scriptures of doubtful authenticity and value. India, like any other society, cannot be judged by a caricature of its worst specimens. Gandhi stated that one must consider the best it produced as well, along with the vast majority in impoverished Indian villages struggling to make ends meet, with woes of which there was little knowledge. 3865:). The 1891 census included 60 sub-groups each subdivided into six occupational and racial categories, and the number increased in subsequent censuses. The colonial era census caste tables, states Susan Bayly, "ranked, standardised and cross-referenced jati listings for Indians on principles similar to zoology and botanical classifications, aiming to establish who was superior to whom by virtue of their supposed purity, occupational origins and collective moral worth". While bureaucratic colonial officials completed reports on their zoological classification of Indian people, some British officials criticised these exercises as being little more than a caricature of the reality of caste system in India. The colonial officials used the census-determined jatis to decide which group of people were qualified for which jobs in the colonial government, and people of which jatis were to be excluded as unreliable. These census caste classifications, states Gloria Raheja, a professor of anthropology, were also used by colonial officials over the late 19th century and early 20th century, to formulate land tax rates, as well as to frequently target some social groups as "criminal" castes and castes prone to "rebellion". 6301:

increase in lower caste children in their odds of completing primary school. The number of Dalit children who completed either middle-, high- or college-level education increased three times faster than the national average, and the total number were statistically same for both lower and upper castes. However, the same study found that in 2000, the percentage of Dalit males never enrolled in a school was still more than twice the percentage of upper caste males never enrolled in schools. Moreover, only 1.67% of Dalit females were college graduates compared to 9.09% of upper caste females. The number of Dalit girls in India who attended school doubled in the same period, but was still lower than the national average. Other poor caste groups as well as ethnic groups such as Muslims in India have also made improvements over the 16-year period, but their improvement lagged behind that of Dalits and adivasis. The net percentage school attainment for Dalits and Muslims were statistically the same in 1999.

3725:, a professor of Medieval History and Muslim India, writes that the speculative hypotheses about the caste system in Hindu states during the medieval Delhi Sultanate period (~1200 to 1500), and the existence of a caste system, as being responsible for Hindu weakness in resisting the plunder by Islamic armies, is appealing at first sight, but "they do not withstand closer scrutiny and historical evidence". Jackson states that, contrary to the theoretical model of caste where only Kshatriyas could be warriors and soldiers, historical evidence confirms that Hindu warriors and soldiers during the medieval era included members other castes such as Vaishyas and Shudras. "Further," writes Jackson, "there is no evidence that there ever was a widespread conversion to Islam at the turn of twelfth century" by Hindus of lower caste. Jamal Malik, a professor of Islamic studies, extends this observation further, and states that "at no time in history did Hindus of low caste convert 3803:

associated themselves with kings, priests and ascetics, deploying the symbols of caste and kinship to divide their populace and consolidate their power. In addition, in this fluid stateless environment, some of the previously casteless segments of society grouped themselves into caste groups. However, in 18th century writes Bayly, India-wide networks of merchants, armed ascetics and armed tribal people often ignored these ideologies of caste. Most people did not treat caste norms as given absolutes writes Bayly, but challenged, negotiated and adapted these norms to their circumstances. Communities teamed in different regions of India, into "collective classing" to mold the social stratification in order to maximise assets and protect themselves from loss. The "caste, class, community" structure that formed became valuable in a time when state apparatus was fragmenting, was unreliable and fluid, when rights and life were unpredictable.

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the land. Haque also reports that over 90 percent of both scheduled castes (low-ranking groups) and all other castes (high-ranking groups) either do not own land or own land area capable of producing less than $ 1000 per year of food and income per household. However, over 99 percent of India's farms are less than 10 hectares, and 99.9 percent of the farms are less than 20 hectares, regardless of the farmer or landowner's caste. Indian government has, in addition, vigorously pursued agricultural land ceiling laws which prohibit anyone from owning land greater than mandated limits. India has used this law to forcibly acquire land from some, then redistribute tens of millions of acres to the landless and poor of the low-caste. Haque suggests that Indian lawmakers need to reform and modernise the nation's land laws and rely less on blind adherence to land ceilings and tenancy reform.

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guilty by birth, arrested, children separated from their parents, and held in penal colonies or quarantined without conviction or due process. This practice became controversial, did not enjoy the support of all British colonial officials, and in a few cases this decades-long practice was reversed at the start of the 20th century with the proclamation that people "could not be incarcerated indefinitely on the presumption of bad character". The criminal-by-birth laws against targeted castes was enforced until the mid-20th century, with an expansion of criminal castes list in west and south India through the 1900s to 1930s. Hundreds of Hindu communities were brought under the Criminal Tribes Act. By 1931, the colonial government included 237 criminal castes and tribes under the act in the

3810:, a professor of Indian history, the newly arrived East India Company colonial officials, attempted to gain commercial interests in India by balancing Hindu and Muslim conflicting interests, and by aligning with regional rulers and large assemblies of military monks. The East India Company officials adopted constitutional laws segregated by religion and caste. The legal code and colonial administrative practice was largely divided into Muslim law and Hindu law, the latter including laws for Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs. In this transitory phase, Brahmins together with scribes, ascetics and merchants who accepted Hindu social and spiritual codes, became the deferred-to-authority on Hindu texts, law and administration of Hindu matters. 6273:

objectivity to the policies with respect to contemporary realities. Critics of the reservation system believe that there is actually no social stigma at all associated with belonging to a backward caste and that because of the huge constitutional incentives in the form of educational and job reservations, a large number of people will falsely identify with a backward caste to receive the benefits. This would not only result in a marked inflation of the backward castes' numbers, but also lead to enormous administrative and judicial resources being devoted to social unrest and litigation when such dubious caste declarations are challenged.

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Buddhists nor "lower caste" Hindus converted to Islam because they viewed Islam to lack a caste system. Conversions to Islam were rare, states MacLein, and conversions attested by historical evidence confirms that the few who did convert were Brahmin Hindus (theoretically, the upper caste). MacLein asserts that the caste and conversion theories about Indian society during the Islamic era are not based on historical evidence or verifiable sources, but rather on the personal assumptions of Muslim historians about the nature of Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism in the northwest Indian subcontinent.

3914: 13649: 52: 4091:, Europeans and Dalits. These depressed classes were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from special constituencies in which voters belonging to the depressed classes only could vote. Gandhi went on a hunger strike against this provision claiming that such an arrangement would split the Hindu community into two groups. Years later, Ambedkar wrote that Gandhi's fast was a form of coercion. This agreement, which saw Gandhi end his fast and Ambedkar drop his demand for a separate electorate, was called the 11164: 6909:, enforced widowhood and child marriage developed from the need to reinforce endogamy and Shastras were used to glorify these practices so that they are observed without being questioned. Later, other caste groups imitated these customs. However, although Ambedkar uses the approach of psychologist Gabriel Tarde to indicate how the caste system spread, he also explains that Brahmins or Manu cannot be blamed for the origin of the caste system and he discredits theories which trace the origin of caste system in races. 7502:, pp. 26–27:What happened in the initial phase of this two-stage sequence was the rise of the royal man of prowess. In this period, both kings and the priests and ascetics with whom men of power were able to associate their rule became a growing focus for the affirmation of a martial and regal form of caste ideal. (...) The other key feature of this period was the reshaping of many apparently casteless forms of devotional faith in a direction which further affirmed these differentiations of rank and community. 3786:), the armed cavalry and infantry (warrior class) doubling up as the farming peasants (working class), were all of the same Jat caste in the 16th century. These occupationally diverse members from one caste served each other, writes Habib, either because of their reaction to taxation pressure of Muslim rulers or because they belonged to the same caste. Peasant social stratification and caste lineages were, states Habib, tools for tax revenue collection in areas under the Islamic rule. 9920:"Islamic norms permit hierarchical structure, i.e., equality in islam is only in relation to God, rather than between men. Early Muslims and Muslim conquerors in India reproduced social segregation among Muslims and the conquered religious groups. (...) The writings of Abu al-Fadl at Akbar's court mention caste. (...) The courtier and historian Zia al-Din al-Barani not only avowedly detested Hindus, in his Fatawa-ye Jahandari, he also vehemently stood for ashraf supremacy. 6905:

system in India. He believed that the caste system originated in the practice of endogamy and that it spread through imitation by other groups. He wrote that initially, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras existed as classes whose choice of occupation was not restricted by birth and in which exogamy was prevalent. Brahmins then began to practise endogamy and enclosed themselves, hence Ambedkar defines caste as "enclosed class". He believed that traditions such as

13543: 6833:(1105–1167) championed devotional worship that rejected temple worship and rituals, and replaced it with personalised direct worship of Shiva through practices such as individually worn icons and symbols like a small linga. This approach brought Shiva's presence to everyone and at all times, without gender, class or caste discrimination. His teachings and verses such as Káyakavé Kailása (Work is the path to Kailash (bliss, heaven), or Work is Worship) became popular. 20625: 20230: 18937: 2664:... tribes, clans or families. The name stuck and became the usual word for the Hindu social group. In attempting to account for the remarkable proliferation of castes in 18th- and 19th-century India, authorities credulously accepted the traditional view that by a process of intermarriage and subdivision the 3,000 or more castes of modern India had evolved from the four primitive classes, and the term 'caste' was applied indiscriminately to both 6918: 20635: 6878:

fundamental, natural and essential. The innumerable subcastes or Jatis he considered to be a hindrance. He advocated to fuse all the Jatis into a more global division of Varnas. In the 1930s, Gandhi began to advocate for the idea of heredity in caste to be rejected, arguing that "Assumption of superiority by any person over any other is a sin against God and man. Thus caste, in so far as it connotes distinctions in status, is an evil."

4304: 2440: 7309:, p. 5): "Rather, I will argue that caste (again, as we know it today) is a modern phenomenon, that it is, specifically, the product of an historical encounter between India and Western colonial rule. By this I do not mean to imply that it was simply invented by the too clever British, now credited with so many imperial patents that what began as colonial critique has turned into another form of imperial adulation. But I 218: 6117: 7027:, Gopal Guru and others as "India's hidden apartheid". Critics of the accusations point to substantial improvements in the position of Dalits in post-independence India, consequent to the strict implementation of the rights and privileges enshrined in the Constitution of India, as implemented by the Protection of Civil rights Act, 1955. They also argue that the practice had disappeared in urban public life. 3072:, states that ancient and medieval Indian texts do not support the ritual pollution, purity-impurity premise implicit in the Dumont theory. According to Olivelle, purity-impurity is discussed in the Dharma-sastra texts, but only in the context of the individual's moral, ritual and biological pollution (eating certain kinds of food such as meat, going to bathroom). Olivelle writes in his review of post-Vedic 18947: 7051:

political and economic undertones. Beteille writes that "the Scheduled Castes of India taken together are no more a race than are the Brahmins taken together. Every social group cannot be regarded as a race simply because we want to protect it against prejudice and discrimination", and that the 2001 Durban conference on racism hosted by the U.N. is "turning its back on established scientific opinion".

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from zero to 45 percent; cellphone ownership up from zero to 36 percent; two-wheeler ownership (of motorcycles, scooters, mopeds) up from zero to 12.3 percent; children eating yesterday's leftovers down from 95.9 percent to 16.2 percent ... Dalits running their own businesses up from 6 percent to 37 percent; and proportion working as agricultural labourers down from 46.1 percent to 20.5 percent.

2830:, Marriott, and Dirks, describes the caste system as an ever-evolving social reality that can only be properly understood by the study of historical evidence of actual practice and the examination of verifiable circumstances in the economic, political and material history of India. This school has focused on the historical evidence from ancient and medieval society in India, during the 7083:(1997), also has themes surrounding the caste system across religions. A lawyer named Sabu Thomas filed a petition to have the book published without the last chapter, which had graphic description of sexual acts between members of different castes. Thomas claimed the alleged obscenity in the last chapter deeply hurts the Syrian Christian community, the basis of the novel. 6853:

with these when wining and dining with Europeans." Professions did not make castes, and castes did not decide one's profession. If someone does a job that is dirty, it does not make them inferior; in the same way that no mother is inferior because she cleans the excreta of her baby. Ritual occupation or tasks, argued Phule, do not make any human being superior or inferior.

6363:, hereditary occupations, avoid social mixing and have been stratified. There is some controversy if these characteristics make them social groups or castes of Islam. Some scholars assert that the Muslim castes are not as acute in their discrimination as those of the Hindus, while critics assert that the discrimination in South Asian Muslim society is worse. 2816:. This perspective was particularly common among scholars during the British colonial era and was articulated by Dumont, who concluded that the system was ideologically perfected several thousand years ago and has remained the primary social reality ever since. This school primarily justifies its theory by citing the ancient law book 6540:

group." Amidst the Hindu society, the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala had inserted themselves within the Indian caste society by the observance of caste rules and were regarded by the Hindus as a caste occupying a high place within their caste hierarchy. Their traditional belief that their ancestors were high-caste Hindus such as

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their demographic percentage. In all jobs classified as Group C positions, the percentage of jobs held by lowest caste people is about the same as their demographic population distribution. In Group A and B jobs, the percentage of positions held by lowest caste classified people is 30% lower than their demographic percentage.

3092:. These, writes Olivelle, are called "fallen people" and considered impure in the medieval Indian texts. The texts declare that these sinful, fallen people be ostracised. Olivelle adds that the overwhelming focus in matters relating to purity/impurity in the Dharma-sastra texts concerns "individuals irrespective of their 3593:—another pillar of alleged traditional Indian society—appear as features of people's identity. Occupations were fluid." Evidence shows, according to Eaton, that Shudras were part of the nobility, and many "father and sons had different professions, suggesting that social status was earned, not inherited" in the Hindu 7370:, p. 203, note 65 notes that Moorjani et al. (2013) "leaves us with the suspicion that endogamy had been adopted in the Dravidian south a full thousand years before the north, thus suggesting that something like a "caste system existed there already before and independently of Brahmanical influences." 7469:

Independent India's constitution banned discrimination on the basis of caste, and, in an attempt to correct historical injustices and provide a level playing field to the traditionally disadvantaged, the authorities announced quotas in government jobs and educational institutions for scheduled castes

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Social stratification is found among the Christians in India based on caste as well as by their denomination and location. The caste distinction is based on their caste at the time that they or their ancestors converted to Christianity since the 16th century, they typically do not intermarry, and sit

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has some caste system features in Sikh literature. In theory, Sikh literature does not recognise caste hierarchy or differences, but, in practice, states Nesbitt, widespread endogamy practices among Sikhs have been prevalent in modern times, and poorer Sikhs of disadvantaged castes continue to gather

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In May 2011, the government approved a poverty, religion and caste census to identify poverty in different social backgrounds. The census would also help the government to re-examine and possibly undo some of the policies which were formed in haste such as the Mandal Commission in order to bring more

6224:'s recommendations. Since then, India has reserved 27 percent of job opportunities in government-owned enterprises and agencies for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs). The 27 percent reservation is in addition to 22.5 percent set aside for India's lowest castes for the last 50 years. 4168:

Others, however, maintain that reservation on the basis of caste is necessary in order to prevent the monopolization of public sector jobs by members of the upper castes. These individuals also point out that reservation in India is not aimed primarily at eradicating poverty, but at ensuring adequate

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The emergence of a caste system in the modern form, during the early period of British colonial rule in the 18th and 19th century, was not uniform in South Asia. Claude Markovits, a French historian of colonial India, writes that Hindu society in north and west India (Sindh), in late 18th century and

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in 1900 and Punjab Pre-Emption Act in 1913, listing castes that could legally own land and denying equivalent property rights to other census-determined castes. These acts prohibited the inter-generational and intra-generational transfer of land from land-owning castes to any non-agricultural castes,

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The contestations of the period are also evident from the texts describing dialogues of Buddha with the Brahmins. The Brahmins maintain their divinely ordained superiority and assert their right to draw service from the lower orders. Buddha responds by pointing out the basic facts of biological birth

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Segregation, where individual castes lived together, the dominant caste living in the center and other castes living on the periphery. There were restrictions on the use of water wells or streets by one caste on another: an upper-caste Brahmin might not be permitted to use the street of a lower-caste

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Critics believe that the economic liberalisation has benefited just a small elite and left behind the poor, especially the lowest Hindu caste of dalits. But a recent authoritative survey revealed striking improvements in living standards of dalits in the last two decades. Television ownership was up

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of India aims to prevent and punish atrocities and discrimination against members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Examples of crimes punishable under the Act include "forcing victims to eat or drink obnoxious substances; dumping excreta, sewage, carcasses into their homes or compounds;

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has argued that Indian caste as we know it today is a "modern phenomenon," as caste was "fundamentally transformed by British colonial rule." According to Dirks, before colonial rule caste affiliation was quite loose and fluid, but colonial rule enforced caste affiliation rigorously, and constructed

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The colonial government prepared a list of criminal castes, and all members registered in these castes by caste-census were restricted in terms of regions they could visit, move about in or people with whom they could socialise. In certain regions of colonial India, entire caste groups were presumed

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The population then comprised about 200 million people, across five major religions, and over 500,000 agrarian villages, each with a population between 100 and 1,000 people of various age groups, which were variously divided into numerous castes. This ideological scheme was theoretically composed of

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The origin of caste system of modern form, in the Bengal region of India, may be traceable to this period, states Richard Eaton. The medieval era Islamic Sultanates in India utilised social stratification to rule and collect tax revenue from non-Muslims. Eaton states that, "Looking at Bengal's Hindu

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Richard Eaton, a professor of history at Berkley, asserts that the presumption of a rigid Hindu caste system and the oppression of lower castes in pre-Islamic era in India is the cause of "mass conversion to Islam" during the medieval era. This claim has the problem that "no evidence can be found in

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groups, spread throughout India, provided results that, according to the researchers, "told a clear story": Approximately a third of groups in India experienced population bottlenecks as strong or stronger than the ones found to have occurred among similarly isolated groups in human history, such as

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Occupation, generally inherited. Lack of unrestricted choice of profession, caste members restricted their own members from taking up certain professions they considered degrading. This characteristic of caste was missing from large parts of India, stated Ghurye, and in these regions all four castes

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Ghurye (...) is much influenced by the nineteenth century orientalist historical explanations, which were based basically on three kinds of formulations: the Indo-European or Dravidian theory, the racial theory and the diffusionist theory. (...) At a subsequent stage European social theory, evident

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suggesting that it was under the British that 'caste' became a single term capable of expressing, organising, and above all 'systematising' India's diverse forms of social identity, community, and organisation. This was achieved through an identifiable (if contested) ideological canon as the result

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Recent research by Naveen Bharathi, Deepak Malghan and Andaleeb Rahman found that "the extent of intra-village segregation in Karnataka is greater than the local black-white segregation in the American South that continues to influence residential patterns to this day." They claim that this finding

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The Indian government classifies government jobs in four groups. The Group A jobs are senior most, high paying positions in the government, while Group D are junior most, lowest paying positions. In Group D jobs, the percentage of positions held by lowest caste classified people is 30% greater than

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and two of its employees for alleged discrimination against an Indian engineer because he was from a lower caste than them. According to a 2018 survey by civil rights group Equality Labs cited in the lawsuit, 67% of Dalits "reported being treated unfairly at their workplace because of their caste".

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may have influenced the British preoccupation with the Indian caste system as well as the British perception of pre-colonial Indian castes. British society's own similarly rigid class system provided the British with a template for understanding Indian society and castes. The British, coming from a

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While legal codes and state administration were emerging in India, with the rising power of the European powers, Dirks states that the late 18th-century British writings on India say little about caste system in India, and predominantly discuss territorial conquest, alliances, warfare and diplomacy

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suggests open status social groups dominated Rajput history during the medieval period. He states, "The omnipresence of cognatic kinship and caste in North India is a relatively new phenomenon that only became dominant in the early Mughal and British periods respectively. Historically speaking, the

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Ghurye added, in 1932, that the colonial construction of caste led to the livening up, divisions and lobbying to the British officials for favourable caste classification in India for economic opportunities, and this had added new complexities to the concept of caste. Graham Chapman and others have

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Cassan has studied the differential effect within two segments of India's Dalit community. He finds India's overall economic growth has produced the fastest and more significant socio-economic changes. Cassan further concludes that legal and social program initiatives are no longer India's primary

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A 1995 study notes that the caste system in India is a system of exploitation of poor low-ranking groups by more prosperous high-ranking groups. A report published in 2001 note that in India 36.3% of people own no land at all, 60.6% own about 15% of the land, with a very wealthy 3.1% owning 15% of

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observes that "Nowhere else in India is there a large and ancient Christian community which has in time immemorial been accorded a high status in the caste hierarchy. ... Syrian Christian community operates very much as a caste and is properly regarded as a caste or at least a very caste-like

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Independent India has witnessed caste-related violence. According to a 2005 UN report, approximately 31,440 cases of violent acts committed against Dalits were reported in 1996. The UN report claimed 1.33 cases of violent acts per 10,000 Dalit people. For context, the UN reported between 40 and 55

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Opposition to intercaste marriage also remains widespread, with Pew polling indicating that over 3 in 5 Indians agree that it is "very important" to stop both men and women from marrying outside of their castes. The polling indicated, furthermore, that Christians and Buddhists were relatively more

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A majority of marriages in India are still endogamous with inter-caste and inter-religious marriages found mostly among those who are "economically, educationally, culturally advanced and urban oriented". A study in 2005 found that inter-caste marriages had nearly doubled between 1981 and 2005 but

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Susan Bayly, an anthropologist, notes that "caste is not and never has been a fixed fact of Indian life" and the caste system as we know it today, as a "ritualised scheme of social stratification," developed in two stages during the post-Mughal period, in 18th and early 19th century. Three sets of

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non-Muslims "embraced Islam in flocks" when Arab Muslim armies invaded the region. According to this hypothesis, the mass conversions occurred from the lower caste Hindus and Mahayana Buddhists who had become "corroded from within by the infiltration of Hindu beliefs and practices". This theory is

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or nourisher, suggesting that Shudras were the tillers of the soil. But soon afterwards, Shudras are not counted among the tax-payers and they are said to be given away along with the land when it is gifted. The majority of the artisans were also reduced to the position of Shudras, but there is no

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but also included the aboriginal tribes that were assimilated into the Aryan society as it expanded into Gangetic settlements. This class-distinction is still reflected in the fact that the upper castes have a higher genetic affinity to Europeans, while the lower castes are more similar to Asians.

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wanted castes, argued Phule, he would have ordained the same for other creatures. There are no castes in species of animals or birds, so why should there be one among human animals. In his criticism Phule added, "Brahmins cannot claim superior status because of caste, because they hardly bothered

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community. According to Sunrinder S, Jodhka, Sikhs belonging to the landowning dominant castes have not shed all their prejudices against the Dalits. While Dalits would be allowed entry into the village gurudwaras they would not be permitted to cook or serve langar (the communal meal). Therefore,

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A reservation system for people classified as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has existed for over 50 years. The presence of privately owned free market corporations in India is limited and public sector jobs have dominated the percentage of jobs in its economy. A 2000 report estimated that

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Sweetman notes that the European conception of caste dismissed former political configurations and insisted upon an "essentially religious character" of India. During the colonial period, caste was defined as a religious system and was divorced from political powers. This made it possible for the

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De Zwart notes that the caste system used to be thought of as an ancient fact of Hindu life and that contemporary scholars argue instead that the system was constructed by the colonial authorities. He says that "jobs and education opportunities were allotted based on caste, and people rallied and

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There is no evidence of restrictions regarding food and marriage during the Vedic period. According to Moorjani et al. (2013), co-authored by Reich, extensive admixture took place between 2200 BCE and 100 CE (4200 to 1900 before present), whereafter India shifted to "a region in which mixture was

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The first school has focused on religious anthropology and disregarded other historical evidence as secondary or derivative of this tradition. The second school has focused on sociological evidence and sought to understand the historical circumstances. The latter has criticised the former for its

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Sociologist Anne Waldrop observes that while outsiders view the term caste as a static phenomenon of stereotypical tradition-bound India, empirical facts suggest caste has been a radically changing feature. The term means different things to different Indians. In the context of politically active

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system as being based on the concepts of religious purity and pollution. This view has been disputed by other scholars who believe it to be a secular social phenomenon driven by the necessities of economics, politics, and at times geography. Jeaneane Fowler says that although some people consider

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For example, some Britons believed Indians would shun train travel because tradition-bound South Asians were too caught up in caste and religion, and that they would not sit or stand in the same coaches out of concern for close proximity to a member of higher or lower or shunned caste. After the

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A 1922 stereograph of Hindu children of high caste, Bombay. This was part of Underwood & Underwood stereoscope journey of colonial world. This and related collections became controversial for staging extreme effects and constructing identities of various colonised nations. Christopher Pinney

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In a 2008 study, Desai et al. focussed on education attainments of children and young adults aged 6–29, from lowest caste and tribal populations of India. They completed a national survey of over 100,000 households for each of the four survey years between 1983 and 2000. They found a significant

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prohibits discrimination based on caste and Article 17 declared the practice of untouchability to be illegal. In 1955, India enacted the Untouchability (Offences) Act (renamed in 1976, as the Protection of Civil Rights Act). It extended the reach of law, from intent to mandatory enforcement. The

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includes statistics of crimes reported under the law as part of it annual reports. There has been a growth in total number of crimes reported under the Act in recent years but conviction rates have been low. Crimes against members of Scheduled Caste communities grew by 7.3% and against Scheduled

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in south India and non-loyal castes in north India such as Ahirs, Gurjars and Jats, were called "predatory and barbarian" and added to the criminal castes list. Some caste groups were targeted using the Criminal Tribes Act even when there were no reports of any violence or criminal activity, but

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in the Andhra inscriptions come from Brahmins. Two rare temple donor records from warrior families of the 14th century claim to be Shudras. One states that Shudras are the bravest, the other states that Shudras are the purest. Richard Eaton, a professor of history, writes, "anyone could become a

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According to Moorjani et al. (2013), endogamy set in after 100 CE. According to Basu et al. (2016), admixture between populations was "rapidly replaced by endogamy among upper castes and Indo-European speakers predominantly almost simultaneously, possibly by decree of the rulers, in upper-caste

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The Vedic texts neither mention the concept of untouchable people nor any practice of untouchability. The rituals in the Vedas ask the noble or king to eat with the commoner from the same vessel. Later Vedic texts ridicule some professions, but the concept of untouchability is not found in them.

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since there is no state-sanctioned discrimination. They write that casteism in India is presently "not apartheid. In fact, untouchables, as well as tribal people and members of the lowest castes in India benefit from broad affirmative action programmes and are enjoying greater political power."

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was born in a caste that was classified as untouchable, became a leader of human rights campaigns in India, a prolific writer, and a key person in drafting modern India's constitution in the 1940s. He wrote extensively on discrimination, trauma and what he saw as the tragic effects of the caste

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Smelser and Lipset propose in their review of Hutton's study of caste system in colonial India the theory that individual mobility across caste lines may have been minimal in India because it was ritualistic. They state that this may be because the colonial social stratification worked with the

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region of India, studied by Leslie Orr, a professor of religion, "Chola period inscriptions challenge our ideas about the structuring of (south Indian) society in general. In contrast to what Brahmanical legal texts may lead us to expect, we do not find that caste is the organising principle of

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similarly criticised caste as one of the many human institutions that bars the power of free thought and action of an individual. Caste or no caste, creed or no creed, any man, or class, or caste, or nation, or institution that bars the power of free thought and bars action of an individual is

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ran a public consultation on ways to ensure legal protection against caste discrimination from March 2017 to September 2017. Based on the consultation the government decided that "the best way to provide the necessary protection against unlawful discrimination because of caste is by relying on

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model as the basis of caste, and is centred on the ritual power of the king, who was "supported by a group of ritual and magical specialists of low social status," with their ritual occupations being considered 'polluted'. According to Hart, it may be this model that provided the concerns with

130:

and people belonging to certain castes. Social unrest during the 1920s led to a change in this policy. Caste was no longer used by the colonial authority to functionally organize civil society. This reflected changes in administrative practices, understandings of expertise, and the rise of new

7050:

of Punjab. The Caste system does not demarcate racial division. The Caste system is a social division of people of the same race." Various sociologists, anthropologists and historians have rejected the racial origins and racial emphasis of caste and consider the idea to be one that has purely

3948:

Starting with the 19th century, the British colonial government passed a series of laws that applied to Indians based on their religion and caste identification. These colonial era laws and their provisions used the term "Tribes", which included castes within their scope. This terminology was

3802:

With the Islamic Mughal empire falling apart in the 18th century, regional post-Mughal ruling elites and new dynasties from diverse religious, geographical and linguistic background attempted to assert their power in different parts of India. Bayly states that these obscure post-Mughal elites

7004:

In a 2011 study, Aiyar too notes that such qualitative theories of economic exploitation and consequent land redistribution within India between 1950 and 1990 had no effect on the quality of life and poverty reduction. Instead, economic reforms since the 1990s and resultant opportunities for

3714:

Derryl MacLein, a professor of social history and Islamic studies, states that historical evidence does not support this theory; that whatever evidence is available suggests that Muslim institutions in north-west India legitimised and continued any inequalities that existed; and that neither

4195:

The Government of India provides financial incentives to inter-caste couples under the Dr. Ambedkar Scheme for Social Integration through Inter-Caste Marriages. Various state governments such as those of Odisha, Haryana, Punjab, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and

4013:

Eleanor Nesbitt, a professor of History and Religions in India, states that the colonial government hardened the caste-driven divisions in India not only through its caste census, but with a series of laws in the early 20th century. Colonial officials, for instance, enacted laws such as the

3616:

For northern Indian region, Susan Bayly writes, "until well into the colonial period, much of the subcontinent was still populated by people for whom the formal distinctions of caste were of only limited importance; even in parts of the so-called Hindu heartland of Gangetic upper India, the

3003:

developed in Indian history. Barbara Metcalf and Thomas Metcalf, both professors of History, write, "One of the surprising arguments of fresh scholarship, based on inscriptional and other contemporaneous evidence, is that until relatively recent centuries, social organisation in much of the

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disagreed with some of Ambedkar's observations, rationale and interpretations about the caste system in India. "Caste," he claimed, has "saved Hinduism from disintegration. But like every other institution it has suffered from excrescences." He considered the four divisions of Varnas to be

6219:

In addition to taking affirmative action for people of schedule castes and scheduled tribes, India has expanded its effort to include people from poor, backward castes in its economic and social mainstream. In 1990, the government reservation of 27% for Backward Classes on the basis of the

125:

in India. The British Raj furthered this development, making rigid caste organisation a central mechanism of administration. Between 1860 and 1920, the British incorporated the Indian caste system into their system of governance, granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to

3960:

of 1871. This law declared that all those who belonged to certain castes were born with criminal tendencies. Ramnarayan Rawat, a professor of History and specialising in social exclusion in the Indian subcontinent, states that the criminal-by-birth castes under this Act included initially

3487:, referring to Basu et al. (2016) and Moorjani et al. (2013) states that "it seems safe to conclude that a shift to endogamy took place during the first half of the first millennium CE, at least in northern India," due to the growing influence of Brahmanism. This shift is attested in the 14802:

Nakatsuka, Nathan; Moorjani, Priya; Rai, Niraj; Sarkar, Biswanath; Tandon, Arti; Patterson, Nick; SriLakshmi Bhavani, Gandham; Mohan Girisha, Katta; Mustak, Mohammed; Srinivasan, Sudha; Kaushik, Amit; Vahab, Saadi Abdul; Jagadeesh, Sujatha; Kapaettu Satyamoorthy, Kapaettu; Singh, Lalji;

7174:(2019) is a crime thriller that stars a Brahmin hero who helps Dalit villagers by investigating the murder of two Dalit girls, and works to erase caste discrimination in the police system. It was a box-office hit but is criticized for its upper-caste casting and victimization of Dalits. 4049:

colonial rulers to portray India as a society characterised by spiritual harmony in contrast to the former Indian states which they criticised as "despotic and epiphenomenal", with the colonial powers providing the necessary "benevolent, paternalistic rule by a more 'advanced' nation".

