237:
characteristics, but
Nesfield has mistaken the effect for the cause, as caste is a closed group that naturally limits all social intercourse outside of one's caste, including messing etc. Risley makes no new point that deserves special attention. Dr. Ambedkar elucidates that Ketkar's definition of "prohibition of intermarriage" and "membership by autogeny" as two characteristics of caste are two aspects of one and the same thing but not two different things. The prohibition of intermarriage means limiting membership to those born within the group.
285:) -- intended to solve the problem of surplus women. Whereas man has had the upper hand compared to woman and is a dominant figure with greater prestige in every group. Woman, on the other hand, has been an easy prey to all kinds of iniquitous injunctions, religious, social, or economic. Such being the case, one cannot accord the same kind of treatment to a surplus man as you can to a surplus woman in a caste. So "Girl Marriage" was the only custom intended to solve the problem of the surplus man (widower).
31:
188:
quite alive to the complex intricacies of a hoary institution like Caste, but I am not so pessimistic as to relegate it to the region of the unknowable, for I believe it can be known. The caste problem is a vast one, both theoretically and practically. Practically, it is an institution that portends tremendous consequences. It is a local problem, but one capable of much wider mischief, for "as long as caste in India does exist,
203:
193:
the case, I cannot treat the problem in its entirety. Time, space and acumen, I am afraid, would all fail me, if I attempted to do otherwise than limit myself to a phase of it, namely, the genesis, mechanism and spread of the caste system. I will strictly observe this rule, and will dwell on extraneous matters only when it is necessary to clarify or support a point in my thesis.
192:
will hardly intermarry or have any social intercourse with outsiders; and if Hindus migrate to other regions on earth, Indian caste would become a world problem." Theoretically, it has defied a great many scholars who have taken upon themselves, as a labour of love, to dig into its origin. Such being
300:
For him, the "father" of the institution of caste could be the
Brahmins who adopted a strictly endogamous matrimonial regime, leading other groups to do the same to emulate this self-proclaimed elite. The priestly class in all ancient civilizations are the originators of this "unnatural Institution"
236:
as incomplete or incorrect by itself and all have missed the central point in the mechanism of the caste system. Senart's "idea of pollution" is a characteristic of caste in so far as caste has a religious flavour. Nesfield states that 'absence of messing' with those outside the Caste is one of its
260:
or clans of the same class) is regarded as a sacrilege. In spite of the endogamy of the castes within them, exogamy is strictly observed and that there are more rigorous penalties for violating exogamy than there are for violating endogamy. Thus "the
Superposition of endogamy on exogamy means the
217:
has not only a geographic unity, but also a deeper and a much more fundamental cultural unity. The unity of culture is the basis of homogeneity, which makes the problem of caste difficult to be explained. If the Hindu society were a mere federation of mutually exclusive units, the matter would be
187:
I need hardly remind you of the complexity of the subject I intend to handle. Subtler minds and abler pens than mine have been brought to the task of unravelling the mysteries of Caste; but unfortunately it still remains in the domain of the "unexplained," not to say of the "un-understood." I am
244:(absence of intermarriage) is the only one that can be called the essence of caste and only characteristic that is peculiar to caste. No civilized society of today presents more survivals of primitive times than does the Indian society like the custom of
277:
are customs that were primarily intended to solve the problem of the surplus woman and surplus man (widower) in a caste, and to maintain its endogamy. Strict endogamy could not be preserved without these customs, while caste without endogamy is fake.
170:
who adopted a strictly endogamous matrimonial regime, leading the other groups to do the same in order to emulate this self-proclaimed elite. He said that "the superposition of endogamy on exogamy means the creation of caste".
297:
Ambedkar believed that the "Origin of Caste" was synonymous with "the Origin of the
Mechanism for Endogamy" and he treated class and caste as neighbours, saying that "a caste is an Enclosed Class".
1574:
218:
simple enough. But, the caste is a "parcelling" of an already homogeneous unit, and the explanation of the genesis of caste is the explanation of this process of parcelling.
123:
708:
281:
According to
Amebdkar, the two customs -- Sati (burning of the widow on the funeral pyre of her deceased husband) and enforced widowhood (not allowing a widow to
1542:
418:
1672:
1486:
163:(Bombay) published this article in the collection of Ambedkar's writings and speeches Volume 1; later, it was translated in many languages.
