1842:
1831:
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inhumane work. The demand for cheap labor for this work, in part, first drove slave trade from Africa (in particular West Africa), followed by indentured labor trade from South Asia (in particular India). Millions of slaves, followed by millions of indentured laborers were brought into the
Caribbean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Islands, East Africa, Natal, north and eastern parts of South America, and southeast Asia. The modern ethnic mix of many nations, settled in the last two centuries, has been influenced by table sugar.
2062:
3079:
role of sucrose in the formation of tooth decay is much more significant in light of the almost universal use of sucrose as the most desirable sweetening agent. Widespread replacement of sucrose by high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has not diminished the danger from sucrose. If smaller amounts of sucrose are present in the diet, they will still be sufficient for the development of thick, anaerobic plaque and plaque bacteria will metabolise other sugars in the diet, such as the glucose and fructose in HFCS.
1229:, the glycosidic bond in sucrose is formed between the reducing ends of both glucose and fructose, and not between the reducing end of one and the non-reducing end of the other. This linkage inhibits further bonding to other saccharide units, and prevents sucrose from spontaneously reacting with cellular and circulatory macromolecules in the manner that glucose and other reducing sugars do. Since sucrose contains no anomeric hydroxyl groups, it is classified as a non-
814:
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38:
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world's 180 countries produce sugar from beet or cane, a few more refine raw sugar to produce white sugar, and all countries consume sugar. Consumption of sugar ranges from around 3 kilograms (6.6 pounds) per person per annum in
Ethiopia to around 40 kg (88 lb) in Belgium. Consumption per capita rises with income per capita until it reaches a plateau of around 35 kg (77 lb) per person per year in middle income countries.
2362:
2947:
2213:
2526:
1862:
974:
3274:, that granted a group of African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries receive preferential access to the European sugar market. In response to this and to other rulings of the WTO, and owing to internal pressures against the EU sugar-régime, the European Commission proposed on 22 June 2005 a radical reform of the EU sugar-régime that cut prices by 39% and eliminated all EU sugar exports.
2249:
3070:. Sucrose is the only dietary sugar that can be converted to sticky glucans (dextran-like polysaccharides) by extracellular enzymes. These glucans allow the bacteria to adhere to the tooth surface and to build up thick layers of plaque. The anaerobic conditions deep in the plaque encourage the formation of acids, which leads to carious lesions. Thus, sucrose could enable
2282:). After filtration, evaporation concentrates the juice to a content of about 70% solids, and controlled crystallisation extracts the sugar. A centrifuge removes the sugar crystals from the liquid, which gets recycled in the crystalliser stages. When economic constraints prevent the removal of more sugar, the manufacturer discards the remaining liquid, now known as
817:
819:
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disaccharides added to foods and beverages by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates) is less than 10% of total energy intake. A level below 5% of total energy intake brings additional health benefits, especially with regards to dental caries.
818:
1967:). On their return journey, the Greek soldiers carried back some of the "honey-bearing reeds". Sugarcane remained a limited crop for over a millennium. Sugar was a rare commodity and traders of sugar became wealthy. Venice, at the height of its financial power, was the chief sugar-distributing center of
3301:
offers a premium of $ 60.00 per tonne to small farmers for sugar branded as "Fairtrade", government schemes such as the U.S. Sugar
Program and the ACP-EU Sugar Protocol offer premiums of around $ 400.00 per tonne above world market prices. However, the EU announced on 14 September 2007
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is connected with an excess production of uric acid. A diet rich in sucrose may lead to gout as it raises the level of insulin, which prevents excretion of uric acid from the body. As the concentration of uric acid in the body increases, so does the concentration of uric acid in the joint liquid and
3078:
and many other species of bacteria to adhere strongly and resist natural removal, e.g. by flow of saliva, although they are easily removed by brushing. The glucans and levans (fructose polysaccharides) produced by the plaque bacteria also act as a reserve food supply for the bacteria. Such a special
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process involves washing the raw sugar crystals before dissolving them into a sugar syrup which is filtered and then passed over carbon to remove any residual colour. The sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under a vacuum and crystallized as the final purification process to produce crystals
3211:
One of the most widely traded commodities in the world throughout history, sugar accounts for around 2% of the global dry cargo market. International sugar prices show great volatility, ranging from around 3 cents to over 60 cents per pound in the past 50 years. About 100 of the
2564:, as units of measurement of the mass ratio of dissolved substance to water in a liquid. A 25 °Bx sucrose solution has 25 grams of sucrose per 100 grams of liquid; or, to put it another way, 25 grams of sucrose sugar and 75 grams of water exist in the 100 grams of solution.
2538:
comes either from the late stages of cane sugar refining, when sugar forms fine crystals with significant molasses content, or from coating white refined sugar with a cane molasses syrup (blackstrap molasses). Brown sugar's color and taste become stronger with increasing molasses content, as do its
2022:
The demand for cheaper table sugar drove, in part, colonization of tropical islands and nations where labor-intensive sugarcane plantations and table sugar manufacturing could thrive. Growing sugar cane crop in hot humid climates, and producing table sugar in high temperature sugar mills was harsh,
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could become the next target for reform. However, some commentators expected heavy lobbying from the U.S. sugar industry, which donated $ 2.7 million to U.S. House and Senate incumbents in the 2006 U.S. election, more than any other group of U.S. food-growers. Especially prominent among sugar
2567:
The Brix degrees are measured using an infrared sensor. This measurement does not equate to Brix degrees from a density or refractive index measurement, because it will specifically measure dissolved sugar concentration instead of all dissolved solids. When using a refractometer, one should report
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during the production to reduce the concentration of color compounds and helps prevent further color development during the crystallization process. Although common to sugarcane-growing areas, this product does not store or ship well. After a few weeks, its impurities tend to promote discoloration
2135:
Beet sugar comes from regions with cooler climates: northwest and eastern Europe, northern Japan, plus some areas in the United States (including
California). In the northern hemisphere, the beet-growing season ends with the start of harvesting around September. Harvesting and processing continues
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Refined sugar was a luxury before the 18th century. It became widely popular in the 18th century, then graduated to becoming a necessary food in the 19th century. This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes. Eventually,
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dried solids and, although not technically the same as Brix degrees determined through an infrared method, renders an accurate measurement of sucrose content, since sucrose in fact forms the majority of dried solids. The advent of in-line infrared Brix measurement sensors has made measuring the
2352:
Pure beet sugar is difficult to find, so labelled, in the marketplace. Although some makers label their product clearly as "pure cane sugar", beet sugar is almost always labeled simply as sugar or pure sugar. Interviews with the five major beet sugar-producing companies revealed that many store
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published a new guideline on sugars intake for adults and children, as a result of an extensive review of the available scientific evidence by a multidisciplinary group of experts. The guideline recommends that both adults and children ensure their intake of free sugars (monosaccharides and
1854:
plantations (upper image) employed slave or indentured laborers. The picture shows workers harvesting cane, loading it on a boat for transport to the plant, while a
European overseer watches in the lower right. The lower image shows a sugar plant with two furnace chimneys. Sugar plants and
2180:
Reports in public media have regarded HFCS as less safe than sucrose. However, the most common forms of HFCS contain either 42 percent fructose, mainly used in processed foods, or 55 percent fructose, mainly used in soft drinks, as compared to sucrose, which is 50 percent fructose. Given
2224:), to remove impurities and then neutralize it. Boiling the juice then allows the sediment to settle to the bottom for dredging out, while the scum rises to the surface for skimming off. In cooling, the liquid crystallizes, usually in the process of stirring, to produce sugar crystals.
2002:
Sugar remained a luxury in much of the world until the 18th century. Only the wealthy could afford it. In the 18th century, the demand for table sugar boomed in Europe and by the 19th century it had become regarded as a human necessity. The use of sugar grew from use in tea, to
2336:
The production of sugar leaves residues that differ substantially depending on the raw materials used and on the place of production. While cane molasses is often used in food preparation, humans find molasses from sugar beets unpalatable, and it consequently ends up mostly as
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subsidize domestic production and maintain high tariffs on imports. Sugar prices in these countries have often up to triple the prices on the international market; today, with world market sugar futures prices currently strong, such prices were typically double world prices.
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until March in some cases. The availability of processing plant capacity and the weather both influence the duration of harvesting and processing – the industry can store harvested beets until processed, but a frost-damaged beet becomes effectively unprocessable.
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High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is significantly cheaper as a sweetener for food and beverage manufacturing than refined sucrose. This has led to sucrose being partially displaced in U.S. industrial food production by HFCS and other non-sucrose natural sweeteners.
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sugar in the United States. Because of its fineness, it dissolves faster than regular white sugar and is especially useful in meringues and cold liquids. Caster sugar can be prepared at home by grinding granulated sugar for a couple of minutes in a mortar or food
4353:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
272:
1898:. By about 500 BCE, residents of modern-day India began making sugar syrup, cooling it in large flat bowls to produce raw sugar crystals that were easier to store and transport. In the local Indian language, these crystals were called
2114:). Sucrose is obtained by extraction of these crops with hot water; concentration of the extract gives syrups, from which solid sucrose can be crystallized. In 2017, worldwide production of table sugar amounted to 185 million tonnes.
2607:
when used in sufficient concentrations. Sucrose is important to the structure of many foods, including biscuits and cookies, cakes and pies, candy, and ice cream and sorbets. It is a common ingredient in many processed and so-called
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usually remove the uncrystallized syrup. The producers can then either sell the sugar product for use as is, or process it further to produce lighter grades. The later processing may take place in another factory in another country.
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Sugar cane tolerates hot climates better, but the production of sugar cane needs approximately four times as much water as the production of sugar beet. As a result, some countries that traditionally produced cane sugar (such as
1804:
As fruits ripen, their sucrose content usually rises sharply, but some fruits contain almost no sucrose at all. This includes grapes, cherries, blueberries, blackberries, figs, pomegranates, tomatoes, avocados, lemons and limes.
4352:
3297:' commodities; the fair trade system produces and sells these products with the understanding that a larger-than-usual fraction of the revenue will support small farmers in the developing world. However, whilst the
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brands or "private label" sugar products are pure beet sugar. The lot code can be used to identify the company and the plant from which the sugar came, enabling beet sugar to be identified if the codes are known.
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are visible to the middle left where the harvest transforms into a sugar syrup. The boiler and furnace are in the center, where table sugar crystals form. An expressway for transport is visible in the lower
3263:(LDCs) can sell certain quantities of sugar into their markets, free of the usual import tariffs, countries outside these preferred trade régimes have complained that these arrangements violate the "
1274:
at 20 °C (68 °F) using yellow "sodium-D" light (589 nm) is +66.47°. Commercial samples of sugar are assayed using this parameter. Sucrose does not deteriorate at ambient conditions.
