Castilla–La Mancha

2816: 3664: 2019: 3456: 3612: 3486: 3925: 4896: 3471: 1504: 86: 937: 8477: 3505: 2392: 973: 2826: 1640: 8567: 8507: 2629: 69: 610: 1765: 3855: 993: 1176: 8522: 57: 8447: 8372: 8537: 1084:, but with more extreme temperatures typical of a continental climate. Lack of a marine influence leads to much more extreme temperatures: hotter summers and quite cold winters, with a daily oscillation of 18.5 °C (33.3 °F). Summer is the driest season, with temperatures often exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), sometimes reaching and exceeding 35 °C (95 °F). In winter, temperatures often drop below 0 °C (32 °F), producing frosts on clear nights, and occasional snow on cloudy nights. 8432: 8387: 8402: 3520: 953: 8223: 2869: 1832:, Castilla–La Mancha consists of 919 municipalities, which amount to 11.3 percent of all the municipalities in Spain. 496 of these have less than 500 inhabitants, 231 have between 501 and 2,000 inhabitants, 157 between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants, and only 35 have more than 10,000 inhabitants. The municipalities in the north are small and numerous, while in the south they are larger and fewer. This reflects different histories of how these sub-regions were repopulated during the 8327: 1061: 747: 5171: 8552: 8462: 8417: 3539: 2701: 2647: 8357: 2611: 1860: 2879: 2719: 2683: 2665: 8616: 8492: 2593: 2575: 3226: 1495:, the territory of the current-day province of Toledo underwent a process of seigneuralization, and a number of non-religious lordships were progressively created in the area. The 15th century also brought a growing importance of the political elites belonging to towns of the southern meseta in the affairs of the Crown of Castile relative to the prior uncontested preponderance of those elites from towns north of the Sistema Central. 8342: 3394:(6.6 percent). Castilla–La Mancha has some of the most extensive vineyards in Europe, nearly 700,000 hectares (1,700,000 acres). The vineyards are predominantly, but by no means exclusively, in the west and southwest of La Mancha. In 2005 the region produced 3,074,462 metric tons (3,389,014 short tons) of grapes, constituting 53.4 percent of Spain's national production. After grapes, the next most important agricultural product is 8603: 4884: 8584: 8263: 2737: 5231: 139: 4711: 4687: 4655: 4486: 4447: 4380: 4608: 4584: 4563: 4541: 4465: 4424: 4354: 4319: 4295: 1411: 1322: 4271: 4253: 4226: 4191: 4152: 4121: 1370:) was created as territorial sub-division, existing for the rest of the ensuing emiral and caliphal period of Al-Andalus. During this era, the Middle March had eminently a military nature, both shielding the core of Al-Andalus from the raids of the Northern Christian polities as well as serving as staging ground for Muslim offensive campaigns against the former. Berber clans such as the 1044:

very south), the southwest of the province of Cuenca and the northwest of the province of Albacete. The Guadalquivir watershed extends over 5.2 percent of the surface area of the autonomous community, extending 4,100 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi) through the southern parts of the provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete, including such important population center as

3870:, CES) data for 2006. Although a large sector of the regional economy, it is small by national standards: 67.2 percent of employment in Spain is in the service sector. Counted in the service sector are commerce, tourism, hospitality, finance, public administration, and administration of other services related to culture and leisure. 1396:) had an important role in the Muslim settlement of parts of the Middle March. The city of Toledo stood distinctly unruly towards the Cordobese authorities, and remained a major city of al-Andalus, preserving quite of its former importance and hosting a leading cultural centre that lasted even after the Christian conquest. 4021:, with a total of 2,790 kilometres (1,730 mi). The most heavily trafficked of these are the radial routes surrounding Madrid and the routes in and out of the city, but there are also routes within Castilla–La Mancha, and national and international routes that pass through the province, including highways in the 2050:, with provinces being assigned the following number of deputies as of 2023: Albacete, 7; Ciudad Real, 7; Cuenca, 5; Guadalajara, 5; and Toledo, 9. Article 10 of the Statute of Autonomy states that elections will be convoked by the President of the Junta of Communities, following the General Electoral Regime ( 1036:. The Tagus provides water for some 587,000 inhabitants in a watershed of 26,699 square kilometres (10,309 sq mi). It includes the entire province of Guadalajara and the greater part of the province of Toledo, including the two largest cities of the latter province: the capital, Toledo, as well as 1095:, much as in a typical Mediterranean climate. Precipitation presents a notable gradient from the center of the region, where it does not surpass 400 millimetres (16 in) per year, to the mountains where it can exceed 1,000 millimetres (39 in) per year, on the slopes of the Sierra de Gredos and the 3888:

