1895:
934:
1799:
1871:
1847:
1787:
1835:
1811:
1859:
1279:
1883:
1823:
101:
1730:
1645:
72:
154:
54:
1130:
43:
92:
145:
1911:
112:
134:
1703:
1429:
946:
1691:
163:
1742:
1715:
2566:
1421:
83:
839:
123:
1354:
1216:
1152:
1769:
1754:
1930:
63:
1038:
1370:. In honor of the Quincentennial of the voyages of Columbus in 1992 the exterior esplanade was cleared of palm trees that had been planted by the U.S. Army in the Fort Brooke era, and restored to the open appearance this "field-of-fire" for El Morro's cannon would have had in colonial Spanish times. Parking lots and paved roads were also removed, and the El Morro lighthouse repaired and restored to its original appearance. The 1963 film
1410:
1231:, also attacked the island emulating George Clifford's overland invasion. To the amazement of the citizens, the invaders were able to pass in front of the castle's defenders and into the harbor, out of reach of the city's cannons. El Morro managed to resist the siege and eventually made the Dutch retire, although the attackers were able to sack and burn the city before leaving the
1882:
1317:
tried to leave port without permission from the
Customs Collector. Lt. Marxuach gave the order to open fire on her, which forced her to stop. The shots ordered by Lt. Marxuach are widely regarded to be the first shots fired by the United States in World War I, although the first actual wartime shot
1388:
where
African slaves were auctioned in 1839. African slave labor was used in addition to local labor to help build the castillo. El Morro was a defensive military fortification and a major component of San Juan's harbor defense system. Puerto Rico as such was considered by the Spanish crown as the
1894:
1332:
During World War II the United States Army added a massive concrete bunker to the top of El Morro to serve as a Harbor
Defense Fire Control Station to direct a network of coastal artillery sites, and to keep watch for German submarines which were ravaging shipping in the Caribbean. A lighthouse,
1181:
In 1593 Portuguese soldiers, sent from Lisbon by order of
Phillip II, composed the first garrison of the San Felipe del Morro fortress in Puerto Rico. Some brought their wives, while others married Puerto Rican women, and today there are many Puerto Rican families with Portuguese last names.
1578:
1899 – The
Department of the Navy rebuilds the lighthouse tower as an octagonal reinforced concrete structure using the iron structure as reinforcement. A new lenticular lens is installed. By 1906 a crack, through and around the top of the tower, directly under the lantern requires its
1395:
The fort is home to a resident colony of around 200 stray cats that are believed to have been descended from cats introduced either during colonial times or in the mid-20th century as part of rat eradication programs. Following concerns over an increase in their population, in 2023 the
969:
by controlling the entry to its harbor. In order to have a viable defense while the rest of the fort was being completed, a small proto-fortress was erected during the first year of construction. It is estimated that this section comprises about 10% of the whole structure.
1822:
1539:, with a force of 7,000–13,000 men, invaded the island of Puerto Rico. Captain General Don Ramón de Castro and his forces repelled the attack. Abercromby and Harvey were defeated. This was to be one of the largest invasions to Spanish territories in the Americas.
2852:
1483:
attacks El Morro unsuccessfully by sea. Gunners from El Morro shoot a cannonball through the cabin of Drake's flagship. To impede Drake's ships from entering the bay, a metal chain was drawn across the entrance. Drake was defeated and many of his ships
1238:
In 1797, British
General Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Henry Harvey, with a force of 7,000–13,000 men, invaded the island of Puerto Rico. Captain General Don Ramón de Castro and his forces repelled the attack. Abercromby and Harvey were defeated in the
1498:
1625 – The Dutch under the command of
Captain Balduino Enrico (also known as Boudewijn Hendricksz/Bowdoin Henrick) attacked and invaded San Juan from the "La Puntilla". El Morro held out under the leadership of Spanish Governor De Haro and Captain
1033:
Diego Menéndez de Valdés, who was the governor of Puerto Rico, took over construction after Tejeda and
Antonelli left to start construction of Santo Domingo's fortifications. Capt. Pedro de Salazar took over construction in 1591.