701:
1478:
1502:
932:
959:
694:
146:
1094:
921:
659:
580:
282:
676:
1646:
937:
1550:
1494:
637:
618:
599:
561:
112:
1667:
1518:
681:
536:
1682:
472:
1510:
1374:
1324:
1309:
947:
747:
1534:
752:
494:
1434:
1099:
202:
1149:
1114:
1064:
310:
1566:
1460:
1279:
734:
1677:
1244:
1194:
966:
166:
In the paper, Ambedkar made a presentation a social phenomenon that emerged from the strategy of the
1616:
1384:
1209:
897:
777:
717:
1074:
1419:
1174:
1034:
324:
179:
Ambedkar presented his paper "Castes in India: Their
Mechanism, Genesis and Development" at an
1558:
1414:
1394:
1339:
971:
316:
1199:
1611:
1329:
1294:
1109:
647:
81:
41:
8:
1274:
1224:
1169:
1049:
785:
229:
214:
156:
1319:
1054:
1439:
1369:
1229:
1184:
1084:
860:
412:
213:
Ambedkar believed that ethnically, all people are heterogeneous. According to him, the
1582:
1470:
1429:
1354:
1269:
1239:
1139:
1008:
981:
954:
855:
726:
655:
633:
614:
595:
576:
557:
488:
107:
1154:
1409:
1404:
1379:
1359:
1124:
835:
507:
151:
1444:
1399:
1289:
1259:
1134:
1119:
1059:
996:
892:
686:
403:
270:
222:
1389:
1349:
1299:
1284:
1264:
1214:
1179:
1164:
1144:
1129:
1001:
942:
795:
274:
206:
142:
54:
402:
Caste in India: The facts and the system / by Emile Senart, translated by Sir
1661:
1621:
1424:
1364:
1334:
1314:
1254:
1219:
1204:
1189:
1159:
1104:
1029:
840:
820:
810:
225:
1601:
1304:
1089:
875:
830:
825:
767:
742:
180:
30:
1013:
1641:
1631:
1234:
1044:
991:
865:
805:
800:
160:
1636:
1626:
1344:
1249:
1079:
1069:
1039:
882:
850:
815:
757:
128:
159:
on this topic. In 1979, the
Education Department of the Government of
887:
233:
155:
in May 1917. In the same year, Ambedkar was awarded a PhD degree by
1606:
986:
241:
149:
in New York on 9 May 1916. It was later published in volume XLI of
1576:
An
Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
909:
904:
870:
845:
762:
245:
167:
976:
790:
437:
333:
257:
189:
652:
Dr
Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste
1462:
An Essay upon the Causes of the
Different Colours of People
573:
The Caste Question: Dalits and The Politics of Modern India
537:"Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development"
183:
seminar, in which he started with the following statement:
407:. Translated by Ross, Edward Denison (1871-1940). Methuen.
24:
Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
399:
138:
Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
124:
Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
1544:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
512:
425:
381:
369:
357:
453:
221:Ambedkar views that definitions of castes given by
716:
345:
252:(blood-kins) cannot marry, but a marriage between
1659:
630:Thoughts and Philosophy of Doctor B. R. Ambedkar
301:founded and maintained through unnatural means.
475:. Archived from the original on 28 January 2011
1488:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
702:
473:"The numerical sexual disparity in marriage"
417:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1480:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
709:
695:
575:. London: University of California Press.
29:
1504:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
654:. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
646:
534:
431:
387:
375:
363:
288:
201:
589:
443:
1660:
1095:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
551:
518:
1673:Books about the caste system in India
690:
608:
459:
627:
351:
248:. The creed of exogamy, is not that
1647:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
677:Read this book in its original form
570:
447:
13:
556:. Vol. 1. Delhi: Isha Books.
400:Senart, Emile (1847-1928) (1930).
14:
1694:
1552:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
1472:The Outline of History of Mankind
670:
613:. New Delhi: Anmol Publications.
145:at an anthropological seminar of
1520:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
594:. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
240:Ambedkar has evaluated that the
632:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
501:
1512:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
718:Historical definitions of race
465:
393:
1:
1536:The Passing of the Great Race
527:
1435:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
609:Singh, Nagendra Kr. (2000).
590:Mohanty, Manoranjan (2004).
535:Ambedkar, B. R. (May 1917).
264:
7:
1150:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
1115:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
1065:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
311:B. R. Ambedkar bibliography
304:
174:
39:as originally published in
18:1917 book by B. R. Ambedkar
10:
1699:
508:Caste is an enclosed class
273:, enforced widowhood, and
197:
1594:
1453:
1245:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
1022:
920:
776:
733:
724:
493:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
118:
106:
98:
88:
76:
68:
60:
50:
28:
1617:History of anthropometry
1385:Charles Gabriel Seligman
1210:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
898:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
339:
1668:Books by B. R. Ambedkar
1075:Daniel Garrison Brinton
552:Pandey, Aditya (2005).
1683:1917 non-fiction books
1420:Thomas Griffith Taylor
1175:Reginald Ruggles Gates
554:Politics of South Asia
210:
195:
147:Alexander Goldenweiser
1560:Annihilation of Caste
1464:in Different Climates
1415:William Graham Sumner
1395:Samuel Stanhope Smith
1340:James Cowles Prichard
972:Racial discrimination
648:Jaffrelot, Christophe
571:Rao, Anupama (2009).