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most jobs in India were in companies owned by the government or agencies of the government. The reservation system implemented by India over 50 years, has been partly successful, because of all jobs, nationwide, in 1995, 17.2 percent of the jobs were held by those in the lowest castes.

3814:

in India. Colin Mackenzie, a British social historian of this time, collected vast numbers of texts on Indian religions, culture, traditions and local histories from south India and Deccan region, but his collection and writings have very little on caste system in 18th-century India.

14028:

Bamshad, Michael; Kivisild, Toomas; Watkins, W. Scott; Dixon, Mary E.; Ricker, Chris E.; Rao, Baskara B.; Naidu, J. Mastan; Prasad, B.V. Ravi; Reddy, P. Govinda; Rasanayagam, Arani; Papiha, Surinder S.; Villems, Richard; Redd, Alan J.; Hammer, Michael F.; Nguyen, Son V. (June 2001).

7246:, p. 143): " bottlenecks occur when relatively small numbers of individuals have many offspring and their descendants too have many offspring and remain genetically isolated from the people who surround them due to social or geographic barriers." Reich provides the examples of 6240:

practice under Indian law, whereby additional members of lower castes—the other backward classes—were given exclusive access to another 27 percent of government jobs and slots in public universities, in addition to the 23 percent already reserved for the Dalits and Tribals. When

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The second school of thought focuses on socioeconomic factors, claiming that the factors drive the caste system. It believes caste to be rooted in the economic, political and material history of India. This school, which is common among scholars of the post-colonial era such as

6979:

claim that they are representing the backward castes, and rely on OBC support, often in alliance with Dalit and Muslim support, to win elections. On the other hand, the Hindu right has also at times courted controversy over its own caste-based appeals, for example in 2020 when

3063:

mentions outcastes and suggests that they be ostracised. Recent scholarship states that the discussion of outcastes in post-Vedic texts is different from the system widely discussed in colonial era Indian literature, and in Dumont's structural theory on caste system in India.

7126:. However, since the 1990s, there is a substantial disparity in caste representation in film due to the rise of upper-caste protagonists, casting, and participation in the industry. This can be traced to the beginning of the film industry, which was pioneered by a Brahmin, 2860:"pollution" of the members of low status groups. The Hart model for caste origin, writes Samuel, envisions "the ancient Indian society consisting of a majority without internal caste divisions and a minority consisting of a number of small occupationally polluted groups". 2672:

or caste proper. This is a false terminology; castes rise and fall in the social scale, and old castes die out and new ones are formed, but the four great classes are stable. There are never more or less than four and for over 2,000 years their order of precedence has not

6366:

From the earliest days of Islam's arrival in South Asia, Arab, Persian and Afghan Muslims have been recognised as an upper caste. Some upper caste Hindus who converted to Islam became part of the governing groups, who along with these foreign groups came to be known as

3705:

Early and mid 20th century Muslim historians, such as Hashimi in 1927 and Qureshi in 1962, proposed that "caste system was established before the arrival of Islam", and it and "a nomadic savage lifestyle" in the northwest Indian subcontinent were the primary cause why

4029:, a professor of history, state that these colonial-era laws helped create and erect barriers within land-owning and landless castes in northwest India. Caste-based discrimination and denial of human rights by the colonial state had similar impact elsewhere in India. 2540:

we do not possess a real general definition of caste. It appears to me that any attempt at definition is bound to fail because of the complexity of the phenomenon. On the other hand, much literature on the subject is marred by lack of precision about the use of the

3735:

states that caste as a social stratification is a well-studied Indian system, yet evidence also suggests that hierarchical concepts, class consciousness and social stratification had already occurred in Islam before Islam arrived in India. The concept of caste, or

3617:

institutions and beliefs which are now often described as the elements of traditional caste were only just taking shape as recently as the early eighteenth century—that is, when the Mughal era was collapsing and western power was expanding into the subcontinent."

3790:

society as a whole, it seems likely that the caste system—far from being the ancient and unchanging essence of Indian civilisation as supposed by generations of Orientalists—emerged into something resembling its modern form only in the period 1200–1500".

3334:

contempt indicated for their work. The Brahmins and the Kshatriyas are given a special position in the rituals, distinguishing them from both the Vaishyas and the Shudras. The Vaishya is said to be "oppressed at will" and the Shudra "beaten at will."

3546:. The Brahmin class is modeled in the epic as the archetype default state of man dedicated to truth, austerity and pure conduct. In the Mahabharata and pre-medieval era Hindu texts, according to Hiltebeitel, "it is important to recognise, in theory, 2557:

Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse, with minute rules on the kind of food and drink that upper castes could accept from lower castes. There was a great diversity in these rules, and lower castes generally accepted food from upper

2545:

Ghurye offered what he thought was a definition that could be applied across India, although he acknowledged that there were regional variations on the general theme. His model definition for caste included the following six characteristics:

3442:. Peter Masefield, in his review of caste in India, states that anyone could in principle perform any profession. The texts state that the Brahmin took food from anyone, suggesting that strictures of commensality were as yet unknown. The 17963: 1197: 6308:

found that over 80 percent of children of historically discriminated castes were attending schools. The fastest increase in school attendance by Dalit community children occurred during the recent periods of India's economic growth.

3437:

and occupations at least at the high and low ends, there was no strict linkage between class/caste and occupation, especially among those in the middle range. Many occupations listed such as accounting and writing were not linked to

7015:

constraint in further advancement of India's historically discriminated castes; further advancement are likely to come from improvements in the supply of quality schools in rural and urban India, along with India's economic growth.

6257:

There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is lower than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey.

3917:

From the 1850s, photography was used in Indian subcontinent by the British for anthropological purposes, helping classify the different castes, tribes and native trades. Included in this collection were Hindu, Muslim and Buddhist

7287:

Sweetman notes that the Brahmin had a strong influence on the British understanding of India, thereby also influencing the methods of British rule and western understandings of Hinduism, and gaining a stronger position in Indian

3131:

frequencies, they identified a degree of differentiation that is at least three times greater than that among European groups separated by similar geographic distances. Lacking genetic grounds to attribute this to differences in

2851:, central aspects of the later Indian caste system may originate from the ritual kingship system prior to the arrival of Brahmanism, Buddhism and Jainism in India. The system is seen in the South Indian Tamil literature from the 2553:

A hierarchical system wherein generally the Brahmins were at the head of the hierarchy, but this hierarchy was disputed in some cases. In various linguistic areas, hundreds of castes had a gradation generally acknowledged by

20590: 2879:(c. 1000–500 BCE). The first three groups, Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishya, have parallels with other Indo-European societies, while the addition of the Shudras is probably a Brahmanical invention from northern India. 3027:. He concludes that "If caste is defined as a system of group within the class, which are normally endogamous, commensal and craft-exclusive, we have no real evidence of its existence until comparatively late times." 6208:.The Scheduled Castes are sometimes referred to as Dalit in contemporary literature. In 2001, Dalits comprised 16.2 percent of India's total population. Of the one billion Hindus in India, it is estimated that Hindu 3136:' ancestry among groups, in the Indian region from which the population came, or in social status, they examined the evidence for "bottlenecks" in the history of Indian groups They found identical, long stretches of 3939:

and meticulously codified the system. Between 1860 and 1920, the British incorporated the caste system into their system of governance, granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to the upper castes.

12012: 7326:, p. 27): "The institution of caste, for example, a social formation that has been seen as not only basic to India but part of its ancient constitution, was fundamentally transformed by British colonial rule." 4045:

adopted a caste system that maximized their opportunity". De Zwart also notes that post-colonial affirmative action only reinforced the "British colonial project that ex hypothesi constructed the caste system".

6466:

in their own places of worship. Most Sikh families, writes Nesbitt, continue to check the caste of any prospective marriage partner for their children. She notes that all Gurus of Sikhs married within their

5904: 4161:. The Indian government officially recognises historically discriminated communities of India such as the untouchables under the designation of Scheduled Castes, and certain economically backward castes as 20600: 4115:

much of 19th century, lacked a proper caste system, their religious identities were fluid (a combination of Saivism, Vaisnavism, Sikhism), and the Brahmins were not the widespread priestly group (but the

3140:

between pairs of individuals within the same group, the "only explanation" for which is the pairs of individuals descended from ancestors in the last few thousands of years who carried that DNA segment.

2576:

allowed. Far less rigidity on inter-marriage between different sub-castes than between members of different castes in some regions, while in some endogamy within a sub-caste was the principal feature of

3740:' in Islamic literature, is mentioned by a few Islamic historians of medieval India, states Malik, but these mentions relate to the fragmentation of the Muslim society in India. Zia al-Din al-Barani of 6180:

The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was established to investigate, monitor, advise, and evaluate the socio-economic progress of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

3103:

Dumont, in his later publications, acknowledged that ancient varna hierarchy was not based on purity-impurity ranking principle, and that the Vedic literature is devoid of the untouchability concept.

20514: 6482:

wherever they could mobilise resources, the Dalits of Punjab have tried to construct their own gurudwaras and other local level institutions in order to attain a certain degree of cultural autonomy.

20559: 16182: 6173: 4334: 4219: 6280:) Muslims dominated the government jobs and parliamentary representation. As a result, there have been campaigns to include the Muslim untouchable and lower castes among the groups eligible for 14271:

Bronkhorst, Johannes (2020). "Plagues and Brahmins: Did a Combination of Epidemics and Ideology Empty India's Cities?". In Lindegaard Knudsen, Toke; Schmidt-Madsen, Jacob; Speyer, Sara (eds.).

6191:

The presence of lowest caste people in highest paying, senior-most position jobs in India has increased by ten-fold, from 1.18 percent of all jobs in 1959 to 10.12 percent of all jobs in 1995.

4061:, as well as enumeration of the population into rigid categories during the 10-year census, particularly with the 1901 and 1911 census, contributed towards the hardening of caste identities. 2907:

s comment on it, being the oft-cited texts. Counter to these textual classifications, many revered Hindu texts and doctrines question and disagree with this system of social classification.

2581:

The above Ghurye's model of caste thereafter attracted scholarly criticism for relying on the census reports produced by the colonial government, the "superior, inferior" racist theories of

3452:

common to all men and asserts that the ability to draw service is obtained economically, not by divine right. Using the example of the northwest of the subcontinent, Buddha points out that

6556:, has also supported their upper-caste status. With the arrival of European missionaries and their evangelistic mission among the lower castes in Kerala, two new groups of Christians, the 3990:

where their forefathers were known to have rebelled against Mughal or British authorities, or these castes were demanding labour rights and disrupting colonial tax collecting authorities.

2988:

system emerged because it offered a source of advantage in an era of pre-Independence poverty, lack of institutional human rights, volatile political environment, and economic insecurity.

17932: 3935:

The role of the British Raj on the caste system in India is controversial. The caste system became legally rigid during the Raj, when the British started to enumerate castes during their

1158: 13458: 2652:

but that "serious Indologists now observe considerable caution in this respect" because, while related, the concepts are considered to be distinct. In this he agrees with the Indologist

20349: 3161:, a phenomenon "exceedingly old" in most cases in India. The ostensibly undisputed overall conclusion from ancient DNA research among castes is that, rather than being the invention of 20595: 2367:'s words, that "both in the past and for many though not all Indians in more modern times, those born into a given caste would normally expect to find marriage partner" within their 20554: 20459: 7145:(2013) are both Marathi-language films about inter-caste romance and discrimination and are respected for their Dalit direction and honest depiction of lower-caste experiences. 4153:

Societal stratification, and the inequality that comes with it, still exists in India, and has been thoroughly criticised. Government policies aim at reducing this inequality by

20564: 3100:

could attain purity or impurity by the content of their character, ethical intent, actions, innocence or ignorance (acts by children), stipulations, and ritualistic behaviours.

6425:

Endogamy is very common in Muslims in the form of arranged consanguineous marriages among Muslims in India and Pakistan. Malik states that the lack of religious sanction makes

20509: 20474: 5617: 2808:

There are at least two perspectives for the origins of the caste system in ancient and medieval India, which focus on either ideological factors or on socio-economic factors.

2701:

can be added depending on need, such as tribes, sects, denominations, religious or linguistic minorities and nationalities. Thus, "Caste" is not an accurate representation of

4057:

Assumptions about the caste system in Indian society, along with its nature, evolved during colonial rule. Corbridge concludes that British policies towards India's numerous

2604:, agrees that there has been no universally accepted definition of "caste". For example, for some early European documenters it was thought to correspond with the endogamous 20399: 20289: 11725: 3514:, that desire, anger, fear, greed, grief, anxiety, hunger and toil prevails over all human beings, that bile and blood flow from all human bodies, so what distinguishes the 6341:

While identified with Hinduism, caste systems are found in other religions on the Indian subcontinent, including other religions such as Buddhists, Christians and Muslims.

20519: 20494: 20409: 20389: 20339: 20309: 20299: 6039: 5679: 5674: 13285:

Collected works of Mahatma Gandhi; Dr. Ambedkar's Indictment – I & II (see pages 205–207 for part I, and pages 226–227 for part II, see other pages on castes as well)

10319: 20605: 20479: 20359: 4072: 143:

in 1950; however, the system continues to be practiced in parts of India. There are 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-castes in India, each related to a specific occupation.

20549: 20499: 20454: 20434: 20424: 20324: 2999:

in post-Mauryan times with the emergence of feudalism in India, which finally crystallised during the 7th–12th centuries. However, other scholars dispute when and how

10678:

amateur ethnographers believed that Indian castes, because of their strictures against intermarriage, represented pure racial types, and they concocted the notion of

3697:

procured weapons to serve the society and assumed the powers of a king, while Vaishya and Shudra castes arose from different means of livelihood they specialised in.

3510:

was white, Kshatriyas was red, Vaishyas was yellow, and the Shudras' black". This description is questioned by Bharadvaja who says that colors are seen among all the

20524: 20439: 20419: 20304: 20294: 6781:

Table 1 is the distribution of population of each Religion by Caste Categories, obtained from merged sample of Schedule 1 and Schedule 10 of available data from the

4192:

noting, "Evidence, an NGO, revealed in November 2019 that as many as 195 known cases of honour killings were reported from Tamil Nadu alone in the past five years."

2328:

are complex social groups that lack universally applicable definitions or characteristics and have been more flexible and diverse than was previously often assumed.

41: 7928: 7297:

Karade states, "the caste quarantine list was abolished by independent India in 1947 and criminal tribes law was formally repealed in 1952 by its first parliament".

6325:

The poverty level in India's lowest castes dropped from 49 percent to 39 percent between 1995 and 2005, compared to a national average change from 35 to 27 percent.

3362:

system, while being a part of the Brahmanical ideology, was not practically operative in the society. In the Buddhist texts, Brahmin and Kshatriya are described as

139:

a certain percentage of government jobs for the lower castes. In 1948, negative discrimination on the basis of caste was banned by law and further enshrined in the

20569: 20504: 20469: 20404: 20384: 20374: 20334: 20319: 20314: 18426: 10562:

S Nigam (1990). "Disciplining and Policing the "Criminals by Birth", Part 1: The Making of a Colonial Stereotype – The Criminal Tribes and Castes of North India".

7005:

non-agricultural jobs have reduced poverty and increased per capita income for all segments of Indian society. For specific evidence, Aiyar mentions the following

4188:

accepting of intercaste marriages compared to Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. Honor killings related to disapproval of intercaste marriages also remain frequent, with

1666: 20610: 20529: 20489: 20464: 20379: 20344: 3625:

alliance and the open status group, whether war band or religious sect, dominated medieval and early modern Indian history in a way descent and caste did not."

20449: 20414: 20369: 20364: 17472: 11640: 690: 11916: 11659: 7349:

launch of train services, Indians of all castes, classes and gender enthusiastically adopted train travel without any concern for so-called caste stereotypes.

6322:

Access to drinking water within household or near the household in India's lowest castes was 80 percent in 2001, compared to a national average of 83 percent.

2414:, meaning "race, lineage, breed" and, originally, "'pure or unmixed (stock or breed)". Originally not an Indian word, it is now widely used in English and in 19306: 15966: 12328: 7109:, was an early reformist film. Since then, there are a variety of films focusing on caste discrimination and the depiction of inter-caste relations, such as 14199: 11783: 4854: 4249: 2714:

modern India, where job and school quotas are reserved for affirmative action based on castes, the term has become a sensitive and controversial subject.

189:

as enforced through its constitution. These policies included reserving a quota of places for these groups in higher education and government employment.

17680: 12089: 6782: 6083: 5855: 5851: 5318: 4005:

during the colonial era, the social impact of its enforcement was profiling, division and isolation of many communities of Hindus as criminals-by-birth.

906: 12619:

Ethnographic Appendices, in GOI, Census of India, 1901 (see tables on Ajlaf and Arzal, and Risley discussion of these Muslim castes versus Hindu castes)

11880: 6312:

A study by Darshan Singh presents data on health and other indicators of socio-economic change in India's historically discriminated castes. He claims:

6249:

were held in the country. Many alleged that the politicians were trying to cash in on caste-based reservations for purely pragmatic electoral purposes.

3483:

populations of all geographical regions, about 70 generations before present, probably during the reign (319–550 CE) of the ardent Hindu Gupta rulers."

5569: 4899: 11898: 7168:

Unlike regional films, Hindi films are still dominated by upper-caste filmmakers and stories, even when they attempt to discuss caste discrimination.

6509:, in modern times the system does not play a significant role. This is contradicted by Carrithers and Humphreys who describe the major Jain castes in 18821: 18204: 16254: 13336: 13017: 6937:

along with over 30 volunteers to campaign for the end of the caste system. Bose also believes that using the term 'caste' conflicts with the 1948 UN

3764:

caste among the Muslims, justifying it in Quranic text, with "aristocratic birth and superior genealogy being the most important traits of a human".

2077: 1438: 11820: 17631: 16310: 15645:

The History of Caste in India: Evidence of the Laws of Manu on the Social Conditions in India During the 3rd Century A.D., Interpreted and Examined

13054: 7314:

of a concrete encounter with colonial modernity during two hundred years of British domination. In short, colonialism made caste what it is today."

5959: 5272: 2721:

and Damle have debated the question of rigidity in caste and believe that there is considerable flexibility and mobility in the caste hierarchies.

2209: 857: 6414:(impure)—defined by the family's social or religious status, occupation and involvement in sexual crimes. There is history of skin color defining 13365: 8229: 6801:

There has been criticism of the caste system from both within and outside of India. Since the 1980s, caste has become a major controversy in the

6330: 6002: 4241: 2812:

The first school of thought focuses on ideological factors that are claimed to drive the caste system and hold that caste is rooted in the four

17552: 16731: 15318: 15152: 13448: 6103: 6098: 5531: 2335:

to have its basis in religion, assuming that the sacred elements of life in India envelop the secular aspects; for example, the anthropologist

770: 11952: 6200:

The Indian government officially recognises historically discriminated communities of India such as the untouchables under the designation of

3248:

were frequent allies of the Aryan tribes, and they were probably assimilated into the Aryan society, giving rise to a class distinction. Many

3226:, and mixed with the "indigenous Dravidic-speaking populations," but regarded themselves as superior. The Vedic tribes regarded themselves as 6865:

devilish, and must go down. Liberty of thought and action, asserted Vivekananda, is the only condition of life, of growth and of well-being.

5641: 5636: 3981:

and hill tribes. Castes suspected of rebelling against colonial laws and seeking self-rule for India, such as the previously ruling families

3275:) enjoyed positions of importance and no stigma was attached to them. Similar observations hold for carpenters, tanners, weavers and others. 11739: 18209: 11934: 11584:

Goli, Srinivas; Singh, Deepti; Sekher, T. V. (2013). "Exploring the Myth of Mixed Marriages in India: Evidence from a Nation-wide Survey".

7034:

Sociologists Kevin Reilly, Stephen Kaufman and Angela Bodino, while critical of caste system, conclude that modern India does not practice

5539: 4119:

were). Markovits writes, "if religion was not a structuring factor, neither was caste" among the Hindu merchants group of northwest India.

1443: 15791:

Raj, Papia; Raj, Aditya (2004). "Caste Variation in Reproductive Health of Women in Eastern Region of India: A Study Based on NFHS Data".

15540:

Fárek, M., Jalki, D., Pathan, S., & Shah, P. (2017). Western Foundations of the Caste System. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

4157:, quota for backward classes, but paradoxically also have created an incentive to keep this stratification alive according to sociologist 3609:

society or that boundaries between different social groups is sharply demarcated." In Tamil Nadu, during ancient and medieval period, the

121:

The caste system as it exists today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the Mughal era and the rise of the

20034: 19909: 18179: 17773: 17305: 16897: 15961: 14104:"Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure" 12379: 10831:

population of nearly 250,000 individuals in Kheda district was declared a criminal tribe under Act IIII of 1911, the Criminal Tribes Act.

6154: 4473: 4041:

a much more strict hierarchy than existed previously, with some castes being criminalised and others being given preferential treatment.

3850: 3845:

were the basis of caste ethnology during the British colonial era. In the 1881 census and thereafter, colonial ethnographers used caste (

3223: 2831: 1413: 999: 515: 14889:

Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian Population History",

7122:(1974). The largest swell of caste-focused films with lower-caste representation occurred from the 1960s until 1990, during the peak of 5284: 19919: 17457: 14966: 6564:, were formed but they continued to be considered as lower castes by higher ranked communities, including the Saint Thomas Christians. 5135: 4613: 675: 12979: 12139: 20177: 10828: 10402: 10375: 7208: 5691: 5289: 5003: 4726: 4717: 3669:, twice born. Jinasena states that those who are committed to the principle of non-harming and non-violence to all living beings are 10429: 10348: 2508: 19075: 17387: 17275: 17018: 16166: 16161: 16156: 15898: 13392: 12999: 10597:

S Nigam (1990). "Disciplining and Policing the "Criminals by Birth", Part 2: The Development of a Disciplinary System, 1871–1900".

6232:

The Mandal Commission was established in 1979 to "identify the socially or educationally backward" and to consider the question of

5498: 597: 485: 15229: 14253: 11677: 8860:

Mikael Aktor (2002). "Rules of untouchability in ancient and medieval law books: Householders, competence, and inauspiciousness".

2480: 20539: 20026: 19964: 13420: 11469: 10924:

to commit crime and whose dependents will be offenders against the law, until the whole tribe is exterminated or accounted for...

10682:

or 'criminal tribes', inbred ethnic groups predisposed to criminal behavior by both cultural tradition and hereditary disposition

6490: 6067: 5166: 4679: 3830:

have pre-modern origins, the caste system as it exists today is the result of developments during the post-Mughal period and the

2450: 9471:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the making of the Indo-Islamic World by André Wink p.321

3659:-test" (test of non-violence), and during that test all those who refused to harm any living beings were called as the priestly 20006: 19337: 18983: 18922: 17636: 17397: 17225: 17210: 17205: 17051: 10330: 6350: 6319:

The childhood vaccination levels in India's lowest castes was 40 percent in 2001, compared to a national average of 44 percent.

5629: 5153: 5148: 5143: 4324: 3570:

in documents and inscriptions of medieval India. Supporting evidence has been elusive, and contradictory evidence has emerged.

2178: 862: 607: 435: 420: 415: 245: 15333: 14807:; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (July 2017), "The promise of discovering population-specific disease-associated genes in South Asia", 14490:(2001b), "Discriminating Difference: The Postcolonial Politics of Caste in India", in Burguière, André; Grew, Raymond (eds.), 12346: 6127: 2589:

reiterated the complexity, and they note that there are differences between theoretical constructs and the practical reality.

20679: 20001: 18950: 17531: 17462: 17190: 16093: 16027: 15743: 15696: 15556: 15494: 15386: 15364: 15296: 15273: 15219: 15171: 15125: 15107: 15069: 15046: 15023: 15003: 14983: 14951: 14741: 14723: 14669: 14646: 14625: 14604: 14581: 14547: 14524: 14501: 14478: 14410: 14390: 14370: 14348: 14300: 14186: 14166: 13626: 13602: 13209: 13184: 13085: 12920: 12876: 12849: 12824: 12754: 12686: 12655: 12627: 12477: 12452: 12427: 11410: 11385: 11348: 11240: 11155: 11130: 11105: 11080: 11055: 11009: 10979: 10948: 10913: 10885: 10855: 10820: 10793: 10768: 10743: 10706: 10671: 10641: 10546: 10468: 10439: 10412: 10385: 10358: 10302: 10262: 10141: 10056: 10025: 9991: 9966: 9941: 9913: 9888: 9863: 9835: 9805: 9780: 9755: 9730: 9705: 9671: 9646: 9621: 9577: 9552: 9527: 9502: 9431: 9406: 9381: 8935: 8907: 8832: 8747: 8722: 8697: 8621: 8357: 8328: 8252: 8170: 7981: 7861: 7771: 7746: 7688: 7634: 7587: 7571: 7031:

agrees with previous ethnographic research that found that residential space in rural India is segregated along caste lines.

6938: 6576: 6262: 6201: 5883: 5669: 5314: 5108: 4989: 4894: 4859: 4640: 4573: 4507: 4132: 4099: 3936: 2487: 749: 680: 400: 186: 17: 6470:, and they did not condemn or break with the convention of endogamous marriages for their own children or Sikhs in general. 3430:

were the primary taxpayers of the state. This class was apparently not defined by birth, but by individual economic growth.

3263:

society was not distinguished by occupations. Many husbandmen and artisans practised a number of crafts. The chariot-maker (

3068:, a professor of Sanskrit and Indian Religions and credited with modern translations of Vedic literature, Dharma-sutras and 2980:

Jeaneane Fowler, a professor of philosophy and religious studies, states that it is impossible to determine how and why the

66:(he used Harijan) causes. His writings, and speeches during such tours, discussed the discriminated-against castes of India. 20266: 20011: 17985: 17280: 17102: 16928: 16495: 16303: 16272: 12168: 11843: 6793:

report of 1980, a figure which had shrunk to 41% by 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation's survey took place.

6522: 5846: 5842: 5787: 5778: 5040: 4701: 4478: 4461: 4076: 2392:

have existed in India among Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and tribal people, and there is no clear linear order among them.

2202: 1219: 490: 304: 13576: 12866: 12185: 20044: 18631: 18301: 18214: 18105: 17763: 17583: 17215: 17200: 11801: 7958: 6020: 6015: 5891: 5664: 5564: 5508: 4929: 2934:. Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, professors of Sanskrit and Religious studies, state, "there is no evidence in the 1879: 1535: 1448: 1339: 989: 807: 425: 410: 13283: 11862: 11695: 3949:

preferred for various reasons, including Muslim sensitivities that considered castes by definition Hindu, and preferred

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group, while a caste considered impure might not be permitted to draw water from a well used by members of other castes.

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Marc Galanter, Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984, 84–85

11709:"Caste, Ethnicity and Exclusion in South Asia: The Role of Affirmative Action Policies in Building Inclusive Societies" 9462:

The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel by Kanakalatha Mukund p.166

9446: 6246: 6044: 5992: 5954: 5648: 5279: 4801: 4595: 4064:

Social unrest during 1920s led to a change in this policy. From then on, the colonial administration began a policy of

3873: 3169:, as embodied in modern Indian society in the institution of caste, has been "overwhelmingly important for millennia." 3144:

Since the average size of the DNA segments reveals how long ago in the past the shared ancestors lived, the study of a

2494: 1433: 889: 12617: 12252: 11446: 30:

This article is about socio-political stratification in Indian society. For socio-religious Hindu stratification, see

20156: 20039: 19882: 17837: 17668: 17154: 17132: 16244: 15586: 15438: 14312:(2 March 1985), "Towards a Historical Sociology of Stratification in Ancient India: Evidence from Buddhist Sources", 13887: 13752: 13643: 9594: 7715: 7521: 6422:, but that does not have historical roots, and was adopted by outsiders through analogy with the Hindu Caste system. 6057: 5964: 5304: 5221: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5078: 5008: 4657: 1063: 894: 356: 334: 15230:"The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism" 9306: 2796:

according to Christian Missionaries in February 1837. They include Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Arabs as castes of India.