In the area of tourism, there has been a great deal of growth, with Castilla–La Mancha becoming in recent decades one of the principal tourist destinations in the Spanish interior. During 2006 the region had more than 2 million tourists (3 percent more than the previous year) for a total of 3,500,000

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The Guadiana watershed extends 26,646 square kilometres (10,288 sq mi) in Castilla–La Mancha, 37 percent of that river's entire watershed, with a population of 583,259 inhabitants. It includes the southern part of the province of Toledo, nearly all of the province of Ciudad Real (except the

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The Servicio de Salud de Castilla–La Mancha (SESCAM, "Health Service of Castilla–La Mancha"), part of the Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social ("Council of Health and Social Welfare") is the entity in charge of health in Castilla–La Mancha. It is an integral part of Spain's National Health System,

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El escudo de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla–La Mancha es partido. En el primer cuartel, en campo de gules un castillo de oro almenado, aclarado de azur y mazonado de sable. El segundo cuartel, campo de argento plata. Al timbre, corona real cerrada, que es un círculo de oro engastado de piedras

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The Júcar watershed had, in 2006, 397,000 inhabitants in an area of 15,737 square kilometres (6,076 sq mi), 19.9 percent of the Castillian-Manchegan territory and 36.6 percent of total of the Júcar watershed. It includes the eastern parts of the provinces of Cuenca and Albacete, including

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A historical precedent for the denomination of Castilla-La Mancha, unbeknownst to the creators of the autonomous community, is the denomination of "Castilla-Mancha" for a region with capital in Toledo featured in a 1842 proposal of territorial organization of Spain devised by Federal Republicanist

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The Junta of Castilla–La Mancha assumed responsibility for education in the autonomous community as of January 1, 2000, directly managing over 1,000 schools, with 22,000 teachers and 318,000 students. In the 2006–2007 school year, the region had 324,904 students below the university level, of whom

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As throughout Spain in recent decades, the construction sector is one of the strongest. It employs 15.6 percent of the work force and produces 10.1 percent of regional GDP. It is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the economy: growth in 2006 was 13.6 percent. Most of the construction sector, is

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Seeking to curb immigration to the Spanish capital, the so-called Madrid Decongestion Plan of 1959 created planned industrial estates in Alcázar de San Juan, Manzanares, Guadalajara, and Toledo. The plan did not yield the expected results as Madrid kept growing and the industrial zones eventually

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into the province of Guadalajara (including the provincial capital) as well as the north of the province of Toledo. The rest of urban centres lie on the central plains (with for example, the presence of intermediate agro-cities in La Mancha), contrasting with the sparsedly populated mountains and

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of the regional economy has evolved dynamically. Among the reasons for this are growth rates higher than the national average, as well as increased capitalization fostering specialization and modernization, including the integration an externalization of the sector, whereby activities previously

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of Castilla–La Mancha is typical for a developed region, with the central zone wider than the base or the upper zone. The population between 16 and 44 years of age represents about 44 percent, from 45 to 64 about 21.3 percent, with those 15 and under constituting 15 percent and those over 65, 18

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Traditionally, Castilla–La Mancha has had little industrial production, due to several factors among which are low population density and a shortage of qualified workers. However, since Spain's incorporation into the EU, there has been much progress. Industry has been growing as a sector of the

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preciosas, compuesto de ocho florones, de hojas de acanto, visibles cinco, interpolado de perlas y de cuyas hojas salen sendas diademas sumadas de perlas, que convergen en un mundo de azur o azul, con el semimeridiano y el ecuador de oro sumado de cruz de oro. La corona forrada de gules o rojo.

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According to the statistics of the INE's Encuesta de Población Activa for the first trimester of 2007, the active work force of Castilla–La Mancha numbered 896,513 persons, of whom 827,113 were employed and 69,900 unemployed, giving a workforce density of 55.5 percent of the population and an

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subject to extreme warfare for about a century and a half. The military insecurity south of the Tagus constrained the colonisation process undertaken by the new Castilian rulers. This underpinned the features of a sparse population in the region; as a result, ranching became a mainstay of the

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The agrarian capitalism favoured by the bourgeoisie in the 19th century enshrined an economy based on cereal commodities and the primary sector, favouring the leveling of the reduced industrial activity—chiefly textile—in the territory corresponding to the current-day region, whereas mining

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regional economy at a faster pace than nationally. July 2006 figures show the region as third among the autonomous communities in the rate of growth of the industrial sector. Regional industrial GDP grew 2.8 percent in 2000–2005, compared to 1 percent nationally for the same period.

4099:—the road network of the autonomous community—currently extends 7,900 kilometres (4,900 mi), of which 1,836 kilometres (1,141 mi) correspond to the basic network, 5,314 kilometres (3,302 mi) to the comarcal networks and 750 kilometres (470 mi) to local networks. 2474:

Castilla–La Mancha has 2,043,100 inhabitants in its five provinces. Despite being the third largest of Spains communities by surface area (after Castilla y León and Andalusia), it is only the ninth most populous. Castilla–La Mancha has just 4.4 percent of Spain's population.