2220:
Since the 6th century BCE, cane sugar producers have crushed the harvested vegetable material from sugarcane in order to collect and filter the juice. They then treat the liquid, often with lime (
1520:
The formula for sucrose's decomposition can be represented as a two-step reaction: the first simplified reaction is dehydration of sucrose to pure carbon and water, and then carbon is oxidised to
1686:
or lemon juice, both weak acids. Likewise, gastric acidity converts sucrose to glucose and fructose during digestion, the bond between them being an acetal bond which can be broken by an acid.
2117:
Most cane sugar comes from countries with warm climates, because sugarcane does not tolerate frost. Sugar beets, on the other hand, grow only in cooler temperate regions and do not tolerate
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3251:" countries led by Brazil have long argued that, because these sugar markets in essence exclude cane sugar imports, the G20 sugar producers receive lower prices than they would under
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in 1768, and, soon after, steam replaced direct firing as the source of process heat. During the same century, Europeans began experimenting with sugar production from other crops.
3056:
All 6-carbon sugars and disaccharides based on 6-carbon sugars can be converted by dental plaque bacteria into acid that demineralizes teeth, but sucrose may be uniquely useful to
2569:
3163:, meaning that it is neither meat nor dairy and may be used with either type of food. However, the bone char must source to a kosher animal (e.g. cow, sheep) for the sugar to be
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4166:
4332:
2232:
Sugarcane is a major component of
Brazilian agriculture; the country is the world's largest producer of sugarcane and its derivative products, such as crystallized sugar and
1925:
by the refusal of his troops to go further east. They saw people in the Indian subcontinent growing sugarcane and making "granulated, salt-like sweet powder", locally called
1081:
near where sugarcane is grown – crush the cane and produce raw sugar which is shipped to other factories for refining into pure sucrose. Sugar beet factories are located in
3119:
beyond a critical concentration, the uric acid begins to precipitate into crystals. Researchers have implicated sugary drinks high in fructose in a surge in cases of gout.
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4051:
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of 1349.6 kcal/mol for sucrose, 673.0 for glucose, and 675.6 for fructose, hydrolysis releases about 1.0 kcal (4.2 kJ) per mole of sucrose, or about 3
820:
5158:
2917:
2333:) have built new beet sugar factories since about 2008. Some sugar factories process both sugar cane and sugar beets and extend their processing period in that way.
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to glucose (blood sugar). The glucose component is transported into the blood where it serves immediate metabolic demands, or is converted and reserved in the
2465:) is a coarse grain sugar used to add sparkle and flavor atop baked goods and candies. Its large reflective crystals will not dissolve when subjected to heat.
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In 2004, the WTO sided with a group of cane sugar exporting nations (led by Brazil and
Australia) and ruled illegal the EU sugar-régime and the accompanying
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of 65. Sucrose is digested rapidly, but has a relatively low glycemic index due to its content of fructose, which has a minimal effect on blood glucose.
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process involving calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide, or by various filtration strategies. It is then further purified by filtration through a bed of
987:
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4925:
4310:"castor, n.2." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2017. Web. 25 July 2017. It says castor is a misspelling that is now the preferred spelling.
3155:
animal bones) for decolorizing. About 25% of sugar produced in the U.S. is processed using bone char as a filter, the remainder being processed with
2387:
Blanco directo, a white sugar common in India and other south Asian countries, is produced by precipitating many impurities out of cane juice using
1830:
4659:
4617:
559:
InChI=1/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)8(18)9(264115619)11(21-4)23-12(3-15)10(20)7(17)5(2-14)22-12/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1
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which is a small vessel with a perforated top, from which to sprinkle sugar at table. Commonly used in baking and mixed drinks, it is sold as
2413:
White refined is the most common form of sugar in North
America and Europe. Refined sugar is made by dissolving and purifying raw sugar using
5555:
2481:(0.35 mm), a very fine sugar in Britain and other Commonwealth countries, so-named because the grains are small enough to fit through a
1793:. Many mammals, birds, insects and bacteria accumulate and feed on the sucrose in plants and for some it is their main food source. Although
4033:
1373:
This reaction is somewhat simplified though. Some of the carbon does get fully oxidized to carbon dioxide, and other reactions, such as the
549:
InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)8(18)9(19)11(21-4)23-12(3-15)10(20)7(17)5(2-14)22-12/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1
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3027:(dental caries) has become a pronounced health hazard associated with the consumption of sugars, especially sucrose. Oral bacteria such as
2053:
Today, a large beet refinery producing around 1,500 tonnes of sugar a day needs a permanent workforce of about 150 for 24-hour production.
2050:, when France and the continent were cut off from Caribbean sugar. In 2009, about 20 percent of the world's sugar was produced from beets.
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moisture-retaining properties. Brown sugars also tend to harden if exposed to the atmosphere, although proper handling can reverse this.
2139:
The United States sets high sugar prices to support its producers, with the effect that many former purchasers of sugar have switched to
1890:
Other scholars point to the ancient manuscripts of China, dated to the 8th century BCE, where one of the earliest historical mentions of
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4678:"Essential dependence of smooth surface caries on, and augmentation of fissure caries by, sucrose and Streptococcus mutans infection"
4360:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
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4271:. Guatemala, Guatemala City: Proceedings of the XXV Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. pp. 106–16.
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Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients)
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3053:. The resultant lactic acid lowers the pH of the tooth's surface, stripping it of minerals in the process known as tooth decay.
4592:
4191:
4003:"Experiences chimiques faites dans le dessein de tirer un veritable sucre de diverses plantes, qui croissent dans nos contrées"
2132:, and China as the major producers. India, the European Union, and China were the leading domestic consumers of sugar in 2018.
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The production of table sugar has a long history. Some scholars claim
Indians discovered how to crystallize sugar during the
738:
411:
4877:
3406:
3226:
3159:. As bone char does not seem to remain in finished sugar, Jewish religious leaders consider sugar filtered through it to be
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technique used in beet sugar refining. Blanco directo is more pure than mill white sugar, but less pure than white refined.
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5694:
4379:
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approximately equal glucose and fructose content, there does not appear to be a significant difference in safety. Clinical
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4943:
4272:
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Mill white, also called plantation white, crystal sugar or superior sugar is produced from raw sugar. It is exposed to
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In humans and other mammals, sucrose is broken down into its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, by
2193:
associated with certain health problems, and recommend limiting the overall consumption of sugar-based sweeteners.
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2090:), in which sugar can account for 12% to 20% of the plant's dry weight. Minor commercial sugar crops include the
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3705:
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4404:"Nutrition Facts for sugars, granulated [sucrose] per 100 g (USDA National Nutrient Database, SR-21)"
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is added, however, the reaction will proceed rapidly. Hydrolysis can also be accelerated with acids, such as
1675:. Hydrolysis is, however, so slow that solutions of sucrose can sit for years with negligible change. If the
77:
5179:
4835:
3475:
Beevers, C. A.; McDonald, T. R. R.; Robertson, J. H.; Stern, F. (1952). "The crystal structure of sucrose".
3324:, International Chemical Safety Card 1507, Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety, November 2003
2913:
2572:" (RDS). One might speak of a liquid as having 20 °Bx RDS. This refers to a measure of percent by weight of
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table sugar became sufficiently cheap and common enough to influence standard cuisine and flavored drinks.
2438:, which has been dried to prevent clumping and comes in various crystal sizes for home and industrial use:
2186:
2124:
In mid-2018, India and Brazil had about the same production of sugar – 34 million tonnes – followed by the
483:
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17:
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4090:. Office of Global Analysis, Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture. 4 November 2018.
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Many countries subsidize sugar production heavily. The European Union, the United States, Japan, and many
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5607:
4547:"Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2509:(0.024 mm), produced by grinding sugar to a fine powder. The manufacturer may add a small amount of
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312:
2046:
built a sugar beet processing factory in Silesia (Prussia). The beet-sugar industry took off during the
1282:
Sucrose does not melt at high temperatures. Instead, it decomposes at 186 °C (367 °F) to form
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Metabolism of sucrose by Stepococcus sanguis 804 (NCTC 10904) and its relevance to the oral environment
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It is difficult to distinguish between fully refined sugar produced from beet and cane. One way is by
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1983:
did it begin to rival honey as a sweetener in Europe. The Spanish began cultivating sugarcane in the
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Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918
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2977:. The resulting glucose and fructose molecules are then rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. In
2015:. Suppliers marketed sugar in novel forms, such as solid cones, which required consumers to use a
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Hynes, R. C.; Le Page, Y. (1991). "Sucrose, a convenient test crystal for absolute structures".
2429:. Beet sugar refineries produce refined white sugar directly without an intermediate raw stage.
2026:
Beginning in the late 18th century, the production of sugar became increasingly mechanized. The
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4498:"Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis"
4218:"Top Sugarcane Producing Countries: Brazil outperforms its next 6 closest competitors combined"
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2121:. About 80 percent of sucrose is derived from sugarcane, the rest almost all from sugar beets.
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that it had offered "to eliminate all duties and quotas on the import of sugar into the EU".
3267:" principle of international trade. This has led to numerous tariffs and levies in the past.
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1801:
they produce consists primarily of fructose and glucose, with only trace amounts of sucrose.
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Malik, V. S.; Popkin, B. M.; Bray, G. A.; Despres, J.-P.; Willett, W. C.; Hu, F. B. (2010).
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2475:" are lumps for convenient consumption produced by mixing granulated sugar with sugar syrup.
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A Question of Labour: Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana, 1875–1917
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Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015
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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
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Beet sugar producers slice the washed beets, then extract the sugar with hot water in a "
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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In nature, sucrose is present in many plants, and in particular their roots, fruits and
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Table sugar (sucrose) comes from plant sources. Two important sugar crops predominate:
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Small quantities of sugar, especially specialty grades of sugar, reach the market as '
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and clumping; therefore this type of sugar is generally limited to local consumption.
1126:. Sucrose is the only sugar that bacteria can use to form this sticky polysaccharide.
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Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the US National Academies (2005).
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upon ingestion. Sucrose, as a pure carbohydrate, has an energy content of 3.94
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is included along with the fact that their knowledge of sugar cane was derived from
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4697:
4689:
4574:
4558:
4517:
4509:
4438:
3732:
3681:
3677:
3654:
3527:
3492:
3286:, so-called "sugar barons" who made the single largest individual contributions of
3156:
2586:
2510:
2422:
2298:
2035:
1878:
1078:
674:
595:
4693:
2926:
Fully refined sugar is 99.9% sucrose, thus providing only carbohydrate as dietary
2066:
7607:
7529:
7237:
7216:
7130:
6437:
6383:
6363:
6254:
5726:
4947:
4929:
4881:
4874:
4663:
4644:
4471:
4429:
Gray GM (1971). "Intestinal digestion and maldigestion of dietary carbohydrate".