20674: 19904: 18584: 18421: 18321: 17768: 17658: 16500: 15971: 15078:

Silverberg, James (November 1969), "Social Mobility in the Caste System in India: An Interdisciplinary Symposium",

13318: 11984: 9984:

Essays in Indian history : towards a Marxist perception, with the economic history of Medieval India: a survey

9959:

Essays in Indian history : towards a Marxist perception, with the economic history of Medieval India: a survey

7042:

A hypothesis that caste amounts to race has been rejected by some scholars. Ambedkar, for example, wrote that "The

5605: 5162: 4916: 4877: 4435: 4413: 4261: 4015: 1832: 1661: 1555: 994: 884: 11764: 7133:

In the 21st century, there are several critically acclaimed regional films known for strong caste representation.

6316:

In 2001, the literacy rates in India's lowest castes was 55 percent, compared to a national average of 63 percent.

2966:

and other scriptures helped elevate Brahmins in the social hierarchy and these were a factor in the making of the

2476: 18174: 17675: 17427: 17230: 16703: 16419: 16296: 15936: 15183:(February 1973), "The First Century of British Colonial Rule in India: Social Revolution or Social Stagnation?", 14238: 12702:

Shami; Grant; Bittles (1994). "Consanguineous marriage within social/occupational class boundaries in Pakistan".

10255:

Colonial subjects : essays on the practical history of anthropology (editors: Peter Pels and Oscar Salemink)

6406:

is inherited by birth. Barth identifies the origin of the stratification from the historical segregation between

6216:

comprises 43%, Hindu Scheduled Castes (Dalits) comprises 22% and Hindu Scheduled Tribes (Adivasis) comprises 9%.

6147: 5974: 4837: 4815: 4551: 4534: 4205: 3693:

arise on account of their different professions". The caste of Kshatriya arose, according to Jainism texts, when

2946:

and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality". In contrast to the lack of details about

2697:

is entirely open-ended, thought of as a "natural kind whose members share a common substance." Any number of new

2195: 1408: 901: 645: 440: 20669: 20664: 20659: 19894: 17290: 16907: 16902: 16249: 16042: 15448: 14095:

The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent before the Coming of the Muslims

11026: 7188: 5718: 5057: 4178: 2465: 500: 17437: 13062: 12096: 4098:

After India achieved independence, the policy of caste-based reservation of jobs was formalised with lists of

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For the solution of the "Caste" question, Buddha is not enough, Ambedkar is not enough either, Marx is a must

14314: 13039: 7588:"'I would tell the other girls at school that I was Brahmin': The struggle to challenge India's caste system" 6093: 5997: 5868: 5710: 5554: 5194: 4228: 2109: 1817: 480: 15468:, Agrarian movements in India : studies on 20th century Bihar (Library of Peasant Studies), Routledge, 8366: 4211:

cases of violent acts per 10,000 people in developed countries in 2005. One example of such violence is the

3080:

texts, "we see no instance when a term of pure/impure is used with reference to a group of individuals or a

20429: 20182: 20016: 19981: 19932: 19656: 18132: 18080: 17041: 17011: 16970: 16890: 16789: 16480: 15891: 15605:

Jeffrey, Craig (2001). "'A Fist Is Stronger than Five Fingers': Caste and Dominance in Rural North India".

14002: 13687: 7130:; since then, while Dalits tried to enter the industry, they were often cast in side roles or as villains. 6398:(or Quoms), a term that is found among Muslims elsewhere in India, as well as in Pakistan and Afghanistan. 6333:

report suggests that poverty, not caste, is the bigger differentiation in life expectancy in modern India.

5969: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5523: 5267: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5031: 2280:

categorisation implicitly includes a fifth element, those deemed to be entirely outside its scope, such as

1366: 1314: 235: 178: 7278:, who were traced to a bottleneck that occurred between three thousand and two thousand years in the past. 3973:, but its enforcement expanded by the late 19th century to include most Shudras and untouchables, such as 3580:, for example. This has led Cynthia Talbot, a professor of History and Asian Studies, to question whether 20394: 20136: 20126: 19993: 19201: 18764: 18616: 18035: 17626: 17572: 16837: 16741: 16602: 16404: 16335: 15941: 15398:

The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World

11828: 11622: 6844:(1827–1890) vehemently criticised any explanations that the caste system was natural and ordained by the 5723: 5686: 5612: 5559: 5488: 5048: 4938: 4806: 4391: 4026: 2020: 1864: 1269: 852: 790: 14280:

Bronkhorst, Johannes (2020a). "India's Past Reconsidered". In Kroll, Paul W.; Silk, Jonathan A. (eds.).

13688:"Hindu cosmology and the orinetation and segregation of social groups in villages in Northwestern India" 3350:

system, the Buddhist texts present an alternative picture of the society, stratified along the lines of

2566:(Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras) did agriculture labour or became warriors in large numbers. 20116: 19455: 18976: 18873: 17648: 17325: 17056: 16779: 16680: 16650: 16592: 16521: 16490: 16434: 16382: 16032: 12068: 11884: 9495:

Naukar, Rajput, and sepoy : the ethnohistory of the military labour market in Hindustan, 1450–1850

6818:

remarks such imaging was a part of surveillance and imposed identities upon Indians that were resented.

6557: 6140: 6062: 5982: 5768: 5592: 5549: 5544: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5099: 4972: 4955: 4466: 4445: 3681:, a professor of Indic studies, in Jainism and Buddhism, the Adi Purana text states "there is only one 2886:

system is propounded in revered Hindu religious texts, and understood as idealised human callings. The

2129: 874: 535: 250: 3799:

value played an important role in this development: priestly hierarchy, kingship, and armed ascetics.

20484: 20141: 20081: 18226: 18040: 17937: 17817: 17479: 17447: 17112: 17046: 16985: 16736: 16597: 16218: 16052: 13834: 13800: 7203: 5899: 5826: 5804: 5701: 5656: 5094: 4884: 4846: 4743: 3869:

around 3,000 castes, which in turn was claimed to be composed of 90,000 local endogamous sub-groups.

3771: 3722: 3088:

texts from the 1st millennium is about people who commit grievous sins and thereby fall out of their

2257: 1460: 1274: 1163: 1043: 697: 665: 314: 240: 15478:

Atal, Yogesh (2006) "Changing Indian Society" Chapter on Varna and Jati. Jaipur, Rawat Publications.

14759:

Moorjani P, Thangaraj K, Patterson N, Lipson M, Loh PR, Govindaraj P, et al. (September 2013).

13525: 11295: 20281: 20259: 20086: 20076: 19433: 19245: 18486: 18374: 18221: 17990: 17922: 17745: 17700: 17562: 17442: 17419: 17355: 17285: 17169: 16799: 16784: 16723: 16660: 16607: 16531: 16239: 14935: 14804: 14561:

Caste and Christianity: Attitudes and Policies on Caste of Anglo-Saxon Protestant Missions in India

12445:

Identity, Ritual and State in Tibetan Buddhism: The Foundations of Authority in Gelukpa Monasticism

11956: 7219: 6946: 6088: 5750: 4872: 4691: 4585: 4517: 4346: 4329: 3384:

and occupational classes like bamboo weavers, hunters, chariot-makers and sweepers. The concept of

3219: 2501: 1726: 1614: 1455: 1224: 1148: 971: 926: 780: 660: 635: 565: 495: 371: 166:. It has been challenged by many reformist Hindu movements, Sikhism, Christianity, and present-day 83: 14428:

de Zwart, Frank (July 2000), "The Logic of Affirmative Action: Caste, Class and Quotas in India",

14003:"Gendered and Casteist Body: Cast(e)ing and Castigating the Female Body in select Bollywood Films" 13805:. Writings and Speeches. Vol. 1. Education Department, Government of Maharashtra. p. 49. 12386: 12329:"What is the progress in elementary education participation in India during the last two decades?" 11746: 11032:. London School of Economics and Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquee (LEA-INRA), Paris. pp. 2–3. 4019:

thereby preventing economic mobility of property and creating consequent caste barriers in India.

20233: 20131: 20066: 18940: 18769: 18749: 18611: 18601: 18559: 18189: 18030: 17887: 17882: 17852: 17847: 17790: 17725: 17710: 17643: 17616: 17601: 17004: 16582: 16397: 16365: 15981: 15931: 15884: 14943: 14090: 13777: 13764: 13577:"The Impact of Positive Discrimination in Education in India: Evidence from a Natural Experiment" 12598:

Bhatty, Zarina (1996). "Social Stratification Among Muslims in India". In Srinivas, M. N. (ed.).

11920: 7198: 7079: 6532: 6075: 5919: 5480: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 4998: 4796: 4648: 4623: 4423: 4401: 4065: 4001:

While the notion of hereditary criminals conformed to orientalist stereotypes and the prevailing

3756:'s discussion, however, is not about non-Muslim castes, rather a declaration of the supremacy of 3215: 2653: 2352:

framework does not preclude or prevent a member of one caste from working in another occupation.

2025: 2005: 1859: 1849: 1807: 1423: 1264: 1113: 1108: 1078: 1073: 1016: 951: 936: 869: 842: 827: 201: 132: 17827: 15015:

Crossing the Lines of Caste: Visvamitra and the Construction of Brahmin Power in Hindu Mythology

14273:

Body and Cosmos: Studies in Early Indian Medical and Astral Sciences in Honor of Kenneth G. Zysk

13718: 13503:"Shudras 'Feel Bad' About Being Called Shudras Because They Are 'Ignorant': BJP's Pragya Thakur" 13502: 12013:"SC/STs fail to break caste ceiling: No SC in 149 top government officers, 40 pc do menial jobs" 10295:

Identity and Identification in India (see review of sociology journal articles starting page 42)

2834:, and the policies of the British colonial government from 18th century to the mid-20th century. 2753: 2741: 1053: 131:

European scholarly institutions. After the 1920s, the colonial administration began a policy of

20091: 19720: 19462: 18868: 18841: 18831: 18311: 18291: 18154: 18025: 17917: 17862: 17832: 17812: 17740: 17720: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17596: 17567: 17540: 17511: 17506: 17432: 17097: 17087: 16953: 16392: 16319: 15422: 14847:

Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019),

13453: 11708: 6981: 6489:, to include Sikh castes of the converted untouchables in the list of scheduled castes. In the 6266: 5863: 5624: 4833: 4824: 4669: 4563: 2779: 2767: 2461: 2124: 2097: 2087: 1545: 1525: 1388: 1259: 1143: 1088: 1058: 1038: 966: 946: 921: 916: 911: 822: 785: 758: 729: 724: 650: 299: 289: 15429:

Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870

15161: 15013: 14380: 14176: 12622:. Vol. 1. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. pp. 45–62. 12417: 10971: 10965: 10048: 10042: 10017: 10011: 9697: 9691: 6813: 2839:

caste origin theory, claiming that it has dehistoricized and decontextualised Indian society.

20444: 20329: 20146: 20121: 20111: 20096: 19949: 19017: 18969: 18836: 18796: 18729: 18626: 18574: 18501: 18256: 18020: 17927: 17902: 17897: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17807: 17755: 17715: 17621: 17591: 17489: 17107: 16975: 16965: 16867: 16852: 16794: 16665: 16577: 16526: 16516: 16475: 16429: 16424: 16360: 16208: 16057: 15976: 15728:

Status and Sacredness: A General Theory of Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture

15455: 15286: 14713: 14358: 14338: 14290: 13747:

Kevin Reilly, Stephen Kaufman, Angela Bodino, Racism: A Global Reader P21, M.E. Sharpe, 2003

12678: 12672: 8223: 7193: 6486: 6383:

caste among Muslims as the equivalent of Hindu untouchables, as did the British ethnographer

6168: 4341: 4315: 3123:

to study the antiquity of castes in India. In studying the degree of differentiation of each

2970:

system, but the ancient texts did not in some way "create the phenomenon of caste" in India.

2092: 2052: 1985: 1874: 1822: 1741: 1490: 1254: 1153: 1128: 1123: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1033: 981: 941: 847: 817: 707: 309: 140: 127: 103: 15643: 15212:

The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India

11338: 8378: 8336:

in census reports and ethnographic accounts also shape Ghurye's account of the caste system.

20207: 20202: 20106: 19976: 19927: 19321: 19287: 19272: 19108: 19055: 18707: 18241: 18115: 17942: 17822: 17780: 17730: 17705: 17521: 17484: 17220: 17082: 16948: 16713: 16387: 16355: 16099: 15956: 15661: 15614: 15593: 15244: 14898: 14678: 14359:"Religious vs. Regional Determinism India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as Inheritors of Empire" 14115: 13101:

Fraser, Sarah (2010). "The Face of China: Photography's Role in Shaping Image, 1860–1920".

12225: 12143: 6786: 6586: 6457:. Eleanor Nesbitt, a professor of Religion and author of books on Sikhism, states that the 6281: 6245:'s administration tried to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission in 1990, 6233: 6213: 6205: 6029: 5878: 5070: 4889: 4867: 4274: 4162: 4154: 3700: 3538:; those who were inclined to cattle rearing and living off the plough attained the Vaishya 3408:., agriculture, trade, cattle-keeping, computing, accounting and writing, and those of low 2962:

system, but it too provides "models rather than descriptions". Susan Bayly summarises that

2637: 2610: 1963: 1475: 1349: 1168: 1048: 1006: 956: 931: 739: 702: 430: 284: 136: 99: 15581:

Jain, Meenakshi, Congress Party, 1967–77: Role of Caste in Indian Politics (Vikas, 1991),

7738: 7732: 6236:

for people to redress caste discrimination. In 1980, the commission's report affirmed the

4087:

which awarded a provision for separate representation for the Muslims, Sikhs, Christians,

3913: 3394:(literally householders, but effectively propertied classes) was also included among high 8: 20579: 20252: 19591: 19396: 19371: 19351: 19255: 18883: 18744: 18379: 18281: 18261: 18050: 17958: 17912: 17892: 17857: 17750: 17545: 17350: 16980: 16885: 16824: 16769: 16746: 16198: 16146: 15708: 15530: 15520: 15510: 14556: 13668: 13341: 11970: 11566: 11513:

Gosal, R. P. S. (September 1987). "Distribution of scheduled caste population in India".

7270:, p. 144): Citing one example among many "striking ones," they cite the case of the 7069: 6985: 6968: 6942: 6536: 6384: 5934: 5812: 5582: 4788: 4709: 4665: 4493: 4369: 4212: 3957: 3905:

to its height to divide Indians into Aryan and Dravidian races, as well as seven castes.

3894: 3885:, Indian castes merged with the traditional British class system during the British Raj. 3674: 3628: 3484: 2582: 2139: 2000: 1619: 1515: 1495: 1284: 1192: 1138: 1118: 1083: 976: 763: 560: 147: 15618: 14902: 14848: 14681:(2006), "The Impact of Affirmative Action in India: More Political than Socioeconomic", 14119: 12996: 19748: 19730: 19725: 19713: 19547: 19366: 19346: 19316: 19098: 19070: 18656: 18651: 18641: 18589: 18579: 18554: 18496: 18454: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18266: 17557: 16958: 16943: 16912: 16814: 16804: 16587: 16551: 16444: 16414: 16375: 16110: 15808: 15770: 15705: 15630: 15571: 15475:

Atal, Yogesh (1968) "The Changing Frontiers of Caste" Delhi, National Publishing House.

15465: 15427: 15354: 15207: 15196: 15180: 15087: 14919: 14873: 14831: 14785: 14760: 14709: 14698: 14570: 14453: 14445: 14323: 14263: 14230: 14222: 14138: 14103: 13983: 13238: 13157: 13118: 12779: 12727: 12517: 12508:

Ahmad, Imtiaz (13 May 1967). "The Ashraf and Ajlaf Categories in Indo-Muslim Society".

12304: 12279: 12017: 11601: 11530: 11495: 10614: 10579: 8877: 8614:

Caste, colonialism and counter-modernity: notes on a postcolonial hermeneutics of caste

8450: 8301: 8211: 8203: 7110: 6930: 6553: 6237: 6025: 5834: 5817: 5745: 5086: 4921: 4769: 4687: 4379: 4356: 3690: 3534:, that those who were inclined to anger, pleasures and boldness attained the Kshatriya 2415: 1904: 1899: 1889: 1837: 1827: 1802: 1736: 1694: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1500: 775: 182: 146:

Caste-based differences have also been practised in other regions and religions in the

14073: 14030: 12031:"Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law", p. 257, by David Keane 11466: 3498:, estimated to have been completed by the end of the fourth century CE, discusses the 2585:, and for fitting his definition to then prevalent orientalist perspectives on caste. 20634: 19753: 19671: 19408: 19361: 19299: 19128: 18915: 18826: 18754: 18739: 18538: 18481: 18286: 18194: 18085: 18005: 17842: 17137: 16938: 16842: 16832: 16655: 16572: 16556: 16485: 16452: 16151: 15812: 15739: 15692: 15649: 15582: 15552: 15490: 15434: 15410: 15382: 15360: 15292: 15269: 15215: 15167: 15146: 15121: 15103: 15065: 15055: 15042: 15019: 14999: 14979: 14960: 14947: 14924: 14878: 14836: 14790: 14737: 14719: 14702: 14665: 14642: 14621: 14600: 14577: 14543: 14520: 14497: 14493:

The Construction of Minorities: Cases for Comparison Across Time and Around the World

14474: 14457: 14406: 14386: 14366: 14344: 14296: 14234: 14182: 14162: 14143: 14078: 14060: 13987: 13914: 13883: 13748: 13703: 13639: 13622: 13598: 13205: 13180: 13122: 13081: 13033: 12916: 12872: 12845: 12820: 12750: 12719: 12682: 12651: 12623: 12473: 12448: 12423: 12309: 11899:"UK decides against separate law to counter caste discrimination in Indian community" 11534: 11406: 11381: 11344: 11256:

Arnold, David (January 1983). "White colonization and labour in 19th century India".

11236: 11151: 11126: 11101: 11076: 11051: 11005: 10975: 10944: 10909: 10881: 10851: 10816: 10789: 10764: 10739: 10702: 10667: 10637: 10618: 10583: 10542: 10464: 10435: 10408: 10381: 10354: 10298: 10258: 10137: 10052: 10021: 9987: 9962: 9937: 9909: 9884: 9859: 9831: 9801: 9776: 9751: 9726: 9701: 9667: 9642: 9617: 9573: 9548: 9523: 9498: 9427: 9402: 9377: 8931: 8903: 8881: 8828: 8743: 8718: 8693: 8617: 8454: 8353: 8324: 8248: 8215: 8166: 7977: 7857: 7767: 7742: 7711: 7684: 7630: 7605: 7567: 7527: 7517: 7452: 7213: 7183: 7170: 7147: 6861: 6802: 6790: 6329:

The life expectancy of various caste groups in modern India has been raised; but the

6221: 5341: 5021: 4946: 4751: 4351: 4292: 4148: 4002: 3995: 3898: 3807: 3473: 3069: 2822:

and has been critiziced for disregarding economic, political and historical evidence.

2260:. It is referred frequently in the ancient Indian texts. There are four classes: the 2171: 2082: 2010: 1995: 1778: 1721: 1520: 1428: 1319: 1239: 1068: 339: 90:, early-modern, and modern India, especially in the aftermath of the collapse of the 13915:"Caste and Cinema: A Sociological Analysis of Caste Representation in Indian Cinema" 12960:

Fuller, Christopher J. (December 1977). "Indian Christians: Pollution and Origins".

12731: 11863:"California sues Cisco for alleged discrimination against employee because of caste" 11784:"NCRB data on caste violence in south India reveals alarmingly low conviction rates" 8944: 2457: 20197: 20071: 19971: 19801: 19609: 19499: 19450: 19423: 19176: 19171: 19024: 18878: 18863: 18791: 18712: 18682: 18513: 18349: 18055: 17611: 17606: 17452: 17345: 16933: 16862: 16857: 16847: 16774: 16370: 16327: 16022: 15800: 15762: 15622: 15188: 14914: 14906: 14868: 14860: 14826: 14818: 14780: 14772: 14690: 14437: 14214: 14133: 14123: 14068: 14050: 14042: 13975: 13730: 13699: 13397: 13149: 13110: 12891: 12711: 12361: 12299: 12291: 12050: 11593: 11522: 11265: 10606: 10571: 10320:"Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: the early origins of Indian anthropometry" 8869: 8642: 8630: 8473: 8442: 8199: 8195: 7882: 7127: 7035: 6890: 6889:

is today nonexistent in practice. The present caste system is theory antithesis of

6882: 6531:

The earliest conception of caste among Indian Christians comes from Kerala, called

6289: 6052: 5987: 5600: 5376: 4963: 4631: 4409: 4080: 3919: 3782:

peasant caste of Hindus in northern India, where the tax-collecting noble classes (

3621: 3594: 3467: 3065: 2608:

referred to in ancient Indian scripts, and its meaning corresponds in the sense of

2248: 2242: 2134: 2119: 2047: 1968: 1938: 1753: 1589: 1289: 837: 832: 670: 555: 108: 31: 16457: 14158:

Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age

12797: 11312: 10457: 8446: 6429:

a "quasi-caste", and something that is found in Islam outside South Asia as well.

3877:

society rigidly divided by class, attempted to equate India's castes with British

3562:

Scholars have tried to locate historical evidence for the existence and nature of

19942: 19634: 19445: 19191: 19181: 18893: 18801: 18697: 18646: 18506: 18491: 18471: 18436: 18149: 18060: 17995: 17785: 17735: 17516: 17370: 16675: 16350: 16340: 15951: 15686: 15263: 15059: 15036: 14993: 14809: 14659: 14634: 14594: 14537: 14514: 14491: 14400: 14334: 14309: 14156: 13979: 13877: 13719:"Rural Settlement types in the Uttar Pradesh (United Provinces of Agra and Oudh)" 13003: 12908: 12280:"Changing Educational Inequalities in India in the Context of Affirmative Action" 12207: 12085: 11473: 11450: 10810: 10664:

Suspect identities : a history of fingerprinting and criminal identification

7705: 7678: 7624: 7123: 7024: 6972: 6906: 6561: 6402:

have patrilineal heredity, with ranked occupations and endogamy. Membership in a

6269:

against the Forward Castes (the castes that do not qualify for the reservation).

6034: 6010: 5873: 4911: 4058: 4022: 3882: 3753: 3741: 3678: 3644: 3542:; those who were fond of violence, covetousness and impurity attained the Shudra 3491:(1st to 3rd century CE), which "explicitly forbade intermarriage across castes." 3477: 2926:

verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the

2827: 2630:

that colonial administrators classified by occupation in the early 20th century.

2149: 2057: 1953: 1894: 1746: 1731: 1711: 1676: 1383: 1294: 1229: 1011: 961: 734: 580: 51: 15487:

Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village

15447:

Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar,

12054: 7906: 3530:, came to be classified by acts." The epic then recites a behavioural model for 3414:

were engaged in low-ranked occupations such as basket-weaving and sweeping. The

3214:. The distinction originally arose from tribal divisions. The Vedic people were 19899: 19843: 19682: 19639: 19567: 19311: 19282: 19207: 19161: 19103: 19060: 18888: 18846: 18816: 18806: 18724: 18717: 18702: 18692: 18528: 18464: 18406: 18401: 18386: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18045: 17980: 17494: 17467: 17315: 17027: 16877: 16809: 16761: 16698: 16617: 16546: 16409: 16120: 16007: 15986: 15852: 15840: 15544: 15482: 15374: 15314: 15134: 14776: 14618:

Interrogating Caste: Understanding hierarchy & difference in Indian society

14613: 14510: 14487: 14464: 14441: 14249: 14195: 14108:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

12770:

Jodhka, Surinder S. (11 May 2002). "Caste and Untouchability in Rural Punjab".

12553: 11526: 10610: 10575: 8685: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7247: 7064: 6958: 6901: 6841: 6712: 5755: 5737: 5728: 5396: 5336: 4387: 4144: 4084: 4037: 3982: 3598: 3577: 3154: 3137: 2991:

According to social anthropologist Dipankar Gupta, guilds developed during the

2848: 2718: 2705:

in English. Better terms would be ethnicity, ethnic identity and ethnic group.

2678: 2144: 2102: 2072: 2062: 1980: 1973: 1958: 1948: 1768: 1704: 1646: 1641: 1626: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1279: 1214: 712: 685: 525: 209: 87: 55: 15871: 15265:

Precolonial India in practice society, region, and identity in medieval Andhra

14694: 14468: 13734: 12715: 11269: 9355: 9353: 8873: 8292:

Carol Upadhya (March 2002). "The Hindu Nationalist Sociology of G.S. Ghurye".

3677:(9th c.) also discusses the relationship between varna and jati. According to 20653: 20628: 19740: 19537: 19326: 19196: 19186: 19144: 19118: 19113: 19050: 19010: 18900: 18523: 18459: 18444: 18306: 18271: 18251: 18122: 18065: 18000: 17392: 17295: 16670: 16630: 16203: 16105: 15804: 15688:

From Hierarchy to Ethnicity: The Politics of Caste in Twentieth-Century India

15282: 15032: 14218: 14064: 13595:

The Persistence of Caste: India's Hidden Apartheid and the Khairlanji Murders

13292: 13153: 7275: 7274:, a middle-caste group of about five million people in the southern state of 7093: 7074: 6591: 6209: 5795: 5461: 5431: 5328: 5065: 4559: 4431: 4245: 4224: 4088: 3749: 3707: 3584:

was socially significant in the daily lives of this region. Most mentions of

3343: 3252:

were, however, in a servile position, giving rise to the eventual meaning of

2992: 2888: 2852: 2633: 2550:

Segmentation of society into groups whose membership was determined by birth.

2156: 1763: 1699: 1684: 1540: 1505: 1485: 1356: 1299: 1234: 602: 505: 91: 15626: 15192: 14864: 14128: 13851: 10848:

Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India : acting like a thief

10761:

Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India : acting like a thief

10736:

Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India : acting like a thief

10699:

Reconsidering untouchability : Chamars and Dalit history in North India

8350:

Colonialism and welfare : social policy and the British imperial legacy

8245:

Colonialism and welfare : social policy and the British imperial legacy

7780: 7531: 6485:

In 1953, the Government of India acceded to the demands of the Sikh leader,

3557: 19773: 19700: 19479: 19469: 19388: 19138: 19045: 18995: 18734: 18621: 18449: 18416: 18396: 18326: 18316: 18296: 18276: 17907: 17800: 17795: 17526: 17501: 17360: 17300: 17265: 17235: 16536: 16115: 15566: 14928: 14882: 14840: 14794: 14655: 14590: 14533: 14356: 14178:

Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society

14147: 14082: 13425: 13114: 12613: 12313: 11866: 11443: 9450: 9350: 8384: 7118: 6636: 6121: 5356: 4980: 4779: 4734: 4581: 4068:

by reserving a certain percentage of government jobs for the lower castes.

3878: 3502:

system in section 12.181, presenting two models. The first model describes

3300:

or Vaishya (meaning the members of the tribe) and the new elite classes of

3183: 3042: 3031: 2876: 2597: 2533: 2383: 2375: 2336: 1990: 1869: 1689: 1656: 1636: 1560: 1550: 1530: 1510: 1133: 1026: 1021: 744: 719: 570: 510: 475: 445: 151: 75: 14421:

Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy

13963: 13919:

International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science

13833:

Ambedkar, B. R. "5. Caste cannot preserve a nonexistent "racial purity"".

12723: 11678:"₹50K to ₹5 Lakh: Here's How Much States Incentivise Inter-Caste Marriage" 11597: 11486:

Shah, A. M. (2007). "Caste in the 21st Century: From System to Elements".

11428: 8433:

Waldrop, Anne (2004). "Dalit Politics in India and New Meaning of Caste".

7764:

An Encyclopedia of Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa

6394:, some Muslims refer to the social stratification within their society as 3286:

are renamed Shudras, probably to distinguish them from the new meaning of

2938:

for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system", and "the

2572:, restrictions on marrying a person outside caste, but in some situations 20638: 19937: 19768: 19758: 19708: 19690: 19601: 19562: 19356: 19267: 19250: 18636: 18596: 18564: 18431: 18391: 18231: 18144: 18095: 18070: 17970: 17653: 17382: 17365: 17320: 17240: 16645: 16640: 16625: 16541: 16288: 16213: 15666:

History of Dharmasastra: (ancient and mediaeval, religious and civil law)

14995:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

13558: 13480: 11623:"RELIGION IN INDIA: TOLERANCE AND SEGREGATION - 4. Attitudes about caste" 11308: 9424:

Donors, devotees, and daughters of God temple women in medieval Tamilnadu

9374:

Donors, devotees, and daughters of God temple women in medieval Tamilnadu

7929:"Genetic study suggests caste began to dictate marriage from Gupta reign" 7216:– a caste-based activity in India, officially abolished but still ongoing 7162: 7158: 7106: 7102: 6506: 6505:

has existed for centuries, primarily in terms of endogamy, although, per

6242: 5518: 5471: 5466: 5401: 4609: 4453: 4158: 3986: 3831: 3767: 3732: 3652: 3495: 3321:

rare." In southern India, endogamy may have set in a 1000 years earlier.