936: 1700:, particularly those of Mendizábal and Madoz. From 1836 to 1924 1,600,000 hectares (4,000,000 acres) of land were auctioned (1,100,000 hectares of municipal properties and the rest church's property). They were purchased by the political and economic elites of the country. 7820: 1972:

Although Article 5 of the Statute of Autonomy indicates that the region will have its own anthem, after more than 25 years no such anthem has been adopted. Among the proposed anthems have been the "Canción del Sembrador" ("Song of the Sower") from the

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plays a lesser, but not negiglible, role in the regional economy. 2005 statistics show 3,430,501 head of sheep, 1,602,576 pigs, 405,778 goats and 309,672 cattle; these last produce 224,692,000 liters (59,357,000 U.S. gal) of milk each year.

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Dos. La bandera de la región ondeará en los edificios públicos de titularidad regional, provincial o municipal, y figurará al lado de la bandera de España, que ostentará lugar preeminente; también podrá figurar la representativa de los territorios

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For the purposes of healthcare provision, the region is divided in 8 health areas (Albacete, la Mancha Centro, Guadalajara, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, and Puertollano). Those are further subdivided in basic health zones.

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The regional urban structure is polycentric, with no dominant central city. Insofar the largest municipality (Albacete) is located in the peripheral southeast, Madrid (outside the region), exerts influence over the extension of the so-called

1197:, tentatively considered as the earliest reported case of human culture in Western Europe able to implement a system of underground water collection, whose installment is possibly connected to the surface water crisis caused by the 6478:

Uno. La bandera de la región se compone de un rectángulo dividido verticalmente en dos cuadrados iguales: el primero, junto al mástil, de color rojo carmesí con un castillo de oro mazonado de sable y aclarado de azur y el segundo,

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ranks third in Spain after those of Madrid and Andalusia, with a 5.8% share of sales. The bulk of the defence industry lies in cities such as Illescas, Toledo, Cedillo, Valdepeñas, Puertollano, Ciudad Real or Albacete. The

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in the region (with population data referring to 2019) those of Albacete (173,329), Guadalajara (161,683), Toledo (123,509), Talavera de la Reina (94,028), Ciudad Real (90,114), Cuenca (54,690) and Puertollano (47,035).

1531:. The State shall either stimulate the capacity of private capital or simply provide the capital itself. Examples of royal manufactures created in the 18th century included the Real Fábrica de Paños in Guadalajara, the 1890:

Two. The flag of the region will fly at regional, provincial, or municipal public buildings, and will appear next to the Spanish flag, which will be displayed in the preeminent place; historic territories may also be

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of 25.71 per square kilometre (66.6/sq mi), Castilla–La Mancha has the least dense population in all of Spain: the national average is 88.6 per square kilometre (229/sq mi). Industrialized zones such as the

1532: 1956:, five visible, topped by pearls and whose leaves emerge from diadems, which converge in a globe of azure or blue, with a semimeridian and the equator Or topped by a cross Or. The crown lined with gules or red. 1592:, "New Castile". The justice administration stood in between the national and provincial levels of government (also unaligned with the purported regional classification insofar Albacete is concerned), with the 3286:

of €17,339 places Castilla–La Mancha 17th among the 19 communities, with only Andalusia and Extremadura having lower per capita GDP; the national average is €22,152. Nonetheless, in the early to mid-1990s,

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The Organic Law 9/1982 (August 10, 1982), which is the Statute of Autonomy of Castilla–La Mancha established the flag of Castilla–La Mancha and the law 1/1983 (30 June 1983) established the coat of arms.

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also offers services in the region through five affiliated centers, one in each province: Albacete (with an extension in Almansa), Valdepeñas, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Talavera de la Reina. Finally, the

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In the 2nd century BC, by the time of the advent of the Roman conquest wars, the first actual cities had begun to grow in the inner plateau. The Roman conquest brought substantial transformations to the

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in San Quintín (province of Ciudad Real) ensued in between 1884 and 1934. The arrival of railway transport in the mid 19th-century subordinated the interests of the provinces to those of Madrid and the

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Castilla–La Mancha is the third largest of Spain's autonomous regions, with a surface area of 79,463 square kilometres (30,681 sq mi), representing 15.7 percent of Spain's national territory.

1148:. The Upper Acheulean sites are mostly located within the limits of the current-day province of Ciudad Real, substantially increasing in number and territorial spread across the region for the ensuing 5425: 2528:

The region has about 9,000 more males than females; in percentage terms, 50.3 percent versus 49.7 percent. This is opposite to Spain as a whole, where women constitute 50.8 percent of the population.