1400:
announced it would contract an animal welfare organization to remove the cats and threatened to hire a pest control agency if it were to fail. However, the plan was suspended following a lawsuit by animal welfare groups in 2024.
1254:, ending the age of naval warfare in the Caribbean, at least in the classical sense. During the Spanish–American War, the castle was attacked at least three times by American naval forces, the largest being the
2727:
1616:
1942 – El Morro was still an active military post during World War II. The US Army added concrete artillery observation posts and an underground bunker to El Morro to defend against possible German attacks.
1798:
1361:
In 1961, the United States Army officially retired from El Morro. The fort became a part of the
National Park Service to be preserved as museums. In 1983, the Castillo and the city walls were declared a
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2987:
1786:
1870:
1846:
1834:
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1810:
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drew the fort's final design. The plan, which was based on the then firmly established
Spanish military fortification principles of the time, included fortifying nine other sites in the
2857:
1507:
3040:
933:
1473:
588:
2639:
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1491:, Duke of Cumberland, attacks from the land side in June of this year, the only time El Morro was taken in battle. English forces move into the fortress, however weakened by
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under the main plaza containing 216,000 gallons of water collected from times of rain. The walls were strengthened to be 18–40 feet thick. These walls consisted of
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2521:
1204:, 3rd Earl of Cumberland. Clifford succeeded because he attacked San Juan over land instead of trying to enter through the San Juan Bay. However, an epidemic of
962:
1601:, fired what is considered to be the first shot of World War I fired by the regular armed forces of the United States against any ship flying the colors of the
1333:
rebuilt by the U.S. Army in 1906–08 is the tallest point on El Morro, standing 180 feet (55 m) above sea level. Flagpoles on El Morro today customarily fly the
1178:
During the Spanish government of the island, El Morro, also known as Castillo de San Felipe, survived several attacks from foreign powers on various occasions.
2912:
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1655:
1992 – El Morro's grounds are returned to their historic 18th-century appearance as part of quincentennial commemoration of the discovery of Puerto Rico by
1518:
3015:
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1729:
919:, making it one of Puerto Rico's leading tourist attractions. Facing the structure, on the opposite side of the bay, a smaller fortification known as
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1901:
938:
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1099:. San Juan became a Defense of the First Order, and one of the most powerful plazas in the Americas by 1790. El Morro's improvements included 3
1567:
El Morro in a day-long bombardment, damaging the tip of the main battery. Six months later, Puerto Rico becomes U.S. territory by terms of the
1080:
In 1634, construction of the city walls surrounding San Juan began. By 1650, the town was enclosed on the east, south and west, while natural
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1690:
608:
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flag, also known in Spanish as las Aspas de Borgoña, a standard which was widely used by Spanish armies around the world from 1506 to 1785.
1126:
was destroyed during the 1898 bombardment of the city by the United States, and the American flag replaced the Spanish on 18 November 1898.
2717:
1672:
on September 20, 2017 devastating the infrastructure of the island as well as the tourism industry. Tourism to the Castle of San Felipe or
1095:
of Cuba, and Colonel Tomás O'Daly, San Juan Chief of Engineers, agreed on a plan to strengthen San Juan's defenses, which was approved by
3045:
2712:
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1976:
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featured an extensive foot chase and shootout scene filmed at El Morro. El Morro was also used as a film set in the 1996 motion picture
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1605:. Marxuach, who was a member of the "Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry" and Officer of the Day, on 25 March 1915, opened fire on the
1702:
100:
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when modern roadways and parking lots are removed. El Morro now generates tourism revenue by being open to tours. Also in 1992,
1521:(Thomas O'Daly) to reform San Juan's fortifications and reorganize the garrison to make the city a "Defense of the First Order".