3279: 3162: 3112: 2931: 2364: 1884: 1844: 1812: 1671: 1631: 1465: 1378: 1329: 1304: 1204: 879: 592: 575: 530: 450: 122: 95: 15833: 15513:, 'Indian Christians' Attitudes to Caste in the Nineteenth Century,' in 14910: 14226: 13559:"The Elephant That Became a Tiger, 20 Years of Economic Reform in India" 12980:"OBCs form 41% of population: Survey | India News - Times of India" 12121: 12042: 11988: 11605: 11499: 8305: 4220:

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

3701:

Medieval era, Islamic Sultanates and Mughal empire period (1000 to 1750)

3388:

was broadly similar. Along with Brahmins and Kshatriyas, a class called

2256: are a framework for grouping people into classes, first used in 118:, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system. 20244: 19783: 19123: 18910: 18905: 18786: 18781: 18677: 18661: 18518: 18411: 18369: 18331: 18139: 18127: 18100: 18090: 18010: 17409: 17404: 17375: 17310: 17159: 16223: 16012: 15774: 15634: 15533:, 'Indian Christians' Attitudes to Caste in the Twentieth Century,' in 15414: 15091: 14677: 14449: 14327: 13638:

The Constitution of India by P.M. Bakshi, Universal Law Publishing Co,

13242: 13226: 13161: 13137: 12798:"The Scheduled Castes in the Sikh Community – A Historical Perspective" 12783: 12521: 12295: 11567:"Reservation Is About Adequate Representation, Not Poverty Eradication" 11357: 11176: 8207: 6976: 6549: 6474: 6305: 5924: 5493: 5446: 4906: 4756: 4092: 3970: 3858: 3834:, which made caste organisation a central mechanism of administration. 3605: 3488: 3120: 3059: 2984:

came into existence. Susan Bayly, on the other hand, suggests that the

2900: 2818: 2166: 2161: 2042: 2037: 1933: 1909: 1758: 1651: 1609: 1565: 1373: 1361: 1334: 1324: 1244: 619: 614: 585: 520: 361: 15200: 14752:

The Untouchables, Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India

14055: 14046: 12127:. National Commission for Backward Classes, Government of India. 2009. 11765:"The Ugly Reality of Caste Violence and Discrimination in Urban India" 11098:

Law and long-term economic change a Eurasian perspective (Anand Swamy)

8375:, pp. 278–279, this is pp. 158–159 in the 1932 edition of Ghurye. 8007: 7626:

Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal

6917: 6822:

The caste system has been criticised by many Indian social reformers.

3518:, he asks. The Mahabharata then declares, "There is no distinction of 3506:

as a colour-based system, through a character named Bhrigu, "Brahmins

19829: 19824: 19791: 19763: 19651: 19646: 19582: 19557: 19504: 19418: 19133: 19065: 18811: 18759: 18476: 18075: 17185: 15673: 15133: 14258: 13370: 11902: 11847: 11824: 11429:

India – A Country Study, US Library of Congress, 1995, Chapter 5

11100:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 149–150. 8479: 6789:(OBCs) were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the 6568:

Table 1. Distribution of Population by Religion and Caste Categories

6541: 6510: 6360: 6355:

Caste system has been observed among Muslims in India. They practice

5451: 5436: 5411: 5386: 5381: 4503: 3783: 3464:

and vice versa. This form of social mobility was endorsed by Buddha.

3346:

Buddhist texts. Whereas the Brahmanical texts speak of the four-fold

3222:

over a period of several centuries into northern South Asia from the

3116: 2685:

mainly played the role of caste in classical Hindu literature, it is

2573: 2530: 2265: 2067: 2015: 1716: 1309: 395: 15872:

Hidden Apartheid Caste Discrimination against India's "Untouchables"

15766: 14822: 13940: 12380:"Life Expectancy at Birth Among Social and Economic Groups in India" 10496: 7073:(1935), is based on the theme of untouchability. The debut novel of 6992:

during an address to a caste body called the 'Kshatriya Mahasabha'.

6174:

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act

3420:

were an economic class of land-holding agriculturists, who employed

2439: 19838: 19810: 19796: 19663: 19629: 19587: 19572: 19532: 19277: 18776: 18606: 18533: 18184: 18110: 18015: 17975: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17255: 17250: 17195: 16635: 16130: 15319:"Early Sanskritization. Origins and Development of the Kuru State." 15116:

Smith, Brian K. (2005), "Varna and Jati", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.),

11276: 6964: 6693: 6598: 6356: 6261:

The reservation system has led to widespread protests, such as the

5421: 4525: 3978: 3854: 3694: 3632: 3610: 3380: 3166: 3145: 3128: 3035: 2601: 2569: 2379: 2360: 2032: 1854: 1773: 1418: 1344: 1249: 1209: 550: 545: 540: 465: 460: 405: 167: 14991: 13257: 11881:"California sues Cisco over discrimination against dalit employee" 8648: 8636: 7912: 7888: 7447: 7445: 6929:(Indian journey) of almost 14,000 kilometres (8,700 mi) from 4303: 19834: 19819: 19815: 19577: 19527: 19519: 19509: 19413: 19401: 19260: 19156: 19150: 17260: 17164: 17144: 17117: 17092: 16996: 16083: 15991: 15876: 14516:

The Scandal of Empire: India and the creation of imperial Britain

14382:

Cultural Realities of Being: Abstract Ideas Within Everyday Lives

13582:. Paris School of Economics and Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquee. 13366:"Dubai-based lawyer on mission to eradicate India's caste system" 12385:. International Institute for Population Sciences. Archived from 11641:"Love In The Crosshairs: Honour Killings Still Continue In India" 11444:

Rural Poverty Report 2001 – The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty

10786:

Criminal tribes of Punjab : a social-anthropological inquiry

9800:. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 33–34, 49–50. 9775:. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 32–33, 49–50. 9725:. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 31–34, 49–50. 8768: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7799: 7271: 7251: 7043: 6886: 6674: 6655: 6581: 6502: 5456: 5416: 5406: 5371: 5366: 4127: 3862: 3523: 3187: 2894: 2281: 2269: 2268:(rulers, administrators and warriors; also called Rajanyas), the 2261: 470: 366: 346: 319: 294: 217: 163: 159: 16125: 15653: 14001:

Pal, Bidisha; Bhattacharjee, Partha; Tripathi, Priyanka (2021).

13941:"Anti-caste Aesthetics and Dalit Interventions in Indian Cinema" 12419:

Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon, and North-West Pakistan

11935:"Caste in Great Britain and equality law: a public consultation" 8997: 8995: 6477:

criticised the hierarchy of the caste system, one does exist in

6288: and have been given additional reservation based on the 3943: 3468:

Early Hinduism (200 BC–320 AD) and Classical period (320–650 AD)

2299: 170:. With Indian influences, the caste system is also practiced in 114: 19806: 19619: 19552: 19492: 19487: 19294: 18961: 18236: 17245: 17149: 17127: 17122: 17072: 15469: 14639:

Dharma : its early history in law, religion, and narrative

12749:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 116–117. 12069:"Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population: Census 2001" 11004:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 119–120. 9314: 9287: 9087: 9085: 8822: 7442: 7153: 7141: 7135: 7047: 6989: 6949:

to remove all references to the caste system by December 2014.

6874: 6830: 6391: 5513: 5441: 5426: 5391: 3974: 3966: 3923: 3922:) people classified by castes. Above is an 1860s photograph of 3656: 3527: 3444: 3015:

According to Basham, ancient Indian literature refers often to

2273: 1470: 455: 351: 329: 324: 274: 59: 14849:"The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia" 14379:

Chaudhary, Nandita; Anandalakshmy, S.; Valsiner, Jaan (2013),

13337:"Activist Sarachandra on tour against caste system in country" 13258:"Changes in Mahatma Gandhi's views on caste and intermarriage" 11027:"Law and Identity Manipulation: Evidence from Colonial Punjab" 10815:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 122–126. 9750:. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 31–32, 49. 9227: 8930:. Firenze, Italy: Firenze University Press. pp. 240–245. 8902:. Firenze, Italy: Firenze University Press. pp. 240–241. 7828: 19614: 19542: 19093: 18246: 17077: 16708: 16088: 15921: 15459: 14282:"At the Shores of the Sky": Asian Studies for Albert Hofstadt 14089: 14031:"Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations" 12941: 12564: 11971:"India: (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989; No. 33 of 1989" 11095: 10939:

Rachel Tolen (1995). Jennifer Terry; Jacqueline Urla (eds.).

10878:

Development of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India

10539:

Religion and personal law in secular India a call to judgment

10350:

British Untouchables: A Study of Dalit Identity and Education

9263: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9012: 9010: 8992: 7793: 7405: 7403: 7255: 7224: 6963:

Many political parties in India have indulged in caste-based

6934: 6785:

55th (1999–2000) and 61st Rounds (2004–05) Round Survey. The

6617: 6545: 5914: 5503: 5351: 5346: 4253: 4248:

report experiencing discrimination and violence. In 2020 the

4008: 3665: 3576:

is rarely mentioned in the extensive medieval era records of

3158: 3048: 2958:

includes an extensive and highly schematic commentary on the

2401: 2285: 1480: 279: 155: 79: 63: 15753:

Olcott, Mason (December 1944). "The Caste System of India".

13319:"Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis, and Development" 12491: 12489: 11048:

Textures of the Sikh past : new historical perspectives

9082: 6371:(or nobles). Below them are the middle caste Muslims called 19624: 19166: 18858: 18687: 13393:"Dubai lawyer's India tour against casteism reaches Odisha" 13202:

The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda (8 vols., Calcutta)

11125:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 85–86. 10666:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 67–72. 10508: 10506: 9828:

The Delhi Sultanate : a political and military history

9338: 9326: 9215: 9203: 9191: 7545: 7543: 7541: 6478: 5909: 3962: 3956:

The British colonial government, for instance, enacted the

3902: 3208: 3199: 2114: 1943: 171: 14801: 14542:(Reprint, revised ed.), University of Chicago Press, 14102:

Basu, A.; Sarkar-Roy, N.; Majumder, P.P. (February 2016).

11200: 10715: 10518: 10222: 9666:. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 30–31. 9114: 9097: 9007: 8690:

Who invented Hinduism : essays on religion in History

8186:

Gerald Berreman (1967) (1967). "Caste as social process".

7400: 7363: 7361: 7023:

The maltreatment of Dalits in India has been described by

3849:) headings, to count and classify people in what was then 15407:

Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh: A Study of Culture Contact

15261: 15163:

The Making of the Raj: India Under the East India Company

14761:"Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India" 14532: 14399:

Corbridge, Stuart; Harriss, John; Jeffrey, Craig (2013),

12929: 12486: 11917:"Britain backs off anti-caste discrimination legislation" 11740:"Crimes and Crime Rates by Type of Offense: 1980 to 2009" 11380:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–49. 11150:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic. pp. 199–200. 10880:. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars. pp. 25, 23–28. 10701:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 26–27. 10477: 10234: 10210: 9359: 9251: 9239: 9058: 8950: 8715:

The Rigveda : the earliest religious poetry of India

8414: 8321:

The legacy of G.S. Ghurye : a centennial festschrift

8273: 8261: 8163:

The legacy of G.S. Ghurye : a centennial festschrift

5929: 5361: 4265:

emerging case law as developed by courts and tribunals".

3779: 3558:

Late classical and early medieval period (650 to 1400 AD)

2312:, is mentioned less often and clearly distinguished from 43:

Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development

14973: 14539:

Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications

14509: 14000: 13816: 13814: 13812: 13291:. Vol. 69: 16 May 1936 – 19 October. Archived from 12871:. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 46. 11188: 11182: 11075:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 155–156. 10503: 10186: 9275: 9179: 9143: 8841: 8780: 8521: 8024: 8022: 7538: 7495: 7493: 7432: 7430: 7323: 6493:, 20 of the 140 seats are reserved for low-caste Sikhs. 3752:

are the few Islamic court historians who mention caste.

3719:

support of the theory, and it is profoundly illogical".

3655:

legend. According to this legend, Bharata performed an "

2855:(3rd BCE-3rd c.CE). This theory discards the Indo-Aryan 2693:

represents a closed collection of social orders whereas

2656:, who noted that the Portuguese colonists of India used 15678:

Growth of Scheduled Tribes and Castes in Medieval India

15598:

India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes

15100:

Social Structure & Mobility in Economic Development

14470:

Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of New India

14398: 12909:"Dialogue between Hindus and the St. Thomas Christians" 11212: 11050:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 134–142. 10788:. New York: Routledge. pp. liv–lvi, Introduction. 10198: 10162: 10101: 10077: 10065: 9046: 9034: 9022: 8982: 8980: 8545: 8533: 8485: 8130: 8118: 8106: 8094: 8082: 8013: 7870: 7470:

and tribes, the lowest in the caste hierarchy, in 1950.

7358: 2536:

wrote in 1932 that, despite much study by many people,

106:. The caste system consists of two different concepts, 15356:

Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India

12585:

Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India

11955:. Ministry of Law, Government of India. Archived from 11660:"Maharashtra's helping hand for inter-caste marriages" 11405:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 251. 10276: 10274: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9685: 9683: 8557: 8509: 8461: 8185: 8070: 8034: 7648: 7646: 7480: 7478: 7415: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7250:("from whom I descend," he notes), the population of 3613:

were the elite caste and major patrons of literature.

3459: 3453: 3425: 3424:(slaves and hired labourers) to work on the land. The 3415: 3409: 3399: 3389: 3291: 3282:

period, new class distinctions emerged. The erstwhile

3270: 3264: 3227: 3206: 3197: 3191: 2614:. To later Europeans of the Raj era it was endogamous 2272:(artisans, merchants, tradesmen and farmers), and the 15115: 14363:

Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader

13809: 12913:

Hindu-Christian dialogue: perspectives and encounters

12548: 12546: 12537:

Muslim Communities of South Asia: Culture and Society

12347:"Development of Scheduled Castes in India – A Review" 12169:

What is India's population of other backward classes?

10174: 10047:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 9696:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 9474: 9167: 9155: 9131: 9070: 8888: 8402: 8058: 8046: 8019: 7997: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7707:

The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali

7490: 7427: 6204:, and certain economically backward Shudra castes as 3817: 3793: 3177: 15607:

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

15139:

Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India

13078:

Camera Indica: The Social Life of Indian Photographs

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The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204–1760

10016:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 10013:

The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204–1760

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The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204–1760

9641:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 340–341. 9308:

Genetic Study Reveals Origin of India's Caste System

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California Department of Fair Employment and Housing

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described the ritual rankings that exist within the

40:"Castes in India" redirects here. For the book, see 13544:"Improving the Rural Poors' Acces tp Land in India" 13055:"Visual history tells us about repressed histories" 13009: 11844:"Silicon Valley Has a Caste Discrimination Problem" 11617: 11615: 10271: 10125: 9814: 9680: 8756: 8390: 7952: 7950: 7894: 7680:

Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste

7658: 7643: 7475: 7383: 3337: 3324: 2592: 15570: 15426: 14749: 14569: 13655: 13421:"NRI activist wants Centre to banish caste system" 12864: 12543: 12277: 12186:"Caste, religion, poverty census gets Cabinet nod" 11041: 11039: 10456: 10257:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 120–122. 10005: 10003: 9849: 9847: 8654: 8385:Chapman, Religious vs. Regional Determinism (1993) 7811: 4105: 3232:(the noble ones) and the rival tribes were called 86:, and was transformed by various ruling elites in 18822:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 15064:, Delhi: Motilal Banarasi Dass (published 1990), 14846: 13723:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 13227:"Gandhi, Ambedkar and Separate Electorates Issue" 13199: 12844:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 147–149. 12701: 11821:"The US isn't safe from the trauma of caste bias" 10812:Peasant pasts history and memory in western India 10783: 10427: 9001: 7918: 7734:Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions 7703: 3589:warrior regardless of social origins, nor do the 3448:texts also imply that endogamy was not mandated. 3190:was composed (1500-1200 BC), there were only two 2078:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 20651: 14567: 14418: 13204:. Vol. V. Advaita Ashrama. pp. 25–30. 12461: 12095:. Government of India. p. 6. Archived from 11612: 11282: 11233:Engines of change: the railroads that made India 10995: 10993: 10991: 9497:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–199. 8774: 8352:. United Kingdom: Edward Elgar. pp. 86–88. 8247:. United Kingdom: Edward Elgar. pp. 89–90. 7947: 7839: 7805: 7724: 6379:. Anti-caste activists like Ambedkar called the 3329:In an early Upanishad, Shudra is referred to as 2348:to be occupational segregation, in reality, the 62:(now Chennai) in 1933 on an India-wide tour for 18482:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 15832:vol. 7, no. 2 (Spring 1943), pp. 141–167. 14758: 13882:. Gurgaon: Hachette India. pp. Chapter 5. 13741: 12833: 12470:Caste, Class and Catholicism in India 1789–1914 12377: 12250: 12080: 12078: 11802:"Crimes against SC/ST communities rose in 2019" 11583: 11550:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities Volume 3 11403:The global world of Indian merchants, 1750–1947 11378:The global world of Indian merchants, 1750–1947 11036: 10841: 10839: 10459:Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire 10000: 9844: 9616:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 340. 9091: 7046:of Punjab is racially of the same stock as the 7018: 6336: 6331:International Institute for Population Sciences 6252: 3778:provides a historical record and census of the 3127:with all others on the basis of differences of 3084:or caste". The only mention of impurity in the 2832:Muslim rule between the 12th and 18th centuries 1722:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 17964:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 15523:, 'Christian Theology in a Hindu Context,' in 14027: 13852:"Obscenity case slammed against Arundhati Roy" 13692:Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 13669:"How Wide is the "Sink of Localism" in India?" 13557:Aiyar, Swaminathan S. Anklesaria (July 2011). 13317:Ambedkar, Dr. B. R. Pritchett, Frances (ed.). 13020:. Archived from the original on 28 August 2005 12641: 12639: 11696:UN report slams India for caste discrimination 11561: 11559: 11024: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10541:. Indiana University Press. pp. 184–189. 10431:Ernest Gellner and Contemporary Social Thought 10292: 9830:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–15. 9522:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 294, 285–295. 9401:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–16. 9016: 8684: 7959:"Caste originated during Gupta dynasty: Study" 7151:(2018) is a Tamil film on caste violence, and 3711:now widely believed to be baseless and false. 1198:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 20260: 18977: 17012: 16304: 15892: 15097: 14708: 13673:Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) 13526:"Improving land access to India's rural poor" 13177:Indian Political Thought: Themes and Thinkers 13174: 12902: 12900: 12738: 12131: 11363: 10988: 10934: 10932: 10920:criminal tribes are destined by the usage of 10899: 10897: 10692: 10690: 10136:. Oxford University Press. pp. 104–108. 10034: 9975: 8291: 6925:In 2014 KK Sarachandra Bose went on a 40-day 6148: 3953:, a more generic term that included Muslims. 3944:Targeting criminal castes and their isolation 2203: 185:policies for the upliftment of historically 19881: 19661: 14888: 14750:Mendelsohn, Oliver; Vicziany, Maria (1998), 13249: 12790: 12677:. London School of Economics/Berg. pp. 12612: 12075: 11258:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 10970:. US: University of Arizona Press. pp. 10943:. Indiana University Press. pp. 84–88. 10938: 10836: 10657: 10655: 10653: 9064: 8859: 8480:M. N. Srinivas, Coorgs of South India (1952) 7737:. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. p. 6988:came under fire for comments she made about 6295: 4335:Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and 3651:system to Rigveda or to Purusha, but to the 3601:region between the 11th and 14th centuries. 3342:Knowledge of this period is supplemented by 3004:subcontinent was little touched by the four 2644:has been used synonymously to refer to both 2466:introducing citations to additional sources 2429: 18180:List of people killed for being transgender 15823:, Hyderabad : Sweet Home Publications. 14633: 14333: 14308: 14279: 14101: 13281: 13142:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 12885: 12868:The assembly of listeners: Jains in society 12636: 12467: 12422:. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. 12416:Barth, Fredrik (1971). Leach, E. R. (ed.). 11987:. Government of India. 2011. Archived from 11556: 10864: 10599:Indian Economic & Social History Review 10564:Indian Economic & Social History Review 9936:. Cambridge University Press. p. 481. 9376:. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–31. 9344: 9332: 9320: 9281: 9269: 9233: 9221: 9209: 9197: 9125: 8717:. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–58. 8318: 8228:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8160: 5852:Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India 1414:List of people killed for being transgender 192: 78:instance of social classification based on 20267: 20253: 18984: 18970: 17019: 17005: 16318: 16311: 16297: 15899: 15885: 15505:The Essential World History Vol I: to 1800 15409:. Ethnographic and Folk Cultural Society. 15151:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 15077: 14402:India Today: Economy, Politics and Society 14270: 12897: 12271: 12061: 12043:"Chapter 12: Caste and diversity in India" 11424: 11422: 11089: 11045: 10929: 10894: 10808: 10687: 10625: 10448: 10434:. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. 10428:Malešević, Siniša; Haugaard, Mark (2007). 10421: 10377:Indian Politics in Comparative Perspective 9986:. London: Anthem Press. pp. 150–152. 9961:. London: Anthem Press. pp. 250–251. 9293: 9108: 8961: 8959: 8827:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 8467: 7851: 7367: 6808: 6155: 6141: 4009:Religion and caste segregated human rights 3930: 3663:in ancient India, and Bharata called them 3404:were engaged in occupations of high rank, 3312:. The Shudras were not only the erstwhile 3049:Untouchable outcastes and the varna system 2331:Certain scholars of caste have considered 2210: 2196: 15828:Rosas, Paul, "Caste and Class in India," 15668:. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 15660: 15592: 15549:Caste in Question: Identity or Hierarchy? 15304: 14978:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, 14918: 14872: 14830: 14784: 14731: 14555: 14419:Corbridge, Stuart; Harriss, John (2000), 14378: 14137: 14127: 14072: 14054: 13875: 13685: 13621:, 13th edition, Thomson Wadsworth, 2010, 13592: 13363: 12947: 12906: 12570: 12495: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12303: 12040: 11762: 11657: 11461: 11459: 11400: 11375: 11139: 11114: 10957: 10908:. Routledge. pp. 176, 107, 165–188. 10650: 10536: 10483: 10454: 9592: 9399:A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761 9257: 9245: 8968: 8649:Samuel, Origins of Yoga and Tantra (2008) 8637:Samuel, Origins of Yoga and Tantra (2008) 7913:Samuel, Origins of Yoga and Tantra (2008) 7889:Samuel, Origins of Yoga and Tantra (2008) 7766:. US: Sage Publications. pp. 12–13. 7209:Caste discrimination in the United States 6304:A 2007 nationwide survey of India by the 5004:National Judicial Appointments Commission 4199: 4075:, upon the request of Ambedkar, the then 20274: 19869: 17276:Social determinants of health in poverty 16908:Social impact of Indian television drama 16167:National Commission for Scheduled Tribes 16162:National Commission for Scheduled Castes 16157:National Commission for Backward Classes 15851: 15839: 15784:Sir Charles Wood's Indian Policy 1853–66 15733: 15481: 15373: 15288:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 15227: 15159: 15120:(2nd ed.), MacMillan Reference US, 15038:Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction 14427: 14361:, in Arnold, David; Robb, Peter (eds.), 14248: 14194: 14013:(10): 57–67 – via Virtual Commons. 14007:Journal of International Women's Studies 13938: 13879:The Bollywood pocketbook of iconic dates 13820: 13798: 13138:"Work as Worship in Vīraśaiva Tradition" 13015: 12436: 12338: 11439: 11437: 11218: 11206: 11194: 11096:Debin Ma; Jan Luiten Van Zanden (2011). 10850:. US: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 99–101. 10634:Democracy and dictatorship in South Asia 10380:. Pearson Education India. p. 102. 10311: 10204: 10168: 9593:Pattanaik, Devdutt (15 September 2023). 8922: 8894: 8823:Barbara Metcalf, Thomas Metcalf (2012). 8713:Jamison, Stephanie; et al. (2014). 8420: 7710:. Cornell University Press. p. 32. 7629:. Harvard University Press. p. 21. 7421: 7394: 6916: 6812: 6276:In 20th century India, the upper-class ( 5499:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 4126: 3912: 3647:. Jinasena does not trace the origin of 2842: 2794:Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India 2456:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2222: 486:Social determinants of health in poverty 50: 27:Social classification practiced in India 15604: 15395: 15098:Smelser, Neil; Lipset, Seymour (2005), 15011: 14715:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions 14340:Gendering Caste Through a Feminist Lens 13968:Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal 13912: 13765:Excerpts from The Constitution of India 13523: 13135: 12915:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 14–20. 12744: 12674:Political Leadership among Swat Pathans 12326: 11860: 11841: 11763:Deshpande, Ashwini (11 December 2017). 11547: 11419: 10999: 10845: 10763:. US: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 71–74. 10758: 10738:. US: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 69–78. 10733: 10596: 10561: 10537:K. Parker (2001). Gerald Larson (ed.). 10499:. National Galleries of Scotland. 1985. 10497:"Online Collection (The Riddell Gifts)" 10353:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 18. 10340: 10327:Edinburgh Papers in South Asian Studies 9825: 9795: 9770: 9745: 9720: 9661: 9426:. Oxford University Press. p. 30. 8956: 8712: 8611: 8432: 8347: 8242: 8014:Corbridge, Harriss & Jeffrey (2013) 7761: 7730: 7670: 7436: 7339:, University of Michigan Press, p.xxvii 7254:, and religious dissenters such as the 6491:Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 6375:, and the lowest status Muslims of the 4284:This article is part of a series on the 4196:Maharashtra also have similar schemes. 3106: 2689:that plays that role in present times. 14: 20652: 15845:Caste in Modern India and Other Essays 15790: 15752: 15641: 15565: 15404: 15313: 15281: 15206: 15179: 15054: 15031: 14965:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 14589: 14486: 14463: 13934: 13932: 13908: 13906: 13574: 13275: 13100: 13075: 12959: 12839: 12769: 12597: 12539:. Vikas Publishing House. p. 114. 12404: 12084: 11945: 11726:"Crime statistics, 87 major countries" 11701: 11506: 11456: 11336: 11307: 11255: 11235:. Praeger Publishers. pp. 89–99. 11170: 10967:Crime and criminality in British India 10875: 10721: 10524: 10512: 10346: 10293:Dudley-Jenkins, Laura (October 2009). 10280: 10252: 10228: 10192: 10180: 9185: 9173: 9161: 9149: 9137: 9076: 9052: 9040: 9028: 8986: 8862:International Journal of Hindu Studies 8740:Companion encyclopedia of anthropology 8737: 8672: 8599: 8551: 8539: 8491: 8408: 8372: 8319:Pradip Bose (1996). A.R. Momin (ed.). 8279: 8267: 8161:Pradip Bose (1996). A.R. Momin (ed.). 8148: 8136: 8124: 8112: 8100: 8088: 8076: 8064: 8052: 8040: 8028: 7974:Companion encyclopedia of anthropology 7971: 7956: 7876: 7676: 7664: 7622: 7616: 7549: 7306: 6995: 6912: 6461:is described as a class system, while 6351:Caste system among South Asian Muslims 6040:State Visits by Indian Prime Ministers 4071:In the round table conference held on 4052: 3748:and Abu al-Fadl from Akbar's court of 3358:and occupation. It is likely that the 20248: 19868: 19225: 18965: 17000: 16292: 16094:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 15880: 15543: 15421: 15352: 15012:Sathaye, Adheesh A. (17 April 2015), 14934: 14654: 14612: 14599:(Fifth ed.), Popular Prakashan, 14288: 14174: 14154: 13964:"Re-Visioning Caste in Indian Cinema" 13961: 13951:(38): 47–53 – via academia.edu. 13716: 13686:Singh, Jai Pal; Khan, Mumtaz (2003). 13611: 13556: 13541: 13449:"NRI on 'Bharat Yatra' Comes Calling" 13224: 13052: 12935: 12670: 12645: 12582: 12534: 12507: 12442: 12415: 12344: 12090:"Sachar Committee Report (2004–2005)" 12010: 11586:Journal of Comparative Family Studies 11512: 11434: 11070: 10903: 10696: 10631: 10317: 10286: 10240: 10216: 10156: 10131: 10119: 10107: 10095: 10083: 10071: 10040: 10009: 9981: 9956: 9903: 9878: 9853: 9689: 9636: 9611: 9567: 9542: 9517: 9492: 9480: 9396: 8847: 8810: 8798: 8786: 8762: 8660: 8587: 8575: 8563: 8527: 8515: 8503: 8396: 7900: 7822: 7652: 7511: 7499: 7484: 7409: 7267: 7243: 7054: 6939:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 6528:separately during prayers in Church. 6263:2006 Indian anti-reservation protests 6202:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 5532:Proposed states and union territories 4268: 4133:2006 Indian anti-reservation protests 4122: 4100:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 3433:While there was an alignment between 3034:of unrelated Indians determined that 2378:of unrelated Indians determined that 18946: 17986:Capital punishment for homosexuality 17281:Social determinants of mental health 16273:2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census 15730:, New York: Oxford University Press. 15642:Ketkar, Shridhar Venkatesh (1979) . 15237:New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 13925:(1): 39–45 – via Researchgate. 13832: 13770: 13461:from the original on 29 October 2020 13316: 12814: 12650:. Brill Academic. pp. 152–153. 12648:Islam in South Asia: A Short History 12552: 12371: 12320: 11485: 11453:, Chapter 3, p. 77. IFAD, 2001. 11230: 11145: 11120: 10963: 10661: 10407:. Partridge Publishing. p. 18. 10367: 9931: 9572:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 290. 9547:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 289. 8188:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 7794:Basham, Wonder that was India (1954) 6523:Caste system among Indian Christians 6227: 4169:representation of all caste groups. 3631:, an 8th-century text of Jainism by 2942:system seems to be embryonic in the 2922:therein is mentioned only once. The 2433: 2410:is derived from the Portuguese word 1220:Capital punishment for homosexuality 491:Social determinants of mental health 18106:Genital modification and mutilation 15684: 15672: 15326:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 14563:, Curzon Press and Humanities Press 13929: 13903: 13255: 13136:Michael, R. Blake (December 1982). 13053:Gupta, Trisha (20 September 2008). 12865:Carrithers, M; Humphrey, C (1991). 12819:. Rawat Publications. p. 214. 12600:Caste: Its Twentieth Century Avatar 11818: 11781: 11745:. Census – US. 2010. Archived from 11337:Sharma, Mahesh Dutt (27 May 2017). 10394: 10373: 9906:Islam in South Asia a short history 9881:Islam in South Asia a short history 9856:Islam in South Asia a short history 9421: 9371: 7566:. Permanent Black. pp. 38–39. 7562:Guha, Sumit. "The Birth of Caste". 7161:, both directed by Dalit filmmaker 6952: 6783:National Sample Survey Organisation 4244:. For example, Dalit people in the 3926:, classified as a high Hindu caste. 3901:, used the ratio of the width of a 3770:, an Indian historian, states that 3554:are not lineages, but categories". 3165:, "as Dirks suggested," long-term 3057:The post-Vedic texts, particularly 1340:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 19227: 19226: 17026: 16038:2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra 16018:Mandal Commission protests of 1990 15962:Court Cases related to Reservation 15906: 15489:. University of California Press. 15379:Pakistan or the Partition of India 15345: 15291:, University of California Press, 14765:American Journal of Human Genetics 14734:Divine revelation in Pali Buddhism 13575:Cassan, Guilhem (September 2011). 13364:Raghunath, Pamela (19 June 2014). 12997:India's caste system discriminates 12558:Pakistan or the Partition of India 12011:Varma, Subodh (6 September 2012). 11658:Deshpande, Alok (4 January 2019). 10400: 9934:The new Cambridge history of Islam 9447:The New Cambridge History of India 7157:(2016) is an action film starring 4802:Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 4302: 4235: 4227:; humiliation; sexual abuse". The 4111:pre-existing ritual caste system. 4032: 3818:During British rule (1857 to 1947) 3794:Later-Mughal period (1700 to 1850) 3178:Early Vedic period (1500-1000 BCE) 2730:Caste system in 19th century India 25: 20691: 15865: 15781: 15704: 15080:The American Journal of Sociology 14976:The Concept of Race in South Asia 13619:Anthropology: The Human Challenge 12747:Sikhism a very short introduction 12378:Mohanty and Ram (November 2010). 11002:Sikhism a very short introduction 10680:racially inferior criminal castes 9798:Religion and society in Arab Sind 9773:Religion and society in Arab Sind 9748:Religion and society in Arab Sind 9723:Religion and society in Arab Sind 9664:Religion and society in Arab Sind 9639:Collected papers on Jaina studies 9614:Collected papers on Jaina studies 8825:A concise history of modern India 7976:. Routledge. pp. 1026–1027. 6896: 6836: 5613:Lieutenant Governor/Administrator 5009:National Legal Services Authority 4718:Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs 4184:only reaching the level of 6.1%. 4138: 3308:(warriors) are designated as new 3111:In the 21st century, advances in 3023:as a system of groups within the 3012:the building blocks of society." 2847:According to Samuel, referencing 20633: 20624: 20623: 20229: 20228: 18991: 18945: 18936: 18935: 18585:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 18422:Law for Protection of the Nation 18322:White genocide conspiracy theory 15972:Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu 15458:Rachnawali, Rajkamal Prakashan, 15228:Sweetman, Will (December 2004), 14496:, University of Michigan Press, 13994: 13955: 13869: 13849: 13843: 13826: 13792: 13758: 13710: 13704:10.1111/j.0435-3684.1999.00046.x 13679: 13661: 13656:Mendelsohn & Vicziany (1998) 13632: 13586: 13568: 13550: 13535: 13517: 13495: 13473: 13441: 13413: 13385: 13357: 13329: 13310: 13218: 13193: 13168: 13129: 13094: 13069: 13046: 12990: 12972: 12953: 12858: 12763: 12695: 12664: 12606: 12591: 12576: 12528: 12501: 12244: 12218: 12200: 12178: 12162: 12114: 12034: 12025: 12004: 11995: 11977: 11963: 11927: 11909: 11891: 11873: 11854: 11842:Gilbert, David (5 August 2020). 11835: 11812: 11794: 11775: 11756: 11732: 11718: 11688: 11670: 11651: 11633: 11577: 11541: 11479: 11465:Gopal Guru, with Shiraz Sidhva. 11394: 11369: 11330: 11301: 11288: 11249: 11224: 11064: 11018: 10802: 10777: 10752: 10727: 10590: 10555: 10530: 10489: 10246: 9950: 9925: 9897: 9883:. Brill. pp. 152–157, 221. 9872: 9789: 9764: 9739: 9714: 9655: 9630: 9605: 9595:"Caste tales they don't tell us" 9586: 9561: 9536: 9511: 9486: 9465: 9456: 9440: 9415: 9390: 9365: 9360:Talbot, Precolonial India (2001) 9299: 8951:Dumont, Homo Hierarchicus (1980) 8692:. Yoda Press. pp. 147–149. 7561: 7342: 7329: 7317: 7300: 7291: 7281: 7059: 6115: 4262:Government of the United Kingdom 3338:Second urbanisation (500–200 BC) 3325:Later Vedic period (1000–600 BC) 2778: 2766: 2752: 2740: 2593:Modern perspective on definition 2449:relies largely or entirely on a 2438: 1833:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1662:Law for Protection of the Nation 1556:White genocide conspiracy theory 216: 18427:MSM blood donation restrictions 18175:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 16732:Proposed states and territories 15937:Caste-related violence in India 15738:. Princeton. pp. 188–197. 14736:, Routledge, pp. 148–151, 14718:, Oxford University Press, US, 14572:Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices 14295:, Brookings Institution Press, 13080:. University Of Chicago Press. 12278:Desai and Kulkarni (May 2008). 12041:Deshpande, Ashwini (May 2015). 11340:Motivating Thoughts of Ambedkar 11183:Dirks, Scandal of Empire (2006) 8916: 8853: 8816: 8731: 8706: 8678: 8605: 8426: 8341: 8312: 8285: 8236: 8179: 8154: 7990: 7965: 7957:Kalyan, Ray (27 January 2016). 7845: 7755: 7697: 7606:"What is India's caste system?" 7598: 7580: 7555: 7453:"What is India's caste system?" 7261: 7237: 6776: 4206:Caste-related violence in India 4106:Other theories and observations 3888: 2863: 2803: 1667:MSM blood donation restrictions 1409:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 20591:British Indian Ocean Territory 19870: 18440:(as religious or racial quota) 16028:2006 anti-reservation protests 15786:. Manchester University Press. 15713:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 15691:, Cambridge University Press, 15449:University of California Press 15433:. Cambridge University Press. 15214:, Cambridge University Press, 14998:, Cambridge University Press, 14940:Who We Are and How We Got Here 14473:, Princeton University Press, 14181:, Cambridge University Press, 14161:, Cambridge University Press, 13876:Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2022). 11861:Iyengar, Rishi (1 July 2020). 11782:Ram, Theja (22 October 2019). 11294:The Economist (29 June 2013), 11283:Corbridge & Harriss (2000) 9570:The Jaina path of purification 9545:The Jaina path of purification 9520:The Jaina path of purification 8200:10.1086/soutjanth.23.4.3629451 7683:. Sage Classics. p. 252. 7505: 7324:Dirks, Scandal of Empire (2006 7189:Inter-caste marriages in India 6856: 6195: 4179:Inter-caste marriages in India 3908: 3378:of low rank were mentioned as 2708: 1680:(as religious or racial quota) 13: 1: 18854:Second-generation gender bias 18570:Constitutional colorblindness 17271:Social determinants of health 16278:2022 Bihar caste-based survey 15947:Vandalism of Ambedkar statues 15857:Social Change in Modern India 15577:. Popular Book Depot, Bombay. 15400:. Princeton University Press. 15305:Trautmann, Thomas R. (1997), 14315:Economic and Political Weekly 13945:Economic and Political Weekly 13546:. DARPG, Government of India. 13231:Economic and Political Weekly 12772:Economic and Political Weekly 12510:Economic and Political Weekly 12468:Ballhatchet, Kenneth (1998). 12447:. Routledge. pp. 40–41. 11488:Economic and Political Weekly 10906:Penal power and colonial rule 8447:10.1080/08039410.2004.9666283 8435:Forum for Development Studies 7854:Encyclopedia of social theory 7377: 7335:Sweetman cites Dirks (1993), 6516: 6437:The Sikh literature mentions 6176:was passed in India in 1989. 6094:Pan-African e-Network project 4229:National Crime Records Bureau 3550:is nongenealogical. The four 3526:. It was created formerly by 2995:period and crystallised into 2910:Scholars have questioned the 2254:type, order, colour, or class 2110:Second-generation gender bias 1818:Constitutional colorblindness 481:Social determinants of health 102:in India as enforced through 100:affirmative action programmes 94:and the establishment of the 20680:Modern human genetic history 15755:American Sociological Review 15535:Indian Church History Review 15515:Indian Church History Review 14754:, Cambridge University Press 14664:, Indiana University Press, 14519:, Harvard University Press, 13980:10.5325/soundings.104.4.0362 13076:Pinney, Christopher (1998). 12704:Journal of Biosocial Science 12587:. Manohar. pp. 210–211. 12360:(4): 529–542. Archived from 12354:Journal of Rural Development 12253:"On reservation for Muslims" 12071:. Government of India. 2004. 12047:wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org 10809:Chaturvedi, Vinayak (2007). 10134:India and the British empire 8616:. Routledge. pp. 5–10. 7516:. New Delhi: Penguin Books. 7019:Apartheid and discrimination 6921:Activist KK Sarachandra Bose 6796: 6337:Influence on other religions 6253:Other Backward Classes (OBC) 6234:seat reservations and quotas 5779:Ministry of External Affairs 5315:States and union territories 4990:Additional Solicitor General 4252:initiated a lawsuit against 3806:In this environment, states 3186:in northern India, when the 2382:jatis originated during the 181:in 1947, India enacted many 7: 18765:Medical model of disability 18617:Hate speech laws by country 16496:Water supply and sanitation 15942:Economically Weaker Section 15573:Caste, Class and Occupation 15268:, Oxford University Press, 15041:, Oxford University Press, 15018:, Oxford University Press, 14641:, Oxford University Press, 13179:. Pearson. pp. 82–90. 12911:. In Coward, Harold (ed.). 12602:. Viking. pp. 249–253. 12055:10.4337/9781783478545.00021 11973:. 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It is today the basis of 10: 20696: 19076:Weberian (three-component) 18874:Social model of disability 17326:Discrimination against men 16383:Public distribution system 16033:1996 Bathani Tola Massacre 15736:Hinduism: Past and Present 15726:Murray Milner Jr. (1994). 15396:Anthony, David W. (2007). 15243:(2): 12–38, archived from 14777:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006 14442:10.1177/000169930004300304 14289:Cohen, Stephen P. (2001), 14020: 13200:Swami Vivekananda (1952). 12907:Amaladass, Anand (1993) . 12817:Dalits in Regional Context 12535:Madan, T. N., ed. (1976). 12122:"Annual Report, 2007–2008" 11885:The Week (Indian magazine) 11698:". CBC News. 2 March 2007. 11552:. Routledge. p. 1277. 11527:10.1177/053901887026003002 11515:Social Science Information 11467:India's "hidden apartheid" 11401:Markovits, Claude (2008). 11376:Markovits, Claude (2008). 10784:Birinder P. Singh (2010). 10697:Rawat, Ramnarayan (2011). 10611:10.1177/001946469002700302 10576:10.1177/001946469002700201 10374:Jha, Pravin Kumar (2012). 8923:Olivelle, Patrick (2008). 8895:Olivelle, Patrick (2008). 7704:Geoffrey Robinson (1995). 7512:Nehru, Jawaharlal (2004). 7086: 6984:MP (Member of Parliament) 6967:politics. Parties such as 6956: 6558:Latin Catholics of Malabar 6535:(or "Syrian Christians"). 6520: 6348: 6344: 4272: 4240:Caste persists within the 4203: 4176: 4142: 3635:, is the first mention of 3471: 3172: 3096:affiliation" and all four 3030:A 2016 study based on the 2724: 2399: 2374:A 2016 study based on the 2297: 2240: 2130:Social model of disability 536:Discrimination against men 150:, like Nepalese Buddhism, 39: 29: 20619: 20578: 20538: 20280: 20224: 20165: 20057: 20025: 19992: 19918: 19890: 19877: 19864: 19782: 19739: 19699: 19681: 19600: 19518: 19478: 19387: 19380: 19335: 19238: 19234: 19221: 19084: 19038: 19034: 19005: 18931: 18670: 18547: 18340: 18227:Opposition to immigration 17951: 17581: 17418: 17178: 17128:Race / Ethnicity 17065: 17034: 16921: 16898:Films about social issues 16876: 16823: 16760: 16722: 16689: 16616: 16565: 16509: 16466: 16443: 16326: 16265: 16232: 16219:Republican Party of India 16191: 16175: 16139: 16076: 16000: 15914: 15527:8, no. 4 (1975): 343–358. 15517:8, no. 2 (1974): 131–147. 14992:Samuel, Geoffrey (2008), 14732:Masefield, Peter (1986), 14695:10.1080/14736480600824516 14576:, Sussex Academic Press, 14568:Fowler, Jeaneane (1997), 14405:, John Wiley & Sons, 13990:– via Project Muse. 13836:The Annihilation of Caste 13802:The Annihilation of Caste 13780:. 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This whole universe is 2734: 2430:Ghurye's 1932 description 2276:(labouring classes). The 1461:Opposition to immigration 330:Race / Ethnicity 20340:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 20198:Pre-industrial East Asia 18222:Occupational segregation 17991:Compulsory sterilization 16266:Caste Census and Surveys 15847:. Asia Publishing House. 15805:10.1177/0038022920040302 15307:Aryans and British India 15262:Talbot, Cynthia (2001), 15118:Encyclopedia of Religion 14357:Chapman, Graham (1993), 14219:10.1177/0038022919960102 13939:Edachira, Manju (2020). 13799:Ambedkar, B. R. (1979). 12894:Encyclopædia Britannica. 12815:Puri, Harish K. (2004). 10404:Origin of Caste in India 9796:Maclean, Derryl (1997). 9771:Maclean, Derryl (1997). 9746:Maclean, Derryl (1997). 9721:Maclean, Derryl (1997). 9662:Maclean, Derryl (1997). 9002:Narasimhan et al. (2019) 7762:Stanton, Andrea (2012). 7230: 7220:Social class in Cambodia 6513:with their social rank. 6496: 6286:SC and STs provision act 5306:Administrative divisions 5222:State Assembly elections 4680:Leader of the Opposition 4574:Leader of the Opposition 4330:Basic structure doctrine 4025:, a Sikh historian, and 3837: 3689:or the human caste, but 3370:. They were in fact the 3019:, but hardly if ever to 2973: 2418:, closely translated to 2395: 2234: 1456:Occupational segregation 1225:Compulsory sterilization 193:Definitions and concepts 82:. It has its origins in 20675:Discrimination in India 20601:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 19246:Administrative detainee 18750:Internalized oppression 18612:Fighting Discrimination 18602:Fat acceptance movement 18560:Anti-discrimination law 18200:Native American mascots 16366:National Pension System 16063:Bhima Koregaon protests 15982:Dalit Buddhist movement 15932:Caste politics in India 15819:Ranganayakamma (2001). 15734:Michaels, Axel (2004). 15685:Lee, Alexander (2020), 15627:10.1111/1475-5661.00016 15061:Śūdras in Ancient India 14944:Oxford University Press 14865:10.1126/science.aat7487 14596:Caste and Race in India 14129:10.1073/pnas.1513197113 13962:Kumar, Akshaya (2021). 13913:Amarjit, Singh (2021). 13597:. Bloomsbury Academic. 12671:Barth, Fredrik (1995). 12345:Singh, Darshan (2009). 12327:Shankar, Deepa (2007). 11953:"Constitution of India" 11921:The Hindu Business Line 11808:. PTI. 3 February 2021. 11472:11 January 2007 at the 11025:Guilhem Cassan (2011). 10846:Schwarz, Henry (2010). 10759:Schwarz, Henry (2010). 10734:Schwarz, Henry (2010). 10318:Bates, Crispin (1995). 10253:Raheja, Gloria (2000). 10132:Peers, Douglas (2012). 10041:Eaton, Richard (1993). 10010:Eaton, Richard (1993). 9826:Jackson, Peter (2003). 9690:Eaton, Richard (1993). 9397:Eaton, Richard (2008). 8775:Fowler, Hinduism (1997) 8348:Midgley, James (2011). 8243:Midgley, James (2011). 7840:Fowler, Hinduism (1997) 7806:Fowler, Hinduism (1997) 7731:Doniger, Wendy (1999). 7199:Caste systems in Africa 7080:The God of Small Things 6809:Indian social reformers 6533:Saint Thomas Christians 6432: 4917:Pendency of court cases 4816:Code of Civil Procedure 4797:Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 4649:Harivansh Narayan Singh 4424:Prime Minister of India 4402:Vice President of India 4066:positive discrimination 3931:Jobs for forward castes 3893:Colonial administrator 3832:British colonial period 3673:, divine Brahmins. The 3278:Towards the end of the 3134:Ancestral North Indians 2477:"Caste system in India" 2291: 2006:Internalized oppression 1860:Fighting Discrimination 1850:Fat acceptance movement 1808:Anti-discrimination law 1434:Native American mascots 133:positive discrimination 19662: 18869:Social identity threat 18842:Reverse discrimination 18832:Racial color blindness 18312:Violence against women 18292:Sex-selective abortion 16704:Caste-related violence 16420:Universal basic income 16320:Social issues in India 16250:Other Backward Classes 16100:Other Backward Classes 15967:IIT reservation policy 15648:. 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(2013) 8974:Nakatsuka et al (2017) 7623:LeVine, Sarah (2009). 7514:The discovery of India 7412:, pp. 25–27, 392. 7012: 6922: 6873:In his younger years, 6819: 6267:reverse discrimination 5843:Diplomatic missions of 5109:Presidential elections 5023:Elections and Politics 4825:Supreme Court of India 4307: 4200:Caste-related violence 4135: 3927: 3256:as servant or slave. 3216:Indo-European-speaking 3196:in the Vedic society: 3041:originated during the 2675: 2543: 2264:(priestly class), the 2125:Social identity threat 2098:Reverse discrimination 2088:Racial color blindness 1546:Violence against women 1526:Sex-selective abortion 179:achieving independence 67: 20670:Human rights by issue 20665:Social class in India 20660:Caste system in India 20203:Pre-industrial Europe 18837:Religious intolerance 18797:Political correctness 18627:Intersex human rights 18575:Cultural assimilation 18257:Religious persecution 18021:Disability hate crime 17796:Jewish / Antisemitism 16903:Freedom of expression 16058:Maratha Kranti Morcha 16043:2008 Gurjar agitation 15977:Self-Respect Movement 15927:Caste system in India 15915:Caste and reservation 15793:Sociological Bulletin 15662:Kane, Pandurang Vaman 15594:Jaffrelot, Christophe 15551:. Sage Publications. 