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The President of the Junta directs the Council of Government and coordinates the functions of its members. The president is elected by the Cortes from among its members, then formally named by the

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The Council of Government is the collegial executive organ of the region. It directs regional political and administrative action, exercises an executive function and regulatory powers under the

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The majority of the regional workforce—55.5 percent—is employed in the service sector, generating 49.8 percent of regional GDP, according to Economic and Social Council of Castilla–La Mancha (

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of €33,077,484,000, 3.4 percent of the Spanish GDP, placing it ninth among the 19 Spanish autonomous communities. GDP has been roughly 3.4 percent of the national GDP since at least 2000. A

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The coat of arms of Castilla–La Mancha is based on the flag of the region, and not the other way around, as is more typical in heraldry. Article 1 of the law 1/1983 describes it as follows:

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increased 14 percent in overnight stays in a single year. From 2000 to 2005 the number of hotel beds increased 26.4 percent to 17,245 beds in 254 hotels. In the same period, the number of

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their respective capitals. Finally, the 34 municipalities of southeastern Albacete fall in the Segura watershed, with an extent of 4,713 square kilometres (1,820 sq mi).

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Large parts of the region are experiencing a demographic decline. In contrast, besides the provincial capitals, two specific areas bordering the Madrid region associated to the

2128: 6332:"La formación de la identidad regional castellanomanchega a través de las políticas públicas realizadas por la administración de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha" 4714: 4060: 3944:, one each at Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca and Toledo, with classes also offered in Almadén, Talavera de la Reina and Puertollano. The university offers 54 degree programs ( 8172: 3716: 4566: 4064: 3968: 1960:

Some institutions of the region have adopted this coat of arms as part of their own emblem, among these the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha, the Consultative Council and the

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in the current-day region during the Late Middle Ages were largely perpetuated by means of lineage, through inheritance and marriage. Following the ascension of the

6832: 6243: 5212:(BIC) across the 5 provinces: Albacete (92), Ciudad Real (108), Cuenca (99), Guadalajara (104) and Toledo (238) plus another 3 transcending the provincial borders. 4690: 3485: 2119:, the Statute of Autonomy, and the laws of the nation and region. The Council of Government consists of the president, vice presidents (if any) and the Councilors. 1720:

was issued on 15 November 1978, establishing the conditions of the "pre-autonomous regime" of the "Castilian-Manchegan region". A joint assembly of legislators and

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Agriculture and husbandry, still the foundation of the local economy, constitutes 11.6 percent of regional GDP, and employs 9.9 percent of the active workforce.

865: 4036:. If it is completed, 96 percent of the region's population will live within 15 minutes of a high-capacity road. Among the developed projects of this plan are: 1096: 6502: 4833: 4083:: although initially contemplated in the Plan Regional de Autovías, the Ministry of Development has taken over the work. It will connect the Autovía del Este ( 3636: 1875:

One. The flag of the region consists of a rectangle divided vertically into two equal squares: the first, together with the mast, crimson red with a castle of

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were organised in tribes ruled by a kinglet or chieftain, each one controlling a number of settlements. The main cog of the Iberian form of settlement was the

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Historically, the region has had other universities, but these no longer exist. The present University of Castilla–La Mancha uses one of the buildings of the

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has caused a severe social-economic impact on the region, with the water resources available in the Tagus headwaters decreasing by about a 47.5% after 1980.

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The regional legislation in force concerning the cultural heritage dates from 2013. Restrictions on the modification of historical buildings or the use of

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17.7 percent were in private schools. In that same year, the region had 1,037 schools and 30,172 schoolteachers; 15.2 percent of the schools were private.

3675:, in September 2019, part of the largest photovoltaic complex in the region: Picón I, Picón II and Picón III, designed with a peak power production of 150 299: 7790: 5660: 8684: 3601: 2501: 911: 896: 5424:

Alonso Talón, Pablo; Cabado García, Manuel; Gómez Sánchez, Cristina; Oliveros Navarro, Rosa; Villagrasa Martínez, Ramón; Romero Paniagua, María (2019).

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have been playing increasingly important roles in Castilla–La Mancha, the majority of the energy generated in the region comes from the region's large

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colonists, while the territory occupied by the current provinces of Toledo, Guadalajara and Cuenca was more influenced by the substrate of the earlier

7743:"La imagen más antigua de los molinos hidraúlicos del Guadiana a su paso por Daimiel, a través de un plano conservado en la sección nobleza del A.H.N" 6818: 6274: 6108: 5610: 3624: 1407:), emerged, roughly occupying the territory of the current-day provinces of Toledo, Ciudad Real, Guadalajara and Cuenca (as well as that of Madrid), 1276:

urban settlements, including the social division between slaves and freemen, the monetary economy, the fostering of manufacture and trade or the new

6331: 4984: 3455: 3420:-cultivated area in the country, which increased fortyfold in a decade becoming the first European producer and fifth worldwide in the early 2020s. 3382:

Fifty-two percent of the soil of Castilla–La Mancha is considered "dry". Agricultural activities have historically been based on the cultivation of

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20 are directly elected by the people, each province forms a constituency and is granted 4 senators, and 3 regional legislature-appointed senators.