4298:
4249:
4009:
3790:
3642:
3611:
3462:
3438:
3398:
2414:
2388:
2263:
2047:
1812:, it has been increasingly refined and consumed in all kinds of processed foods.
1770:
1683:
1143:
456:
1085:
where the beet is grown, and process the beets directly into refined sugar. The
7693:
7617:
7612:
7570:
7534:
7329:
7304:
7196:
7186:
7154:
7017:
6987:
6805:
6719:
6660:
6646:
6613:
6424:
6221:
5978:
5955:
5935:
5566:
5550:
5433:
5370:
5319:
4940:
4355:
4263:
3430:, Part III. Organic Chemistry (London, England: John W. Parker and son, 1857),
3256:
3088:
2935:
2553:
2494:
2375:
2318:
2271:
2125:
1790:
1742:
1738:
1291:
1230:
1119:
1086:
965:
6922:
5275:
3736:
3727:
Douglas M. Considine (1982). Considine, Douglas M; Considine, Glenn D (eds.).
3576:
3546:
3531:
3496:
3380:
2061:
868:
7718:
7660:
7324:
7174:
7120:
6967:
6852:
6830:
6825:
6755:
6530:
6447:
6335:
6226:
5799:
5639:
4570:
3094:
As with other sugars, sucrose is digested into its components via the enzyme
3034:
3024:
2990:
2966:
2596:
2577:
amount of dissolved sugar in products economical using a direct measurement.
2418:
2396:
2346:
2279:
2221:
2190:
2147:
1884:
1730:
1694:
1470:
1184:
1123:
663:
363:
4562:
4265:
Syrup Clarification for Plantation White Sugar to meet New Quality Standards
3290:
to both the Democratic and Republican parties in the U.S. political system.
3087:
Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of 50% glucose and 50% fructose and has a
2445:
Sugars; clockwise from top left: Refined, unrefined, brown, unprocessed cane
2143:(beverage manufacturers) or moved out of the country (candy manufacturers).
1176:. Saccharose is an obsolete name for sugars in general, especially sucrose.
1025:
subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of
7519:
7507:
7431:
7406:
7299:
7247:
7105:
7042:
7037:
6857:
6835:
6687:
6414:
6295:
6277:
5925:
5865:
5524:
5474:
5346:
4805:
The Glycaemic Index: A Physiological Classification of Dietary Carbohydrate
4771:
The Glycaemic Index: A Physiological Classification of Dietary Carbohydrate
4588:
4545:
Malik, Vasanti S.; Pan, An; Willett, Walter C.; Hu, Frank B. (2013-10-01).
4531:
4375:
3259:
and United States maintain trade agreements whereby certain developing and
2931:
2647:
2482:
2237:
2043:
2027:
1706:
1426:
1331:
1287:
1226:
1010:
6605:
4450:
4319:
841:
7665:
7585:
7575:
7492:
7482:
7421:
7242:
7179:
7084:
7069:
7032:
6972:
6952:
6938:
6912:
6887:
6840:
6810:
6770:
6750:
6745:
6714:
6572:
6560:
6432:
6343:
6091:
6086:
6026:
5833:
4711:
3050:
2994:
2631:
2534:
2514:
2408:
2322:
2289:
Sieving the resultant white sugar produces different grades for selling.
2107:
1984:
1922:
1710:
1263:
1240:
1105:
1094:
1026:
718:
4129:. Berkeley Wellness, University of California - Berkeley. Archived from
3817:
Something about sugar: its history, growth, manufacture and distribution
3658:
3577:"KN-Sucrose (KNSU) Propellant Chemistry and Performance Characteristics"
2471:, familiar as table sugar, with a grain size about 0.5 mm across. "
1217:, but sucrose has only the α form. Fructose exists as a mixture of five
827:
352:
7580:
7565:
7502:
7191:
7057:
7052:
6902:
6847:
6780:
6775:
6760:
6735:
6348:
6290:
6285:
6158:
6111:
5811:
5671:
5191:
3294:
3287:
3252:
3152:
2970:
2959:
2766:
2472:
2267:
2257:
2225:
2140:
2083:
2016:
1891:
1870:
1851:
1774:
1664:
1237:
1074:
1070:
834:
710:
635:
401:
383:
323:
7135:
4513:
4014:
Histoire de l'académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin
3004:
If consumed excessively, sucrose may contribute to the development of
2317:
isotopes in the sucrose. Tests are used to detect fraudulent abuse of
7639:
7634:
7524:
7512:
7487:
7446:
7074:
6997:
6992:
6944:
6882:
6740:
6707:
6670:
6506:
6502:
6457:
6371:
6353:
6320:
6305:
6126:
6049:
6011:
5470:
2998:
2982:
2800:
2609:
2426:
2349:. Once dried, either type of molasses can serve as fuel for burning.
2314:
2310:
2207:
2182:
2162:, they can allow drink manufacturers to produce very low-cost goods.
2118:
2091:
2075:
2039:
2012:
1944:
1866:
1746:
1206:
1066:
3783:
Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History
2361:
1201:
glucose and fructose are linked via an ether bond between C1 on the
1065:
For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined from either
964:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
7497:
7079:
6957:
6897:
6665:
6523:
6484:
6469:
6442:
6391:
6325:
6198:
6193:
6178:
6163:
6079:
6074:
5894:
5889:
5619:
5515:
5444:
4847:
3335:
Haynes, W. M.; Lide, David R.; Bruno, Thomas J., eds. (2014–2015).
3103:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2927:
2749:
2604:
2283:
2129:
1992:
1980:
1794:
1734:
1672:
1218:
1202:
1022:
800:
431:
343:
5079:
4052:"World 2017/18 sugar production, consumption seen at record: USDA"
3399:"57-50-1 - CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N - Sucrose [JAN:NF]"
3378:
2989:
that provides a quick source of energy, provoking a rapid rise in
2158:) threaten the traditional sugar market. Used in combination with
1869:
was a traditional form for sugar from the 17th to 19th centuries.
1213:. Glucose exists predominantly as a mixture of α and β "pyranose"
271:
7644:
7555:
7201:
7169:
7100:
7027:
6977:
6917:
6892:
6697:
6692:
6675:
6565:
6545:
6513:
6488:
6478:
6474:
6452:
6310:
6300:
6210:
6173:
6168:
6146:
6131:
6121:
6038:
6016:
6000:
5658:
5511:
5424:
3987:. The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010.
3837:. USAID, Govt of United States. 2006. p. 7.1. Archived from
3766:. The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010.
3095:
3042:
3013:
2955:
2729:
2600:
2342:
2233:
2099:
2031:
1750:
1679:
1668:
1283:
1198:
1115:
1018:
956:
952:
653:
443:
2946:
2525:
2212:
7602:
7590:
7062:
7007:
6680:
6555:
6550:
6540:
6517:
6494:
6462:
6249:
6244:
6188:
6151:
6136:
6116:
6103:
6064:
6059:
6054:
5967:
5920:
5910:
5884:
5879:
5821:
5679:
5420:
3164:
3160:
3046:
1996:
1972:
1968:
1808:
Sucrose is a naturally occurring sugar, but with the advent of
1786:
1754:
1676:
1477:-rich solid, as indicated in the following idealized equation:
1474:
1214:
303:
223:((2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxahexane-3,4,5-triol)
5244:
Sugar: Chemical, Biological and Nutritional Aspects of Sucrose
5049:. Agriculture. European Commission. 2004-07-14. Archived from
4965:"Is Your Sugar Vegan? An Update on Sugar Processing Practices"
3731:(1 ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. p. 956.
1861:
7047:
6982:
6872:
6797:
6636:
6141:
5944:
3099:
2330:
2155:
2151:
2008:
1976:
1950:
1895:
1798:
1789:, because it serves as a way to store energy, primarily from
1726:
1098:
1097:
ingredient in food production and recipes. About 185 million
1014:
467:
283:
261:
2248:
509:
5715:
5636:(Pompe's disease, glucosidase deficiency, formerly GSD-IIa)
4032:. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. 2009.
3115:
2557:
2004:
1988:
1758:
1721:. The energy for the reaction is gained by the cleavage of
1153:
917:
422:
4978:(4). Baltimore, MD: The Vegetarian Resource Group: 16–20.
4346:
4325:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1741:
and is found naturally in many food plants along with the
1377:
also take place. A more accurate theoretical equation is:
668:
None; decomposes at 186 °C (367 °F; 459 K)
7115:
3861:
Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History
2671:
5747:(von Gierke's disease, glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency)
5592:(Hers' disease, liver glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)
5432:
1773:
and George Huber succeeded in synthesizing sucrose from
1700:
4474:, p. 46 in Kaneko J.J., Harvey J.W., Bruss M.L. (eds.)
4127:"Is High-Fructose Corn Syrup Worse Than Regular Sugar?"
3645:; Huber, G. (1953). "A chemical synthesis of sucrose".
2216:
Harvested sugarcane from Venezuela ready for processing
1104:
Sucrose is particularly dangerous as a risk factor for
4495:
3385:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3243:
Within international trade bodies, especially in the
1926:
1151:("sugar") and the generic chemical suffix for sugars
1090:
of pure sucrose that are clear, odorless, and sweet.
5816:
Fatal congenital nonlysosomal cardiac glycogenosis (
4958:
4956:
4194:. US Food and Drug Administration. 5 November 2014.
3726:
3672:
John E. Lunn (December 2008). "Sucrose Metabolism".
3334:
2981:
and some animals, sucrose is digested by the enzyme
2603:. Cooks use it for sweetening. It can also act as a
2321:
subsidies or to aid in the detection of adulterated
2019:, a pliers-like tool, in order to break off pieces.
1277:
1956:
1899:
1667:breaks the glycosidic bond converting sucrose into
1179:
658:1.587 g/cm (0.0573 lb/cu in), solid
410:
5241:
4357:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
4159:"In Worries About Sweeteners, Think of All Sugars"
3151:The sugar refining industry often uses bone char (
1114:bacteria convert it into a sticky, extracellular,
5691:(Tarui's disease, phosphofructokinase deficiency)
5541:(Andersen's disease, branching enzyme deficiency)
4953:
4893:
4544:
4287:
4285:
4261:
4192:"High Fructose Corn Syrup: Questions and Answers"
4156:
3041:free sugars (not just sucrose, but also glucose,
2832:
2739:
2417:similar to the method used for blanco directo, a
102:)-2-{oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
7716:
5598:(McArdle's disease, myophosphorylase deficiency)
3909:
3428:Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical
2938:of significance in fully refined sugar (table).