2902:
2842:
2507:
1768:
244:
1294:(the green space in front of "El Morro") with baseball diamonds, hospitals, officers' quarters, an officers' club and even a
820:
1171:, and a Water Battery at the foot of the slope for 3 guns. By 1555, Morro had 8 bronze cannons, as a defense against French
2877:
2530:
2001:
620:
2589:
2319:
1946:
792:
2574:
1753:
2822:
2812:
2634:
2360:"US Naval Institute Proceedings"; "A Breach of Neutrality"; by: Lt. Isaiah Olch, US Navy; Vol. 62; July – December 1936
2234:
2183:. Washington, D.C.: Division of Publications, National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. 2018. pp. 24–25.
804:
153:
71:
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2550:
2282:"San Juan National Historic Site celebrates 12th Annual Artisan's Fair at El Morro - San Juan National Historic Site"
2188:
2837:
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1622:
1961 – The U.S. Army moves out of the forts of Old San Juan, and they become the jurisdiction of the United States
1286:
El Morro and many other Spanish government buildings in Old San Juan became part of a large U.S. Army post, called
2654:
1637:
1057:, one on the Atlantic side called "Tejeda", and another on the harbor side called "Austria", were connected by a
912:
639:
268:
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53:
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1714:
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2148:"El Morro, view of walls, late 16th c. Juan de Tejada and Juan Bautista Antonelli. San Juan, Puerto Rico"
1951:
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Main gate and the lighthouse in 1933. (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington).
659:
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1115:
sandwiched in between. The Santa Bárbara battery became the main battery with 37 cannon, supported by
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2021:
1319:
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It was not till 1587, however, that Field Marshal Juan de Tejeda and the Italian engineer-architect
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1287:
1251:
576:
2211:
998:
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2147:
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1525:
1513:
1765 – After the siege of Havana in 1762 by the British, King Charles III appoints Field Marshal
1510:
begins construction of the city walls. Work continues until 1678 to encircle the city completely.
1466:
1313:
1255:
974:
534:
91:
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133:
42:
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2006:
1623:
1514:
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1163:, a battery was constructed on the rocky promontory called "the Morro", when the location of
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816:
800:
511:
293:
277:
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1956:
1971:
1656:
1306:
1228:
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1500:
953:
The construction of the citadel and its surrounding walls began in 1539 on orders of King
8:
2777:
2682:
2300:"US halts plan to remove iconic stray cats from a historic area in Puerto Rico's capital"
1598:
1428:
1376:
1363:
1026:
994:
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904:
852:
828:
764:
shoreline with 18 to 25 ft thick walls, the six-leveled edifice stands on a steep, rocky
546:
162:
2205:
1966:
1594:
1389:"Key to the Antilles"; no enemy ship could navigate its waters without fear of capture.
1302:
1002:
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2340:
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1935:
1587:
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guns at a lower level, and backed by a great wall with casemates at a higher level.
1029:, metal founder, and an overseer assigned to the task, with the help of 150 slaves.
760:
continued to be developed to reach its current form in 1787. Rising 140 ft from the
1532:
1381:
704:
82:
838:
2897:
2787:
2529:
2323:
2207:
The History of Puerto Rico: From the Spanish Discovery to the American Occupation
1669:
1353:
1215:
1053:, to protect the landward side of the existing tower and water battery. Two half-
1030:
741:
332:
285:
122:
2817:
2316:
1602:
1367:
1151:
908:
900:, and defend the Spanish colonial port city of San Juan from seaborne enemies.
847:
772:
761:
352:
301:
208:
200:
196:
180:
3004:
2742:
2371:""Mission: Impossible" The Field (TV Episode 1971) - Trivia - IMDb"
1610:
1480:
1186:
1006:
986:
865:
397:
384:
921:
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Puerta de Tierra Historic District – Distrito Histórico de Puerta de Tierra
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273:
1246:
El Morro's last active fight occurred during a naval bombardment by the
2707:
2022:"San Juan National Historic Site El Morro Esplanade Cultural Landscape"
1557:
1081:
1066:
893:
768:
236:
220:
188:
62:
2988:
National Register of Historic Places listings in San Juan, Puerto Rico
2585:
Distrito Histórico del Viejo San Juan – Old San Juan Historic District
2490:
Las LĂneas de Defensa de San Juan, Compilation by Johnny Torres Rivera
2317:
El Morro, San Cristobal y San Geronimo en peligro en caso de terremoto
1037:
1021:. San Juan construction began in March 1589 with skilled artisans, 12
961:. The original fortress was built under the direction of conquistador
2477:
2081:
1528:
damages the structure of both San Felipe del Morro and San CristĂłbal.
