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Rodrigo Ranjel, de Soto's private secretary in Cuba and la
Florida, described Isabel as having inherited her mother's fortitude, intelligence, and strength of character, and, like her mother, she was "a woman of great essence and goodness, and of very noble judgment and character." De Soto also confirmed Isabel's abilities by giving her the power of attorney, naming her governor of the island of Cuba. In the 16th century Spain, it was extremely rare that a woman would be appointed to a high office position. Isabel became the first female governor of Cuba and the first woman governor of a territory in the Western Hemisphere. The only other woman who served in high office in the 16th-century Spanish colonies was Aldonza Manrique of Venezuela, who inherited the governorship when her father, Marcelo Villalobos, died in 1526. Bobadilla was also acknowledged as governor by the King of Spain in letters directly sent to her. As the governor, Isabel was able to handle many issues faced by all New World governors, including problems between the Indigenous Cubans and Europeans. Isabel Bobadilla contributed to the fortification of Cuba against rivals by advancing the construction of Havana's first fortress La Fuerza. La Fuerza was finished by Isabel de Bobadilla to defend the city against frequent enemy attacks; nevertheless, French pirates led by
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208:(New Fort). The Fuerza Vieja was set back from the harbor, but the new fort was planned to be closer to the harbor to give it a better location. The ironworks were established in 1558, but the first stones were not laid until 1562. Construction was delayed due to complaints from local residents forced to relocate to make way for the building and from disagreements between Sánchez and the Governor of Havana. The fort was not completed until 1577, with slaves and French prisoners providing most of the labor. The fort was built of limestone quarried from the Havana shoreline and the fortification incorporated thick sloping walls, a moat, and a drawbridge. The governor, Francisco Carreño, ordered the addition of an upper story as barracks and a munitions store, but on completion, the fort proved to be too small for practical use.
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families were typically married before they reached their late twenties. The
Conveyance of Dower is a document that was signed at Valladolid on November 14, 1536. The Conveyance of Dower lists all the cattle that had belonged to Pedro de Arias in Panama, the estate, the slaves, and the horses as a "pure and perfect gift irrevocable in favour." This document verifies the wealth of Bobadilla's family and also shows how Isabel's marriage to de Soto was a business arrangement between a very powerful Spanish family and an established conquistador.
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plants to Soto’s house in Havana containing eighteen household slaves, a rosary made of thirty-two solid-gold beads, and a collar and cap made of black velvet. After auctioning off her and her husband items she raised "more than four thousand pesos of gold," which she used to move back to Spain. The
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in 1805. The downstairs exhibits contain ancient navigational instruments, underwater archaeological artifacts, and gold and silver from the colonial era. The museum also hosts the original weathervane, La
Giraldilla, while a replica is installed on the top of the fortress tower. The second level of
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In 2010, Castillo de la Real Fuerza reopened as Cuba's maritime museum. The museum contains exhibits of Cuba's maritime past from pre-Columbian days through to the 18th century with the Royal
Shipyard of Havana, one of the largest in the world, which built nearly 200 ships for the Spanish Crown. The
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Though Havana, which had become the third-largest city in the
Americas, was to enter an era of sustained development and closening ties with North America during this period, the British occupation of the city proved short-lived. Pressure from London sugar merchants fearing a decline in sugar prices
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had served in this capacity before de Soto and
Bobadilla arrived in Cuba. There were several political factions who were competing for power and control in Spain through exploration and control of unexplored territories. Among the important people involved in these "grand plans of exploration" were
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Isabel de
Bobadilla was given power of attorney on May 17, 1539, when Hernando de Soto left Havana for the exploration and conquest of Florida . De Soto also appointed Juan de Rojas to serve as Bobadillas deputy in Havana and Francisco de Guzman to serve as her deputy in Santiago. Both of these men
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Hernando de Soto was named governor of Cuba and
Adelantado de Florida, and both arrived in Cuba in 1538. Documents show that Isabel brought to Cuba her slaves, including three white slaves who were Christians, possibly baptized Moors. Within the first couple weeks of 1539, the first couple of Cuba
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in 1537, who was in charge of one of the first
European expeditions into what is now the United States. In 1535–36, Isabel must have been in her late twenties or early thirties, which suggests that she may have been a widow or, in some way, seen as an undesirable mate because women from powerful
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located on the main floor with a large interactive touch screen in
Spanish, French, and English. The exhibit describes life aboard an 18th-century ship-of-the-line. The original ship was launched into Havana Bay on 2 March 1769 and was the largest ship in the world in the 18th century, with 140
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La Giraldilla is a bronze wind statue of a woman who is surveying the horizon to her north and is located on top of the Castillo de la Real Fuerza in old Havana, Cuba. The local Cuban people claim that this bronze statue is a depiction of Dona Isabel de Bobadilla and it is suggested that it was
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Historians have conflicting opinions on why Isabel de Bobadilla was given the power to govern Cuba; Márquez Sterling indicates that Isabel was made governor only because de Soto did not want to stay in Cuba while surviving documents show that Isabel was the governor both de jure and de facto.