2457:(also called "pearl sugar", "decorating sugar",
2189:(FDA) agree that dietary sugars are a source of
1820:
1769:After numerous unsuccessful attempts by others,
1753:, sucrose is the main sugar. In others, such as
455:
5586:(Cori's disease, debranching enzyme deficiency)
5188:Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International
4049:
4027:"Agribusiness Handbook: Sugar beet white sugar"
1572:Solubility of sucrose in water vs. temperature
816:
247:
4666:. Animated-teeth.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.
4313:
4282:
2626:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
2286:, or sells it on to producers of animal feed.
1334:that is used to propel amateur rocket motors.
6621:
5849:
5296:
4723:
4721:
4262:Steindl, Roderick (2005). Hogarth, DM (ed.).
3910:Vertovik, Steven (1995). Cohen, Robin (ed.).
3857:
3813:
3547:"Potassium Nitrate/Sucrose Propellant (KNSU)"
1932:
5768:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
5276:CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
4962:
3671:
3641:
3509:
3133:
1850:Table sugar production in the 19th century.
1146:
759:−2,226.1 kJ/mol (−532.1 kcal/mol)
7442:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
6635:
5784:6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency
5242:Yudkin, J.; Edelman, J.; Hough, L. (1973).
4079:
4077:
3969:. Caribbean Repeating Islands. 2009-05-07.
3940:
3884:
3758:
3756:
3339:(95th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–40.
2165:
1962:
1905:
1138:was coined in 1857, by the English chemist
786:1,349.6 kcal/mol (5,647 kJ/mol) (
6628:
6614:
5863:
5856:
5842:
5303:
5289:
4797:
4795:
4727:
4718:
4551:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
4476:Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals,
4465:"Carbohydrate metabolism and its diseases"
4321:United States Food and Drug Administration
4186:
4184:
4019:
3454:(Paris, France: Mallet-Bachelier, 1860),
2615:
2547:
1938:
1101:of sugar were produced worldwide in 2017.
524:
373:
331:
5716:Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency
4950:. Vegfamily.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.
4842:. National Academies Press. p. 323.
4701:
4578:
4521:
3632:, 49th edition, 1968-1969, pp. D-184-189.
2432:White refined sugar is typically sold as
1247:with room-temperature lattice parameters
1172:was coined in 1860 by the French chemist
491:
27:Disaccharide made of glucose and fructose
5385:Inborn errors of renal tubular transport
4647:. Elmhurst.edu. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.
4074:
4043:
3853:
3851:
3753:
3379:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
2945:
2941:
2934:per 100 g serving (table). There are no
2524:
2440:
2360:
2247:
2211:
2060:
1860:
4801:
4792:
4767:
4742:
4736:
4428:
4181:
4157:Parker-Pope, Tara (20 September 2010).
4152:
4150:
4148:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
3916:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
3913:The Cambridge survey of world migration
3635:
3452:Chimie organique fondée sur la synthèse
1709:of sucrose proceeds via the precursors
520:
351:
14:
7717:
4831:
4829:
4675:
4062:from the original on 14 September 2019
3809:
3807:
3729:Foods and Food Production Encyclopedia
3374:
3372:
3370:
3170:
3122:
3012:, insulin resistance, weight gain and
2185:, medical professionals, and the U.S.
2065:A table sugar factory in England. The
1855:plantations were harsh, inhumane work.
1294:and water by the simplified equation:
911:TWA 10 mg/m (total) TWA 5 mg/m (resp)
898:TWA 15 mg/m (total) TWA 5 mg/m (resp)
364:
6609:
5837:
5284:
5072:"International Sugar Trade Coalition"
4898:. ABCVitaminsLife.com. Archived from
4732:(Ph.D Thesis). University of Glasgow.
4398:
4396:
3848:
3629:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3361:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3337:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3146:
1764:
1701:Synthesis and biosynthesis of sucrose
1262:The purity of sucrose is measured by
552:Key: CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N
311:
291:
5695:Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
5642:(LAMP2 deficiency, formerly GSD-IIb)
4941:The Great Sugar Debate: Is it Vegan?
4198:from the original on 25 January 2018
4145:
4124:
4109:
4097:from the original on 21 October 2021
4050:Marcy Nicholson (17 November 2017).
3774:
3364:, 49th edition, 1968–1969, p. D-188.
3174:
2309:, resulting in a different ratio of
1725:(UDP). Sucrose is formed by plants,
1122:that allows them to cohere, forming
680:2.01 g/mL (20 °C (68 °F))
648:Colourless crystals or white powder
5709:Phosphoglucose isomerase deficiency
5610:(PGM1-CDG, CDG1T, formerly GSD-XIV)
4896:"Nutrients for Gout – good and bad"
4826:
4443:10.1146/annurev.me.22.020171.002135
4304:
4224:from the original on 3 January 2018
3804:
3367:
3312:
2985:. Sucrose is an easily assimilated
2292:
2274:from the lime kiln) then serves to
1939:
1910:), which is the source of the word
446:
430:
24:
5740:Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency
5712:Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency
5235:
5133:. 11 November 2003. Archived from
4393:
3889:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
3512:Journal of Applied Crystallography
3353:
2513:to prevent clumping — either
2356:
1873:were required to break off pieces.
1745:fructose. In many fruits, such as
1225:-fructofuranose form. Unlike most
812:
25:
7741:
7551:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
6647:List of sugars and sugar products
5604:(phosphorylase kinase deficiency)
5261:
4875:Gout surge blamed on sweet drinks
4410:from the original on 7 March 2015
4169:from the original on 12 June 2018
3832:"Sugarcane: Saccharum Offcinarum"
3574:
3544:
3082:
2595:Sucrose forms a major element in
2382:
1921:was halted on the banks of river
1326:Mixing sucrose with the oxidizer
1278:Thermal and oxidative degradation
1259:= 0.77624 nm, β = 102.938°.
7699:
7698:
7689:
7688:
6590:
6589:
5634:Glycogen storage disease type II
5109:. 8 October 2007. Archived from
4894:Magidenko, Leonid (2007-07-30).
4864:from the original on 2015-07-15.
4822:from the original on 2017-12-16.
4788:from the original on 2017-12-16.
4278:from the original on 2013-08-10.
4085:"Sugar: World Markets and Trade"
4039:from the original on 2015-09-05.
3991:from the original on 2011-12-12.
3973:from the original on 2017-04-24.
3967:"St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day"
3820:. San Francisco, J. J. Newbegin.
3770:from the original on 2016-12-04.
3716:from the original on 2015-07-19.
3225:
3179:
2402:
1971:. Moors started producing it in
1840:
1829:
1737:. Sucrose is the end product of
1180:Physical and chemical properties
972:
580:O1(CO)(O)(O)(O)1O2(O((O)2O)CO)CO
45:
36:
5735:Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency
5545:Adult polyglucosan body disease
5380:Glucose-galactose malabsorption
5198:
5172:
5161:from the original on 2008-12-02
5141:
5117:
5101:"Seeing sugar's future in fuel"
5093:
5064:
5035:
4996:
4985:from the original on 2008-04-09
4934:
4913:
4887:
4868:
4761:
4669:
4650:
4631:
4620:from the original on 2010-02-09
4606:
4595:from the original on 2018-01-09
4538:
4489:
4478:San Diego, CA: Academic Press,
4457:
4422:
4382:from the original on 2024-05-09
4335:from the original on 2024-03-27
4255:
4236:
4210:
3995:
3977:
3959:
3934:
3903:
3878:
3824:
3720:
3698:
3665:
3620:
3598:
3587:from the original on 2014-11-18
3568:
3557:from the original on 2015-10-26
3538:
3409:from the original on 2014-08-12
3237:World raw sugar price 1960–2014
3008:, including increased risk for
1469:Sucrose can be dehydrated with
968:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
5535:(glycogen synthase deficiency)
4802:Wolever, Thomas M. S. (2006).
4768:Wolever, Thomas M. S. (2006).
4743:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
4728:Darlington, W. (August 1979).
4220:. World Atlas. 25 April 2017.
3682:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021259
3616:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3503:
3468:
3444:
3420:
3391:
3328:
3019:
2580:
2570:refractometric dried substance
2542:
2030:first powered a sugar mill in
1995:first cultivated sugarcane in
1777:glucose and fructose in 1953.
1761:, fructose is the main sugar.
13:
1:
5608:Phosphoglucomutase deficiency
4963:Yacoubou, MS, Jeanne (2007).
4747:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
4694:10.1128/IAI.25.2.526-531.1979
3985:"Indian indentured labourers"
3676:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
3674:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
3305:
2636:1,620 kJ (390 kcal)
2369:
1821:History of sucrose refinement
1815:
1659:
885:(US health exposure limits):
220:Dodecacarbon monodecahydrate;
5818:AMP-activated protein kinase
5216:. 2010-05-06. Archived from
5004:EC export subsidies on sugar
4745:Sherris Medical Microbiology
4125:Webb, Densie (7 June 2017).
3277:In 2007, it seemed that the
2912:Percentages estimated using
2560:(symbol °Bx), introduced by
2187:Food and Drug Administration
1945:
1719:sucrose-6-phosphate synthase
1691:(higher) heats of combustion
1429:, formed by the reaction of
1236:Sucrose crystallizes in the
1129:
7:
5078:(main page). Archived from
4884:, BBC News, 1 February 2008
3793:. Temple University Press.
2965:, which are located in the
2905:Link to USDA Database entry
1957:
1927:
1900:
1330:produces the fuel known as
1221:but sucrose has only the β-
1209:unit. The bond is called a
857:or concentration (LD, LC):
10:
7746:
7437:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
7417:Demerara rebellion of 1823
7397:1811 German Coast uprising
7003:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
5780:(Transketolase deficiency)
5700:Pyruvate kinase deficiency
5271:archived from the original
4676:Tanzer, JM (August 1979).
4614:"What causes tooth decay?"
3706:"Foods highest in Sucrose"
3126:
2584:
2406:
2341:feedstock (for example in
2266:". An alkaline solution ("
2255:
2205:
2169:
1955:) in Greek (Modern Greek,
1951:
1876:
1780:
1717:, catalyzed by the enzyme
1266:, through the rotation of
1165:in scientific literature.