1492:
1291:
1205:
1172:
1168:
1108:
1104:
598:
459:
1720:
1414:
1116:
1050:
1046:
765:
749:
240:
204:
2495:
Las defensas de San Juan 1898, Compilation by Luis M. Iriarte Rota
2337:"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Puerto Rico"
1996:
1450:
1539 – Construction of the first harbor defenses at El Morro and
1100:
1070:
1054:
725:
328:
1503:
of the Puerto Rican militia, but the city was sacked and burned.
1167:
was deemed unsuitable. This battery consisted of a tower with 4
925:
complemented the castillo's defense of the entrance to the bay.
2853:
Residencia de Señoritas Universidad de Puerto Rico; RĂo Piedras
2120:. WBM: United States Department of the Interior. Archived from
1546:
1112:
1014:
832:
589:
La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico
252:
2339:. United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from
2082:"San Juan National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)"
1318:
fired by the US came on the day war was declared, during the
1290:. In the early 20th century, the U.S. military filled up the
958:
752:
by 1595. Over the next 200 years, especially in the reign of
707:: Promontory Castle of Saint Philip), most commonly known as
463:
2640:
Instituto Loaiza Cordero para Niños Ciegos Historic District
2439:
2400:
San Juan National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)
1392:
An annual artisans festival is held at the fort every July.
1409:
1326:
1295:
1273:
1267:
1069:
in the center. The gate and drawbridge were protected by a
1062:
471:
467:
228:
2396:"8th Annual Artisan Fair at Castillo San Felipe del Morro"
884:, Castillo San Felipe del Morro is named in honor of King
1900:
Architectural drawings of the Lighthouse produced in the
1613:, as it was trying leave San Juan bay without permission.
1305:
was the officer of the day at the El Morro fortress. The
3041:
Historic district contributing properties in Puerto Rico
2050:"JustificaciĂłn para una historia militar de Puerto Rico"
2723:
Church, School, Convent and Parish House of San AgustĂn
1258:
on May 12, 1898. The war ended with the signing of the
1073:, and just inside the gate was a guardhouse. A pair of
370:
501 Calle Norzagaray, Old San Juan, San Juan, PR, 00901
1619:
1949 – San Juan National Historic Site is established.
1597:
on behalf of the United States. Marxuach, a native of
1553:
was jailed and later executed within the fort's walls.
1469:
lay out the main design for El Morro still seen today.
2204:
Van Middeldyk, R.A. (1903). Brumbaugh, Martin (ed.).
1640:
declared a World Heritage Site by the United Nations.
1925:
880:
Lying on the northwesternmost point of the islet of
1262:, in which Spain ceded ownership of the islands of
1077:behind the hornwork overlooked the sea and harbor.
2992:List of National Historic Landmarks in Puerto Rico
2233:
1270:, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States.
3002:
2748:Edificio Comunidad de Orgullo Gay de Puerto Rico
16:16th-century fortress and citadel in Puerto Rico
1696:Bird's-eye view of the castle from San Juan Bay
1633:episode "The Field" (season 5th, episode 17th).
1593:1915 – First shots of World War I fired by Lt.
1348:
1111:blocks forming the exterior and interior, with
965:and its main purpose was to defend the port of
915:. Over two million visitors a year explore the
2898:University of Puerto Rico Tower and Quadrangle
1888:Chapel of the courtyard of the castle in 1933.
1747:Entrance view of castle at dusk from esplanade
1665:is built across Castillo San Felipe del Morro.