15456:Hazari Prasad Dwivedi 15193:10.1093/past/58.1.136 14679:Jaffrelot, Christophe 14343:, Popular Prakashan, 14292:India: Emerging Power 14207:Sociological Bulletin 14175:Bayly, Susan (2004), 14155:Bayly, Susan (2001), 13617:William A. Haviland, 13481:"Caste-Based Parties" 13225:D. N. (25 May 1991). 13065:on 11 September 2012. 13002:20 April 2006 at the 12840:Dundas, Paul (2002). 12646:Malik, Jamal (2008). 12251:Asghar Ali Engineer. 11598:10.3138/jcfs.44.2.193 11343:. Prabhat Prakashan. 10347:Ghuman, Paul (2013). 9982:Habib, Irfan (2002). 9957:Habib, Irfan (2002). 9904:Malik, Jamal (2008). 9879:Malik, Jamal (2008). 9854:Malik, Jamal (2008). 9017:Bamshad et al. (2001) 8294:Sociological Bulletin 7677:Omvedt, Gail (2014). 7194:Balinese caste system 7007: 6947:constitutional reform 6920: 6816: 6169:Constitution of India 6045:State Visits to India 5719:Municipal Corporation 5637:Deputy Chief Minister 5195:Rajya Sabha elections 5058:Election Commissioner 4306: 4130: 3916: 3398:. The people of high 2843:Ritual kingship model 2717:Sociologists such as 2662: 2538: 2286:untouchables (Dalits) 2093:Religious intolerance 2053:Political correctness 1875:Intersex human rights 1823:Cultural assimilation 1491:Religious persecution 1255:Disability hate crime 1022:Jewish / Antisemitism 72:caste system in India 54: 18:Caste system in india 20515:United Arab Emirates 20275:Caste system in Asia 20060: or countries 19871:By country or region 19109:Class discrimination 18242:Political repression 17231:Anti-left handedness 17221:Anti-intellectualism 16752:Separatist movements 16255:Including Muslim OBC 15957:Reservation in India 15830:Science and Society, 15600:. C. Hurst & Co. 15531:Forrester, Duncan B. 15521:Forrester, Duncan B. 15511:Forrester, Duncan B. 14974:Robb, Peter (1997), 14557:Forrester, Duncan B. 13483:. Country Studies US 13282:M.K. Gandhi (1936). 12367:on 11 February 2014. 12137:Bhattacharya, Amit. 11313:"A Part That Parted" 11298:, India Reservations 11146:Guha, Sumit (2013). 11121:Nair, Neeti (2011). 10904:Brown, Mark (2014). 10827:In 1911, the entire 10662:Cole, Simon (2001). 9493:Kolff, Dirk (2002). 9422:Orr, Leslie (2000). 9372:Orr, Leslie (2000). 8738:Ingold, Tim (1994). 7972:Ingold, Tim (1994). 6787:Other Backward Class 6592:Forward Caste/Others 6214:Other Backward Class 6206:Other Backward Class 6063:Sino-Indian Disputes 6026:Foreign aid by India 6021:Extradition Treaties 5955:Non-Aligned Movement 5869:Overseas Citizenship 5711:Municipal Governance 5670:Legislative Assembly 5570:Urban Agglomerations 5540:Autonomous Divisions 5264:National coalitions 5071:Sukhbir Singh Sandhu 4275:Reservation in India 4163:Other Backward Class 3874:British class system 3754:Zia al-Din al-Barani 3269:) and metal worker ( 3107:Ancient DNA research 2875:originated in late 2638:comparative religion 2626:, such as the 2,378 2462:improve this article 2258:Vedic Indian society 1476:Political repression 441:Anti-left handedness 431:Anti-intellectualism 74:is the paradigmatic 20542:limited recognition 19592:Vanniar (Chieftain) 18745:Historical eugenics 18282:Segregation academy 18262:Religious terrorism 18051:Enemy of the people 17959:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 17463:Jehovah's Witnesses 17351:Perpetual foreigner 16790:Illegal immigration 16435:Widening income gap 16199:Bahujan Samaj Party 16147:Kalelkar Commission 16068:April 2018 protests 15853:Srinivas, Mysore N. 15841:Srinivas, Mysore N. 15619:2001TrIBG..26..217J 15507:. 2nd Edition 2005. 15503:Duiker/Spielvogel. 15339:on 20 February 2012 15135:Srinivas, Mysore N. 14911:10.1038/nature08365 14903:2009Natur.461..489R 14710:Juergensmeyer, Mark 14244:on 11 February 2020 14120:2016PNAS..113.1594B 13675:. 22 November 2020. 12950:, pp. 98, 102. 12938:, pp. 243–253. 12573:, pp. 149–150. 12188:. NDTV. 19 May 2011 12140:"Who are the OBCs?" 11991:on 14 January 2012. 11752:on 20 October 2011. 11627:Pew Research Center 10724:, pp. 176–188. 10527:, pp. 198–225. 10329:(3). Archived from 10243:, pp. 125–127. 10231:, pp. 212–217. 10219:, pp. 125–126. 9323:, pp. 529–531. 9296:, p. 2020-203. 9065:Reich et al. (2009) 8928:in Collected essays 8900:in Collected essays 8868:(3): 244, 243–274. 8850:, pp. 190–191. 8789:, pp. 263–264. 8530:, pp. 180–183. 8282:, pp. 117–125. 8270:, pp. 136–139. 7552:, pp. 215–229. 6996:Economic inequality 6986:Pragya Singh Thakur 6969:Bahujan Samaj Party 6943:government of India 6913:KK Sarachandra Bose 6848:in Hindu texts. If 6569: 6385:Herbert Hope Risley 6068:Disputes with Nepal 6058:Indo-Pakistani Wars 5813:Kirti Vardhan Singh 5687:Official Opposition 5665:Legislative Council 5489:Andaman and Nicobar 5163:Lok Sabha elections 5032:Election Commission 4789:Indian criminal law 4710:Pramod Chandra Mody 4666:Jagat Prakash Nadda 4658:Leader of the House 4552:Leader of the House 4213:Khairlanji massacre 4053:Further development 4016:Land Alienation Act 3958:Criminal Tribes Act 3895:Herbert Hope Risley 3746:Fatawa-ye Jahandari 3620:For western India, 3485:Johannes Bronkhorst 2731: 2622:, that represented 2001:Historical eugenics 1516:Segregation academy 1496:Religious terrorism 1285:Enemy of the people 1193:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 681:Jehovah's Witnesses 561:Perpetual foreigner 187:marginalized groups 148:Indian subcontinent 141:Indian constitution 20173:18th-century Spain 20027:Standard of living 19731:Upper middle class 19726:Lower middle class 19317:Political prisoner 19099:Chattering classes 19071:Spoon class theory 18657:Social integration 18652:Self-determination 18642:Racial integration 18590:Diversity training 18580:Cultural pluralism 18555:Affirmative action 18455:Racial segregation 18365:Crime of apartheid 18267:Religious violence 17760:Indigenous people 17155:Sexual orientation 16742:Religious violence 16603:Female infanticide 16588:Child prostitution 16405:Standard of living 16111:Affirmative action 15525:South Asian Review 15466:Arvind Narayan Das 15423:Bayly, Christopher 15250:on 7 February 2013 14859:(6457): eaat7487, 14511:Dirks, Nicholas B. 14488:Dirks, Nicholas B. 14465:Dirks, Nicholas B. 14252:(3 October 2001), 12984:The Times of India 12296:10.1353/dem.0.0001 12018:The Economic Times 11647:. 15 January 2022. 11296:Affirmative Action 11285:, pp. 8, 243. 11231:Kerr, Ian (2007). 11123:Changing homelands 9449:: Vijayanagara by 9345:Hiltebeitel (2011) 9333:Hiltebeitel (2011) 9321:Hiltebeitel (2011) 9305:Tia Ghose (2013), 9282:Basu et al. (2016) 9270:Chakravarti (2003) 9236:, pp. 47, 49. 9234:Chakravarti (2003) 9222:Chakravarti (1985) 9210:Chakravarti (1985) 9198:Chakravarti (1985) 9126:Bronkhorst (2020a) 7935:. 16 February 2016 7933:The Indian Express 7459:. 25 February 2016 7101:, 1936), starring 7099:Untouchable Maiden 7055:In popular culture 6931:Thiruvananthapuram 6923: 6820: 6567: 6238:affirmative action 6167:Article 15 of the 5835:Vinay Mohan Kwatra 5818:Pabitra Margherita 5746:District Panchayat 5565:Metropolitan Areas 4688:Mallikarjun Kharge 4380:President of India 4357:Uniform Civil Code 4308: 4269:Affirmative action 4136: 4123:Contemporary India 3928: 3597:population in the 3374:of high rank. The 2918:, noting that the 2729: 2681:notes that, while 2304:In ancient texts, 1905:Social integration 1900:Self-determination 1890:Racial integration 1838:Diversity training 1828:Cultural pluralism 1803:Affirmative action 1695:Racial segregation 1605:Crime of apartheid 1501:Religious violence 986:Indigenous people 357:Sexual orientation 183:affirmative action 68: 20647: 20646: 20584:other territories 20242: 20241: 20220: 20219: 20216: 20215: 20053: 20052: 19860: 19859: 19856: 19855: 19852: 19851: 19754:Lumpenproletariat 19256:illegal immigrant 19217: 19216: 19129:Classless society 18959: 18958: 18827:Racism by country 18755:Intersectionality 18740:Heteronormativity 18539:Voter suppression 18287:Sexual harassment 18086:Forced conversion 18006:Cultural genocide 17659:African Americans 17473:post–Cold War era 17458:Eastern Orthodoxy 17216:Anti-drug addicts 17211:Anti-homelessness 17138:Scientific racism 16994: 16993: 16780:Human trafficking 16593:Child trafficking 16522:Domestic violence 16491:Natural disasters 16486:Manual scavenging 16346:Farmers' suicides 16286: 16285: 16152:Mandal Commission 16048:Patidar agitation 15859:. Orient Longman. 15745:978-0-691-08953-9 15698:978-1-108-48990-4 15558:978-0-7619-3324-3 15496:978-0-520-02053-5 15388:978-0-404-54801-8 15375:Ambedkar, Bhimrao 15366:978-0-8364-0050-2 15298:978-0-520-24225-8 15275:978-0-19-513661-6 15221:978-0-521-29770-7 15173:978-1-84645-014-3 15127:978-0-02-865734-9 15109:978-0-202-30799-2 15071:978-81-208-0706-8 15048:978-0-19-564441-8 15025:978-0-19-027312-5 15005:978-1-139-47021-6 14985:978-0-19-564268-1 14953:978-0-19-882125-0 14897:(7263): 489–494, 14743:978-955-9028-02-4 14725:978-0-19-972761-2 14671:978-0-253-21358-7 14648:978-0-19-539423-8 14627:978-0-14-029706-5 14620:, Penguin Books, 14606:978-81-7154-205-5 14583:978-1-898723-60-8 14549:978-0-226-16963-7 14526:978-0-674-03426-6 14503:978-0-472-06737-4 14480:978-0-691-08895-2 14412:978-0-7456-6535-1 14392:978-1-134-74349-0 14372:978-0-7007-0284-8 14350:978-81-85604-54-1 14302:978-0-8157-9839-2 14188:978-0-521-89103-5 14168:978-0-521-26434-1 14091:Basham, Arthur L. 14047:10.1101/gr.173301 13627:978-0-495-81084-1 13604:978-1-84813-448-5 13531:. The World Bank. 13237:(21): 1328–1330. 13211:978-81-85301-46-4 13186:978-81-317-5851-9 13087:978-0-226-66866-6 12986:. September 2007. 12922:978-81-208-1158-4 12878:978-0-521-36505-5 12851:978-0-415-26606-2 12826:978-81-7033-871-0 12756:978-0-19-280601-7 12688:978-0-485-19619-1 12657:978-90-04-16859-6 12629:978-1-246-03552-0 12554:Ambedkar, Bhimrao 12479:978-0-7007-1095-9 12454:978-0-7007-1470-4 12429:978-0-521-09664-5 12392:on 21 August 2020 12334:. The World Bank. 12257:The Milli Gazette 12214:. Chennai, India. 11684:. 18 August 2017. 11412:978-0-521-08940-1 11387:978-0-521-08940-1 11350:978-93-5186-937-5 11242:978-0-275-98564-6 11209:, pp. 14–15. 11157:978-90-04-24918-9 11132:978-0-674-05779-1 11107:978-0-8047-7273-0 11082:978-0-19-567309-8 11057:978-0-19-568663-0 11011:978-0-19-280601-7 10981:978-0-8165-0951-5 10964:Yang, A. (1985). 10950:978-0-253-20975-7 10915:978-0-415-45213-7 10887:978-1-4438-1027-2 10857:978-1-4051-2057-9 10822:978-0-520-25076-5 10795:978-0-415-55147-2 10770:978-1-4051-2057-9 10745:978-1-4051-2057-9 10708:978-0-253-22262-6 10673:978-0-674-01002-4 10643:978-0-275-97041-3 10548:978-0-253-21480-5 10515:, pp. 38–43. 10470:978-0-19-515794-9 10441:978-0-521-88291-0 10414:978-1-4828-1914-4 10387:978-81-317-9887-4 10360:978-1-4094-9431-7 10304:978-0-415-56062-7 10264:978-0-472-08746-4 10195:, pp. 29–30. 10143:978-0-19-925988-5 10110:, pp. 30–31. 10086:, pp. 29–30. 10074:, pp. 25–28. 10058:978-0-520-08077-5 10027:978-0-520-08077-5 9993:978-1-84331-061-7 9968:978-1-84331-061-7 9943:978-0-521-84443-7 9915:978-90-04-16859-6 9890:978-90-04-16859-6 9865:978-90-04-16859-6 9837:978-0-521-54329-3 9807:978-90-04-08551-0 9782:978-90-04-08551-0 9757:978-90-04-08551-0 9732:978-90-04-08551-0 9707:978-0-520-08077-5 9673:978-90-04-08551-0 9648:978-81-208-1691-6 9623:978-81-208-1691-6 9579:978-81-208-1578-0 9554:978-81-208-1578-0 9529:978-81-208-1578-0 9504:978-0-521-52305-9 9433:978-0-19-509962-1 9408:978-0-521-51442-2 9383:978-0-19-509962-1 9362:, pp. 50–51. 9294:Bronkhorst (2020) 9272:, pp. 45–46. 9188:, pp. 59–60. 9152:, pp. 46–47. 9109:Bronkhorst (2020) 9055:, pp. 29–31. 9043:, pp. 27–28. 9031:, pp. 22–23. 8937:978-88-8453-729-4 8909:978-88-8453-729-4 8834:978-1-107-02649-0 8777:, pp. 23–24. 8749:978-0-415-28604-6 8724:978-0-19-937018-4 8699:978-81-902272-6-1 8651:, pp. 86–87. 8639:, pp. 83–89. 8623:978-0-415-54435-1 8566:, pp. 38–43. 8554:, pp. 38–43. 8542:, pp. 56–57. 8518:, pp. 19–24. 8494:, pp. 55–58. 8468:Silverberg (1969) 8423:, pp. 15–25. 8387:, pp. 10–14. 8359:978-0-85793-243-3 8330:978-81-7154-831-6 8254:978-0-85793-243-3 8172:978-81-7154-831-6 8139:, pp. 18–19. 8127:, pp. 16–17. 8115:, pp. 15–16. 8103:, pp. 11–12. 8091:, pp. 10–15. 7983:978-0-415-28604-6 7891:, pp. 87–88. 7879:, pp. 57–60. 7863:978-0-415-29046-3 7808:, pp. 19–20. 7773:978-1-4129-8176-7 7748:978-0-87779-044-0 7690:978-81-321-1028-6 7636:978-0-674-02554-7 7573:978-81-7824-513-3 7214:Manual scavenging 7148:Pariyerum Perumal 6803:politics of India 6791:Mandal Commission 6774: 6773: 6228:Mandal commission 6222:Mandal Commission 6165: 6164: 5892:Foreign Relations 5884:Visa requirements 5827:Foreign Secretary 5805:Minister of State 5770:Foreign Relations 5509:Jammu and Kashmir 5481:Union territories 5342:Arunachal Pradesh 5280:Political parties 5100:Electronic voting 5095:Electoral College 4973:Solicitor General 4947:Arjun Ram Meghwal 4771:Law and Judiciary 4752:Arjun Ram Meghwal 4744:Minister of State 4702:Secretary General 4603:Utpal Kumar Singh 4596:Secretary General 4446:Cabinet secretary 4297: 4294:Politics of India 4149:Mandal Commission 3996:Madras Presidency 3897:, an exponent of 3808:Rosalind O'Hanlon 3182:During the early 3148:of more than 250 3115:research enabled 2801: 2800: 2790: 2789: 2636:, a professor of 2527: 2526: 2512: 2320:but thousands of 2316:. There are four 2220: 2219: 2083:Racism by country 2011:Intersectionality 1996:Heteronormativity 1779:Voter suppression 1521:Sexual harassment 1320:Forced conversion 1240:Cultural genocide 885:African Americans 691:post–Cold War era 676:Eastern Orthodoxy 426:Anti-drug addicts 421:Anti-homelessness 340:Scientific racism 16:(Redirected from 20687: 20637: 20627: 20626: 20596:Christmas Island 20282:Sovereign states 20269: 20262: 20255: 20246: 20245: 20232: 20231: 20059: 19960:Mexican-American 19888: 19887: 19879: 19878: 19866: 19865: 19667: 19610:Business magnate 19500:Knowledge worker 19385: 19384: 19273:dual or multiple 19236: 19235: 19223: 19222: 19177:Social exclusion 19172:Social cleansing 19086: 19036: 19035: 19025:Economic classes 18986: 18979: 18972: 18963: 18962: 18949: 18948: 18939: 18938: 18879:Social privilege 18864:Social exclusion 18792:Police brutality 18713:Multiculturalism 18683:Amatonormativity 18514:Social exclusion 18350:Age of candidacy 18150:Homeless dumping 18056:Ethnic cleansing 17021: 17014: 17007: 16998: 16997: 16986:Police brutality 16775:Groom kidnapping 16737:Ethnic relations 16598:Female foeticide 16313: 16306: 16299: 16290: 16289: 16245:Scheduled Tribes 16240:Scheduled Castes 16023:Namantar Andolan 15901: 15894: 15887: 15878: 15877: 15860: 15848: 15816: 15787: 15782:Moore, Robin J. 15778: 15749: 15723: 15721: 15719: 15701: 15681: 15669: 15657: 15638: 15601: 15578: 15576: 15562: 15500: 15444: 15432: 15418: 15401: 15392: 15370: 15340: 15338: 15323: 15310: 15301: 15278: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15249: 15234: 15224: 15203: 15185:Past and Present 15176: 15156: 15150: 15142: 15130: 15112: 15094: 15074: 15051: 15028: 15008: 14988: 14970: 14964: 14956: 14931: 14922: 14885: 14876: 14843: 14834: 14817:(9): 1402–1407, 14798: 14788: 14755: 14746: 14728: 14705: 14674: 14651: 14635:Hiltebeitel, Alf 14630: 14609: 14586: 14575: 14564: 14552: 14529: 14506: 14483: 14460: 14430:Acta Sociologica 14424: 14415: 14395: 14375: 14365:, Curzon Press, 14353: 14335:Chakravarti, Uma 14330: 14310:Chakravarti, Uma 14305: 14285: 14276: 14267: 14266:on 13 March 2014 14262:, archived from 14254:"Race and Caste" 14245: 14243: 14237:, archived from 14204: 14200:"Varna and jati" 14191: 14171: 14151: 14141: 14131: 14114:(6): 1594–1599. 14098: 14086: 14076: 14058: 14015: 14014: 13998: 13992: 13991: 13959: 13953: 13952: 13936: 13927: 13926: 13910: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13896: 13873: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13847: 13841: 13840: 13830: 13824: 13818: 13807: 13806: 13796: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13785: 13774: 13768: 13762: 13756: 13745: 13739: 13738: 13714: 13708: 13707: 13683: 13677: 13676: 13665: 13659: 13653: 13647: 13636: 13630: 13615: 13609: 13608: 13590: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13572: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13554: 13548: 13547: 13539: 13533: 13532: 13530: 13524:Hanstad (2005). 13521: 13515: 13514: 13512: 13510: 13499: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13488: 13477: 13471: 13470: 13468: 13466: 13457:. 12 June 2014. 13445: 13439: 13438: 13436: 13434: 13417: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13406: 13398:The Siasat Daily 13389: 13383: 13382: 13380: 13378: 13361: 13355: 13354: 13352: 13350: 13333: 13327: 13326: 13323:www.columbia.edu 13314: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13303: 13297: 13290: 13279: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13268: 13253: 13247: 13246: 13222: 13216: 13215: 13197: 13191: 13190: 13172: 13166: 13165: 13133: 13127: 13126: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13073: 13067: 13066: 13061:. Archived from 13050: 13044: 13043: 13037: 13029: 13027: 13025: 13013: 13007: 12994: 12988: 12987: 12976: 12970: 12969: 12957: 12951: 12948:Forrester (1980) 12945: 12939: 12933: 12927: 12926: 12904: 12895: 12892:Christian Castes 12889: 12883: 12882: 12862: 12856: 12855: 12837: 12831: 12830: 12812: 12806: 12805: 12794: 12788: 12787: 12767: 12761: 12760: 12742: 12736: 12735: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12643: 12634: 12633: 12610: 12604: 12603: 12595: 12589: 12588: 12580: 12574: 12571:Chaudhary (2013) 12568: 12562: 12561: 12550: 12541: 12540: 12532: 12526: 12525: 12505: 12499: 12496:Chaudhary (2013) 12493: 12484: 12483: 12465: 12459: 12458: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12413: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12391: 12384: 12375: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12351: 12342: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12307: 12275: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12248: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12237: 12226:"Caste in doubt" 12222: 12216: 12215: 12204: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12182: 12176: 12166: 12160: 12155: 12153: 12151: 12142:. Archived from 12135: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12118: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12101: 12094: 12086:Sachar, Rajinder 12082: 12073: 12072: 12065: 12059: 12058: 12038: 12032: 12029: 12023: 12022: 12008: 12002: 11999: 11993: 11992: 11981: 11975: 11974: 11967: 11961: 11960: 11959:on 2 April 2012. 11949: 11943: 11942: 11941:. 28 March 2017. 11931: 11925: 11924: 11913: 11907: 11906: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11877: 11871: 11870: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11839: 11833: 11832: 11831:on 21 July 2020. 11827:. Archived from 11816: 11810: 11809: 11798: 11792: 11791: 11779: 11773: 11772: 11760: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11744: 11736: 11730: 11729: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11705: 11699: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11682:The Better India 11674: 11668: 11667: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11619: 11610: 11609: 11581: 11575: 11574: 11563: 11554: 11553: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11483: 11477: 11463: 11454: 11441: 11432: 11426: 11417: 11416: 11398: 11392: 11391: 11373: 11367: 11361: 11355: 11354: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11305: 11299: 11292: 11286: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11210: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11143: 11137: 11136: 11118: 11112: 11111: 11093: 11087: 11086: 11068: 11062: 11061: 11043: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11022: 11016: 11015: 10997: 10986: 10985: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10936: 10927: 10926: 10901: 10892: 10891: 10873: 10862: 10861: 10843: 10834: 10833: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10756: 10750: 10749: 10731: 10725: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10694: 10685: 10684: 10659: 10648: 10647: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10594: 10588: 10587: 10559: 10553: 10552: 10534: 10528: 10522: 10516: 10510: 10501: 10500: 10493: 10487: 10484:Trautmann (1997) 10481: 10475: 10474: 10462: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10371: 10365: 10364: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10336:on 14 June 2013. 10335: 10324: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10269: 10268: 10250: 10244: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10220: 10214: 10208: 10202: 10196: 10190: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10129: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10105: 10099: 10093: 10087: 10081: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10062: 10049:102–103, 224–226 10038: 10032: 10031: 10007: 9998: 9997: 9979: 9973: 9972: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9851: 9842: 9841: 9823: 9812: 9811: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9687: 9678: 9677: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9515: 9509: 9508: 9490: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9469: 9463: 9460: 9454: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9348: 9342: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9258:Masefield (1986) 9255: 9249: 9246:Masefield (1986) 9243: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9112: 9106: 9095: 9089: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9005: 8999: 8990: 8984: 8975: 8972: 8966: 8963: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8892: 8886: 8885: 8857: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8227: 8219: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8079:, pp. 7–10. 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8043:, pp. 2–22. 8038: 8032: 8026: 8017: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7954: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7925: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7826: 7820: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7778: 7777: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7641: 7640: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7536: 7535: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7488: 7482: 7473: 7472: 7466: 7464: 7449: 7440: 7434: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7398: 7392: 7371: 7365: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7337:The Hollow Crown 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7265: 7259: 7241: 7128:Dadasaheb Phalke 7067:'s debut novel, 6881:He claimed that 6570: 6566: 6562:Dalit Christians 6537:Duncan Forrester 6501:Caste system in 6290:Sachar Committee 6247:massive protests 6157: 6150: 6143: 6122:India portal 6120: 6119: 6118: 6089:Look East policy 6053:Kashmir Conflict 5788:Cabinet Minister 5771: 5702:Local Government 5585: 5377:Himachal Pradesh 5307: 5285:National parties 5024: 4964:R. Venkataramani 4956:Attorney-General 4772: 4727:Cabinet Minister 4632:Jagdeep Dhankhar 4496: 4410:Jagdeep Dhankhar 4372: 4318: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4081:Ramsay MacDonald 3622:Dirk H. A. Kolff 3463: 3457: 3429: 3419: 3413: 3403: 3393: 3295: 3274: 3268: 3231: 3224:Bactria-Margiana 3213: 3204: 3195: 3066:Patrick Olivelle 2930:, probably as a 2906: 2782: 2770: 2756: 2744: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2677:The sociologist 2522: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2470: 2442: 2434: 2416:Indian languages 2243:Varna (Hinduism) 2212: 2205: 2198: 2135:Social privilege 2120:Social exclusion 2048:Police brutality 1969:Multiculturalism 1939:Amatonormativity 1754:Social exclusion 1590:Age of candidacy 1384:Homeless dumping 1290:Ethnic cleansing 220: 197: 196: 104:its constitution 21: 20695: 20694: 20690: 20689: 20688: 20686: 20685: 20684: 20650: 20649: 20648: 20643: 20615: 20583: 20574: 20555:Northern Cyprus 20541: 20534: 20276: 20273: 20243: 20238: 20212: 20161: 20049: 20021: 19988: 19972:Underprivileged 19914: 19873: 19872: 19848: 19778: 19735: 19695: 19677: 19596: 19514: 19474: 19376: 19331: 19230: 19229: 19213: 19192:Social position 19182:Social mobility 19080: 19030: 19001: 19000: 18990: 18960: 18955: 18927: 18802:Polyculturalism 18698:Civil liberties 18666: 18647:Reappropriation 18548:Countermeasures 18543: 18472:Racial steering 18438:Numerus clausus 18342: 18336: 18061:Ethnic conflict 17996:Corrective rape 17947: 17577: 17532:minority Muslim 17414: 17306:HIV/AIDS stigma 17174: 17123:Mental disorder 17061: 17030: 17025: 16995: 16990: 16917: 16872: 16819: 16800:Organised crime 16785:Illegal housing 16756: 16718: 16685: 16661:Menstrual taboo 16612: 16608:Street children 16561: 16532:Family planning 16505: 16462: 16439: 16322: 16317: 16287: 16282: 16261: 16228: 16187: 16171: 16135: 16106:Forward classes 16072: 15996: 15952:Anti-Brahminism 15910: 15905: 15868: 15863: 15767:10.2307/2085128 15746: 15717: 15715: 15699: 15559: 15545:Gupta, Dipankar 15497: 15483:Béteille, André 15441: 15389: 15367: 15348: 15346:Further reading 15343: 15336: 15321: 15315:Witzel, Michael 15299: 15276: 15253: 15251: 15247: 15232: 15222: 15187:(58): 136–160, 15174: 15144: 15143: 15128: 15110: 15072: 15049: 15026: 15006: 14986: 14958: 14957: 14954: 14823:10.1038/ng.3917 14810:Nature Genetics 14744: 14726: 14672: 14661:Imagining India 14649: 14628: 14614:Gupta, Dipankar 14607: 14584: 14550: 14527: 14504: 14481: 14413: 14393: 14373: 14351: 14303: 14250:Beteille, Andre 14241: 14202: 14196:Béteille, André 14189: 14169: 14041:(6): 994–1004. 14035:Genome Research 14023: 14018: 13999: 13995: 13960: 13956: 13937: 13930: 13911: 13904: 13894: 13892: 13890: 13874: 13870: 13860: 13858: 13848: 13844: 13831: 13827: 13821:Beteille (2001) 13819: 13810: 13797: 13793: 13783: 13781: 13776: 13775: 13771: 13763: 13759: 13746: 13742: 13715: 13711: 13684: 13680: 13667: 13666: 13662: 13654: 13650: 13637: 13633: 13616: 13612: 13605: 13591: 13587: 13579: 13573: 13569: 13561: 13555: 13551: 13540: 13536: 13528: 13522: 13518: 13508: 13506: 13501: 13500: 13496: 13486: 13484: 13479: 13478: 13474: 13464: 13462: 13447: 13446: 13442: 13432: 13430: 13419: 13418: 13414: 13404: 13402: 13391: 13390: 13386: 13376: 13374: 13362: 13358: 13348: 13346: 13335: 13334: 13330: 13315: 13311: 13301: 13299: 13298:on 17 June 2010 13295: 13288: 13280: 13276: 13266: 13264: 13256:Lindley, Mark. 13254: 13250: 13223: 13219: 13212: 13198: 13194: 13187: 13173: 13169: 13134: 13130: 13099: 13095: 13088: 13074: 13070: 13051: 13047: 13031: 13030: 13023: 13021: 13014: 13010: 13004:Wayback Machine 12995: 12991: 12978: 12977: 12973: 12968:(3/4): 528–529. 12958: 12954: 12946: 12942: 12934: 12930: 12923: 12905: 12898: 12890: 12886: 12879: 12863: 12859: 12852: 12838: 12834: 12827: 12813: 12809: 12796: 12795: 12791: 12768: 12764: 12757: 12743: 12739: 12700: 12696: 12689: 12669: 12665: 12658: 12644: 12637: 12630: 12611: 12607: 12596: 12592: 12581: 12577: 12569: 12565: 12551: 12544: 12533: 12529: 12516:(19): 887–891. 12506: 12502: 12494: 12487: 12480: 12466: 12462: 12455: 12441: 12437: 12430: 12414: 12405: 12395: 12393: 12389: 12382: 12376: 12372: 12364: 12349: 12343: 12339: 12331: 12325: 12321: 12276: 12272: 12262: 12260: 12249: 12245: 12235: 12233: 12224: 12223: 12219: 12206: 12205: 12201: 12191: 12189: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12167: 12163: 12159:, 8 April 2006. 12149: 12147: 12146:on 27 June 2006 12138: 12136: 12132: 12124: 12120: 12119: 12115: 12105: 12103: 12102:on 2 April 2014 12099: 12092: 12083: 12076: 12067: 12066: 12062: 12039: 12035: 12030: 12026: 12009: 12005: 12000: 11996: 11983: 11982: 11978: 11969: 11968: 11964: 11951: 11950: 11946: 11933: 11932: 11928: 11923:. 24 July 2018. 11915: 11914: 11910: 11905:. 24 July 2018. 11897: 11896: 11892: 11879: 11878: 11874: 11859: 11855: 11840: 11836: 11817: 11813: 11806:The News Minute 11800: 11799: 11795: 11788:The News Minute 11780: 11776: 11761: 11757: 11749: 11742: 11738: 11737: 11733: 11728:. UN ODC. 2007. 11724: 11723: 11719: 11711: 11707: 11706: 11702: 11693: 11689: 11676: 11675: 11671: 11656: 11652: 11639: 11638: 11634: 11629:. 29 June 2021. 11621: 11620: 11613: 11582: 11578: 11565: 11564: 11557: 11546: 11542: 11511: 11507: 11494:(44): 109–116. 11484: 11480: 11474:Wayback Machine 11464: 11457: 11451:Wayback Machine 11442: 11435: 11427: 11420: 11413: 11399: 11395: 11388: 11374: 11370: 11362: 11358: 11351: 11335: 11331: 11321: 11319: 11306: 11302: 11293: 11289: 11281: 11277: 11254: 11250: 11243: 11229: 11225: 11219:Sweetman (2004) 11217: 11213: 11207:Sweetman (2004) 11205: 11201: 11195:de Zwart (2000) 11193: 11189: 11181: 11177: 11169: 11165: 11158: 11144: 11140: 11133: 11119: 11115: 11108: 11094: 11090: 11083: 11069: 11065: 11058: 11044: 11037: 11029: 11023: 11019: 11012: 10998: 10989: 10982: 10962: 10958: 10951: 10937: 10930: 10916: 10902: 10895: 10888: 10874: 10865: 10858: 10844: 10837: 10823: 10807: 10803: 10796: 10782: 10778: 10771: 10757: 10753: 10746: 10732: 10728: 10720: 10716: 10709: 10695: 10688: 10674: 10660: 10651: 10644: 10630: 10626: 10595: 10591: 10560: 10556: 10549: 10535: 10531: 10523: 10519: 10511: 10504: 10495: 10494: 10490: 10482: 10478: 10471: 10453: 10449: 10442: 10426: 10422: 10415: 10399: 10395: 10388: 10372: 10368: 10361: 10345: 10341: 10333: 10322: 10316: 10312: 10305: 10291: 10287: 10279: 10272: 10265: 10251: 10247: 10239: 10235: 10227: 10223: 10215: 10211: 10205:St. John (2012) 10203: 10199: 10191: 10187: 10179: 10175: 10169:Sweetman (2004) 10167: 10163: 10155: 10151: 10144: 10130: 10126: 10118: 10114: 10106: 10102: 10094: 10090: 10082: 10078: 10070: 10066: 10059: 10039: 10035: 10028: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9980: 9976: 9969: 9955: 9951: 9944: 9930: 9926: 9916: 9902: 9898: 9891: 9877: 9873: 9866: 9852: 9845: 9838: 9824: 9815: 9808: 9794: 9790: 9783: 9769: 9765: 9758: 9744: 9740: 9733: 9719: 9715: 9708: 9688: 9681: 9674: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9635: 9631: 9624: 9610: 9606: 9591: 9587: 9580: 9566: 9562: 9555: 9541: 9537: 9530: 9516: 9512: 9505: 9491: 9487: 9483:, pp. 3–4. 9479: 9475: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9457: 9445: 9441: 9434: 9420: 9416: 9409: 9395: 9391: 9384: 9370: 9366: 9358: 9351: 9343: 9339: 9331: 9327: 9319: 9315: 9304: 9300: 9292: 9288: 9280: 9276: 9268: 9264: 9256: 9252: 9244: 9240: 9232: 9228: 9220: 9216: 9208: 9204: 9196: 9192: 9184: 9180: 9172: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9148: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9124: 9115: 9107: 9098: 9090: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9051: 9047: 9039: 9035: 9027: 9023: 9015: 9008: 9000: 8993: 8985: 8978: 8973: 8969: 8964: 8957: 8949: 8945: 8938: 8921: 8917: 8910: 8893: 8889: 8858: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8821: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8785: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8736: 8732: 8725: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8624: 8610: 8606: 8598: 8594: 8590:, pp. 5–7. 8586: 8582: 8574: 8570: 8562: 8558: 8550: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8502: 8498: 8490: 8486: 8478: 8474: 8466: 8462: 8431: 8427: 8421:Béteille (1996) 8419: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8360: 8346: 8342: 8331: 8317: 8313: 8290: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8241: 8237: 8221: 8220: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8159: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8135: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8111: 8107: 8099: 8095: 8087: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8067:, pp. 6–7. 8063: 8059: 8055:, pp. 2–5. 8051: 8047: 8039: 8035: 8031:, pp. 1–2. 8027: 8020: 8012: 8008: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7970: 7966: 7955: 7948: 7938: 7936: 7927: 7926: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7875: 7871: 7864: 7850: 7846: 7838: 7829: 7821: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7792: 7781: 7774: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7675: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7621: 7617: 7612:. 19 June 2019. 7604: 7603: 7599: 7594:. 27 June 2022. 