640:342.30 g/mol
7684:
7653:
7543:
7475:
7387:
7357:
7225:
7162:
7153:
7093:
6931:
6796:
6789:
6728:
6653:
6644:
6585:
6423:
6380:
6362:
6334:
6276:
6269:
6237:
6209:
6102:
6037:
5999:
5966:
5943:
5934:
5903:
5872:
5792:
5760:Pentose phosphate pathway
5758:
5725:
5670:
5657:
5617:
5574:
5565:
5523:
5510:
5468:
5442:
5419:
5369:
5345:
5333:
5326:glycogen storage diseases
5125:"America's sugar daddies"
4431:Annual Review of Medicine
3737:10.1007/978-1-4684-8511-0
3532:10.1107/S0021889891002492
3497:10.1107/S0365110X52001908
3261:least developed countries
3188:This section needs to be
3140:World Health Organization
3134:UN dietary recommendation
2911:
2901:
2893:
2880:
2867:
2854:
2841:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2799:
2782:
2765:
2748:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2625:
2056:
1963:
1933:
1906:
1270:by a sugar solution. The
962:
941:
879:
853:
794:
731:
697:
588:
568:
536:
231:
135:-fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-α-
108:
76:
58:
53:
44:
35:
6863:High-fructose corn syrup
5916:Cyclohexane conformation
5773:Transaldolase deficiency
5015:World Trade Organization
4657:What causes tooth decay?
3245:World Trade Organization
3016:in adults and children.
2196:
2172:High-fructose corn syrup
2166:High-fructose corn syrup
1513:as a result of the heat)
1375:water-gas shift reaction
1189:-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-
875:29700 mg/kg (oral, rat)
124:-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-
7412:Colonial molasses trade
6868:High-maltose corn syrup
6409:Isomaltooligosaccharide
5558:(glycogenin deficiency)
5406:Fanconi-Bickel syndrome
5316:carbohydrate metabolism
4563:10.3945/ajcn.113.058362
4292:Sugar Crystal Challenge
4243:January 2010 Newsletter
3109:
3059:Streptococcus sanguinis
3045:, fructose, and cooked
2914:US recommendations
2616:Nutritional information
2548:Dissolved sugar content
2339:industrial fermentation
2243:
2201:
1157:. The abbreviated term
1077:– typically located in
7672:Pure, White and Deadly
7452:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
7358:By region (historical)
6403:Galactooligosaccharide
5395:Fructose malabsorption
4682:Infection and Immunity
4616:. Animated-teeth.com.
4252:, IBS Treatment Center
3858:Mintz, Sidney (1986).
3814:Rolph, George (1873).
3780:Adas, Michael (2001).
3426:William Allen Miller,
2951:
2918:the National Academies
2530:
2446:
2366:
2253:
2217:
2071:
2038:identified sucrose in
1874:
1550:+ heat → 12 C + 11 H
1205:subunit and C2 on the
1147:
823:
158:)-fructofuranosyl-α-(1
7462:Taiwan Sugar Railways
7402:Amelioration Act 1798
6397:Fructooligosaccharide
5805:Primary hyperoxaluria
5705:Aldolase A deficiency
5455:Essential fructosuria
5322:metabolism disorders
5268:3D images of sucrose
5190:(FLO). Archived from
3945:. St Martin's Press.
3581:Experimental Rocketry
3551:Experimental Rocketry
3450:Marcellin Berthelot,
3272:ACP-EU Sugar Protocol
3064:Streptococcus sanguis
2997:per gram (or 17
2949:
2942:Metabolism of sucrose
2714:Vitamins and minerals
2528:
2444:
2364:
2345:distilleries), or as
2301:of carbon. Cane uses
2251:
2215:
2160:artificial sweeteners
2064:
1864:
1797:consume sucrose, the
1697:per gram of product.
1268:plane-polarized light
822:
201:)-glucopyranosyl-β-(2
78:Systematic IUPAC name
7141:Unrefined sweeteners
6963:Crystalline fructose
6878:Inverted sugar syrup
5460:Fructose intolerance
5356:Congenital alactasia
4808:. CABI. p. 65.
4774:. CABI. p. 64.
4406:. Conde Nast. 2014.
3941:Laurence, K (1994).
3885:Lai, Walton (1993).
3299:Fairtrade Foundation
3265:most favoured nation
3217:developing countries
3068:Streptococcus mutans
3030:Streptococcus mutans
2963:glycoside hydrolases
2529:Brown sugar crystals
2505:(0.060 mm), or
2503:confectioner's sugar
1715:fructose 6-phosphate
1505:O + heat (and some H
1401:+ 5.205 CO + 7.794 H
1111:Streptococcus mutans
805:(fire diamond)
788:Higher heating value
7226:By region (current)
7126:Sugar confectionery
5361:Sucrose intolerance
5214:European Commission
4463:Kaneko J.J. (2008)
3659:10.1021/ja01112a545
3524:1991JApCr..24..352H
3489:1952AcCry...5..689B
3284:the Fanjul Brothers
3171:Trade and economics
3129:Sucrose intolerance
3123:Sucrose intolerance
2622:
2621:Sugars, granulated
2552:Scientists and the
2096:Phoenix dactylifera
1919:Alexander the Great
1723:uridine diphosphate
1573:
1425:Sucrose burns with
1255:= 0.87044 nm,
1251:= 1.08631 nm,
1174:Marcellin Berthelot
675:Solubility in water
217:)-fructofuranoside;
67:-Fructofuranosyl α-
32:
7630:Sweetened beverage
7457:Sugar Intervention
7365:Danish West Indies
7347:U.S. Sugar Program
7106:Cotton candy floss
7013:Plantation Reserve
6908:Steen's cane syrup
5408:(GLUT2 deficiency)
5402:(GLUT1 deficiency)
5208:. External Trade.
5130:The New York Times
5106:The New York Times
5076:sugarcoalition.org
4972:Vegetarian Journal
4946:2009-09-19 at the
4928:2015-08-17 at the
4880:2009-08-16 at the
4662:2010-02-09 at the
4643:2014-10-25 at the
4470:2014-09-22 at the
4297:2013-05-08 at the
4248:2010-09-24 at the
4008:2016-06-24 at the
3789:2013-06-14 at the
3610:2010-04-25 at the
3461:2014-06-27 at the
3437:2017-04-24 at the
3279:U.S. Sugar Program
3147:Religious concerns
3114:The occurrence of
3006:metabolic syndrome
2952:
2950:Granulated sucrose
2620:
2531:
2517:(1% to 3%) or tri-
2447:
2367:
2307:C3 carbon fixation
2303:C4 carbon fixation
2254:
2218:
2146:The low prices of
2072:
1875:
1765:Chemical synthesis
1571:
1435:potassium chlorate
1211:glycosidic linkage
1161:is often used for
1093:Sugar is often an
1083:temperate climates
995:Infobox references
942:Related compounds
920:(Immediate danger)
824:
178:)-glucopyranoside;
128:-fructofuranoside;
30:
7712:
7711:
7561:Blood sugar level
7427:Leith Sugar House
7383:
7382:
7342:Sugar Association
7149:
7148:
7111:Maple sugar foods
6816:Barley malt syrup
6639:as food commodity
6603:
6602:
6581:
6580:
6265:
6264:
5831:
5830:
5754:
5753:
5718:(MPC1 deficiency)
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5415:
5414:
5253:978-0-408-70172-3
4857:978-0-309-08525-0
4754:978-0-8385-8529-0
4514:10.2337/dc10-1079
4367:978-0-309-48834-1
3952:978-0-312-12172-3
3927:978-0-521-44405-7
3896:978-0-8018-7746-9
3871:978-0-14-009233-2
3746:978-1-4684-8513-4
3710:SelfNutritiondata
3255:. While both the
3209:
3208:
2924:
2923:
2897:
2896:
2605:food preservative
2519:calcium phosphate
2395:, similar to the
2393:calcium hydroxide
1979:. Only after the
1943:), pronounced as
1887:, around CE 350.
1810:industrialization
1733:but not by other
1656:
1655:
1473:to form a black,
1431:hydrochloric acid
1328:potassium nitrate
1290:, it combusts to
1272:specific rotation
1224:
1193:-fructofuranoside
1192:
1188:
1031:molecular formula
1003:Chemical compound
1001:
1000:
948:Related compounds
930:Safety data sheet
705:Crystal structure
505:CompTox Dashboard
273:Interactive image
139:-glucopyranoside;
138:
134:
127:
123:
70:
66:
16:(Redirected from
7737:
7702:
7701:
7692:
7691:
7625:Sugar substitute
7467:Triangular trade
7160:
7159:
6821:Brown rice syrup
6794:
6793:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6607:
6606:
6593:
6592:
6384:oligosaccharides
6364:Tetrasaccharides
6274:
6273:
5989:Dihydroxyacetone
5941:
5940:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5835:
5834:
5668:
5667:
5627:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5521:
5520:
5478:
5448:
5440:
5439:
5430:
5429:
5389:Renal glycosuria
5343:
5342:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5282:
5281:
5257:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5149:"Sugar daddie$ "
5145:
5139:
5138:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5023:
5017:. Archived from
5008:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4984:
4969:
4960:
4951:
4938:
4932:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4891:
4885:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4673:
4667:
4654:
4648:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4582:
4557:(4): 1084–1102.
4542:
4536:
4535:
4525:
4493:
4487:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4270:
4259:
4253:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4154:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4133:on 6 August 2019
4122:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4017:
4001:Marggraf (1747)
3999:
3993:
3992:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3836:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3802:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3647:J. Am. Chem. Soc
3639:
3633:
3624:
3618:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3575:Nakka, Richard.
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3545:Nakka, Richard.
3542:
3536:
3535:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3477:Acta Crystallogr
3472:
3466:
3448:
3442:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3376:
3365:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3229:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3157:activated carbon
2836:
2787:
2770:
2753:
2743:
2710:
2709:
2623:
2619:
2587:History of sugar
2511:anticaking agent
2435:granulated sugar
2423:activated carbon
2365:Grainy raw sugar
2305:, and beet uses
2299:isotope analysis
2293:Cane versus beet
2278:impurities (see
2042:and his student
2036:Andreas Marggraf
1966:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1879:History of sugar
1844:
1833:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1555:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1466:
1422:
1370:
1323:
1222:
1197:In sucrose, the
1190:
1186:
1150:
1079:tropical regions
1061:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1041:
985:
979:
976:
975:
844:
837:
830:
815:
782:
755:
732:Thermochemistry
629:
628:
627:
619:
618:
610:
609:
596:Chemical formula
529:
528:
513:
511:
495:
459:
448:
434:
414:
385:
377:
366:
355:
335:
315:
295:
275:
251:
136:
132:
125:
121:
71:-glucopyranoside
68:
64:
49:
40:
33:
29:
21:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7680:
7649:
7608:Sugar addiction
7539:
7530:Sugar sculpture
7471:
7379:
7353:
7330:Tate & Lyle
7321:United Kingdom
7238:Bundaberg Sugar
7221:
7217:Sugar marketing
7145:
7131:Sugarcane juice
7089:
6927:
6785:
6724:
6649:
6640:
6634:
6604:
6599:
6577:
6438:Oat beta-glucan
6425:Polysaccharides
6419:
6382:
6376:
6358:
6330:
6261:
6255:Neuraminic acid
6233:
6205:
6098:
6033:
5995:
5962:
5936:Monosaccharides
5930:
5899:
5868:
5862:
5832:
5827:
5788:
5750:
5727:Gluconeogenesis
5721:
5645:
5618:
5613:
5576:Extralysosomal:
5575:
5561:
5498:
5494:GALE deficiency
5490:GALT deficiency
5485:GALK deficiency
5469:
5464:
5443:
5411:
5400:De Vivo Disease
5365:
5339:(extracellular)
5338:
5329:
5323:
5309:
5264:
5254:
5246:. Butterworth.