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in 1959, the fort housed the offices of the National Commission of Monuments and the Centre of Preservation, Restoration, and Museology. The fort served briefly as the Museum of Arms, but the conditions within the fortress were not conducive to the preservation of the displays.
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circumstances of Isabel de Bobadilla's death are uncertain. Some people claim she moved back to Spain with the money she received while others believe that after she heard of her husband's death, she was "broke with grief upon hearing it, and a few days later she died.
584:’s death. After his death, Isabel auctioned off thousands of items belonging to her and her husband before she left Cuba for Spain. These items included everything from a ranch at Maybeque, complete with native laborers, several hundred heads of cattle, and 500
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adopted it as the residence of the Governor of Havana. Subsequent governors made changes to the building. The façade of the fortress was demolished in 1851 to allow O’Reilly Street to go all the way to the docks, and prevent the fort from overshadowing
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In 1977, on the 400th anniversary of completion, the building was inaugurated as a museum and used to display exhibitions of Cuban contemporary and international art. In 1990, it became the National Museum of Cuban Ceramics.
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when he undertook an expedition to Florida. She spent many years scanning the horizon for signs of his returning ship (unbeknownst to her, he had died.) The figure became the symbol of the city of Havana (it features on the
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Despite being positioned closer to the harbour than the Fuerza Vieja, it quickly became apparent that the new fort was still too distant from the mouth of the harbour to serve effectively as a defensive bulwark. Instead
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in exchange for Cuba on France's recommendation to Spain, The French advised that declining the offer could result in Spain losing Mexico and much of the South American mainland to the British. In 1781, General
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361:, entered the city as a new colonial governor and took control of the whole western part of the island. The arrival of the British immediately opened up trade with their
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The People of Florida and Spanish Cuba and their Integrated and Complementary Historical Inter-Relationship from Prehistory Up to the Spanish–American War of 1898
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The fort was home to the National Archive from 1899 and the National Library from 1938 up until 1957, when both were relocated to a purpose-built library in
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and Isabel de Bobadilla y Peñalosa. Pedro de Arias was one of conquerors of Central America and also the governor of Nicaragua. Isabel's mother was niece to
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the museum hosts many other historic and contemporary models of ships with links to Cuba and offers locations for viewing the harbor and city skyline.
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501:. This illustrates how in the midst of the Spanish conquistadors, Isabel de Bobadilla was appointed to a highly politicized and powerful role.
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riches. In response to repeated raids, defenses were bolstered throughout the island during the 16th century. In Havana, the fortress of
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Maura, Juan Francisco. Españolas de Ultramar Colección Parnaseo-Lemir. Valencia: Publicaciones de la Universitat de València, 2005.
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Maura, Juan Francisco. Españolas de Ultramar Colección Parnaseo-Lemir. Valencia: Publicaciones de la Universitat de València, 2005.