8068: 1099:. The greater part of the region has less than 600 millimetres (24 in) of rain annually. The driest part of the region is along the Albacete- 8287: 1468: 972: 85: 1996:

Article 8 of the Statute of Autonomy states that the powers of the region are exercised through the Junta of Communities of Castilla–La Mancha (

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and closed in 2012, although efforts have been pursued to reactivate the latter. Relatively close airports outside the region include those in

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collector) in the region include Manchasol-1 and Manchasol-2 in Alcázar de San Juan (49.9 and 50 MW respectively), Helios 1 and Helios 2 in

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The Meseta is the dominant landscape unit of a great part of the territory of Castilla–La Mancha: a vast, uniform plain with little relief.

8038: 8023: 7960: 7893: 7667: 7844: 7765: 7717: 7134: 6628: 3504: 2772: 2471: 2383: 1829: 7869: 7514: 4867:) pass through Castilla–La Mancha, most of them radiating out of Madrid. Some of these are high-velocity trains (Alta Velocidad Española 830: 3958: 8280: 7892:

Mela Martín, Carmen; Sánchez Benito, José María (1988). "Para el estudio del bandidismo medieval. Golfines y seguridad en los Montes".

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region of Castilla–La Mancha featured an average index of demographic vulnerability of 30, similar to those of the European regions of

2078: 1741: 1443:", managed from just 25 castles. The weak Christian grip over the territory collapsed after their crushing defeat from the Almohads in 7255: 5199: 7548: 7103: 6738: 3953: 3700: 1984:, the "Canto a la Mancha" ("Song of La Mancha") by Tomás Barrera, and many others, such as one presented by a group of citizens from 1548: 233: 6581: 8689: 8188: 8108: 8044: 8029: 7966: 7764:

Franco Silva, Alfonso (1988). "La implantación de señoríos laicos en tierras de Toledo durante el siglo XV. El ejemplo de Gálvez".

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as regional president. By December 1983 still less than half of citizens actually knew the autonomous community they belonged to.

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Salinas de Frías, Manuel (1988). "Indigenismo y romanización. Aspectos socio-económicos de Castilla-La Mancha en la Antigüedad".

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Seven different designs for a flag were proposed during the era of the "pre-autonomous" region. The selected design was that of

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López Requena, Mercedes (1988). "Iniciación al estudio de las oligarquías urbanas castellano-manchegas en la Baja Edad Media".

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As of 2018, with 270 active mining sites (only one of them an underground mine), most of the extractive sector is dedicated to

1901: 1069: 864:. The Sistema Central also penetrates the northwest of the Province of Toledo: a southwest to northeast sub-range known as the 73: 68: 6461: 5450:"Estudio fitosociológico y biogeográfico de la sierra de San Vicente y tramo inferior del valle del Alberche (Toledo, España)" 3964:

In the 2005–06 school year, the region had 30,632 students enrolled at universities, down 1.0 percent from the previous year.

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and the Tagus, rising up to its maximum heights at the summits of Cruces (1373 m), Pelados (1331 m) and San Vicente (1321 m).

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performed on the farm are now performed elsewhere. These changes have been fostered by the regional articulation of the EU's

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In the southeast is the ridge of the Sierra Morena, the southern border of the Meseta Central and the region's border with

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output—with sites such of the mercury deposits in Almadén or the coal deposits in Puertollano—remained below potential. A

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Bueno, Marisa (2015). "Madinat Salim, de la madina a la villa. Transformación del tejido urbano en un área de frontera".

7515:"La protección del patrimonio arqueológico en Castilla-La Mancha. Reflexiones sobre la Ley 4/2013 de patrimonio cultural" 6843: 6771: 4888: 2753:

As of 2018, the region had a foreign population of 163,820. Most of the foreigners had Romanian or Moroccan citizenship.

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In contrast, a more mountainous zone surrounds the Meseta and serves as the region's natural border. In the north of the

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The territory of the current region was mining-rich in Antiquity, with mentions in classical sources to the mining of

738:) region along with the province of Madrid, except for Albacete province, which was part of the former Murcia region. 8115: 7858: 7779: 7731: 6632: 6375: 3265: 1691:. The five provinces lost relative demographic weight relative to the national total over the course of the century. 3401:

As of 2014, the region (primarily areas in the provinces of Cuenca and Albacete) was by far the largest producer of

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in Castilla–La Mancha is 10.21 per thousand inhabitants, lower than the national average of 10.92 per thousand. The

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Vallespí Pérez, E; Ciudad Serrano, A; García Serrano, R (1988). "Orígenes del poblamiento en Castilla-La Mancha".