2515:
2203:
2105:
2103:
2101:
1828:Main ramp from Santa Barbara Bastion in 1933.
1775:
1673:
896:,' was designed to guard the entrance to the
3021:Spanish Colonial architecture in Puerto Rico
2718:Church of San Mateo de Cangrejos of Santurce
2059:(in Spanish). April 4, 2023. pp. 250–51
1200:In 1598, the English attacked again, led by
211:; inside view from fourth-level surrounding
1977:List of the oldest buildings in Puerto Rico
1560:in Puerto Rico constructed atop the castle.
1432:View of Castillo San Felipe del Morro from
1146:
1124:Castillo de San Felipe del Morro Lighthouse
928:
3016:16th-century establishments in Puerto Rico
2522:
2508:
2098:
3036:1589 establishments in the Spanish Empire
2833:Puerto Rico Ilustrado – Edificio El Mundo
2728:Colegio de las Madres del Sagrado CorazĂłn
2076:
2074:
1357:Panorama view of the city from the castle
888:. The fortification, also referred to as
621:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2600:Castillo San Felipe del Morro Lighthouse
1643:
1517:(Alexander O'Reilly) and Royal Engineer
1427:
1419:
1408:
1352:
1277:
1274:American military occupation (1898–1961)
1214:
1208:forced him to flee the island after the
1150:
1128:
1036:
944:
932:
837:
265:Santa MarĂa Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery
2873:Superintendent of Lighthouses' Dwelling
1424:Cannon at Castillo San Felipe del Morro
1084:protected the city along the Atlantic.
937:Architectural drawings produced in the
3003:
2071:
2057:Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia
1997:"National Register Information System"
1404:
1045:The new fortifications consisted of a
2503:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2531:National Register of Historic Places
2354:
2210:. D. Appleton and Company. pp.
2002:National Register of Historic Places
1678:had recovered by the summer of 2019.
1626:, to be preserved solely as museums.
1476:begins new construction at El Morro.
1161:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés
903:In 1983, the citadel was declared a
276:outside the northern section of the
2773:Escuela Graduado José Celso Barbosa
2150:. Visual Culture in Spanish America
2145:
1989:
1563:1898 – On 12 May, US Navy warships
748:, who oversaw its expansion into a
13:
3046:Military facilities in Puerto Rico
2921:FortĂn de San GerĂłnimo de BoquerĂłn
2635:El Falansterio de Puerta de Tierra
2162:
1904:San Juan, Puerto Rico field office
941:San Juan, Puerto Rico field office
223:visible; inside main courtyard or
191:; panorama from fourth-level onto
14:
3062:
2551:Casa Dra. Concha MelĂ©ndez RamĂrez
2469:
2235:"Calls Odenwald affair an attack"
2197:
1708:View of the castle from the north
1668:2017 – Puerto Rico was struck by
1440:1508 – Spanish colonized the area
740:in 1539, it was first built as a
2823:Nuestra Señora de Lourdes Chapel
2564:
2111:"Old San Juan Historic District"
1928:
1909:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1780:at Castillo San Felipe del Morro
1767:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1713:
1701:
1689:
161:
152:
143:
132:
121:
110:
99:
90:
81:
70:
61:
52:
41:
3011:San Juan National Historic Site
2939:Hiram Bithorn Municipal Stadium
2893:U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
2838:Puerto Rico Island Penitentiary
2655:San Juan National Historic Site
2414:
2388:
2363:
2329:
2310:
2292:
2274:
2256:
1638:San Juan National Historic Site
1384:used it to represent a fort in
913:San Juan National Historic Site
660:U.S. National Historic Landmark
640:San Juan National Historic Site
2783:Gran Logia Espiritual NĂşmero 1
2226:
2139:
2042:
2013:
1942:Some other forts in San Juan:
1804:Lighthouse in a photo in 1933.