7586: 7585: 7581: 7574: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7539: 7524: 7510: 7506: 7498: 7491: 7483: 7476: 7462: 7460: 7451: 7450: 7443: 7435: 7428: 7422:St. John (2012) 7420: 7416: 7408: 7401: 7395:de Zwart (2000) 7393: 7384: 7380: 7375: 7374: 7368:Bronkhorst 2020 7366: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7347: 7343: 7334: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7266: 7262: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7180: 7124:parallel cinema 7091:The Hindi film 7089: 7062: 7057: 7025:Anand Teltumbde 7021: 6998: 6973:Samajwadi Party 6961: 6955: 6941:. He urged the 6915: 6899: 6871: 6859: 6839: 6828: 6811: 6799: 6779: 6560:and Protestant 6525: 6519: 6499: 6435: 6353: 6347: 6339: 6298: 6255: 6230: 6212:comprises 26%, 6198: 6161: 6132: 6128:Other countries 6116: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6078: 6049: 6007: 6003:Pacific Islands 5979: 5894: 5864:Nationality law 5860: 5839: 5822: 5800: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5760: 5751:Block Panchayat 5733: 5704: 5659: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5574: 5536: 5528: 5476: 5322: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5296: 5261: 5217: 5190: 5158: 5131: 5104: 5089: 5075: 5053: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5013: 4995: 4985: 4968: 4951: 4932: 4922:Other tribunals 4912:Nyaya Panchayat 4864: 4860:Bar Association 4851: 4827: 4811: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4761: 4739: 4720: 4697: 4675: 4653: 4636: 4617: 4591: 4569: 4547: 4530: 4511: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4458: 4441: 4419: 4397: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4361: 4347:Judicial review 4336: 4320: 4316: 4293: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4242:Indian diaspora 4238: 4236:Indian diaspora 4208: 4202: 4181: 4175: 4151: 4143:Main articles: 4141: 4125: 4108: 4055: 4035: 4033:Social identity 4027:Tony Ballantyne 4023:Khushwant Singh 4011: 4003:racial theories 3946: 3937:ten-year census 3933: 3911: 3891: 3883:David Cannadine 3881:. According to 3840: 3820: 3796: 3742:Delhi Sultanate 3703: 3679:Padmanabh Jaini 3645:Jain literature 3560: 3480: 3478:Hindu synthesis 3470: 3422:dasa-kammakaras 3340: 3327: 3180: 3175: 3109: 3051: 2978: 2904: 2869: 2845: 2806: 2797: 2786: 2783: 2774: 2771: 2760: 2759:Muslim merchant 2757: 2748: 2745: 2727: 2711: 2595: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2471: 2469: 2455: 2443: 2432: 2404: 2398: 2302: 2296: 2284:people and the 2245: 2239: 2232: 2216: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2058:Polyculturalism 1954:Civil liberties 1926: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1895:Reappropriation 1795: 1794:Countermeasures 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1712:Racial steering 1678:Numerus clausus 1582: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1295:Ethnic conflict 1230:Corrective rape 1185: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1173: 810: 799: 798: 797: 796: 795: 750:minority Muslim 638: 628: 627: 626: 625: 624: 516:HIV/AIDS stigma 388: 380: 379: 378: 377: 376: 325:Mental disorder 267: 259: 258: 257: 256: 255: 228: 195: 47: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20693: 20683: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20645: 20644: 20642: 20641: 20631: 20620: 20617: 20616: 20614: 20613: 20608: 20603: 20598: 20593: 20587: 20585: 20576: 20575: 20573: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20546: 20544: 20536: 20535: 20533: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20502: 20497: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20472: 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20447: 20442: 20437: 20432: 20427: 20422: 20417: 20412: 20407: 20402: 20397: 20392: 20387: 20382: 20377: 20372: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20352: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20302: 20297: 20292: 20286: 20284: 20278: 20277: 20272: 20271: 20264: 20257: 20249: 20240: 20239: 20237: 20236: 20225: 20222: 20221: 20218: 20217: 20214: 20213: 20211: 20210: 20205: 20200: 20195: 20193:Ottoman Empire 20190: 20185: 20180: 20178:Ancient Greece 20175: 20169: 20167: 20163: 20162: 20160: 20159: 20154: 20152:United Kingdom 20149: 20144: 20139: 20134: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20069: 20063: 20061: 20055: 20054: 20051: 20050: 20048: 20047: 20045:Home-ownership 20042: 20037: 20031: 20029: 20023: 20022: 20020: 20019: 20014: 20009: 20004: 19998: 19996: 19990: 19989: 19987: 19986: 19985: 19984: 19979: 19969: 19968: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19947: 19946: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19924: 19922: 19916: 19915: 19913: 19912: 19907: 19902: 19900:American Dream 19897: 19891: 19885: 19875: 19874: 19862: 19861: 19858: 19857: 19854: 19853: 19850: 19849: 19847: 19846: 19841: 19832: 19827: 19822: 19813: 19804: 19799: 19794: 19788: 19786: 19780: 19779: 19777: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19745: 19743: 19737: 19736: 19734: 19733: 19728: 19723: 19718: 19717: 19716: 19705: 19703: 19697: 19696: 19694: 19693: 19687: 19685: 19679: 19678: 19676: 19675: 19668: 19659: 19654: 19649: 19644: 19643: 19642: 19637: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19606: 19604: 19598: 19597: 19595: 19594: 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19524: 19522: 19516: 19515: 19513: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19496: 19495: 19484: 19482: 19476: 19475: 19473: 19472: 19467: 19466: 19465: 19460: 19459: 19458: 19443: 19442: 19441: 19436: 19428: 19427: 19426: 19416: 19411: 19406: 19405: 19404: 19393: 19391: 19382: 19378: 19377: 19375: 19374: 19369: 19364: 19359: 19354: 19349: 19343: 19341: 19333: 19332: 19330: 19329: 19324: 19319: 19314: 19312:Migrant worker 19309: 19304: 19303: 19302: 19292: 19291: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19265: 19264: 19263: 19258: 19248: 19242: 19240: 19232: 19231: 19228:By demographic 19219: 19218: 19215: 19214: 19212: 19211: 19208:Status Anxiety 19204: 19199: 19194: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19162:Ranked society 19159: 19154: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19104:Class conflict 19101: 19096: 19090: 19088: 19087: topics 19082: 19081: 19079: 19078: 19073: 19068: 19063: 19061:Mudsill theory 19058: 19053: 19048: 19042: 19040: 19032: 19031: 19029: 19028: 19021: 19014: 19006: 19003: 19002: 18999: 18998: 18992: 18989: 18988: 18981: 18974: 18966: 18957: 18956: 18954: 18953: 18943: 18932: 18929: 18928: 18926: 18925: 18920: 18919: 18918: 18908: 18903: 18898: 18897: 18896: 18891: 18886: 18876: 18871: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18850: 18849: 18847:Reverse racism 18839: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18819: 18817:Prisoner abuse 18814: 18809: 18807:Power distance 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18774: 18773: 18772: 18762: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18727: 18725:Ethnic penalty 18722: 18721: 18720: 18718:Neurodiversity 18715: 18705: 18703:Dehumanization 18700: 18695: 18693:Cisnormativity 18690: 18685: 18680: 18674: 18672: 18671:Related topics 18668: 18667: 18665: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18593: 18592: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18551: 18549: 18545: 18544: 18542: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18529:State religion 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18510: 18509: 18504: 18499: 18494: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18468: 18467: 18465:Nuremberg Laws 18462: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18407:Ghetto benches 18404: 18402:Gerrymandering 18399: 18394: 18389: 18387:Gender pay gap 18384: 18383: 18382: 18377: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18346: 18344: 18341:Discriminatory 18338: 18337: 18335: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18218: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18170:Lavender scare 18167: 18165:Kill Haole Day 18162: 18160:Indian rolling 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18136: 18135: 18125: 18120: 18119: 18118: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18046:Eliminationism 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17981:Cancel culture 17978: 17973: 17968: 17967: 17966: 17955: 17953: 17952:Manifestations 17949: 17948: 17946: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17838:Middle Eastern 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17804: 17803: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17777: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17708: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17672: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17640: 17639: 17634: 17629: 17619: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17588: 17586: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17575: 17573:Zoroastrianism 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17549: 17548: 17538: 17537: 17536: 17535: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17499: 17498: 17497: 17495:Untouchability 17492: 17482: 17477: 17476: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17424: 17422: 17416: 17415: 17413: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17401: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17380: 17379: 17378: 17373: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17316:Leprosy stigma 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17182: 17180: 17176: 17175: 17173: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17141: 17140: 17135: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17069: 17067: 17063: 17062: 17060: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17038: 17036: 17032: 17031: 17028:Discrimination 17024: 17023: 17016: 17009: 17001: 16992: 16991: 16989: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16962: 16961: 16956: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16925: 16923: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16894: 16893: 16882: 16880: 16874: 16873: 16871: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16829: 16827: 16821: 16820: 16818: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16795:Illegal mining 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16766: 16764: 16758: 16757: 16755: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16728: 16726: 16720: 16719: 16717: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16699:Caste politics 16695: 16693: 16687: 16686: 16684: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16651:Women's health 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16622: 16620: 16614: 16613: 16611: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16583:Child marriage 16580: 16575: 16569: 16567: 16563: 16562: 16560: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16547:Nuclear family 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16513: 16511: 16507: 16506: 16504: 16503: 16501:Water disputes 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16481:Climate change 16478: 16472: 16470: 16464: 16463: 16461: 16460: 16455: 16449: 16447: 16441: 16440: 16438: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16410:Street vendors 16407: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16379: 16378: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16336:Communications 16332: 16330: 16324: 16323: 16316: 16315: 16308: 16301: 16293: 16284: 16283: 16281: 16280: 16275: 16269: 16267: 16263: 16262: 16260: 16259: 16258: 16257: 16247: 16242: 16236: 16234: 16230: 16229: 16227: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16195: 16193: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16185: 16183:Atrocities Act 16179: 16177: 16173: 16172: 16170: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16143: 16141: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16121:Untouchability 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16097: 16091: 16086: 16080: 16078: 16074: 16073: 16071: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16008:Communal Award 16004: 16002: 15998: 15997: 15995: 15994: 15989: 15987:B. R. Ambedkar 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15918: 15916: 15912: 15911: 15908:Caste in India 15904: 15903: 15896: 15889: 15881: 15875: 15874: 15867: 15866:External links 15864: 15862: 15861: 15849: 15837: 15826: 15824: 15817: 15799:(3): 326–346. 15788: 15779: 15761:(6): 648–657. 15750: 15744: 15731: 15724: 15702: 15697: 15682: 15670: 15658: 15639: 15613:(2): 217–236. 15609:. New Series. 15602: 15590: 15579: 15563: 15557: 15541: 15538: 15528: 15518: 15508: 15501: 15495: 15479: 15476: 15473: 15463: 15452: 15445: 15439: 15419: 15402: 15393: 15387: 15371: 15365: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15341: 15311: 15302: 15297: 15283:Thapar, Romila 15279: 15274: 15259: 15225: 15220: 15204: 15177: 15172: 15157: 15131: 15126: 15113: 15108: 15095: 15086:(3): 443–444, 15075: 15070: 15052: 15047: 15033:Sharma, Arvind 15029: 15024: 15009: 15004: 14989: 14984: 14971: 14952: 14932: 14886: 14844: 14799: 14771:(3): 422–438. 14756: 14747: 14742: 14729: 14724: 14706: 14689:(2): 173–189, 14675: 14670: 14652: 14647: 14631: 14626: 14610: 14605: 14587: 14582: 14565: 14553: 14548: 14530: 14525: 14507: 14502: 14484: 14479: 14461: 14436:(3): 235–249, 14425: 14423:, Polity Press 14416: 14411: 14396: 14391: 14376: 14371: 14354: 14349: 14331: 14322:(9): 356–360, 14306: 14301: 14286: 14277: 14268: 14246: 14198:(March 1996), 14192: 14187: 14172: 14167: 14152: 14099: 14087: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14016: 13993: 13974:(4): 362–391. 13954: 13928: 13902: 13888: 13868: 13856:www.rediff.com 13850:Iype, George. 13842: 13825: 13808: 13791: 13769: 13757: 13740: 13729:(3): 223–246. 13709: 13678: 13660: 13648: 13631: 13610: 13603: 13585: 13567: 13549: 13542:Haque (2006). 13534: 13516: 13494: 13472: 13440: 13429:. 26 June 2014 13412: 13401:. 25 June 2014 13384: 13356: 13345:. 21 June 2014 13328: 13309: 13274: 13248: 13217: 13210: 13192: 13185: 13167: 13148:(4): 605–606. 13128: 13093: 13086: 13068: 13045: 13016:Aditya Nigam. 13008: 12989: 12971: 12952: 12940: 12928: 12921: 12896: 12884: 12877: 12857: 12850: 12832: 12825: 12807: 12789: 12762: 12755: 12737: 12694: 12687: 12663: 12656: 12635: 12628: 12605: 12590: 12575: 12563: 12542: 12527: 12500: 12498:, p. 149. 12485: 12478: 12460: 12453: 12435: 12428: 12403: 12370: 12337: 12319: 12290:(2): 245–270. 12270: 12243: 12230:Indian Express 12217: 12199: 12177: 12161: 12157:Times of India 12130: 12113: 12074: 12060: 12033: 12024: 12003: 11994: 11976: 11962: 11944: 11926: 11908: 11890: 11887:. 1 July 2020. 11872: 11853: 11834: 11811: 11793: 11774: 11755: 11731: 11717: 11700: 11687: 11669: 11650: 11632: 11611: 11592:(2): 193–206. 11576: 11573:. 18 May 2020. 11555: 11540: 11521:(3): 493–511. 11505: 11478: 11455: 11433: 11418: 11411: 11393: 11386: 11368: 11356: 11349: 11329: 11300: 11287: 11275: 11264:(2): 133–157. 11248: 11241: 11223: 11211: 11199: 11197:, p. 235. 11187: 11175: 11163: 11156: 11138: 11131: 11113: 11106: 11088: 11081: 11063: 11056: 11035: 11017: 11010: 10987: 10980: 10956: 10949: 10941:Deviant bodies 10928: 10914: 10893: 10886: 10863: 10856: 10835: 10821: 10801: 10794: 10776: 10769: 10751: 10744: 10726: 10714: 10707: 10686: 10672: 10649: 10642: 10624: 10605:(3): 257–287. 10589: 10570:(2): 131–164. 10554: 10547: 10529: 10517: 10502: 10488: 10486:, p. 203. 10476: 10469: 10447: 10440: 10420: 10413: 10393: 10386: 10366: 10359: 10339: 10310: 10303: 10285: 10270: 10263: 10245: 10233: 10221: 10209: 10197: 10185: 10173: 10161: 10149: 10142: 10124: 10112: 10100: 10088: 10076: 10064: 10057: 10033: 10026: 9999: 9992: 9974: 9967: 9949: 9942: 9924: 9914: 9896: 9889: 9871: 9864: 9843: 9836: 9813: 9806: 9788: 9781: 9763: 9756: 9738: 9731: 9713: 9706: 9679: 9672: 9654: 9647: 9629: 9622: 9604: 9585: 9578: 9560: 9553: 9535: 9528: 9510: 9503: 9485: 9473: 9464: 9455: 9439: 9432: 9414: 9407: 9389: 9382: 9364: 9349: 9347:, p. 594. 9337: 9335:, p. 532. 9325: 9313: 9311:, Live Science 9298: 9286: 9274: 9262: 9260:, p. 149. 9250: 9248:, p. 148. 9238: 9226: 9224:, p. 359. 9214: 9212:, p. 357. 9202: 9200:, p. 358. 9190: 9178: 9166: 9154: 9142: 9130: 9113: 9111:, p. 203. 9096: 9081: 9069: 9057: 9045: 9033: 9021: 9006: 8991: 8976: 8967: 8955: 8943: 8936: 8915: 8908: 8887: 8852: 8840: 8833: 8815: 8813:, p. 218. 8803: 8801:, p. 212. 8791: 8779: 8767: 8755: 8748: 8730: 8723: 8705: 8698: 8686:David Lorenzen 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8622: 8604: 8592: 8580: 8578:, p. 184. 8568: 8556: 8544: 8532: 8520: 8508: 8506:, p. 181. 8496: 8484: 8472: 8460: 8441:(2): 275–305. 8425: 8413: 8411:, p. 132. 8401: 8389: 8377: 8365: 8358: 8340: 8329: 8311: 8284: 8272: 8260: 8253: 8235: 8194:(4): 351–370. 8178: 8171: 8153: 8141: 8129: 8117: 8105: 8093: 8081: 8069: 8057: 8045: 8033: 8018: 8016:, p. 239. 8006: 7989: 7982: 7964: 7946: 7917: 7905: 7893: 7881: 7869: 7862: 7844: 7827: 7810: 7798: 7796:, p. 148. 7779: 7772: 7754: 7747: 7723: 7716: 7696: 7689: 7669: 7657: 7642: 7635: 7615: 7597: 7579: 7572: 7554: 7537: 7522: 7504: 7489: 7487:, p. 392. 7474: 7441: 7439:, p. 214. 7437:Sathaye (2015) 7426: 7424:, p. 103. 7414: 7399: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7341: 7328: 7316: 7299: 7290: 7280: 7260: 7248:Ashkenazi Jews 7235: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7179: 7176: 7088: 7085: 7065:Mulk Raj Anand 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7020: 7017: 6997: 6994: 6959:Caste politics 6954: 6953:Caste politics 6951: 6914: 6911: 6902:B. R. Ambedkar 6898: 6897:B. R. Ambedkar 6895: 6870: 6867: 6858: 6855: 6842:Jyotirao Phule 6838: 6837:Jyotirao Phule 6835: 6827: 6824: 6810: 6807: 6798: 6795: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6713:Zoroastrianism 6709: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6573:Religion/Caste 6521:Main article: 6518: 6515: 6498: 6495: 6434: 6431: 6349:Main article: 6346: 6343: 6338: 6335: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6297: 6294: 6254: 6251: 6229: 6226: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6076:Foreign Policy 6074: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5993:European Union 5990: 5985: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5970:United Nations 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5858: 5849: 5838: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5774: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756:Gram Panchayat 5753: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5738:Panchayati Raj 5732: 5731: 5729:Town Panchayat 5726: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5625:Chief Minister 5622: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5588: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5535: 5534: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5397:Madhya Pradesh 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5337:Andhra Pradesh 5333: 5332: 5324: 5323: 5313: 5310: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5260: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5167:Constituencies 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5027: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4999:Law Commission 4994: 4993: 4984: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4895:Chief Justices 4887: 4885:Gram Nyayalaya 4882: 4881: 4880: 4873:District Court 4870: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4775: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4684: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4662: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4641:Deputy Speaker 4635: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4618: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4590: 4589: 4578: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4556: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4535:Deputy Speaker 4529: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4513: 4512: 4502: 4499: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4457: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4440: 4439: 4428: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4406: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4388:Droupadi Murmu 4384: 4383: 4375: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4299: 4298: 4288: 4287: 4273:Main article: 4270: 4267: 4237: 4234: 4204:Main article: 4201: 4198: 4177:Main article: 4174: 4171: 4145:Caste politics 4140: 4139:Caste politics 4137: 4124: 4121: 4107: 4104: 4085:Communal Award 4054: 4051: 4038:Nicholas Dirks 4034: 4031: 4010: 4007: 3945: 3942: 3932: 3929: 3910: 3907: 3890: 3887: 3879:social classes 3839: 3836: 3819: 3816: 3795: 3792: 3702: 3699: 3671:deva-Brahmaṇas 3578:Andhra Pradesh 3559: 3556: 3469: 3466: 3339: 3336: 3326: 3323: 3304:(priests) and 3290:as slave. The 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3155:Ashkenazi Jews 3108: 3105: 3070:Dharma-sastras 3050: 3047: 2977: 2972: 2950:system in the 2868: 2862: 2849:George L. Hart 2844: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2823: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2751: 2749: 2747:Hindu musician 2746: 2739: 2726: 2723: 2719:M. N. Srinivas 2710: 2707: 2679:André Beteille 2668:or class, and 2618:, rather than 2594: 2591: 2579: 2578: 2577:caste-society. 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2525: 2524: 2460:. Please help 2446: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2400:Main article: 2397: 2394: 2298:Main article: 2295: 2290: 2241:Main article: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2103:Reverse racism 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2073:Prisoner abuse 2070: 2065: 2063:Power distance 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1981:Ethnic penalty 1978: 1977: 1976: 1974:Neurodiversity 1971: 1961: 1959:Dehumanization 1956: 1951: 1949:Cisnormativity 1946: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1925:Related topics 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1769:State religion 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1705:Nuremberg Laws 1702: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1647:Ghetto benches 1644: 1642:Gerrymandering 1639: 1634: 1629: 1627:Gender pay gap 1624: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1404:Lavender scare 1401: 1399:Kill Haole Day 1396: 1394:Indian rolling 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1280:Eliminationism 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1215:Cancel culture 1212: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1184:Manifestations 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1064:Middle Eastern 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 898: 897: 892: 887: 877: 872: 867: 866: 865: 860: 855: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 814: 813: 812: 811: 805: 804: 801: 800: 794: 793: 791:Zoroastrianism 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 767: 766: 756: 755: 754: 753: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 717: 716: 715: 713:Untouchability 710: 700: 695: 694: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 663: 658: 653: 648: 642: 641: 640: 639: 634: 633: 630: 629: 623: 622: 617: 612: 611: 610: 605: 600: 590: 589: 588: 583: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 526:Leprosy stigma 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 392: 391: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 343: 342: 337: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 271: 270: 269: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 254: 253: 248: 243: 238: 232: 231: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 213: 212: 210:Discrimination 206: 205: 194: 191: 56:Mahatma Gandhi 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20692: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20657: 20655: 20640: 20636: 20632: 20630: 20622: 20621: 20618: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20602: 20599: 20597: 20594: 20592: 20589: 20588: 20586: 20581: 20577: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20565:South Ossetia 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20547: 20545: 20543: 20537: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20423: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20401: 20398: 20396: 20393: 20391: 20388: 20386: 20383: 20381: 20378: 20376: 20373: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20348: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20287: 20285: 20283: 20279: 20270: 20265: 20263: 20258: 20256: 20251: 20250: 20247: 20235: 20227: 20226: 20223: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20189: 20186: 20184: 20181: 20179: 20176: 20174: 20171: 20170: 20168: 20164: 20158: 20157:United States 20155: 20153: 20150: 20148: 20145: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20064: 20062: 20058:Other regions 20056: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20032: 20030: 20028: 20024: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20003: 20000: 19999: 19997: 19995: 19991: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19974: 19973: 19970: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19952: 19951: 19948: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19930: 19929: 19926: 19925: 19923: 19921: 19917: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19892: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19883:United States 19880: 19876: 19867: 19863: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19789: 19787: 19785: 19781: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19746: 19744: 19742: 19738: 19732: 19729: 19727: 19724: 19722: 19719: 19715: 19712: 19711: 19710: 19707: 19706: 19704: 19702: 19698: 19692: 19689: 19688: 19686: 19684: 19680: 19674: 19673: 19669: 19666: 19665: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19653: 19650: 19648: 19645: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19632: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19607: 19605: 19603: 19599: 19593: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19525: 19523: 19521: 19517: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19494: 19491: 19490: 19489: 19486: 19485: 19483: 19481: 19477: 19471: 19468: 19464: 19461: 19457: 19454: 19453: 19452: 19449: 19448: 19447: 19444: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19431: 19429: 19425: 19422: 19421: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19403: 19400: 19399: 19398: 19395: 19394: 19392: 19390: 19386: 19383: 19379: 19373: 19370: 19368: 19365: 19363: 19360: 19358: 19355: 19353: 19350: 19348: 19345: 19344: 19342: 19339: 19334: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19322:Socioeconomic 19320: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19301: 19298: 19297: 19296: 19293: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19270: 19269: 19266: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19253: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19243: 19241: 19237: 19233: 19224: 19220: 19210: 19209: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19197:Social stigma 19195: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19187:Social orphan 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19152: 19147: 19146: 19145:Nouveau riche 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19119:Class traitor 19117: 19115: 19114:Class society 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19091: 19089: 19083: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19051:Gilbert model 19049: 19047: 19044: 19043: 19041: 19037: 19033: 19027: 19026: 19022: 19020: 19019: 19015: 19013: 19012: 19008: 19007: 19004: 18997: 18994: 18993: 18987: 18982: 18980: 18975: 18973: 18968: 18967: 18964: 18952: 18944: 18942: 18934: 18933: 18930: 18924: 18921: 18917: 18914: 18913: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18902: 18901:Social stigma 18899: 18895: 18892: 18890: 18887: 18885: 18882: 18881: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18848: 18845: 18844: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18771: 18768: 18767: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18710: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18675: 18673: 18669: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18591: 18588: 18587: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18552: 18550: 18546: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18524:State atheism 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18489: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18460:Jim Crow laws 18458: 18457: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18445:One-drop rule 18443: 18441: 18439: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18372: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18360:Blood quantum 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18347: 18345: 18339: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18307:Victimisation 18305: 18303: 18302:Trans bashing 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18272:Religious war 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18252:Racialization 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18202: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18134: 18131: 18130: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18123:Glass ceiling 18121: 18117: 18114: 18113: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18066:Ethnic hatred 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 18001:Counter-jihad 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17965: 17962: 17961: 17960: 17957: 17956: 17954: 17950: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17802: 17799: 17798: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17775: 17774:United States 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17761: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17657: 17656: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17638: 17637:United States 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17624: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17589: 17587: 17585: 17580: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17558:Protestantism 17556: 17554: 17551: 17547: 17544: 17543: 17542: 17539: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17509: 17508: 17505: 17504: 17503: 17500: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17487: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17468:LDS or Mormon 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17450: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17425: 17423: 17421: 17417: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17393:Transmisogyny 17391: 17389: 17386: 17385: 17384: 17381: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17368: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17296:Gerontophobia 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17226:Anti-intersex 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17201:Anti-albinism 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17177: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17130: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17070: 17068: 17064: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17042:Institutional 17040: 17039: 17037: 17033: 17029: 17022: 17017: 17015: 17010: 17008: 17003: 17002: 16999: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16976:Superstitions 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16954:Homosexuality 16952: 16951: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16926: 16924: 16920: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16892: 16889: 16888: 16887: 16884: 16883: 16881: 16879: 16875: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16830: 16828: 16826: 16822: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16767: 16765: 16763: 16759: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16729: 16727: 16725: 16721: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16696: 16694: 16692: 16688: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16631:Bride burning 16629: 16627: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16619: 16615: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16570: 16568: 16564: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16514: 16512: 16508: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16473: 16471: 16469: 16465: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16450: 16448: 16446: 16442: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16399: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16377: 16374: 16373: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16333: 16331: 16329: 16325: 16321: 16314: 16309: 16307: 16302: 16300: 16295: 16294: 16291: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16270: 16268: 16264: 16256: 16253: 16252: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16237: 16235: 16231: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16209:Justice Party 16207: 16205: 16204:Dalit Panther 16202: 16200: 16197: 16196: 16194: 16192:Organisations 16190: 16184: 16181: 16180: 16178: 16174: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16142: 16138: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16101: 16098: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16079: 16075: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16053:Jat agitation 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16005: 16003: 15999: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15919: 15917: 15913: 15909: 15902: 15897: 15895: 15890: 15888: 15883: 15882: 15879: 15873: 15870: 15869: 15858: 15854: 15850: 15846: 15842: 15838: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15818: 15814: 15810: 15806: 15802: 15798: 15794: 15789: 15785: 15780: 15776: 15772: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15751: 15747: 15741: 15737: 15732: 15729: 15725: 15714: 15710: 15707: 15703: 15700: 15694: 15690: 15689: 15683: 15679: 15675: 15671: 15667: 15664:(1962–1975). 15663: 15659: 15655: 15651: 15647: 15646: 15640: 15636: 15632: 15628: 15624: 15620: 15616: 15612: 15608: 15603: 15599: 15595: 15591: 15588: 15587:0-7069-5319-3 15584: 15580: 15575: 15574: 15568: 15567:Ghurye, G. S. 15564: 15560: 15554: 15550: 15546: 15542: 15539: 15536: 15532: 15529: 15526: 15522: 15519: 15516: 15512: 15509: 15506: 15502: 15498: 15492: 15488: 15484: 15480: 15477: 15474: 15471: 15467: 15464: 15461: 15457: 15453: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15440:9780521229326 15436: 15431: 15430: 15424: 15420: 15416: 15412: 15408: 15403: 15399: 15394: 15390: 15384: 15381:. AMS Press. 