5238:
5236:Further reading
5233:
5232:
5223:
5221:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5164:
5162:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5085:
5083:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5056:
5054:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4967:
4961:
4954:
4948:Wayback Machine
4939:
4935:
4930:Wayback Machine
4918:
4914:
4905:
4903:
4892:
4888:
4882:Wayback Machine
4873:
4869:
4858:
4834:
4827:
4816:
4800:
4793:
4782:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4741:
4737:
4726:
4719:
4674:
4670:
4664:Wayback Machine
4655:
4651:
4645:Wayback Machine
4636:
4632:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4598:
4596:
4543:
4539:
4508:(11): 2477–83.
4494:
4490:
4472:Wayback Machine
4462:
4458:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4368:
4351:
4347:
4338:
4336:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4299:Wayback Machine
4290:
4283:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4250:Wayback Machine
4241:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4155:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4123:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4010:Wayback Machine
4000:
3996:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3856:
3849:
3841:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3812:
3805:
3791:Wayback Machine
3779:
3775:
3764:"Forced Labour"
3762:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3725:
3721:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3670:
3666:
3640:
3636:
3626:All three from
3625:
3621:
3612:Wayback Machine
3603:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3573:
3569:
3560:
3558:
3543:
3539:
3508:
3504:
3473:
3469:
3463:Wayback Machine
3449:
3445:
3439:Wayback Machine
3432:pages 52 and 54
3425:
3421:
3412:
3410:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3377:
3368:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3333:
3329:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3282:lobbyists were
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3149:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3112:
3085:
3037:and metabolize
3022:
3010:type 2 diabetes
2944:
2907:
2902:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2837:
2807:
2794:
2785:
2777:
2768:
2760:
2751:
2744:
2715:
2704:
2699:
2680:
2675:
2656:
2651:
2618:
2589:
2583:
2568:the result as "
2550:
2545:
2415:phosphoric acid
2411:
2405:
2389:phosphoric acid
2385:
2372:
2359:
2357:Culinary sugars
2295:
2260:
2246:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2174:
2168:
2104:Sorghum vulgare
2059:
2048:Napoleonic Wars
1881:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1823:
1818:
1783:
1771:Raymond Lemieux
1767:
1703:
1684:cream of tartar
1662:
1657:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1280:
1246:
1195:
1185:Structural O-α-
1182:
1132:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1004:
997:
992:
991:
990: ?)
981:
977:
973:
969:
955:
949:
921:
908:
895:
872:
866:
849:
848:
847:
846:
839:
832:
825:
821:
813:
783:
780:
774:
770:
767:
766:Std enthalpy of
756:
753:
747:
743:
740:
739:Std enthalpy of
727:
721:
707:
677:
626:
623:
622:
621:
617:
614:
613:
612:
608:
605:
604:
603:
601:
598:
584:
581:
576:
575:
564:
561:
560:
554:
553:
550:
544:
543:
532:
514:
507:
498:
478:
462:
449:
437:
417:
404:
395:
358:
338:
318:
298:
278:
265:
254:
241:
227:
226:
104:
103:
72:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7743:
7733:
7732:
7730:Types of sugar
7727:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7696:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7663:
7657:
7655:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7618:Residual sugar
7613:Sugars in wine
7610:
7605:
7600:
7598:Health effects
7595:
7594:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7573:
7571:Flavored syrup
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7535:Treacle mining
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7393:
7391:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7305:Tongaat Hulett
7302:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7197:Sugarcane mill
7194:
7189:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7172:
7166:
7164:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6988:Molasses sugar
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6806:List of syrups
6802:
6800:
6791:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6720:Reducing sugar
6717:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6661:Monosaccharide
6657:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6633:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6610:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6536:Levan beta 2→6
6533:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6510:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6481:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6429:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6406:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6386:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6336:Trisaccharides
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6222:Mannoheptulose
6215:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6108:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6043:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6005:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5979:Glyceraldehyde
5972:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5956:Glycolaldehyde
5949:
5947:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5861:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5838:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5742:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5676:
5674:
5665:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5637:
5630:
5628:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5580:
5578:
5569:
5567:Glycogenolysis
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5551:Lafora disease
5548:
5542:
5536:
5529:
5527:
5518:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5437:
5434:Monosaccharide
5427:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5392:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5371:Monosaccharide
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5352:
5350:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5320:monosaccharide
5308:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5263:
5262:External links
5260:
5259:
5258:
5252:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5197:
5194:on 2012-08-02.
5171:
5157:. 1997-05-01.
5140:
5137:on 2016-03-07.
5116:
5113:on 2017-07-07.
5092:
5063:
5034:
4995:
4952:
4933:
4912:
4886:
4867:
4856:
4848:10.17226/10490
4825:
4814:
4791:
4780:
4760:
4753:
4735:
4717:
4668:
4649:
4630:
4605:
4537:
4488:
4456:
4421:
4392:
4366:
4345:
4312:
4303:
4281:
4254:
4235:
4209:
4180:
4163:New York Times
4144:
4108:
4073:
4042:
4018:
3994:
3976:
3958:
3951:
3933:
3926:
3902:
3895:
3877:
3870:
3847:
3844:on 2013-11-06.
3823:
3803:
3773:
3752:
3745:
3719:
3712:. Condé Nast.
3697:
3691:978-0470016176
3690:
3664:
3643:Lemieux, R. U.
3634:
3619:
3597:
3567:
3537:
3502:
3467:
3443:
3419:
3390:
3366:
3352:
3346:978-1482208672
3345:
3327:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3257:European Union
3236:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3207:
3206:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3148:
3145:
3135:
3132:
3127:Main article:
3124:
3121:
3111:
3108:
3089:glycemic index
3084:
3083:Glycemic index
3081:
3021:
3018:
2943:
2940:
2936:micronutrients
2922:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2614:
2585:Main article:
2582:
2579:
2554:sugar industry
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2523:
2522:
2491:
2476:
2466:
2404:
2401:
2384:
2383:Blanco directo
2381:
2376:sulfur dioxide
2371:
2368:
2358:
2355:
2319:European Union
2294:
2291:
2272:carbon dioxide
2256:Main article:
2245:
2242:
2206:Main article:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:empty calories
2170:Main article:
2167:
2164:
2150:produced from
2148:glucose syrups
2126:European Union
2112:Acer saccharum
2080:Saccharum spp.
2067:tall diffusers
2058:
2055:
1991:in 1523). The
1877:Main article:
1849:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1791:photosynthesis
1782:
1779:
1766:
1763:
1743:monosaccharide
1739:photosynthesis
1702:
1699:
1695:small calories
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:→ 12 C + 11 H
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:(catalyst) + C
1486:
1482:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:carbon dioxide
1279:
1276:
1244:
1231:reducing sugar
1194:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1140:William Miller
1131:
1128:
1120:polysaccharide
1087:sugar-refining
1056:
1047:
1038:
1002:
999:
998:
993:
971:
970:
966:standard state
963:
960:
959:
950:
947:
944:
943:
939:
938:
933:
926:
925:
922:
916:
913:
912:
909:
903:
900:
899:
896:
890:
887:
886:
877:
876:
873:
864:
862:
859:
858:
851:
850:
840:
833:
826:
811:
810:
809:
808:
806:
797:
796:
792:
791:
784:
778:
772:
764:
761:
760:
757:
751:
745:
737:
734:
733:
729:
728:
725:
722:
717:
714:
713:
708:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
691:
682:
681:
678:
673:
670:
669:
666:
660:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
642:
641:
638:
632:
631:
624:
615:
606:
599:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
583:
582:
579:
571:
570:
569:
566:
565:
563:
562:
558:
557:
555:
551:
548:
547:
539:
538:
537:
534:
533:
531:
530:
517:
515:
503:
500:
499:
497:
496:
488:
486:
480:
479:
477:
476:
472:
470:
464:
463:
461:
460:
452:
450:
442:
439:
438:
436:
435:
427:
425:
419:
418:
416:
415:
407:
405:
400:
397:
396:
394:
393:
389:
387:
379:
378:
368:
360:
359:
357:
356:
348:
346:
340:
339:
337:
336:
328:
326:
320:
319:
317:
316:
308:
306:
300:
299:
297:
296:
288:
286:
280:
279:
277:
276:
268:
266:
259:
256:
255:
253:
252:
244:
242:
237:
234:
233:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
179:
140:
129:
118:
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
81:
80:
74:
73:
62:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7742:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7725:Disaccharides
7723:
7722:
7720:
7705:
7697:
7695:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7661:Robert Lustig
7659:
7658:
7656:
7652:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7542:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7337:United States
7335:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7325:British Sugar
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7152:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7121:Sugar alcohol
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6853:Glucose syrup
6851:
6849:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6831:Maesil-cheong
6829:
6828:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6631:
6626:
6624:
6619:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6596:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6531:Hemicellulose
6529:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6278:Disaccharides
6275:
6272:
6268:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6228:
6227:Sedoheptulose
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6218:Ketoheptoses
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:Deoxy sugars
6184:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6071:Ketopentoses
6070:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6046:Aldopentoses
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6008:Aldotetroses
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5866:carbohydrates
5859:
5854:
5852:
5847:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5800:Hyperoxaluria
5798:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5641:
5640:Danon disease
5638:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5220:on 2009-09-05
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5184:fairtrade.net
5181:
5175:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5082:on 2009-06-01
5081:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5053:on 2009-08-22
5052:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5024:on 2009-04-10
5020:
5016:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4916:
4902:on 2009-02-23
4901:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4817:
4815:9781845930523
4811:
4807:
4806:
4798:
4796:
4787:
4783:
4781:9781845930523
4777:
4773:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4731:
4724:
4722:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4688:(2): 526–31.