875:
819:), from invasion by competing
799:, and other forts part of the
535:Bombardment of San Juan (1898)
227:on fifth-level; entrance from
1:
2793:House at 659 Concordia Street
2678:Antiguo Casino de Puerto Rico
2595:Castillo San Felipe del Morro
2422:"Plaza del Quinto Centenario"
1982:
1584:lighthouse seen atop El Morro
1508:Enrique EnrĂquez de Sotomayor
1443:1509 – Spanish settlers from
701:Castillo San Felipe del Morro
22:Castillo San Felipe del Morro
2808:House at 665 McKinley Street
2738:Rafael Cordero Graded School
2451:Amura Yachts & Lifestyle
2326:on NoticiasOnline (6/7/2009)
2264:"El Morro Artisan Fair 2012"
1735:Exhibition inside the castle
1349:National Park (1961–present)
805:strategically and militarily
728:in the historic district of
292:onto western section of the
7:
2974:San Antonio Railroad Bridge
2868:School of Tropical Medicine
2858:Residencia Luis Muñoz MarĂn
2843:Rafael M. Labra High School
2688:El Capitolio de Puerto Rico
2543:National Historic Landmarks
1921:
1662:Plaza del Quinto Centenario
1649:Plaza del Quinto Centenario
1041:View of El Morro's entrance
183:; inside from fourth level
10:
3067:
2803:House at 663 La Paz Street
2798:House at 659 La Paz Street
2693:Carcel de Puerta de Tierra
2610:FortĂn San Juan de la Cruz
2286:U.S. National Park Service
2252:– via Times Machine.
1760:U.S. commemorative quarter
1682:
1141:
547:UNESCO World Heritage Site
288:; entrance from middle of
280:; profile from opening of
2982:
2959:General Norzagaray Bridge
2929:
2911:
2663:
2620:
2573:
2562:
2541:
2244:. 7 April 1915. p. 3
2181:The Forts of Old San Juan
1241:Battle of San Juan (1797)
1233:Battle of San Juan (1625)
1210:Battle of San Juan (1598)
1195:Battle of San Juan (1595)
1025:, 18 masons, 2 smiths, a
694:
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529:Battle of San Juan (1625)
526:Battle of San Juan (1598)
523:Battle of San Juan (1595)
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187:onto ramp to third-level
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3031:Castles in North America
2733:Condado Vanderbilt Hotel
2322:January 8, 2014, at the
1474:Diego Menéndez de Valdés
1189:unsuccessfully attacked
1185:In 1595, Englishman Sir
1147:Spanish Rule (1539–1898)
929:Structure for deployment
911:in conjunction with the
296:; aerial from middle of
2763:Edificio Victory Garden
2673:Administration Building
2268:Discovering Puerto Rico
1629:1971 – Featured in the
1495:they leave in November.
1467:Juan Bautista Antonelli
1301:On March 21, 1915, Lt.
1256:Bombardment of San Juan
1219:Main gate of the castle
975:Juan Bautista Antonelli
738:King Charles I of Spain
508:Juan Bautista Antonelli
498:Design and construction
173:From top, left to right
2949:Luis Muñoz Rivera Park
2878:Supreme Court Building
2848:Residencia Aboy–Lompre
2828:PolvorĂn de Miraflores
2758:Edificio Patio Español
2590:Castillo San CristĂłbal
1952:FortĂn de San GerĂłnimo
1947:Castillo San CristĂłbal
1776:
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1675:Castillo de San Felipe
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1193:with his fleet in the
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813:La Llave de las Indias
775:guarding the entry to
514:, Thomas O’Daly (1765)
343:Classical architecture
325:Medieval fortification
300:; and aerial from the
2630:Acueducto de San Juan
2605:City Wall of San Juan
2535:San Juan, Puerto Rico
2007:National Park Service
1647:
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1398:National Park Service
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963:Diego Ramos de Orozco
948:
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801:Walls of Old San Juan
398:18.47083°N 66.12417°W
294:Walls of Old San Juan
278:Walls of Old San Juan
3051:Forts in Puerto Rico
2426:Discover Puerto Rico
1972:Puerto Rico Campaign
1657:Christopher Columbus
1609:, an unarmed German
1573:Spanish–American War
1307:Hamburg America Line
1252:Spanish–American War
1229:Boudewijn Hendricksz
1137:in El Morro, level 6
1097:Charles III of Spain
868:fly continuously on
481:70 acres, including
414:Construction started
274:historic shanty town
2778:Figueroa Apartments
2713:Central High School
2683:Biblioteca Carnegie
1631:Mission: Impossible
1599:Arroyo, Puerto Rico
1454:authorized by King
1413:One of many iconic
1405:Historical timeline
1364:World Heritage Site
1159:Upon the advice of
1065:, and spanned by a
983:Spanish West Indies
905:World Heritage Site
829:World Heritage Site
403:18.47083; -66.12417
394: /
339:Architectural style
316:General information
2969:RĂo Piedras Bridge
2964:MartĂn Peña Bridge
2954:Mural "La Familia"
2883:Templo del Maestro
2753:Edificio del Valle
2241:The New York Times
1936:Puerto Rico portal
1792:Main gate in 1933.