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Isabel was born to a family closely associated with the exploration and conquest of the Americas. She was the third child of
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forced a series of negotiations with the Spanish over colonial territories. Less than a year after Havana was seized, the
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In December 1543, Rodrigo Arangel brought the news to Dona Isabel in Havana of her husband the explorer and conquistador
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The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1443; Proceedings of the De Soto Symposia 1988 and 1900
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A previous fort, the Fuerza Vieja (Old Fort), was damaged in 1555 during an attack on Havana by the French privateer
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sculpted in the form of a woman, by Gerónimo Martín Pinzón, an artist from Havana, and based on the figure crowning
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placed there to honor Inès de Bobadilla, who is said to have watched every day the return of her husband.
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The De Soto Chronicles Vol 1 & 2: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539–1543
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The De Soto Chronicles Vol 1 & 2: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539–1543
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on the eastern part of the island, in an effort to open up Cuba's protected trade with neighboring
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was signed by the three warring powers, ending the Seven Years' War. The treaty gave Britain
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1476: ; Olympia B González ; Lincolnwood, Ill. : National Textbook Company, 1997.
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purchased at least four plantations near the city of Havana, with the largest plantation at
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and served as the matriarch of two of the most powerful and richest families in Spain, the
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Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms
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Knights of Spain; Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms
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Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms
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La Giradilla on the watchtower (inset: The original figurine, which is now held in the
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Brothers at Arms: American Independence and the Men of France and Spain Who Saved It
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1115:. Vol. 1. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press. p. 474.
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330:. Additionally, a skirmish between British and Spanish naval squadrons occurred
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to capture Cuba. The British arrived on 6 June, and by August had Havana under
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Female Governors of External Territories – Acting Governor Ines de Bobadilla
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Fortaleza, Havana, circa 1897–1924, photochrom postcard published by the
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cannons on four gun decks. She was one of four Cuban-built ships at the
423:(c. 1505–1554) was the first female governor of Cuba from 1539 to 1543.
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and Peñalosas. Isabel de Bobadilla (daughter) is also granddaughter to
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1435:(in Spanish). Consejo Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural. Archived from
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in the Plaza de Armas; the figure on the watchtower is a later copy.
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1365:"Castillo de la Real Fuerza" (in Spanish). Paseos por la Habana.com
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Isabel de Bobadilla married the prominent explorer and conquistador
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for Spain with Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Cuban troops.
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plundered the Spanish ships in the city's harbor. In 1662, English
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was built to deter potential invaders, which included the English
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Conquistadoras : mujeres heroicas de la conquista de América
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label), and the original is now in the City Museum housed in the
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Clayton, Lawerence; Knight Jr., Vernon; Moore, Edward (1993).
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1355:. Fayetteville: The University of Arkansas Press. p. 26.
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353:. When Havana surrendered, the admiral of the British fleet,
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545:. Although the reason for the choice of this figure, called
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1163:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 42.
1290:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp.
1134:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp.
1086:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp.
957:
Clayton, Lawrence; Moore, Edward; Knight, Vernon (1993).
1398:"World Heritage List: Old Havana and its Fortifications"
1378:"Castillo de la Real Fuerza (Castle of the Royal Force)"
656:
Castillo-del-la-Real-Fuerza. By Francisco Calvillo, 1576
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Isabel de Bobadilla, governor of Cuba from 1539 to 1543
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Leyendas cubanas : a collection of Cuban legends
204:, began work on the new fort, initially known as the
694:
1505:
Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Central America
1176:"Chronotopic Juxtaposition in "Anejo cinco siglos""
549:, is not known, a common belief is that it honours
369:, causing a rapid transformation of Cuban society.
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848:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 133.