15380: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15362: 15358: 15357: 15351: 15350: 15335: 15331: 15327: 15320: 15316: 15312: 15308: 15303: 15300: 15294: 15290: 15289: 15284: 15280: 15277: 15271: 15267: 15266: 15260: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15231: 15226: 15223: 15217: 15213: 15209: 15205: 15202: 15198: 15194: 15190: 15186: 15182: 15178: 15175: 15169: 15165: 15164: 15158: 15154: 15148: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15129: 15123: 15119: 15114: 15111: 15105: 15101: 15096: 15093: 15089: 15085: 15081: 15076: 15073: 15067: 15063: 15062: 15057: 15056:Sharma, R. S. 15053: 15050: 15044: 15040: 15039: 15034: 15030: 15027: 15021: 15017: 15016: 15010: 15007: 15001: 14997: 14996: 14990: 14987: 14981: 14977: 14972: 14968: 14962: 14955: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14933: 14930: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14912: 14908: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14887: 14884: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14866: 14862: 14858: 14854: 14850: 14845: 14842: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14812: 14811: 14806: 14800: 14796: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14778: 14774: 14770: 14766: 14762: 14757: 14753: 14748: 14745: 14739: 14735: 14730: 14727: 14721: 14717: 14716: 14711: 14707: 14704: 14700: 14696: 14692: 14688: 14684: 14680: 14676: 14673: 14667: 14663: 14662: 14657: 14656:Inden, Ronald 14653: 14650: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14632: 14629: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14608: 14602: 14598: 14597: 14592: 14591:Ghurye, G. S. 14588: 14585: 14579: 14574: 14573: 14566: 14562: 14558: 14554: 14551: 14545: 14541: 14540: 14535: 14534:Dumont, Louis 14531: 14528: 14522: 14518: 14517: 14512: 14508: 14505: 14499: 14495: 14494: 14489: 14485: 14482: 14476: 14472: 14471: 14466: 14462: 14459: 14455: 14451: 14447: 14443: 14439: 14435: 14431: 14426: 14422: 14417: 14414: 14408: 14404: 14403: 14397: 14394: 14388: 14385:, Routledge, 14384: 14383: 14377: 14374: 14368: 14364: 14360: 14355: 14352: 14346: 14342: 14341: 14336: 14332: 14329: 14325: 14321: 14317: 14316: 14311: 14307: 14304: 14298: 14294: 14293: 14287: 14283: 14278: 14274: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14260: 14255: 14251: 14247: 14240: 14236: 14232: 14228: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14201: 14197: 14193: 14190: 14184: 14180: 14179: 14173: 14170: 14164: 14160: 14159: 14153: 14149: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14100: 14097:, Grove Press 14096: 14092: 14088: 14084: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14066: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14048: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14026: 14025: 14012: 14008: 14004: 13997: 13989: 13985: 13981: 13977: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13958: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13935: 13933: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13909: 13907: 13891: 13889:9789391028343 13885: 13881: 13880: 13872: 13857: 13853: 13846: 13838: 13837: 13829: 13822: 13817: 13815: 13813: 13804: 13803: 13795: 13779: 13773: 13766: 13761: 13754: 13753:0-7656-1060-4 13750: 13744: 13736: 13732: 13728: 13724: 13720: 13713: 13705: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13689: 13682: 13674: 13670: 13664: 13657: 13652: 13645: 13644:81-7534-500-4 13641: 13635: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13614: 13606: 13600: 13596: 13589: 13578: 13571: 13560: 13553: 13545: 13538: 13527: 13520: 13504: 13498: 13482: 13476: 13460: 13456: 13455: 13450: 13444: 13428: 13427: 13422: 13416: 13400: 13399: 13394: 13388: 13373: 13372: 13367: 13360: 13344: 13343: 13338: 13332: 13324: 13320: 13313: 13294: 13287: 13286: 13278: 13263: 13259: 13252: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13221: 13213: 13207: 13203: 13196: 13188: 13182: 13178: 13171: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13132: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13097: 13089: 13083: 13079: 13072: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13049: 13041: 13035: 13019: 13012: 13005: 13001: 12998: 12993: 12985: 12981: 12975: 12967: 12963: 12956: 12949: 12944: 12937: 12932: 12924: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12903: 12901: 12893: 12888: 12880: 12874: 12870: 12869: 12861: 12853: 12847: 12843: 12836: 12828: 12822: 12818: 12811: 12803: 12799: 12793: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12766: 12758: 12752: 12748: 12741: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12698: 12690: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12675: 12667: 12659: 12653: 12649: 12642: 12640: 12631: 12625: 12621: 12620: 12615: 12609: 12601: 12594: 12586: 12579: 12572: 12567: 12559: 12555: 12549: 12547: 12538: 12531: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12504: 12497: 12492: 12490: 12481: 12475: 12471: 12464: 12456: 12450: 12446: 12439: 12431: 12425: 12421: 12420: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12388: 12381: 12374: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12348: 12341: 12330: 12323: 12315: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12274: 12258: 12254: 12247: 12232:. 17 May 2010 12231: 12227: 12221: 12213: 12209: 12203: 12187: 12181: 12174: 12170: 12165: 12158: 12145: 12141: 12134: 12123: 12117: 12098: 12091: 12087: 12081: 12079: 12070: 12064: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12037: 12028: 12020: 12019: 12014: 12007: 11998: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11972: 11966: 11958: 11954: 11948: 11940: 11936: 11930: 11922: 11918: 11912: 11904: 11900: 11894: 11886: 11882: 11876: 11868: 11864: 11857: 11849: 11845: 11838: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11815: 11807: 11803: 11797: 11789: 11785: 11778: 11770: 11766: 11759: 11748: 11741: 11735: 11727: 11721: 11710: 11704: 11697: 11691: 11683: 11679: 11673: 11665: 11661: 11654: 11646: 11642: 11636: 11628: 11624: 11618: 11616: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11580: 11572: 11568: 11562: 11560: 11551: 11544: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11509: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11482: 11475: 11471: 11468: 11462: 11460: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11440: 11438: 11430: 11425: 11423: 11414: 11408: 11404: 11397: 11389: 11383: 11379: 11372: 11365: 11360: 11352: 11346: 11342: 11341: 11333: 11318: 11317:Outlook India 11314: 11310: 11304: 11297: 11291: 11284: 11279: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11252: 11244: 11238: 11234: 11227: 11221:, p. 14. 11220: 11215: 11208: 11203: 11196: 11191: 11185:, p. 27. 11184: 11179: 11172: 11171:Dirks (2001a) 11167: 11159: 11153: 11149: 11142: 11134: 11128: 11124: 11117: 11109: 11103: 11099: 11092: 11084: 11078: 11074: 11067: 11059: 11053: 11049: 11042: 11040: 11028: 11021: 11013: 11007: 11003: 10996: 10994: 10992: 10983: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10968: 10960: 10952: 10946: 10942: 10935: 10933: 10925: 10923: 10917: 10911: 10907: 10900: 10898: 10889: 10883: 10879: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10842: 10840: 10832: 10830: 10824: 10818: 10814: 10813: 10805: 10797: 10791: 10787: 10780: 10772: 10766: 10762: 10755: 10747: 10741: 10737: 10730: 10723: 10722:Dirks (2001a) 10718: 10710: 10704: 10700: 10693: 10691: 10683: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10645: 10639: 10635: 10628: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10593: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10558: 10550: 10544: 10540: 10533: 10526: 10525:Dirks (2001a) 10521: 10514: 10513:Stokes (1980) 10509: 10507: 10498: 10492: 10485: 10480: 10472: 10466: 10461: 10460: 10451: 10443: 10437: 10433: 10432: 10424: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10405: 10397: 10389: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10370: 10362: 10356: 10352: 10351: 10343: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10314: 10306: 10300: 10297:. Routledge. 10296: 10289: 10282: 10281:Stokes (1973) 10277: 10275: 10266: 10260: 10256: 10249: 10242: 10237: 10230: 10229:Dirks (2001a) 10225: 10218: 10213: 10207:, p. 103 10206: 10201: 10194: 10193:Dirks (2001a) 10189: 10183:, p. 28. 10182: 10181:Dirks (2001a) 10177: 10171:, p. 13. 10170: 10165: 10159:, p. 27. 10158: 10153: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10128: 10122:, p. 31. 10121: 10116: 10109: 10104: 10098:, p. 30. 10097: 10092: 10085: 10080: 10073: 10068: 10060: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10037: 10029: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10006: 10004: 9995: 9989: 9985: 9978: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9953: 9945: 9939: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9907: 9900: 9892: 9886: 9882: 9875: 9867: 9861: 9857: 9850: 9848: 9839: 9833: 9829: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9809: 9803: 9799: 9792: 9784: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9759: 9753: 9749: 9742: 9734: 9728: 9724: 9717: 9709: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9694: 9686: 9684: 9675: 9669: 9665: 9658: 9650: 9644: 9640: 9633: 9625: 9619: 9615: 9608: 9600: 9596: 9589: 9581: 9575: 9571: 9564: 9556: 9550: 9546: 9539: 9531: 9525: 9521: 9514: 9506: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9477: 9468: 9459: 9452: 9448: 9443: 9435: 9429: 9425: 9418: 9410: 9404: 9400: 9393: 9385: 9379: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9356: 9354: 9346: 9341: 9334: 9329: 9322: 9317: 9310: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9290: 9283: 9278: 9271: 9266: 9259: 9254: 9247: 9242: 9235: 9230: 9223: 9218: 9211: 9206: 9199: 9194: 9187: 9186:Sharma (1958) 9182: 9176:, p. 58. 9175: 9174:Sharma (1958) 9170: 9164:, p. 48. 9163: 9162:Sharma (1958) 9158: 9151: 9150:Sharma (1958) 9146: 9140:, p. 44. 9139: 9138:Sharma (1958) 9134: 9128:, p. 22. 9127: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9110: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9093: 9088: 9086: 9079:, p. 40. 9078: 9077:Sharma (1958) 9073: 9066: 9061: 9054: 9053:Sharma (1958) 9049: 9042: 9041:Sharma (1958) 9037: 9030: 9029:Sharma (1958) 9025: 9018: 9013: 9011: 9003: 8998: 8996: 8989:, p. 18. 8988: 8987:Sharma (1958) 8983: 8981: 8971: 8962: 8960: 8952: 8947: 8939: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8911: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8849: 8844: 8836: 8830: 8826: 8819: 8812: 8807: 8800: 8795: 8788: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8765:, p. 29. 8764: 8759: 8751: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8726: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8675:, p. 63. 8674: 8673:Thapar (2004) 8669: 8662: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8625: 8619: 8615: 8608: 8602:, p. 59. 8601: 8600:Dirks (2001a) 8596: 8589: 8584: 8577: 8572: 8565: 8560: 8553: 8552:Dirks (2001a) 8548: 8541: 8540:Dirks (2001a) 8536: 8529: 8524: 8517: 8512: 8505: 8500: 8493: 8492:Dirks (2001a) 8488: 8482:, p. 32. 8481: 8476: 8469: 8464: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8417: 8410: 8409:Sharma (2000) 8405: 8399:, p. 59. 8398: 8393: 8386: 8381: 8374: 8373:Ghurye (1969) 8369: 8361: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8337: 8332: 8326: 8322: 8315: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8280:Ghurye (1969) 8276: 8269: 8268:Ghurye (1969) 8264: 8256: 8250: 8246: 8239: 8231: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8182: 8174: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8151:, p. 22. 8150: 8149:Ghurye (1969) 8145: 8138: 8137:Ghurye (1969) 8133: 8126: 8125:Ghurye (1969) 8121: 8114: 8113:Ghurye (1969) 8109: 8102: 8101:Ghurye (1969) 8097: 8090: 8089:Ghurye (1969) 8085: 8078: 8077:Ghurye (1969) 8073: 8066: 8065:Ghurye (1969) 8061: 8054: 8053:Ghurye (1969) 8049: 8042: 8041:Ghurye (1969) 8037: 8030: 8029:Ghurye (1969) 8025: 8023: 8015: 8010: 8002: 7999: 7993: 7985: 7979: 7975: 7968: 7960: 7953: 7951: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7922: 7915:, p. 87. 7914: 7909: 7903:, p. 10. 7902: 7897: 7890: 7885: 7878: 7877:Dirks (2001a) 7873: 7865: 7859: 7855: 7848: 7842:, p. 23. 7841: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7824: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7807: 7802: 7795: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7775: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7727: 7719: 7717:0-8014-8172-4 7713: 7709: 7708: 7700: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7673: 7666: 7665:Dirks (2001a) 7661: 7655:, p. 21. 7654: 7649: 7647: 7638: 7632: 7628: 7627: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7575: 7569: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7550:Dirks (2001b) 7546: 7544: 7542: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7523:0-670-05801-7 7519: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7496: 7494: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7471: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7438: 7433: 7431: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7396: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7382: 7369: 7364: 7362: 7357: 7345: 7338: 7332: 7325: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7294: 7284: 7277: 7276:Andra Pradesh 7273: 7269: 7264: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7094:Achhut Kannya 7084: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7075:Arundhati Roy 7072: 7071: 7066: 7060:In literature 7052: 7049: 7045: 7040: 7037: 7032: 7028: 7026: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7002: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6919: 6910: 6908: 6903: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6876: 6866: 6863: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6834: 6832: 6823: 6815: 6806: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473:Although the 6471: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6342: 6334: 6332: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6302: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6210:Forward caste 6207: 6203: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6113: 6112: 6105: 6104:Narendra Modi 6102: 6100: 6099:Indira Gandhi 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5998:Latin America 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5796:S. Jaishankar 5794: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5765: 5764: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5555:Sub-districts 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5462:Uttar Pradesh 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5301: 5300: 5291: 5290:State parties 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066:Gyanesh Kumar 5064: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5018: 5017: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4834:Chief Justice 4831: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4560:Narendra Modi 4558: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4490: 4489: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4432:Narendra Modi 4430: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4366: 4365: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4312: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4263: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4246:United States 4243: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4225:land grabbing 4221: 4216: 4214: 4207: 4197: 4193: 4191: 4190:Outlook India 4185: 4180: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4134: 4129: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089:Anglo-Indians 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4006: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3977:, as well as 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3941: 3938: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3851:British India 3848: 3844: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3822:Although the 3815: 3811: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750:Mughal Empire 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3723:Peter Jackson 3720: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3462: 3458:could become 3456: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3332: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3203: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2924:Purusha Sukta 2921: 2917: 2914:verse in the 2913: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2889:Purusha Sukta 2885: 2880: 2878: 2877:Vedic society 2874: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2853:Sangam period 2850: 2840: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2795: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2763: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2654:Arthur Basham 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640:, notes that 2639: 2635: 2634:Arvind Sharma 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2521: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479: – 2478: 2474: 2473:Find sources: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2451:single source 2447:This article 2445: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2355:A feature of 2353: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2157:Social stigma 2155: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1922: 1921: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1791: 1790: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1764:State atheism 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1700:Jim Crow laws 1698: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685:One-drop rule 1683: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1600:Blood quantum 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1541:Victimisation 1539: 1537: 1536:Trans bashing 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1506:Religious war 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1486:Racialization 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1357:Glass ceiling 1355: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1300:Ethnic hatred 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1235:Counter-jihad 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1181: 1180: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1001: 1000:United States 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 864: 863:United States 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 809: 803: 802: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 776:Protestantism 774: 772: 769: 765: 762: 761: 760: 757: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 727: 726: 723: 722: 721: 718: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 704: 701: 699: 696: 692: 689: 687: 686:LDS or Mormon 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 637: 632: 631: 621: 618: 616: 613: 609: 606: 604: 603:Transmisogyny 601: 599: 596: 595: 594: 591: 587: 584: 582: 579: 578: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 506:Gerontophobia 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 436:Anti-intersex 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 411:Anti-albinism 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 384: 383: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 263: 262: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 236:Institutional 234: 233: 224: 223: 219: 215: 214: 211: 208: 207: 203: 199: 198: 190: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 144: 142: 138: 134: 129: 124: 119: 117: 116: 111: 110: 105: 101: 97: 93: 92:Mughal Empire 89: 85: 84:ancient India 81: 77: 73: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44: 36: 34: 19: 20580:Dependencies 20510:Turkmenistan 20475:Saudi Arabia 20354: 20208:Soviet Union 20183:Ancient Rome 20101: 20040:Homelessness 19965:Upper Middle 19837: / 19818: / 19809: / 19774:Working poor 19670: 19657:Robber baron 19480:Intellectual 19470:Royal family 19434:Ancient Rome 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Retrieved 11316: 11309:Omvedt, Gail 11303: 11290: 11278: 11261: 11257: 11251: 11232: 11226: 11214: 11202: 11190: 11178: 11166: 11148:Beyond Caste 11147: 11141: 11122: 11116: 11097: 11091: 11072: 11066: 11047: 11020: 11001: 10966: 10959: 10940: 10921: 10919: 10905: 10877: 10847: 10826: 10811: 10804: 10785: 10779: 10760: 10754: 10735: 10729: 10717: 10698: 10679: 10677: 10663: 10633: 10627: 10602: 10598: 10592: 10567: 10563: 10557: 10538: 10532: 10520: 10491: 10479: 10458: 10450: 10430: 10423: 10403: 10396: 10376: 10369: 10349: 10342: 10331:the original 10326: 10313: 10294: 10288: 10254: 10248: 10241:Bayly (2001) 10236: 10224: 10217:Bayly (2001) 10212: 10200: 10188: 10176: 10164: 10157:Bayly (2001) 10152: 10133: 10127: 10120:Bayly (2001) 10115: 10108:Bayly (2001) 10103: 10096:Bayly (2001) 10091: 10084:Bayly (2001) 10079: 10072:Bayly (2001) 10067: 10043: 10036: 10012: 9983: 9977: 9958: 9952: 9933: 9927: 9919: 9905: 9899: 9880: 9874: 9855: 9827: 9797: 9791: 9772: 9766: 9747: 9741: 9722: 9716: 9692: 9663: 9657: 9638: 9632: 9613: 9607: 9598: 9588: 9569: 9563: 9544: 9538: 9519: 9513: 9494: 9488: 9481:Bayly (2001) 9476: 9467: 9458: 9451:Burton Stein 9442: 9423: 9417: 9398: 9392: 9373: 9367: 9340: 9328: 9316: 9307: 9301: 9289: 9277: 9265: 9253: 9241: 9229: 9217: 9205: 9193: 9181: 9169: 9157: 9145: 9133: 9072: 9060: 9048: 9036: 9024: 8970: 8965:Reich (2018) 8946: 8927: 8924: 8918: 8899: 8896: 8890: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8848:Gupta (2000) 8843: 8824: 8818: 8811:Gupta (2000) 8806: 8799:Gupta (2000) 8794: 8787:Bayly (2001) 8782: 8770: 8763:Bayly (2001) 8758: 8739: 8733: 8714: 8708: 8689: 8680: 8668: 8663:, p. 8. 8661:Bayly (2001) 8656: 8644: 8632: 8613: 8607: 8595: 8588:Bayly (2001) 8583: 8576:Gupta (2000) 8571: 8564:Bayly (2001) 8559: 8547: 8535: 8528:Gupta (2000) 8523: 8516:Bayly (2001) 8511: 8504:Gupta (2000) 8499: 8487: 8475: 8463: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8416: 8404: 8397:Inden (2001) 8392: 8380: 8368: 8349: 8343: 8334: 8320: 8314: 8300:(1): 28–57. 8297: 8293: 8287: 8275: 8263: 8244: 8238: 8224:cite journal 8191: 8187: 8181: 8162: 8156: 8144: 8132: 8120: 8108: 8096: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8048: 8036: 8009: 8000: 7992: 7973: 7967: 7937:. Retrieved 7932: 7908: 7901:Bayly (2001) 7896: 7884: 7872: 7853: 7847: 7825:, p. 9. 7823:Bayly (2001) 7801: 7763: 7757: 7733: 7726: 7706: 7699: 7679: 7672: 7667:, p. 3. 7660: 7653:Cohen (2001) 7625: 7618: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7582: 7564:Beyond Caste 7563: 7557: 7513: 7507: 7500:Bayly (2001) 7485:Bayly (2001) 7468: 7461:. Retrieved 7456: 7417: 7410:Bayly (2001) 7344: 7336: 7331: 7319: 7310: 7307:Dirks (2001a 7302: 7293: 7283: 7263: 7239: 7169: 7167: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7132: 7117: 7111: 7098: 7092: 7090: 7078: 7068: 7063: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6962: 6927:Bharat Yatra 6926: 6924: 6900: 6880: 6872: 6860: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6829: 6821: 6800: 6780: 6777:Distribution 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6637:Christianity 6530: 6526: 6500: 6484: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6455:Zat-biradari 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6354: 6340: 6328: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6285: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6260: 6256: 6231: 6218: 6199: 6166: 5920:Commonwealth 5825: 5803: 5786: 5736: 5724:Municipality 5709: 5479: 5357:Chhattisgarh 5327: 5255: 5220: 5193: 5161: 5134: 5107: 5056: 5039: 4988: 4981:Tushar Mehta 4971: 4954: 4937: 4832: 4814: 4787: 4780:Law of India 4742: 4735:Kiren Rijiju 4725: 4700: 4678: 4656: 4639: 4622: 4594: 4582:Rahul Gandhi 4572: 4550: 4542: 4533: 4516: 4444: 4422: 4400: 4378: 4342:Human rights 4317:Constitution 4282: 4259: 4239: 4217: 4209: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4167: 4152: 4131:The massive 4116: 4113: 4109: 4097: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4021: 4012: 4000: 3992: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3934: 3899:race science 3892: 3889:Race science 3871: 3867: 3853:(now India, 3846: 3842: 3841: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3812: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3788: 3776:Ain-i Akbari 3775: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3686: 3682: 3670: 3664: 3660: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3603: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3481: 3474:Dharmaśāstra 3450: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3421: 3405: 3395: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366:rather than 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296:are renamed 3287: 3283: 3277: 3260: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3184:Vedic period 3181: 3149: 3143: 3124: 3110: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3043:Gupta Empire 3038: 3032:DNA analysis 3029: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2932:charter myth 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2856: 2846: 2837: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2804:Perspectives 2793: 2785:Arab soldier 2716: 2712: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2660:to describe 2657: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2598:Ronald Inden 2596: 2587: 2583:H. H. Risley 2580: 2544: 2539: 2534:G. S. Ghurye 2528: 2515: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2472: 2448: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2389: 2388: 2384:Gupta Empire 2376:DNA analysis 2373: 2368: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2337:Louis Dumont 2332: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2292: 2277: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2235: 2227: 2223: 1991:Gender-blind 1870:Human rights 1690:Racial quota 1677: 1657:Jewish quota 1637:Gerontocracy 1632:Gender roles 1610:Disabilities 1595:Blood purity 1561:Wife selling 1551:White flight 1531:Slut-shaming 1511:Scapegoating 1429:Murder music 1084:Palestinians 1027:Anti-Zionism 895:South Africa 880:Black people 858:South Africa 666:Christianity 656:Baháʼí Faith 571:Sectarianism 511:Heterosexism 476:Ephebiphobia 446:Anti-Masonry 305:Hair texture 176: 168:Neo Buddhism 152:Christianity 145: 120: 113: 107: 76:ethnographic 71: 69: 48: 42: 32: 20639:Asia portal 20540:States with 20460:Philippines 20400:South Korea 20395:North Korea 20290:Afghanistan 20127:New Zealand 19844:Untouchable 19769:Proletariat 19759:Pea-pickers 19709:Bourgeoisie 19397:Aristocracy 19283:naturalized 19278:native-born 18637:Nonviolence 18632:LGBT rights 18597:Empowerment 18565:Anti-racism 18487:Segregation 18432:No kid zone 18232:Persecution 18145:Hate speech 18096:Gay bashing 18071:Ethnic joke 18026:Dog whistle 17971:Blood libel 17649:Azerbaijani 17553:Neopaganism 17546:Persecution 17507:Persecution 17490:Persecution 17453:Catholicism 17433:Exclusivism 17383:Transphobia 17366:Supremacism 17321:Lesbophobia 17241:Aporophobia 17206:Anti-autism 17057:Taste-based 17052:Statistical 16971:Prohibition 16810:Vigilantism 16724:Communalism 16714:Reservation 16646:Eve teasing 16641:Dowry death 16626:Acid attack 16542:Infertility 16468:Environment 16388:Remittances 16214:Ranvir Sena 16140:Commissions 16096:(SC and ST) 15718:15 February 15359:. Manohar. 13658:, p. . 13487:12 December 13342:The Pioneer 13024:11 December 12802:apnaorg.com 12263:1 September 11173:, p. . 10401:JT (2014). 7998:"Caste, n." 7268:Reich (2018 7244:Reich (2018 7163:Pa. Ranjith 7159:Rajinikanth 7139:(2016) and 7107:Devika Rani 7103:Ashok Kumar 7070:Untouchable 6971:(BSP), the 6891:varnashrama 6883:Varnashrama 6862:Vivekananda 6857:Vivekananda 6550:evangelised 6548:, who were 6507:Paul Dundas 6410:(pure) and 6243:V. P. Singh 6196:Recognition 5879:Visa policy 5657:Legislative 5519:Lakshadweep 5472:West Bengal 5467:Uttarakhand 5402:Maharashtra 5049:Rajiv Kumar 4868:Bar Council 4610:Rajya Sabha 4479:Secretaries 4474:Departments 4454:Rajiv Gauba 4159:Arvind Shah 4155:reservation 4073:August 1932 3909:Enforcement 3872:The strict 3772:Abu al-Fazl 3768:Irfan Habib 3760:caste over 3733:Jamal Malik 3729:to Islam". 3687:manusyajati 3496:Mahabharata 3280:Atharvaveda 3218:tribes who 3163:colonialism 3121:geneticists 3113:ancient DNA 3008:. Nor were 2792:Pages from 2709:Flexibility 2531:sociologist 2365:Susan Bayly 1885:Nonviolence 1880:LGBT rights 1845:Empowerment 1813:Anti-racism 1727:Segregation 1672:No kid zone 1466:Persecution 1379:Hate speech 1330:Gay bashing 1305:Ethnic joke 1260:Dog whistle 1205:Blood libel 875:Azerbaijani 771:Neopaganism 764:Persecution 725:Persecution 708:Persecution 671:Catholicism 651:Exclusivism 593:Transphobia 576:Supremacism 531:Lesbophobia 451:Aporophobia 416:Anti-autism 251:Taste-based 246:Statistical 96:British Raj 20654:Categories 20520:Uzbekistan 20495:Tajikistan 20410:Kyrgyzstan 20390:Kazakhstan 20310:Bangladesh 20300:Azerbaijan 20117:Luxembourg 20007:Inequality 19672:Superclass 19463:Hereditary 19439:Post-Roman 19430:Patrician 19300:adolescent 19124:Classicide 18911:Stereotype 18906:Speciesism 18787:Oppression 18782:Oikophobia 18678:Allophilia 18662:Toleration 18519:Sodomy law 18412:Internment 18332:Witch-hunt 18210:Blackhawks 18140:Hate group 18128:Hate crime 18101:Gendercide 18091:Freak show 18081:Excellence 18041:Employment 18011:Defamation 17938:Vietnamese 17933:Venezuelan 17818:Lithuanian 17480:Falun Gong 17410:Xenophobia 17405:Vegaphobia 17388:Non-binary 17346:Pedophobia 17311:Homophobia 17133:Skin color 17093:Disability 17066:Attributes 17047:Structural 16981:Disability 16886:Censorship 16815:Cybercrime 16770:Corruption 16747:Secularism 16224:Karni Sena 16013:Poona Pact 15674:Lal, K. S. 15415:B001I50VJG 14056:1808/16276 13784:20 January 13505:. The Wire 12472:. Curzon. 12396:14 January 12284:Demography 12236:20 January 12173:Yahoo News 7378:References 7184:Article 15 7171:Article 15 6977:Janata Dal 6957:See also: 6554:St. Thomas 6542:Nambudiris 6517:Christians 6487:Tara Singh 6475:Sikh Gurus 6306:World Bank 5649:Ministries 5584:Federalism 5524:Puducherry 5494:Chandigarh 5447:Tamil Nadu 4907:Lok Adalat 4890:High Court 4757:L. Murugan 4495:Parliament 4462:Ministries 4371:Government 4093:Poona Pact 3859:Bangladesh 3675:Ādi purāṇa 3629:Adi Purana 3606:Tamil Nadu 3489:Manusmriti 3472:See also: 3306:Kshatriyas 3117:biologists 3060:Manusmriti 3036:endogamous 2964:Manusmriti 2956:Manusmriti 2901:Manusmriti 2819:Manusmriti 2773:Sikh chief 2602:Indologist 2488:newspapers 2380:endogamous 2308:, meaning 2266:Kshatriyas 2252:, meaning 2167:Stereotype 2162:Speciesism 2043:Oppression 2038:Oikophobia 1934:Allophilia 1910:Toleration 1759:Sodomy law 1652:Internment 1566:Witch-hunt 1444:Blackhawks 1374:Hate group 1362:Hate crime 1335:Gendercide 1325:Freak show 1315:Excellence 1275:Employment 1245:Defamation 1164:Vietnamese 1159:Venezuelan 1044:Lithuanian 698:Falun Gong 620:Xenophobia 615:Vegaphobia 598:Non-binary 556:Pedophobia 521:Homophobia 335:Skin color 295:Disability 266:Attributes 241:Structural 128:Christians 35:(Hinduism) 20606:Hong Kong 20560:Palestine 20485:Sri Lanka 20480:Singapore 20360:Indonesia 20142:Sri Lanka 20035:Education 20002:Household 19895:Affluence 19830:Rat tribe 19792:Ant tribe 19764:Precariat 19749:Lazzaroni 19691:Bohemians 19652:Overclass 19647:Old money 19583:Spartiate 19558:Kshatriya 19548:Hashashin 19505:Professor 19446:Political 19419:Oligarchy 19409:Hanseaten 19327:Stateless 19307:Convicted 19239:By status 19202:Subaltern 19134:Euthenics 19066:New class 18884:Christian 18812:Prejudice 18760:Masculism 18708:Diversity 18502:religious 18477:Redlining 18076:Ethnocide 18036:Education 17923:Ukrainian 17853:Pakistani 17843:Mongolian 17764:Australia 17746:Hungarian 17701:Colombian 17681:Bulgarian 17563:Rastafari 17512:Ahmadiyya 17420:Religious 17398:Trans men 17356:Pregnancy 17291:Gayphobia 17286:Fatphobia 17191:Acephobia 17186:Arophobia 17170:Viewpoint 16944:Sexuality 16934:Feudalism 16929:Colourism 16913:Fake news 16838:Epidemics 16805:Terrorism 16552:Polyandry 16445:Education 16415:Transport 16398:Clearance 15843:(1994) . 15813:157709103 15309:, Vistaar 14703:154413160 14593:(1969) , 14536:(1980) , 14467:(2001a), 14458:220432103 14259:The Hindu 14235:147984688 14065:1088-9051 13988:243971704 13698:: 19–39. 13509:7 January 13371:Gulf News 13123:192880526 12842:The Jains 12212:The Hindu 11903:Scroll.in 11848:Vice News 11825:WGBH News 11664:The Hindu 11535:145669048 11322:12 August 10619:145441031 10584:144018398 9599:The Hindu 8882:144957341 8455:144352948 8216:147334027 7036:apartheid 6797:Criticism 6511:Rajasthan 6361:hypergamy 6035:Sanctions 5988:East Asia 5874:Passports 5593:Executive 5550:Districts 5545:Divisions 5452:Telangana 5437:Rajasthan 5412:Meghalaya 5387:Karnataka 5382:Jharkhand 5087:Elections 4504:Lok Sabha 4467:Ministers 4325:Amendment 4215:of 2006. 3979:Sannyasis 3920:Sinhalese 3784:Zamindars 3691:divisions 3427:gahapatis 3417:gahapatis 3391:gahapatis 3266:rathakara 2673:altered." 2574:hypergamy 2554:everyone. 2458:talk page 2406:The term 2359:has been 2230:and caste 2140:Christian 2068:Prejudice 2016:Masculism 1964:Diversity 1742:religious 1717:Redlining 1310:Ethnocide 1270:Education 1149:Ukrainian 1079:Pakistani 1069:Mongolian 990:Australia 972:Hungarian 927:Colombian 907:Bulgarian 781:Rastafari 730:Ahmadiyya 636:Religious 608:Trans men 566:Pregnancy 501:Gayphobia 496:Fatphobia 401:Acephobia 396:Arophobia 372:Viewpoint 137:reserving 58:visiting 20629:Category 20550:Abkhazia 20500:Thailand 20455:Pakistan 20435:Mongolia 20430:Maldives 20425:Malaysia 20325:Cambodia 20234:Category 20166:Historic 20087:Colombia 20077:Cambodia 20012:Personal 19910:Mobility 19839:Freedman 19825:Plebeian 19811:Prisoner 19797:Commoner 19683:Creative 19664:Seigneur 19630:Nobility 19588:Vanniyar 19573:Pendekar 19533:Cossacks 19167:Snobbery 19039:Theories 18941:Category 18923:The talk 18859:Snobbery 18777:Net bias 18607:Feminism 18534:Ugly law 18375:Catholic 18343:policies 18190:Mortgage 18185:Lynching 18116:examples 18111:Genocide 18031:Economic 18016:Democide 17976:Bullying 17888:Scottish 17883:Romanian 17848:Nigerian 17791:Japanese 17726:Georgian 17711:Filipino 17644:Assyrian 17617:Armenian 17607:American 17602:Albanian 17584:National 17568:Yazidism 17485:Hinduism 17443:Buddhism 17341:Nepotism 17336:Misogyny 17331:Misandry 17256:Clannism 17251:Biphobia 17196:Adultism 17113:Language 16939:Gambling 16891:Internet 16843:HIV/AIDS 16833:Diabetes 16656:Feminism 16636:Devadasi 16573:Abortion 16566:Children 16557:Polygyny 16453:Literacy 16131:Gramanya 15855:(1995). 15834:In JSTOR 15676:(1995). 15654:79912160 15596:(2003). 15569:(1961). 15547:(2004). 15485:(1965). 15454:Acharya 15425:(1983). 15377:(1945). 15317:(1995), 15285:(2004), 15210:(1980), 15147:citation 15141:, Oxford 15137:(1952), 15058:(1958), 15035:(2000), 14961:citation 14938:(2018), 14929:19779445 14883:31488661 14841:28714977 14795:23932107 14712:(2006), 14658:(2001), 14637:(2011), 14616:(2000), 14559:(1980), 14513:(2006), 14337:(2003), 14284:. 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2420:varna 2412:casta 2408:caste 2402:Caste 2396:Caste 2390:Jatis 2363:, in 2357:jatis 2326:jatis 2322:jatis 2314:varna 2310:birth 2278:varna 2249:Varna 2236:Varna 2224:Varna 2150:white 1481:Purge 1169:Welsh 1134:Tatar 1054:Māori 1049:Malay 1007:Irish 957:Greek 932:Croat 890:China 848:Asian 720:Islam 581:White 320:Looks 285:Class 280:Caste 227:Forms 156:Islam 109:varna 64:Dalit 33:Varna 20450:Oman 20415:Laos 20370:Iraq 20365:Iran 20107:Iran 19820:Serf 19625:Lord 19563:Nair 19456:List 19367:Pink 19357:Grey 19347:Blue 19336:By " 18889:male 18688:Bias 18133:LGBT 17913:Thai 17893:Serb 17751:Igbo 17612:Arab 17376:Male 17165:Size 17145:Rank 16949:LGBT 16676:Sati 16671:Rape 16176:Laws 16126:Jāti 15740:ISBN 15720:2013 15693:ISBN 15650:LCCN 15583:ISBN 15553:ISBN 15491:ISBN 15435:ISBN 15411:ASIN 15383:ISBN 15361:ISBN 15293:ISBN 15270:ISBN 15256:2015 15216:ISBN 15168:ISBN 15153:link 15122:ISBN 15104:ISBN 15066:ISBN 15043:ISBN 15020:ISBN 15000:ISBN 14980:ISBN 14967:link 14948:ISBN 14925:PMID 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