1652:
1588:United States Navy
1542:1825 – Well known
1515:Alejandro O'Reilly
1437:
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1335:United States flag
1284:
1248:United States Navy
1221:
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1089:Alejandro O'Reilly
1043:
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886:Philip II of Spain
873:
736:. Commissioned by
683:Reference no.
646:Reference no.
595:Reference no.
512:Alejandro O'Reilly
2998:
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2888:U.S. Custom House
2768:Escuela Brambaugh
2577:Landmark District
2575:National Historic
2146:Cummins, Thomas.
2127:on April 11, 2019
1957:EscambrĂłn Battery
1501:Juan de Amézqueta
1461:1587 – Engineers
1343:Cross of Burgundy
1339:Puerto Rican flag
1320:scuttling of SMS
1093:Inspector General
862:Stars and Stripes
844:Cross of Burgundy
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678:February 27, 2013
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1506:1630 – Governor
1472:1589 – Governor
1382:Steven Spielberg
1303:TeĂłfilo Marxuach
1250:during the 1898
949:El Morro in 1591
815:(The Key to the
779:, the harbor of
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631:October 15, 1966
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1582:1908 – Present
1571:which ends the
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1551:Roberto CofresĂ
1531:1797 – General
1489:George Clifford
1447:found San Juan.
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1202:George Clifford
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2556:La Fortaleza
2455:. Retrieved
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2429:. Retrieved
2425:
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2404:. Retrieved
2399:
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2378:. Retrieved
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2341:the original
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2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2122:the original
2117:
2089:. Retrieved
2085:
2061:. Retrieved
2056:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:
2015:
2000:
1991:
1961:
1941:
1723:(Sentry Box)
1660:
1630:
1606:
1544:Puerto Rican
1537:Henry Harvey
1535:and Admiral
1519:Tomás O'Daly
1452:La Fortaleza
1394:
1391:
1386:Sierra Leone
1375:
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1165:La Fortaleza
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1059:curtain wall
1044:
1023:stonecutters
979:Spanish Main
972:
952:
920:
916:
902:
898:San Juan Bay
889:
882:Old San Juan
879:
869:
851:
821:world powers
812:
803:, protected
789:La Fortaleza
787:, alongside
784:
781:Old San Juan
777:San Juan Bay
757:
744:in honor of
730:Old San Juan
717:
713:
709:
708:
700:
699:
670:La Fortaleza
609:The Americas
482:
357:Old San Juan
269:
261:Old San Juan
256:
248:
233:curtain wall
225:inner bailey
221:sentry boxes
217:inner bailey
213:outer bailey
203:; garita or
193:San Juan Bay
185:inner bailey
176:
172:
28:
2086:www.nps.gov
2063:January 19,
1774:Sentry box
1579:demolition.