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4502:Diabetes Care
4499:
4492:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4349:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4307:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4274:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4035:
4028:
4022:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4004:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3852:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3799:1-56639-832-0
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3748:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3483:(5): 689–90.
3482:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3234:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3191:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3141:
3138:In 2015, the
3130:
3120:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:dental plaque
3032:
3031:
3026:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:blood glucose
2988:
2987:macronutrient
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2767:Riboflavin (B
2764:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:Carbohydrates
2643:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:confectionery
2593:
2588:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:sanding sugar
2452:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:carbonatation
2416:
2410:
2403:White refined
2400:
2398:
2397:carbonatation
2394:
2390:
2380:
2377:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:carbonatation
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:calcium oxide
2214:
2209:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:Beta vulgaris
2085:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:confectionery
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1947:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1885:Gupta dynasty
1880:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1832:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:cyanobacteria
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1556:
1535:
1518:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:sulfuric acid
1467:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1354:→ 9 CO + 3 N
1335:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:carbohydrates
1286:. Like other
1285:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:disaccharides
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1032:
1029:. It has the
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
996:
989:
984:
967:
961:
958:
954:
951:
946:
945:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:
910:
907:(Recommended)
906:
902:
901:
897:
894:(Permissible)
893:
889:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
870:
861:
860:
856:
852:
845:
838:
831:
807:
804:
803:
799:
798:
793:
789:
785:
777:
769:
763:
762:
758:
750:
742:
736:
735:
730:
723:
720:
716:
715:
712:
709:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
690:
689:
684:
683:
679:
676:
672:
671:
667:
665:
664:Melting point
662:
661:
657:
655:
652:
651:
647:
644:
643:
639:
637:
634:
633:
600:
597:
593:
592:
587:
578:
577:
574:
567:
556:
546:
545:
542:
535:
527:
523:
522:DTXSID2021288
519:
518:
516:
506:
502:
501:
494:
490:
489:
487:
485:
482:
481:
474:
473:
471:
469:
466:
465:
458:
454:
453:
451:
445:
441:
440:
433:
429:
428:
426:
424:
421:
420:
413:
409:
408:
406:
403:
399:
398:
391:
390:
388:
386:
381:
380:
376:
372:
369:
367:
365:ECHA InfoCard
362:
361:
354:
350:
349:
347:
345:
342:
341:
334:
330:
329:
327:
325:
322:
321:
314:
310:
309:
307:
305:
302:
301:
294:
290:
289:
287:
285:
282:
281:
274:
270:
269:
267:
263:
258:
257:
250:
246:
245:
243:
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236:
235:
230:
222:
219:
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200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
130:
119:
116:
113:
112:
107:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
79:
75:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
19:
7670:
7520:Sugar people
7508:Sugar packet
7432:Molasses Act
7407:Blackbirding
7300:Illovo Sugar
7295:South Africa
7248:Wilmar Sugar
7043:Butterscotch
7038:Barley sugar
6943:
6858:Golden syrup
6836:Mogwa-cheong
6702:
6688:Disaccharide
6512:
6501:
6483:
6415:Maltodextrin
6315:
6296:Isomaltulose
6087:Deoxy sugars
6023:Ketotetrose
5926:Mutarotation
5820:deficiency,
5689:GSD type VII
5584:GSD type III
5525:Glycogenesis
5475:galactosemia
5347:Disaccharide
5334:
5312:Inborn error
5243:
5222:. Retrieved
5218:the original
5210:Ec.europa.eu
5209:
5206:Trade Issues
5200:
5192:the original
5183:
5174:
5163:. Retrieved
5154:Mother Jones
5152:
5143:
5135:the original
5128:
5119:
5111:the original
5104:
5103:. Business.
5095:
5084:. Retrieved
5080:the original
5075:
5066:
5055:. Retrieved
5051:the original
5047:ec.europa.eu
5046:
5037:
5026:. Retrieved
5019:the original
5010:
4998:
4987:. Retrieved
4975:
4971:
4936:
4921:
4915:
4904:. Retrieved
4900:the original
4889:
4870:
4838:
4804:
4770:
4763:
4744:
4738:
4729:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4652:
4633:
4622:. Retrieved
4608:
4597:. Retrieved
4554:
4550:
4540:
4505:
4501:
4491:
4475:
4459:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4412:. Retrieved
4384:. Retrieved
4356:
4348:
4337:. Retrieved
4328:
4315:
4306:
4264:
4257:
4238:
4226:. Retrieved
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4171:. Retrieved
4162:
4137:19 September
4135:. Retrieved
4131:the original
4099:. Retrieved
4064:. Retrieved
4055:
4045:
4021:
4016:, pp. 79–90.
4013:
3997:
3979:
3961:
3942:
3936:
3912:
3905:
3886:
3880:
3860:
3839:the original
3826:
3816:
3782:
3776:
3728:
3722:
3709:
3700:
3673:
3667:
3653:(16): 4118.
3650:
3646:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3600:
3589:. Retrieved
3580:
3570:
3559:. Retrieved
3550:
3540:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3451:
3446:
3427:
3422:
3411:. Retrieved
3402:
3393:
3359:
3355:
3336:
3330:
3320:
3314:
3292:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3247:(WTO), the "
3242:
3214:
3210:
3200:January 2024
3197:
3189:
3150:
3137:
3113:
3093:
3086:
3076:S. sanguinis
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3038:
3028:
3023:
3003:
2995:kilocalories
2953:
2932:kilocalories
2925:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2694:
2670:
2646:
2594:
2590:
2573:
2566:
2556:use degrees
2551:
2533:
2532:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2483:sugar caster
2478:
2468:
2462:
2459:nibbed sugar
2458:
2454:
2451:Coarse-grain
2450:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2412:
2386:
2373:
2351:
2335:
2327:
2296:
2288:
2268:milk of lime
2261:
2238:ethanol fuel
2231:
2219:
2179:
2175:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2123:
2119:extreme heat
2116:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2052:
2044:Franz Achard
2028:steam engine
2025:
2021:
2001:
1917:The army of
1916:
1911:
1889:
1882:
1807:
1803:
1784:
1768:
1707:biosynthesis
1704:
1688:
1663:
1557:
1536:
1519:
1479:
1468:
1439:
1427:chloric acid
1424:
1379:
1372:
1336:
1332:rocket candy
1325:
1296:
1281:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1196:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1135:
1133:
1109:
1103:
1092:
1064:
1017:composed of
1011:disaccharide
1006:
1005:
881:
854:
801:
775:
748:
687:
468:RTECS number
313:ChEMBL253582
232:Identifiers
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
109:Other names
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
18:Caster sugar
7666:John Yudkin
7576:Fruit syrup
7493:Sugar shack
7483:Added sugar
7422:Holing cane
7280:Philippines
7180:Casa-grande
7094:Other forms
7070:Sugar glass
7033:Sugar candy
6973:Gula melaka
6953:Candi sugar
6932:Solid forms
6923:Yacón syrup
6913:Table syrup
6888:Maple syrup
6841:Yuja-cheong
6811:Agave syrup
6746:Agave syrup
6715:Added sugar
6573:Xanthan gum
6561:Amylopectin
6433:Beta-glucan
6344:Maltotriose
6159:Ketohexoses
6112:Aldohexoses
6092:Deoxyribose
6027:Erythrulose
5985:Ketotriose
5975:Aldotriose
5602:GSD type IX
5590:GSD type VI
5556:GSD type XV
5539:GSD type IV
5337:, transport
4638:Tooth Decay
4437:: 391–404.
4101:21 December
4066:21 December
3864:. Penguin.
3051:lactic acid
3025:Tooth decay
3020:Tooth decay
3001:per gram).
2973:lining the
2750:Thiamine (B
2581:Consumption
2543:Measurement
2535:Brown sugar
2515:corn starch
2507:icing sugar
2487:"superfine"
2473:Sugar cubes
2409:White sugar
2347:animal feed
2323:fruit juice
2276:precipitate
2252:Sugar beets
2226:Centrifuges
2108:sugar maple
2106:), and the
2084:sugar beets
1985:West Indies
1711:UDP-glucose
1559:12 C + 12 O
1421:+ 0.274 KOH
1405:O + 3.065 H
1397:→ 3.796 CO
1393:+ 6.288 KNO
1264:polarimetry
1241:space group
1106:tooth decay
1075:Sugar mills
1027:white sugar
869:median dose
855:Lethal dose
719:Space group
645:Appearance
589:Properties
371:100.000.304
293:CHEBI:17992
117:Saccharose;
7719:Categories
7704:Production
7581:Date honey
7566:Cane knife
7503:Sugar nips
7192:Sugar bush
7175:Plantation
7163:Production
7058:Rock candy
7023:Preserving
6903:Pine honey
6848:Corn syrup
6736:Sugar beet
6349:Melezitose
6291:Isomaltose
6286:Cellobiose
5952:Aldodiose
5812:Pentosuria
5745:GSD type I
5672:Glycolysis
5596:GSD type V
5533:GSD type 0
5436:catabolism
5349:catabolism
5324:Including
5224:2011-11-18
5212:(Report).
5165:2010-05-05
5086:2011-11-18
5057:2011-11-18
5028:2011-11-18
5013:(Report).
4989:2007-04-04
4906:2010-05-05
4624:2010-05-05
4599:2018-12-21
4484:012370491X
4386:2024-06-21
4339:2024-03-28
3591:2014-08-21
3561:2015-11-19
3518:(4): 352.
3456:pp. 254–55
3413:2014-08-10
3403:ChemIDplus
3306:References
3295:fair trade
3288:soft money
3253:free trade
3153:calcinated
3062:(formerly
2999:kilojoules
2971:microvilli
2960:isomaltase
2856:Phosphorus
2610:junk foods
2562:Adolf Brix
2500:10X sugar,
2490:processor.
2469:Granulated
2463:sugar nibs
2453:, such as
2407:See also:
2370:Mill white
2258:Sugar beet
2183:dietitians
2154:and corn (
2141:corn syrup
2013:chocolates
1993:Portuguese
1892:sugar cane
1871:Sugar nips
1852:Sugar cane
1816:Production
1775:acetylated
1665:Hydrolysis
1660:Hydrolysis
1534:from air.