325:Who Were the Shudras?
317:Annihilation of Caste
205:
185:
1612:Great chain of being
1330:Ludwig Hermann Plate
1295:Samuel George Morton
1110:Samuel A. Cartwright
960:in the United States
628:Naik, C. C. (2003).
611:Ambedkar on religion
592:Class, caste, gender
269:Ambedkar views that
261:creation of caste."
141:was a paper read by
82:The Indian Antiquary
42:The Indian Antiquary
1568:The Races of Europe
1496:The Races of Europe
1275:Dominick McCausland
1225:Thomas Henry Huxley
1170:Stanley Marion Garn
1050:Robert Bennett Bean
778:Historical concepts
157:Columbia University
25:
1440:Alexander Winchell
1370:Henric Sanielevici
1230:Calvin Ira Kephart
1200:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
1185:Arthur de Gobineau
1085:Alice Mossie Brues
982:Racial stereotypes
211:
23:
1655:
1654:
1584:The Race Question
1430:John H. Van Evrie
1355:William Z. Ripley
1325:Charles Pickering
1270:Felix von Luschan
1240:Robert E. Kuttner
1140:Charles Davenport
1009:Whiteness studies
735:Color terminology
727:Scientific racism
661:978-1-85065-449-0
582:978-0-520-25761-0
134:
133:
99:Publication place
1690:
1678:Dalit literature
1463:
1410:Lothrop Stoddard
1405:Morris Steggerda
1380:Ilse Schwidetzky
1375:Heinrich Schmidt
1360:Alfred Rosenberg
1320:Isaac La Peyrère
1125:Carleton S. Coon
1100:Charles Caldwell
1055:François Bernier
938:in Latin America
711:
704:
697:
688:
687:
665:
643:
624:
605:
586:
567:
548:
541:Indian Antiquary
522:
516:
510:
505:
499:
498:
492:
484:
482:
480:
469:
463:
457:
451:
441:
435:
429:
423:
422:
416:
408:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
215:Indian Peninsula
152:Indian Antiquary
90:Publication date
33:
26:
22:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1590:
1528:Castes in India
1449:
1445:Ludwig Woltmann
1400:Herbert Spencer
1290:Lewis H. Morgan
1260:Cesare Lombroso
1135:Jan Czekanowski
1120:Sonia Mary Cole
1060:Renato Biasutti
1018:
997:Nazism and race
916:
893:Proto-Mongoloid
772:
729:
720:
715:
673:
668:
662:
640:
621:
602:
583:
564:
530:
525:
517:
513:
506:
502:
486:
485:
478:
476:
471:
470:
466:
458:
454:
446:, p. 136;
442:
438:
432:Ambedkar (1917)
430:
426:
410:
409:
404:E. Denison Ross
398:
394:
388:Ambedkar (1917)
386:
382:
376:Ambedkar (1917)
374:
370:
364:Ambedkar (1917)
362:
358:
350:
346:
342:
307:
295:
267:
200:
177:
91:
72:Scholarly paper
46:
37:Castes in India
19:
12:
11:
5:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1498:(Ripley, 1899)
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1390:Giuseppe Sergi
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1350:Gustaf Retzius
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1300:Josiah C. Nott
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:Ashley Montagu
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1265:Bertil Lundman
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:Earnest Hooton
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:George Gliddon
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:Francis Galton
1162:
1157:
1155:Anténor Firmin
1152:
1147:
1145:Joseph Deniker
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:Georges Cuvier
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1002:Racial hygiene
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
969:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
951:
950:
945:
935:
926:
924:
918:
917:
915:
914:
913:
912:
902:
901:
900:
895:
885:
880:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
793:
788:
782:
780:
774:
773:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
737:
731:
730:
725:
722:
721:
714:
713:
706:
699:
691:
685:
684:
679:
672:
671:External links
669:
667:
666:
660:
644:
638:
625:
619:
606:
600:
587:
581:
568:
562:
549:
531:
529:
526:
524:
523:
521:, p. 165.
511:
500:
464:
462:, p. 214.
452:
450:, p. 125.
444:Mohanty (2004)
436:
424:
392:
380:
368:
356:
354:, p. 165.