240:The British Fleet Entering Havana, 21 August 1762
196:, and eventually was demolished in 1582. In 1558
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1322:Hernando de Soto; A Savage Quest in the Americas
1253:Hernando de Soto; A Savage Quest in the Americas
985:Hernando de Soto; A Savage Quest in the Americas
878:Hernando de Soto; A Savage Quest in the Americas
790:
788:
168:, set back from the entrance, and bordering the
2374:Memorial to the Soviet Internationalist Soldier
1580:http://parnaseo.uv.es/Editorial/Maura/INDEX.HTM
618:museum features a huge four-meter model of the
345:of five warships and 4,000 troops set out from
172:. Originally built to defend against attack by
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455:as the second governor of the Indies in 1499.
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1063:. New York: Longmans, Green and CO. pp.
785:
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989:. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp.
509:sacked Havana and burned La Fuerza in 1555.
2074:Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana
1785:Escuela Latinoamericana de Ciencias Médicas
1545:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1326:. New York: Crown Publishers Inc. pp.
1257:. New York: Crown Publishers Inc. pp.
882:. New York: Crown Publishers Inc. pp.
683:Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2787:Buildings and structures completed in 1577
1626:
1612:
1574:Forte de La Real Fuerza in: Fortalezas.org
1567:Independent visitors guide to the Castillo
830:Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom (2nd edition)
267:Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro
16:16th century fortification in Havana, Cuba
1415:Cuba: 400 Years of Architectural Heritage
1031:
1026:(34). University of Pittsburgh Press: 2.
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73:Learn how and when to remove this message
1592:. Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership
1351:Young, Gloria; Hoffman, Michael (1993).
1016:"Introduction: Señoras... No Ordinarias"
918:"Introduction: Señoras... No Ordinarias"
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148:Castillo de la Real Fuerza, Havana, Cuba
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2802:Spanish colonial fortifications in Cuba
2105:Basílica Menor de San Francisco de Asís
1780:Colegio Nacional de Arquitectos de Cuba
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249:Colonial Cuba was a frequent target of
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1987:Gran Hotel Manzana Kempinski La Habana
1775:Candler College and Colegio Buenavista
1380:. Old Havana Web. 2006. Archived from
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160:on the western side of the harbour in
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1433:"Monumentos Nacionales: Habana Vieja"
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928:. University of Pittsburgh Press: 3.
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302:launched another invasion, capturing
2155:Our Lady of Kazan Orthodox Cathedral
2145:San Carlos and San Ambrosio Seminary
1829:José Martí Anti-Imperialist Platform
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963:. Vol. 1. Tuscaloosa, Alabama:
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909:
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51:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2135:Iglesia Santo Cristo del Buen Viaje
1499:Hernando de Soto Profile and Videos
1185:. Universidad Autónoma del Caribe.
862:
814:. Yale University Press. pp. 39–41.
798:. Yale University Press. pp. 34–35.
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476:on the coast just east of the bay.
13:
2283:Palacio de la Marquesa de Villalba
2140:Iglesia de Santa María del Rosario
1911:Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital
1662:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales
1308:
1275:
564:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales
523:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales
14:
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2170:Hermitage of the Catalans, Havana
2150:Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad
2130:Iglesia de San Francisco de Paula
1992:Hotel Habana Riviera by Iberostar
1698:Castillo San Salvador de la Punta
1492:
971:
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729:Castillo San Salvador de la Punta
182:Old Havana and its Fortifications
156:(Castle of the Royal Force) is a
2257:José Martí International Airport
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1417:. Watson-Guptill. p. 224.
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965:The University of Alabama Press
782:. Yale University Press. p. 32.
451:, who was appointed to succeed
225:Cuba under attack (1500 - 1800)
221:, which was completed in 1828.
2668:Plaza de San Francisco de Asís
2160:Seminario Teológico Adventista
1814:Coliseo de la Ciudad Deportiva
1059:De Soto and the Conquistadores
967:(published 1995). p. 174.