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system intended to guarantee representation to the various territorial zones of Castilla–La Mancha. The electoral

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Castilla–La Mancha is divided into 5 provinces named after their capital cities. The following category includes:

8674: 8315: 8303: 3449:(bee-keeping) is another significant part of the primary sector output, with 190,989 hives as of 4 October 2017. 1480:

by the golfines, whose presence in the Montes de Toledo was further obliterated by the creation of the so-called

1257:. From the 7th century BC onward, the Celtiberian settlements were characterised instead by the somewhat smaller 617: 44: 7801: 7686: 7359:"Instituto de Estadística de CLM. Alumnado matriculado en educación universitaria por CC.AA. y tipo de estudio" 5670: 3843: 3780:

The region is rich in mineral resources, particularly the south, and they have been exploited since Antiquity.

3247: 1854: 762:. The Submeseta Sur (and the autonomous community) is separated from the Submeseta Norte (and the community of 61: 56: 3897:(for farm stays) increased 148 percent to 837 and the number of beds in such facilities 175 percent to 5,751. 2054:), on the fourth Sunday in May every four years. This stands in contrast to the autonomous communities of the 3428: 1721: 1632: 1448: 1081: 7658: 7309:"Instituto de Estadística de CLM. Clasificación de los centros por tipo, provincia y enseñanza que imparten" 3409:

is produced in areas of the provinces of Guadalajara, Cuenca and Albacete. The overwhelming majority of the

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of a wider region, whereas Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Toledo formed a region together with the

1216:, the territory occupied by the current provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete had a larger influence from 8037:

San Martín Montilla, Concepción (1988). "Castilla-La Mancha en las fuentes literarias de la Antigüedad".

6875: 6657: 5352: 5138: 4489: 4357: 4040: 2039: 1752: 1092: 6686: 5208: 4450: 1927: 1603:

The aforementioned modifications to the 1833 division include the party of Villena (lost by Albacete to

1503: 8592: 7498: 7163: 7161: 7159: 6792:"La 'fiebre del pistacho', su cultivo se multiplica por 40 en 10 años: Ricardo ya factura dos millones" 3735: 3433: 1812: 1422:

Following the Christian conquest of Toledo in 1085, the ensuing unsuccessful attempts by North-African

398: 8156: 7991: 5407: 5405: 4383: 8104:

I Congreso de Historia de Castilla-La Mancha: TII. Pueblos y culturas prehistóricas y protohistóricas

7895:

I Congreso de Historia de Castilla-La Mancha. Musulmanes y Cristianos: La implantación del feudalismo

6593: 5309:

4 from province of Albacete, 5 from Ciudad Real, 3 from Cuenca, 3 from Guadalajara and 6 from Toledo.

5265: 2086: 1516: 758:, occupying the greater part of the Submeseta Sur, the vast plain composing the southern part of the 7975: 7156: 6953: 6700: 6653: 4544: 4080: 4032:

with the objective that all municipalities with 10,000 or more inhabitants would be connected to an

946:. The Pico del Lobo stands as the tallest summit in the region at 2,273 metres above mean sea level. 8136: 7716:

Castellano Huerta, Águeda (1988). "El señorío de Juan Pacheco en el siglo XV castellano-manchego".

7362: 7337: 7312: 7284: 6408:"Challenges and Proposals for Socio-Ecological Sustainability of the Tagus–Segura Aqueduct (Spain)" 5402: 5174: 4438: 3765: 3668: 2150: 2031: 1528: 1527:

with the exterior carrying out an economic policy that tried to foster industrial capacity through

131: 6205:

De re metallica: Revista de la Sociedad Española para la Defensa del Patrimonio Geológico y Minero

3815: 2391: 8247: 8237: 7904: 7012:(in Spanish). Portales Web de Centros Educativos de Castilla–La Mancha. p. 3. Archived from 6265:[The plan of overspill area of Madrid in Castilla-La Mancha: A geographical reflection]. 5363: 4782: 4701: 4634: 4213: 3799: 3462: 3236: 3170: 3136: 3118: 3102: 3084: 3079: 3068: 3000: 2898: 2859: 1817: 1807: 1779: 1774: 1740:

of "Castilla-La Mancha". The constituent process of the autonomous community was sealed with the

1725: 1684: 1577: 1569: 1277: 943: 837: 796: 637: 629: 450: 197: 189: 7281:"Instituto de Estadística de CLM. Total matriculados por provincia y enseñanza. Curso 2006-2007" 5484: 4620: 4327: 4229: 4124: 3949: 3519: 1946:, a royal crown enclosed, which is a circle of Or crimped with precious gems, composed of eight 1639: 1463:

until its progressive quelling, already effective by the late 13th century. By that time, rural

229: 6952:

Aineto, Mónica; Acosta, Anselmo; López, Rincón; María, Jesús; Romero, Maximina (January 2006).