1479:1595 – Sir
1310:cargo liner
1288:Fort Brooke
1264:Puerto Rico
1082:battlements
1011:Panama City
991:Santa Marta
876:Development
858:Puerto Rico
825:Age of Sail
823:during the
809:Puerto Rico
734:Puerto Rico
490:Floor count
401: /
376:Coordinates
361:Puerto Rico
310:Interactive
189:battlements
175:: Front of
3005:Categories
2931:Structures
2813:La Giralda
2708:Casa Vigil
2703:Casa Klumb
2453:(in Latin)
2347:2008-10-26
2091:2024-06-02
2034:1 February
1983:References
1916:Bell, 1969
1558:lighthouse
1526:earthquake
1524:1787 – An
1434:El Cañuelo
1173:privateers
1169:embrasures
1135:lighthouse
1067:drawbridge
922:El Cañuelo
894:promontory
860:, and the
807:important
797:El Cañuelo
769:promontory
675:Designated
628:Designated
570:Designated
438:Dimensions
386:18°28′15″N
245:lighthouse
237:drawbridge
2985:See also:
2665:Buildings
2622:Districts
2457:22 August
2154:March 25,
2019:cite web
1777:La Garita
1493:dysentery
1456:Charles V
1292:esplanade
1227:, led by
1206:dysentery
1109:sandstone
1105:limestone
1087:In 1765,
1075:batteries
1003:Portobelo
995:Cartagena
955:Charles V
835:in 1983.
519:Known for
485:esplanade
460:Sandstone
422:Completed
389:66°7′27″W
179:from the
3026:Citadels
2320:Archived
2248:21 March
1922:See also
1607:Odenwald
1341:and the
1322:Cormoran
1314:Odenwald
1298:course.
1191:San Juan
1155:El Morro
1117:casemate
1101:cisterns
1055:bastions
1051:headland
1047:hornwork
967:San Juan
917:castillo
892:or 'the
890:el Morro
870:El Morro
785:El Morro
766:headland
762:Atlantic
758:El Morro
722:fortress
710:El Morro
686:13000284
649:66000930
562:Criteria
557:Cultural
510:(1587);
503:Engineer
493:6 levels
456:Material
443:Diameter
433:140 feet
349:Location
302:Atlantic
284:next to
270:La Perla
257:El Morro
229:dry moat
209:Atlantic
205:bartizan
181:Atlantic
177:El Morro
29:El Morro
2431:30 July
2406:14 June
2380:7 April
2218:6 March
2131:31 July
1683:Gallery
1636:1983 –
1487:1598 –
1445:Caparra
1415:garitas
1377:Amistad
1366:by the
1142:History
1071:ravelin
907:by the
864:of the
850:, the
846:of the
726:citadel
705:English
636:Part of
585:Part of
577:session
367:Address
329:Citadel
2187:
2029:pr.gov
1721:Garita
1547:pirate
1337:, the
1113:rubble
1027:cooper
1017:, and
1015:Havana
1005:, the
833:UNESCO
817:Indies
605:Region
430:Height
253:glacis
243:, and
199:, and
2913:Sites
2125:(PDF)
2114:(PDF)
2053:(PDF)
2025:(PDF)
1565:shell
1484:sunk.
1225:Dutch
959:Spain
811:, or
575:(7th
573:1983
464:Brick
263:with
259:onto
231:onto
219:with
201:Ocean
2990:and
2459:2019
2433:2020
2408:2020
2382:2023
2375:IMDb
2250:2024
2220:2019
2214:–110
2185:ISBN
2156:2018
2133:2019
2065:2024
2036:2024
1902:HABS
1465:and
1327:Guam
1325:off
1296:golf
1268:Cuba
1133:The
1107:and
1063:moat
981:and
939:HABS
842:The
724:and
554:Type
478:Size
472:Clay
468:Sand
425:1787
417:1539
321:Type
267:and
2533:in
2212:109
2118:NPS
957:of
856:of
831:by
771:on
732:in
599:266
298:Bay
290:Bay
282:Bay
3007::
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2373:.
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2238:.
2164:^
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2100:^
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579:)
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