739:Castillo del Príncipe (Havana)
320:War of the Austrian Succession
287:captured and briefly occupied
1:
2797:Tourist attractions in Havana
1906:Maternidad Obrera de Marianao
765:
479:
426:
1921:Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital
679:Detroit Photographic Company
298:Nearly a century later, the
7:
2610:Squares, parks, and gardens
2308:National Library José Martí
2120:Iglesia de Jesús de Miramar
1916:Havana Psychiatric Hospital
1510:De Soto Memorial in Florida
842:Larrie D. Ferreiro (2016).
714:List of buildings in Havana
690:
596:
200:, an engineer appointed by
10:
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2622:Amphitheatre of Old Havana
2313:Edificio del Seguro Médico
2293:La Mansión de Mark Pollack
2125:Iglesia del Espíritu Santo
2064:Museo de Artes Decorativas
1693:Castillo de la Real Fuerza
1055:Maynard, Theodore (1930).
633:
573:
533:added a watchtower with a
439:, a close acquaintance of
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386:, the Spanish governor of
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178:UNESCO World Heritage Site
154:Castillo de la Real Fuerza
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2644:(formerly Campo de Marte}
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1790:Instituto Técnico Militar
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1723:Batería de la de la Reina
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1218:Ruple, Rodney S. (2002).
724:Batería de la de la Reina
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2642:Parque de la Fraternidad
2196:Gran Teatro de La Habana
2048:Royal Shipyard of Havana
1977:Hotel NH Capri La Habana
1839:Radiocentro CMQ Building
1667:Palacio del Segundo Cabo
1282:Hudson, Charles (1997).
1126:Hudson, Charles (1997).
1078:Hudson, Charles (1997).
1014:Johnson, Sherry (2003).
916:Johnson, Sherry (2003).
531:Juan Vitrián de Viamonte
497:, Hernando de Soto, and
2252:Ciudad Libertad Airport
2247:Central Railway Station
2206:Teatro Hubert de Blanck
2165:Nuestra Señora de Belén
2017:Hotel Tryp Habana Libre
1967:Rosita De Hornedo Hotel
1834:Oriental Park Racetrack
1560:Encyclopædia Britannica
1530:The American Cyclopædia
1161:The Coronado Expedition
1159:Flint, Shirley (2003).
202:King Philip II of Spain
2663:Plaza de la Revolución
2558:Plaza de la Revolución
2355:Antonio Maceo monument
2303:López Serrano Building
2084:Museo de la Revolución
2002:Hotel Nacional de Cuba
1926:Hospital de San Lázaro
1713:Torreón de la Chorrera
1563:(11th ed.). 1911.
1413:Rachel Carley (2000).
1318:Duncan, David (1995).
1249:Duncan, David (1995).
1222:(Thesis). p. 15.
1174:Parra, Ericka (2013).
981:Duncan, David (1995).
874:Duncan, David (1995).
810:Gott, Richard (2004).
794:Gott, Richard (2004).
778:Gott, Richard (2004).