6582:"Alcaldes del corredor del Henares conocerán el jueves el texto inicial del plan de ordenación" 6263:"El Plan de Descongestión Industrial de Madrid en Castilla-La Mancha: una reflexión geográfica" 5146: 4855:, Spain's state-owned railway operator operates numerous trains throughout Castilla–La Mancha. 4794: 8633: 7188: 7104:"Wolframio, fosfatos, titanio: Ciudad Real sigue sumando proyectos de minería a cielo abierto" 5367: 5025: 4980: 4786: 4510: 4322: 4057:(Tranches I and II under way, duplication of highway CM-4001 in the tendering of works phase). 3811: 3165: 2496:, a tributary of the Jarama) with a density of 126 per square kilometre (330/sq mi), the 1680: 1492: 8077: 6933:"El complejo solar Picón I, II y III produce en nueve meses energía para unos 37.300 hogares" 4976: 4790: 4755: 4747: 4399: 3835: 3784: 3720: 3692: 3307: 3303: 2878: 2138: 2090: 1073: 357: 7634: 7610: 7391: 6197: 5381: 1447:(1195). Christian control south of the Tagus would only start to consolidate after the 1212 1136:. Archaeological sites related to the Middle Acheulean in the current-day region lie on the 8232: 7992:"Vulnerabilidad demográfica en las regiones europeas NUTS-2. El caso de Castilla-La Mancha" 5485:"Inicio del Plan de Ordenación de los Recursos Naturales de la Sierra Norte de Guadalajara" 5088: 4972: 4814: 4743: 4726: 4642: 4411: 4240: 4178: 3952:

offering degrees in education, business, tourism, technical architecture, and nursing. The

3839: 3746: 3597: 3152: 3050: 3016: 2961: 2914: 2883: 2843: 1802: 1789: 1737: 1729: 1713: 1696: 1608: 1604: 1565: 1520: 1037: 692: 625: 367: 185: 5709: 5514:"Distribución territorial y de la población por CC.AA. de la Cuenca Hidrográfica del Tajo" 4592: 4468: 4298: 1724:

of the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Toledo was established in

8: 8572: 8527: 6737:

Domínguez Núñez, José Alfonso; López Leiva, César; Saiz de Omeñaca, José Antonio (2003).

6597: 5697: 5182: 5110: 5078: 5068: 4934: 4798: 4638: 4135: 4011: 3878: 3739: 3353: 3131: 2544:

is 8.83 per thousand inhabitants, higher than the national average of 8.42 per thousand.

2071: 2027: 1935: 1915: 1400: 1391: 1077: 731: 715: 707: 408: 8452: 5733: 5721: 5105: 4155: 2550:

at birth is one of the highest in Spain: 83.67 years for women and 77.99 years for men.

849: 703: 8648: 8252: 8242: 7635:"La taifa de Toledo en el siglo XI. Aproximación a sus límites y extensión territorial" 7453: 7259: 6439: 5685: 5543: 5520:(in Spanish). Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. 2005. Archived from 4506: 4395: 4209: 4182: 4139: 3859: 3803: 3652: 3496: 3423:

In terms of agricultural productivity and income, since Spain's incorporation into the

3362: 3186: 3034: 2982: 2966: 2948: 2932: 2893: 2830: 2802: 2789: 2517: 2484: 2081:, the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha has consisted of 17 deputies from social democratic 1822: 1784: 1769: 1764: 1627: 1589: 1581: 1573: 1375: 1326: 1299: 1232:, helping to line up the diffuse separation of two large groups of pre-Roman peoples (" 1198: 1149: 1137: 992: 730:. Prior to its establishment as an autonomous community, its territory was part of the 684: 641: 633: 201: 193: 178: 8583: 8262: 7982: 7905:"El complejo manufacturero de la Real Fábrica de Sedas de Talavera de la Reina (1785)" 7167: 6706: 5745: 5423: 5411: 4917: 4194: 4043:, 127 kilometres (79 mi) connecting Toledo and Tomelloso (completely in service). 2868: 1871:

Ramón José Maldonado. This was made official in Article 5 of the Statute of Autonomy:

1343:

by Visigoths in the late 6th century was a singular development in the context of the