1238:monoclinic
1170:saccharose
1071:sugar beet
768:combustion
711:Monoclinic
698:Structure
636:Molar mass
493:C151H8M554
402:IUPHAR/BPS
324:ChemSpider
260:3D model (
239:CAS Number
60:IUPAC name
7640:Sweetness
7635:Sweetener
7525:Sugar tit
7513:Sucrology
7488:Crop Over
7447:Sugar Act
7290:Sri Lanka
7275:Mauritius
7260:Caribbean
7233:Australia
7075:Sugarloaf
6993:Muscovado
6945:Peen tong
6883:Kuromitsu
6741:Sugarcane
6708:Trehalose
6671:Galactose
6654:Chemistry
6503:Galactose
6458:Cellulose
6448:Sizofiran
6372:Stachyose
6354:Raffinose
6321:Trehalose
6306:Lactulose
6127:Galactose
6050:Arabinose
6012:Erythrose
5864:Types of
5620:Lysosomal
5471:Galactose
5373:transport
4571:0002-9165
4228:2 January
4202:2 January
4173:2 January
3801:. p. 311.
3605:"Sucrase"
3072:S. mutans
2983:invertase
2869:Potassium
2801:Vitamin C
2784:Niacin (B
2427:bone char
2208:Sugarcane
2092:date palm
2076:sugarcane
2040:beet root
2017:sugar nip
1999:in 1532.
1987:in 1506 (
1946:sakcharon
1867:sugarloaf
1795:honeybees
1747:pineapple
1735:organisms
1580:S (g/dL)
1461:O + 12 CO
1413:+ 2.988 K
1409:+ 3.143 N
1219:tautomers
1207:fructosyl
1168:The name
1142:from the
1134:The word
1130:Etymology
1067:sugarcane
936:ICSC 1507
741:formation
475:WN6500000
392:200-334-9
384:EC Number
7694:Category
7654:Research
7498:Sugaring
7312:Tanzania
7187:Refinery
7155:Industry
7080:Wasanbon
7018:Powdered
6958:Chancaca
6898:Molasses
6790:Products
6766:Honeydew
6666:Fructose
6595:Category
6524:Glycogen
6507:Galactan
6485:Fructose
6470:Chitosan
6443:Lentinan
6392:Acarbose
6326:Turanose
6270:Multiple
6211:Heptoses
6199:Rhamnose
6194:Fuculose
6179:Tagatose
6164:Fructose
6080:Xylulose
6075:Ribulose
6039:Pentoses
6001:Tetroses
5904:Geometry
5895:Pyranose
5890:Furanose
5516:glycogen
5445:Fructose
5159:Archived
4980:Archived
4944:Archived
4926:Archived
4878:Archived
4862:Archived
4820:Archived
4786:Archived
4660:Archived
4641:Archived
4618:Archived
4593:Archived
4589:23966427
4532:20693348
4468:Archived
4408:Archived
4380:Archived
4376:30844154
4333:Archived
4323:(2024).
4295:Archived
4273:Archived
4246:Archived
4222:Archived
4196:Archived
4167:Archived
4092:Archived
4060:Archived
4034:Archived
4006:Archived
3989:Archived
3971:Archived
3787:Archived
3768:Archived
3714:Archived
3608:Archived
3585:Archived
3555:Archived
3459:Archived
3435:Archived
3407:Archived
3387:(NIOSH).
3104:glycogen
3047:starches
3033:live in
2979:bacteria
2975:duodenum
2967:membrane
2930:and 390
2928:nutrient
2882:Selenium
2829:Quantity
2823:Minerals
2736:Quantity
2730:Vitamins
2601:desserts
2495:Powdered
2284:molasses
2264:diffuser
2130:Thailand
1981:Crusades
1952:ζακχαρον
1673:fructose
1563:→ 12 CO
1203:glucosyl
1199:monomers
1108:because
1023:fructose
802:NFPA 704
795:Hazards
344:DrugBank
31:Sucrose
7645:Vinasse
7556:Bagasse
7544:Related
7476:Culture
7389:History
7202:Engenho
7170:Boilery
7136:Tuzemák
7101:Caramel
7028:Sucanat
6978:Jaggery
6968:Gelling
6918:Treacle
6893:Mizuame
6756:Coconut
6729:Sources
6703:Sucrose
6698:Maltose
6693:Lactose
6676:Glucose
6566:Amylose
6514:Glucose
6489:Fructan
6479:Dextran
6475:Dextrin
6453:Zymosan
6316:Sucrose
6311:Maltose
6301:Lactose
6250:Nonoses
6245:Octoses
6238:Above 7
6174:Sorbose
6169:Psicose
6147:Mannose
6132:Glucose
6122:Altrose
6104:Hexoses
6017:Threose
5968:Trioses
5873:General
5659:Glucose
5512:Glucose
5425:glucose
5335:Sucrose
5180:"Sugar"
5043:"Sugar"
5011:wto.org
4580:3778861
4523:2963518
4451:4944426
4414:6 March
4056:Reuters
3520:Bibcode
3485:Bibcode
3381:"#0574"
3321:Sucrose
3190:updated
3096:sucrase
3049:) into
3043:lactose
3014:obesity
2969:of the
2956:sucrase
2696:Protein
2343:alcohol
2234:ethanol
2100:sorghum
2032:Jamaica
1958:zachari
1787:nectars
1781:Sources
1751:apricot
1680:sucrase
1669:glucose
1465:+ 8 HCl
1457:→ 11 H
1362:O + 3 K
1350:+ 6 KNO
1314:→ 12 CO
1284:caramel
1215:anomers
1163:sucrose
1136:sucrose
1118:-based
1116:dextran
1019:glucose
1013:, is a
1007:Sucrose
988:what is
986: (
957:Maltose
953:Lactose
654:Density
630:
444:PubChem
353:DB02772
249:57-50-1
7675:(1972)
7603:Nectar
7591:Jallab
7375:Hawaii
7317:Uganda
7285:Rwanda
7063:Toffee
7008:Panela
6826:Cheong
6798:Syrups
6681:Xylose
6556:Starch
6551:Pectin
6546:Mannan
6541:Lignin
6518:Glucan
6495:Inulin
6463:Chitin
6189:Fucose
6152:Talose
6137:Gulose
6117:Allose
6065:Xylose
6060:Ribose
6055:Lyxose
5945:Dioses
5921:Epimer
5911:Anomer
5885:Ketose
5880:Aldose
5822:PRKAG2
5680:MODY 2
5547:(APBD)
5421:Hexose
5250:
4854:
4812:
4778:
4751:
4712:489122
4710:
4703:443577
4700:
4587:
4577:
4569:
4530:
4520:
4482:
4449:
4374:
4364:
4301:. IEEE
3949:
3924:
3893:
3868:
3797:
3743:
3688:
3343:
3165:kosher
3161:pareve
3066:) and
2889:0.6 μg
2876:2.0 mg
2632:Energy
2479:Caster
2270:" and
2082:) and
2057:Trends
1997:Brazil
1973:Sicily
1969:Europe
1964:ζάχαρη
1928:sākhar
1901:khanda
1755:grapes
1689:Given
1677:enzyme
1577:T (°C)
1509:O + SO
1475:carbon
1441:8 HClO
1358:+ 11 H
1318:+ 11 H
1310:+ 12 O
1144:French
1124:plaque
1099:tonnes
983:verify
980:
932:(SDS)
693:−3.76
573:SMILES
432:C00089
304:ChEMBL
114:Sugar;
54:Names
7586:Grape
7270:India
7265:Kenya
7212:Zafra
7207:Batey
7085:White
7048:Candy
6983:Misri
6939:Brown
6873:Honey
6771:Maple
6751:Birch
6637:Sugar
6411:(IMO)
6405:(GOS)
6399:(FOS)
6381:Other
6142:Idose
5793:Other
5778:SDDHD
5328:(GSD)
5022:(PDF)
5007:(PDF)
4983:(PDF)
4968:(PDF)
4276:(PDF)
4269:(PDF)
4095:(PDF)
4088:(PDF)
4037:(PDF)
4030:(PDF)
3918:57–68
3842:(PDF)
3835:(PDF)
3100:liver
2655:100 g
2574:total
2331:Egypt
2197:Types
2156:maize
2152:wheat
2070:left.
2005:cakes
1977:Spain
1923:Indus
1912:candy
1896:India
1799:honey
1759:pears
1727:algae
1148:sucre
1095:added
1015:sugar
924:N.D.
882:NIOSH
541:InChI
284:ChEBI
262:JSmol
7370:Fiji
7255:Cuba
7053:Hard
6781:Malt
6776:Palm
6761:Date
5684:HHF3
5248:ISBN
4919:See
4852:ISBN
4810:ISBN
4776:ISBN
4749:ISBN
4708:PMID
4585:PMID
4567:ISSN
4528:PMID
4480:ISBN
4447:PMID
4416:2015
4372:PMID
4362:ISBN
4230:2018
4204:2018
4175:2018
4139:2019
4103:2018
4068:2019
3947:ISBN
3922:ISBN
3891:ISBN
3866:ISBN
3795:ISBN
3741:ISBN
3686:ISBN
3341:ISBN
3116:gout
3110:Gout
2863:0 mg
2850:0 mg
2843:Iron
2808:0 mg
2795:0 mg
2778:0 mg
2761:0 mg
2599:and
2558:Brix
2391:and
2313:and
2244:Beet
2202:Cane
2011:and
1989:Cuba
1975:and
1937:), (
1934:साखर
1907:खण्ड
1757:and
1749:and
1729:and
1713:and
1705:The
1671:and
1652:420
1644:394
1636:369
1628:346
1620:325
1612:306
1604:289
1596:273
1588:259
1433:and
1154:-ose
1021:and
1009:, a
918:IDLH
686:log
484:UNII
457:5988
423:KEGG
412:5411
333:5768
181:α-(1
142:β-(2
7243:CSR
7116:Rum
6998:Nib
5663:CAC
5624:LSD
5314:of
4844:doi
4698:PMC
4690:doi
4575:PMC
4559:doi
4518:PMC
4510:doi
4439:doi
4329:FDA
3733:doi
3678:doi
3655:doi
3528:doi
3493:doi
3249:G20
3102:as
3039:any
2958:or
2834:%DV
2741:%DV
2703:0 g
2679:0 g
2672:Fat
2612:".
2461:or
2425:or
2240:).
2098:),
1940:شکر
1527:by
1445:+ C
1159:Suc
1069:or
905:REL
892:PEL
779:298
752:298
510:EPA
447:CID
7721::
6516:/
6505:/
6487:/
6477:/
5661:⇄
5626:):
5514:⇄
5473:/
5423:→
5318::
5186:.
5182:.
5151:.
5127:.
5074:.
5045:.
5009:.
4976:26
4974:.
4970:.
4955:^
4860:.
4850:.
4828:^
4818:.
4794:^
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