719:Treaty of Paris (1763)
603:Plaza de la Revolución
526:
449:Francisco de Bobadilla
407:
246:
149:
2730:Arco de Belén, Havana
2627:Quinta de los molinos
2596:San Miguel del Padrón
2476:Santiago de las Vegas
2379:Monumento El Cacahual
2115:Catedral de La Habana
1810:Bandstand of el Prado
1728:Torreón de San Lázaro
1708:Castillo del Príncipe
1519:Texts on Wikisource:
1033:10.1353/cub.2004.0032
935:10.1353/cub.2004.0032
744:Torreón de San Lázaro
520:
441:Isabella I of Castile
405:
242:, a 1775 painting by
238:
147:
2658:Plaza de la Catedral
2463:Barrio de San Lázaro
2442:Caleta de San Lazaro
2405:Fuente de los Leones
2201:Teatro Amadeo Roldán
1795:University of Havana
1754:Royal Bank of Canada
1367:Retrieved 2007-07-13
459:Marriage and kinship
453:Christopher Columbus
437:Beatriz de Bobadilla
343:a British expedition
47:improve this section
2632:La Alameda de Paula
2360:José Martí Memorial
2038:Acueducto de Albear
1957:Hotel Perla de Cuba
1890:Bodeguita del Medio
1749:Bank of Nova Scotia
1718:Santa Clara Battery
1672:Cuartel de Milicias
1555:Soto, Ferdinando de
812:Cuba: A new history
796:Cuba: A new history
780:Cuba: A new history
734:Santa Clara Battery
627:Battle of Trafalgar
576:Isabel de Bobadilla
551:Isabel de Bobadilla
417:Isabel de Bobadilla
412:Isabel de Bobadilla
398:Isabel de Bobadilla
392:reconquered Florida
332:near Havana in 1748
308:War of Jenkins' Ear
306:in 1741 during the
101:General information
2725:Havana Plan Piloto
2400:Fuente de la India
2298:Lonja del Comercio
2110:Temple Beth Shalom
2022:Meliá Cohiba Hotel
1972:Hotel Ambos Mundos
1880:Heladería Coppelia
1819:Sans Souci Cabaret
1733:Castillo de Atarés
759:Timeline of Havana
754:Castillo de Atarés
621:Santisima Trinidad
527:
499:Antonio de Mendoza
489:, Cabeza de Vaca,
408:
384:Bernardo de Gálvez
367:Caribbean colonies
300:British Royal Navy
247:
150:
2807:Museums in Havana
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2413:
2412:
2331:
2330:
2278:Palacio de Aldama
2186:Coliseo of Havana
2079:Museo Napoleónico
1540:De Soto, Fernando
1525:De Soto, Fernando
855:978-1-101-87524-7
495:Pedro de Alvarado
421:Inés de Bobadilla
359:Earl of Albemarle
285:Christopher Myngs
198:Bartolomé Sánchez
142:
141:
127:Structural system
122:Technical details
83:
82:
75:
2814:
2704:Calle Monserrate
2653:John Lennon Park
2432:Almendares River
2422:
2421:
2395:Christ of Havana
2340:
2339:
2211:Teatro Karl Marx
1997:Hotel Inglaterra
1962:Royal Palm Hotel
1947:Hotel San Carlos
1870:Bacardí Building
1770:Colegio de Belén
1647:
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1628:
1621:
1614:
1605:
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1272:
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1199:
1193:. Archived from
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607:Cuban Revolution
582:Hernando de Soto
570:Death and legend
555:Hernando de Soto
507:Jacques de Sores
465:Hernando de Soto
339:Seven Years' War
289:Santiago de Cuba
261:seeking Spain's
194:Jacques de Sores
92:
85:
84:
78:
71:
67:
64:
58:
27:
19:
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2777:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2755:
2751:Espada Cemetery
2734:
2713:
2677:
2648:Paseo del Prado
2605:
2576:Puentes Grandes
2525:Habana del Este
2505:Diez de Octubre
2446:
2409:
2383:
2327:
2318:Plaza del Vapor
2271:Other buildings
2266:
2262:Managua Airport
2235:
2226:Teatro Nacional
2174:
2100:Abdallah Mosque
2088:
2052:
2026:
1982:Hotel Deauville
1930:
1894:
1853:
1844:Havana Jai alai
1799:
1758:
1737:
1676:
1638:
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1595:
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572:
560:Havana Club rum
515:
482:
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429:
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316:British Jamaica
259:French corsairs
233:
231:History of Cuba
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190:
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68:
62:
59:
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17:
12:
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2288:FOCSA Building
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2221:Teatro Miramar
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2069:Museo del Aire
2066:
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2032:
2031:Infrastructure
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2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
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1952:Hotel Saratoga
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1865:Modelo Brewery
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1858:Food and drink
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1849:Tropicana Club
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1681:Fortifications
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1502:
1501:– Chickasaw.TV
1494:
1493:External links
1491:
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1451:
1450:
1449:
1439:on 2 June 2007
1429:
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1400:. UNESCO. 1982
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834:
832:. Chapter One.
828:Thomas, Hugh.
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574:Main article:
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481:
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433:Pedro de Arias
428:
425:
410:Main article:
399:
396:
375:Peace of Paris
363:North American
304:Guantánamo Bay
244:Dominic Serres
229:Main article:
226:
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214:Juan de Tejeda
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170:Plaza de Armas
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106:Groundbreaking
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2709:Calle Zulueta
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2689:Obispo Street
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2490:Centro Habana
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2459:
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2455:
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2451:Neighborhoods
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2437:Havana Harbor
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2323:Villa Marista
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2043:Havana Tunnel
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2015:
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2012:Hotel Sevilla
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63:November 2021
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32:This section
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2543:Habana Vieja
2366:
2231:Teatro Tacón
2216:Teatro Martí
1942:Hotel Pasaje
1885:Sloppy Joe's
1824:Club Náutico
1703:Morro Castle
1692:
1657:El Capitolio
1594:. Retrieved
1587:
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1473:
1459:
1453:Bibliography
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1366:
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310:with Spain.
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206:Fuerza Nueva
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158:bastion fort
153:
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130:Load bearing
69:
60:
45:Please help
33:
2673:Plaza Vieja
2552:Punta Brava
2350:El Templete
2007:Hotel Plaza
705:Cuba portal
535:weathervane
487:Alvar Nunez
219:El Templete
2792:Star forts
2781:Categories
2739:Cemeteries
2590:Casablanca
2515:Guanabacoa
2485:Cayo Hueso
2388:Sculptures
1650:Government
1596:2007-07-13
1424:0823011283
1204:2021-11-27
1183:Encuentros
766:References
539:La Giralda
480:Government
445:Bobadillas
427:Background
357:, the 3rd
347:Portsmouth
251:buccaneers
2509:La Víbora
2472:Calabazar
2343:Memorials
2336:Monuments
2240:Transport
2093:Religious
1899:Hospitals
1875:Floridita
1763:Education
1688:La Cabaña
1643:Buildings
1637:landmarks
1236:230825013
1191:1692-5858
749:La Cabaña
529:In 1634,
388:Louisiana
318:. In the
278:Piet Heyn
271:privateer
263:New World
114:Completed
34:does not
2718:Urbanism
2694:La Rampa
2600:Diezmero
2580:Santa Fe
2520:Marianao
2369:monument
2179:Theatres
1482:36475899
1469:52799815
1404:30 March
1388:30 March
1232:ProQuest
1228:52690579
1042:24487875
944:24487875
691:See also
597:Function
135:Material
2699:Malecón
2682:Streets
2572:Miramar
2548:La Lisa
2537:Guanabo
2533:Cojímar
2500:Cotorro
2468:Boyeros
2425:Natural
2057:Museums
1548:. 1900.
1533:. 1879.
1443:1 March
634:Gallery
543:Seville
474:Cojimar
379:Florida
324:in 1741
293:Jamaica
255:pirates
188:History
174:pirates
138:Masonry
55:removed
40:sources
2763:closed
2562:Vedado
2529:Alamar
1935:Hotels
1635:Havana
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282:pirate
162:Havana
2586:Regla
2568:Playa
2495:Cerro
2480:Wajay
2418:Areas
2367:Maine
1742:Banks
1198:(PDF)
1179:(PDF)
1038:JSTOR
940:JSTOR
586:yucca
419:, or
351:siege
2578:and
2535:and
2478:and
2365:USS
2191:Gaia
1478:OCLC
1465:OCLC
1445:2007
1419:ISBN
1406:2007
1390:2007
1332:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1224:OCLC
1187:ISSN
1140:ISBN
1092:ISBN
995:ISBN
888:ISBN
850:ISBN
365:and
337:The
326:and
257:and
180:of "
166:Cuba
152:The
117:1577
109:1558
38:any
36:cite
1557:".
1542:".
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1259:476
1065:120
1028:doi
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541:in
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