343:
341:
338:
337:
336:
331:
330:
329:
321:
306:
303:
294:
287:
275:child marriage
266:
263:
207:B. R. Ambedkar
199:
196:
176:
173:
143:B. R. Ambedkar
132:
131:
120:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
55:B. R. Ambedkar
52:
48:
47:
35:First page of
34:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1695:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Miscegenation
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Paul Topinard
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Benjamin Rush
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Alfred Ploetz
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Oscar Peschel
1313:
1311:
1310:Roger Pearson
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:John Mitchell
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1255:Carl Linnaeus
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Julian Huxley
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:Ernst Haeckel
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Madison Grant
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:Eugen Fischer
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Petrus Camper
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:Louis Agassiz
1028:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
973:
970:
968:
965:
961:
958:
956:
953:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
927:
925:
923:
919:
911:
908:
907:
906:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
884:
881:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:Mediterranean
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
781:
779:
775:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
719:
712:
707:
705:
700:
698:
693:
692:
689:
683:
682:Complete text
680:
678:
675:
674:
663:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
639:81-7625-418-5
635:
631:
626:
622:
620:81-261-0503-8
616:
612:
607:
603:
601:0-7619-9643-5
597:
593:
588:
584:
578:
574:
569:
565:
563:81-8205-303-X
559:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
532:
520:
519:Pandey (2005)
515:
509:
504:
496:
490:
474:
468:
461:
456:
449:
445:
440:
433:
428:
420:
414:
406:
405:
396:
389:
384:
377:
372:
365:
360:
353:
348:
344:
335:
332:
327:
326:
322:
319:
318:
314:
313:
312:
309:
308:
302:
298:
292:
286:
284:
279:
276:
272:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
235:
231:
227:
226:John Nesfield
224:
219:
216:
208:
204:
194:
191:
184:
182:
172:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
140:
139:
130:
126:
125:
121:
117:
114:
113:9781982085346
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
44:
43:
38:
32:
27:
21:
16:
1602:Ethnogenesis
1583:
1575:
1570:(Coon, 1939)
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1461:
1454:Publications
1305:Karl Pearson
1195:John Grattan
1090:Halfdan Bryn
955:in Singapore
922:Sociological
651:
629:
610:
591:
572:
553:
544:
540:
514:
503:
477:. Retrieved
467:
460:Singh (2000)
455:
439:
434:, p. 3.
427:
401:
395:
390:, p. 2.
383:
378:, p. 1.
371:
366:, p. 5.
359:
347:
323:
315:
299:
296:
290:
280:
268:
253:
249:
239:
230:H. H. Risley
223:Émile Senart
220:
212:
186:
181:anthropology
178:
165:
150:
137:
136:
135:
122:
80:
40:
36:
20:
15:
1642:Pre-Adamite
1632:Multiracial
1235:Robert Knox
1045:John Beddoe
992:Master race
948:in Colombia
836:East Baltic
352:Naik (2003)
293:Development
161:Maharashtra
45:in May 1917
1662:Categories
1637:Polygenism
1627:Monogenism
1345:Otto Reche
1250:Fritz Lenz
1080:Paul Broca
1070:Franz Boas
1040:Erwin Baur
1035:John Baker
929:By region
786:Australoid
528:References
448:Rao (2009)
129:Wikisource
1014:NĂ©gritude
943:in Brazil
888:Mongoloid
796:Caucasoid
413:cite book
265:Mechanism
234:Dr Ketkar
77:Publisher
1607:Eugenics
987:Colorism
933:in India
841:Ethiopid
821:Atlantid
811:Armenoid
650:(2005).
489:cite web
305:See also
254:sagotras
250:sapindas
242:endogamy
175:Exordium
168:Brahmins
94:May 1917
61:Language
1595:Related
1023:Writers
967:Passing
910:Negrito
905:Negroid
876:Turanid
871:Semites
846:Hamites
831:Dinaric
826:Caspian
289:Origin
283:remarry
246:exogamy
209:in 1918
198:Genesis
64:English
1586:(1950)
1578:(1943)
1562:(1936)
1554:(1930)
1546:(1920)
1538:(1916)
1530:(1916)
1522:(1911)
1514:(1907)
1506:(1899)
1490:(1855)
1482:(1849)
1474:(1785)
1466:(1744)
977:Racism
866:Nordic
856:Iranid
806:Arabid
801:Alpine
791:Capoid
748:Bronze
658:
636:
617:
598:
579:
560:
479:6 June
328:(1946)
320:(1936)
258:gotras
190:Hindus
51:Author
883:Malay
851:Indid
816:Aryan
768:White
758:Olive
753:Brown
743:Black
340:Notes
334:Dalit
102:India
69:Genre
656:ISBN
634:ISBN
615:ISBN
596:ISBN
577:ISBN
558:ISBN
545:XLVI
495:link
481:2010
419:link
271:sati
232:and
119:Text
108:ISBN
763:Red
127:at
1664::
543:.
539:.
491:}}
487:{{
415:}}
411:{{
291:or
228:,
710:e
703:t
696:v
664:.
642:.
623:.
604:.
585:.
566:.
547:.
497:)
483:.
421:)
256:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