1213: 880: 771: 763: 676: 8643: 8111: 8089: 8010: 7945: 7939: 7926: 7880: 7854: 7831: 7775: 7750: 7742: 7727: 7704: 7671: 7645: 7621: 7597: 7138: 7083:. Direccion General Transición Energetica. Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha 6986: 6753: 6443: 6371: 6278: 6244:"Un estudio desmonta tópicos sobre la desamortización en CLM, la región más afectada" 6208: 5495: 5465: 4751: 4304: 4256: 4143: 4018: 4006: 3295: 2497: 2134: 1444: 1382: 1344: 1179: 1153: 1033: 923: 919: 755: 656: 418: 8166: 7384:"Castilla–La Mancha, la Comunidad Autónoma con más kilómetros de autovías de España" 6309: 5554: 5082: 4992: 4988: 4678: 4616: 4571: 4407: 3948:). The province of Guadalajara stands outside the regional university, with its own 3398:, 2,272,007 metric tons (2,504,459 short tons), 25.0 percent of the national total. 3291:

in the province of Toledo several times had the highest per capita income in Spain.

927: 869: 8542: 8377: 7916: 7694: 7589: 7579: 7569:"La prehistórica cultura de las Motillas. Nuevas propuestas para un viejo problema" 7525: 6978: 6968: 6429: 6419: 5427:

La economía de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha: diagnóstico estratégico

5244: 5154: 5150: 5130: 4670: 4476: 3882: 3854: 3750: 3643: 3639:

complex in the province of Ciudad Real, with 9,000 dwellings and 4,000 hotel beds.

3439: 2943: 2174: 1981: 1943: 1931: 1884: 1880: 1585: 1524: 1475: 1460: 1310: 1243:

Iberian-related peoples dwelling the southern rim of the inner plateau such as the

979: 888: 814: 779: 719: 679:

mountain massif. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions, with

604: 565: 559: 496: 423: 8272: 8180: 7576:

Veleia: Revista de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua, Arqueología y Filología Clásicas

5129:

Air transport is marginal in the region. Castilla–La Mancha has two airports, the

3940:

was formally established in 1982 and has operated since 1985. There are four main

3754: 1175: 825:

drainage basins. The most outstanding peaks of this modest mountain range include

8497: 5113:

in the province of Guadalajara and in the city of Guadalajara itself. The C-3 to

4598: 4403: 4274: 3477: 3344: 2547: 2063: 1952: 1911: 1676: 1600:

of Madrid managing the provinces of Toledo and Guadalajara (and that of Madrid).

1404: 1331: 1229: 1169: 1165: 1005: 845: 767: 490: 8109:

Servicio de Publicaciones de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, D.L.

6973: 6289: 4427: 4280: 4205: 3728: 2158: 1728:

in 1981 to draft the early sketch of the regional statute. On 17 June 1982, the

1596:

of Albacete managing the provinces of Albacete, Cuenca and Ciudad Real, and the

1403:

in the early 11th century, an independent polity with its center in Toledo (the

8407: 7976:"Frontiers, Warfare and the Economic Geography of Countries: The Case of Spain" 7123: 6345: 5521: 5328: 5216: 5058: 4949: 4244: 3988: 3424: 3283: 1663: 1484:

by councils at Toledo, Talavera or Villa Real in the dawn of the 14th century.

1029: 1021: 907: 759: 660: 440: 7921: 5042: 4088: 4084: 4054: 4050: 3795:

and other mineral products, accounting for a 10.15% of active sites in Spain.

2166: 1679:, although it fostered the development of some urban centres such as those of 1132:

presents material linked to the transition from earlier settlers to the Early

8668: 8222: 8093: 8014: 7930: 7884: 7835: 7708: 7649: 7625: 7601: 7334:"Instituto de Estadística de CLM. Profesorado por provincia y tipo de centro" 7142: 6990: 6840:

Asociación de Profesionales para el Desarrollo Local y la Promoción Económica

6757: 6282: 6212: 6196:

Menor Salván, César; Jordá Bordehore, Luis; Gutiérrez Gómez, Alfonso (2005).

6000: 5925: 5499: 5469: 5190: 5186: 4964: 4928: 4646: 3890: 3406: 3320: 3029: 3011: 2927: 2873: 2035: 1985: 1923: 1876: 1644: 1612: 1359: 1355: 1225: 775: 688: 645: 386: 156: 114: 101: 7821:"Real Fábrica de Paños, en Brihuega (Guadalajara): de la ruina al esplendor" 7494:"Castilla-La Mancha promociona su patrimonio cultural en las redes sociales" 6796: 6544: 4720: 4217: 4077:, 130 kilometres (81 mi), will connect Albacete to Cuenca (in project). 4068: 2854: 5553:(in Spanish). Junta de Castilla–La Mancha. pp. 137–144. Archived from 5236: 3688: 3648: 3332: 2043: 1584:, bar relatively minor later adjustments. Albacete was part, together with 1237: 1206: 1145: 1060: 1017: 826: 151: 8100: 8045: