397:. Part of that slurry oil is recycled back into the main fractionator above the entry point of the hot reaction product vapors so as to cool and partially condense the reaction product vapors as they enter the main fractionator. The remainder of the slurry oil is pumped through a slurry settler. The bottom oil from the slurry settler contains most of the slurry oil catalyst particles and is recycled back into the catalyst riser by combining it with the FCC feedstock oil. The
616:
1720:
773:
kiln to the separate reactor section. A small semi-commercial demonstration TCC unit was built in Socony-Vacuum's
Paulsboro refinery in 1941 and operated successfully, producing 500 barrels per day (79 m/d). Then a full-scale commercial TCC unit processing 10,000 barrels per day (1,600 m/d) began operation in 1943 at the
31:
877:
Based on the success of the pilot plant, the first commercial fluid catalytic cracking plant (known as the Model I FCC) began processing 13,000 barrels per day (2,100 m/d) of petroleum oil in the Baton Rouge refinery on May 25, 1942, just four years after the CRA consortium was formed and in the
812:, but research on it was abandoned during the economic depression years of 1929 to 1939. In 1938, when the success of Houdry's process had become apparent, Standard Oil of New Jersey resumed the project, hopefully in competition with Houdry, as part of a consortium of that include five oil companies (
380:
Although the schematic flow diagram above depicts the main fractionator as having only one sidecut stripper and one fuel oil product, many FCC main fractionators have two sidecut strippers and produce a light fuel oil and a heavy fuel oil. Likewise, many FCC main fractionators produce a light cracked
269:
Since the cracking reactions produce some carbonaceous material (referred to as catalyst coke) that deposits on the catalyst and very quickly reduces the catalyst activity, the catalyst is regenerated by burning off the deposited coke with air blown into the regenerator. The regenerator operates at a
804:
In the years immediately after World War II, the
Houdriflow process and the air-lift TCC process were developed as improved variations on the moving-bed theme. Just like Houdry's fixed-bed reactors, the moving-bed designs were prime examples of good engineering by developing a method of continuously
293:
are allowed to escape and flow back into the upper part to the regenerator. The flow of regenerated catalyst to the feedstock injection point below the catalyst riser is regulated by a slide valve in the regenerated catalyst line. The hot flue gas exits the regenerator after passing through multiple
159:
There are two different configurations for an FCC unit: the "stacked" type where the reactor and the catalyst regenerator are contained in two separate vessels, with the reactor above the regenerator, with a skirt between these vessels allowing the regenerator off-gas piping to connect to the top of
594:
of 0.80 to 0.96 g/cm and having a particle size distribution ranging from 10 to 150 μm and an average particle size of 60 to 100 μm. The design and operation of an FCC unit is largely dependent upon the chemical and physical properties of the catalyst. The desirable properties of an
232:
where it is vaporised and cracked into smaller molecules of vapour by contact and mixing with the very hot powdered catalyst from the regenerator. All of the cracking reactions take place in the catalyst riser within a period of 2–4 seconds. The hydrocarbon vapours "fluidize" the powdered catalyst
772:
The next major step was to develop a continuous process rather than the semi-batch Houdry process. That step was implemented by advent of the moving-bed process known as the
Thermofor Catalytic Cracking (TCC) process which used a bucket conveyor-elevator to move the catalyst from the regeneration
764:
refinery in
Pennsylvania. The Houdry process at that time used reactors with a fixed bed of catalyst and was a semi-batch operation involving multiple reactors with some of the reactors in operation while other reactors were in various stages of regenerating the catalyst. Motor-driven valves were
227:
The reactor and regenerator are considered to be the heart of the fluid catalytic cracking unit. The schematic flow diagram of a typical modern FCC unit in Figure 1 below is based upon the "side-by-side" configuration. The preheated high-boiling petroleum feedstock (at about 315 to 430 °C)
881:
In the many decades since the Model I FCC unit began operation, the fixed bed Houdry units have all been shut down as have most of the moving bed units (such as the TCC units) while hundreds of FCC units have been built. During those decades, many improved FCC designs have evolved and cracking
756:
in developing the Houdry process. Three years later, in 1936, Socony-Vacuum converted an older thermal cracking unit in their
Paulsboro refinery in New Jersey to a small demonstration unit using the Houdry process to catalytically crack 2,000 barrels per day (320 m/d) of petroleum oil.
505:
297:
The amount of catalyst circulating between the regenerator and the reactor amounts to about 5 kg per kg of feedstock, which is equivalent to about 4.66 kg per litre of feedstock. Thus, an FCC unit processing 75,000 barrels per day (11,900 m/d) will circulate about
155:
There are several different proprietary designs that have been developed for modern FCC units. Each design is available under a license that must be purchased from the design developer by any petroleum refining company desiring to construct and operate an FCC of a given design.
92:
that ranges from about 200 to 600 or higher; heavy gas oil also is known as "heavy vacuum gas oil" (HVGO). In the fluid catalytic cracking process, the HGO feedstock is heated to a high temperature and to a moderate pressure, and then is placed in contact with a hot, powdered
768:
By 1938, when the Houdry process was publicly announced, Socony-Vacuum had eight additional units under construction. Licensing the process to other companies also began and by 1940 there were 14 Houdry units in operation processing 140,000 barrels per day (22,000 m/d).
792:
It is said that the Houdry and TCC units were a major factor in the winning of World War II by supplying the high-octane gasoline needed by the air forces of Great
Britain and the United States for the more efficient higher compression ratio engines of the
710:
coal to gasoline. Supported by the French government, they built a small demonstration plant in 1929 that processed about 60 tons per day of lignite coal. The results indicated that the process was not economically viable and it was subsequently shut down.
749:. In 1933, a small Houdry unit processed 200 barrels per day (32 m/d) of petroleum oil. Because of the economic depression of the early 1930s, Socony-Vacuum was no longer able to support Houdry's work and gave him permission to seek help elsewhere.
519:
Figure 2 is a very simplified schematic diagram that exemplifies how the process breaks high boiling, straight-chain alkane (paraffin) hydrocarbons into smaller straight-chain alkanes as well as branched-chain alkanes, branched alkenes (olefins) and
160:
the regenerator vessel, and the "side-by-side" type where the reactor and catalyst regenerator are in two separate vessels. The stacked configuration occupies less physical space of the refinery area. These are the major FCC designers and licensors:
547:. Those olefinic gases are valuable for use as petrochemical feedstocks. The propylene, butylene and isobutylene are also valuable feedstocks for certain petroleum refining processes that convert them into high-octane gasoline blending components.
765:
used to switch the reactors between online operation and offline regeneration and a cycle timer managed the switching. Almost 50 percent of the cracked product was gasoline as compared with about 25 percent from the thermal cracking processes.
878:
midst of World War II. A little more than a month later, in July 1942, it was processing 17,000 barrels per day (2,700 m/d). In 1963, that first Model I FCC unit was shut down after 21 years of operation and subsequently dismantled.
1528:
476:(referred to as a CO boiler) where the carbon monoxide in the flue gas is burned as fuel to provide steam for use in the refinery as well as to comply with any applicable environmental regulatory limits on carbon monoxide emissions.
495:
in the flue gas processing system (shown in the above diagram) is used to drive the regenerator's combustion air compressor during start-ups of the FCC unit until there is sufficient combustion flue gas to take over that task.
866:, researchers Donald Campbell, Homer Martin, Eger Murphree and Charles Tyson of the Standard Oil of New Jersey (now Exxon-Mobil Company) developed the first fluidized catalytic cracking unit. Their U.S. Patent No. 2,451,804,
392:
The bottom product oil from the main fractionator contains residual catalyst particles which were not completely removed by the cyclones in the top of the reactor. For that reason, the bottom product oil is referred to as a
487:
from the flue gas. Particulate filter systems, known as Fourth Stage
Separators (FSS) are sometimes required to meet particulate emission limits. These can replace the ESP when particulate emissions are the only concern.
647:). The alumina matrix component of an FCC catalyst also contributes to catalytic activity sites. The binder and filler components provide the physical strength and integrity of the catalyst. The binder is usually
569:
In the cracking process carbon is also produced which gets deposited on the catalyst (catalyst coke). The carbon formation tendency or amount of carbon in a crude or FCC feed is measured with methods such as
116:
As of 2006, FCC units were in operation at 400 petroleum refineries worldwide, and about one-third of the crude oil refined in those refineries is processed in an FCC to produce high-octane gasoline and
219:
Each of the proprietary design licensors claims to have unique features and advantages. A complete discussion of the relative advantages of each of the processes is beyond the scope of this article.
722:, could convert oil derived from the lignite to gasoline. He then began to study the catalysis of petroleum oils and had some success in converting vaporized petroleum oil to gasoline. In 1930, the
483:(ESP) to remove residual particulate matter to comply with any applicable environmental regulations regarding particulate emissions. The ESP removes particulates in the size range of 2 to 20
862:(MIT) suggested to the CRA researchers that a low velocity gas flow through a powder might "lift" it enough to cause it to flow in a manner similar to a liquid. Focused on that idea of a
1575:
687:
catalyst known since 1877) to catalytically crack heavy petroleum oils. However, the prohibitive cost of the catalyst prevented the widespread use of McAfee's process at that time.
318:
The reaction product vapors (at 535 °C and a pressure of 1.72 bar) flow from the top of the reactor to the bottom section of the main column (commonly referred to as the
109:
Oil refineries use fluid catalytic cracking to correct the imbalance between the market demand for gasoline and the excess of heavy, high boiling range products resulting from the
73:
gasoline; and produces by-product gases, with more carbon-carbon double bonds (i.e. alkenes), that are of greater economic value than the gases produced by thermal cracking.
278:
and it produces a large amount of heat that is partially absorbed by the regenerated catalyst and provides the heat required for the vaporization of the feedstock and the
844:). The consortium was called Catalytic Research Associates (CRA) and its purpose was to develop a catalytic cracking process which would not impinge on Houdry's patents.
623:. Vertices are occupied by aluminium or silicon, the connecting struts are occupied by oxide (O) or hydroxide (OH) centers. Special modifications of faujesite are strong
306:
1470:
417:
Depending on the choice of FCC design, the combustion in the regenerator of the coke on the spent catalyst may or may not be complete combustion to carbon dioxide CO
590:
FCC units continuously withdraw and replace some of the catalyst in order to maintain a steady level of activity. Modern FCC catalysts are fine powders with a bulk
270:
temperature of about 715 °C and a pressure of about 2.41 bar, hence the regenerator operates at about 0.7 bar higher pressure than the reactor. The
805:
moving the catalyst between the reactor and regeneration sections. The first air-lift TCC unit began operation in
October 1950 at the Beaumont, Texas refinery.
152:
The modern FCC units are all continuous processes which operate 24 hours a day for as long as 3 to 5 years between scheduled shutdowns for routine maintenance.
465:
generator provides the needed additional power. If the flue gas expansion provides more power than needed to drive the air compressor, then the electric motor
1666:
1661:
1396:
169:
1522:
461:
can consume or produce electrical power. If the expansion of the flue gas does not provide enough power to drive the air compressor, the electric motor
699:
531:
As depicted in Figure 2, some of the smaller alkanes are then broken and converted into even smaller alkenes and branched alkenes such as the gases
228:
consisting of long-chain hydrocarbon molecules is combined with recycle slurry oil from the bottom of the distillation column and injected into the
1325:
421:. The combustion air flow is controlled so as to provide the desired ratio of carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide for each specific FCC design.
1257:
Rahimi, Nazi; Karimzadeh, Ramin (2011). "Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons over modified ZSM-5 zeolites to produce light olefins: A review".
434:
524:(naphthenes). The breaking of the large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules is more technically referred to by organic chemists as
1582:
648:
402:
125:
processed a total of 5,300,000 barrels (840,000 m) of feedstock per day, and FCC units worldwide processed about twice that amount.
110:
1091:"Potential of spent fluid cracking catalyst (FCC) waste for low-carbon cement production. Effect of treatments to enhance reactivity"
282:
cracking reactions that take place in the catalyst riser. For that reason, FCC units are often referred to as being 'heat balanced'.
80:
to the FCC conversion process usually is heavy gas oil (HGO), which is that portion of the petroleum (crude oil) that has an initial
1478:
1067:
635:, matrix, binder, and filler. Zeolite is the active component and can comprise from about 15% to 50%, by weight, of the catalyst.
1544:
1636:
1502:
1369:
859:
550:
As also depicted in Figure 2, the cycloalkanes (naphthenes) formed by the initial breakup of the large molecules are further
405:
is withdrawn from the top of slurry settler for use elsewhere in the refinery, as a heavy fuel oil blending component, or as
389:
in this context refers to the product boiling ranges, with light products having a lower boiling range than heavy products.
256:
flows downward through a steam stripping section to remove any hydrocarbon vapors before the spent catalyst returns to the
1724:
1286:
870:, describes their milestone invention. Based on their work, M. W. Kellogg Company constructed a large pilot plant in the
882:
catalysts have been greatly improved, but the modern FCC units are essentially the same as that first Model I FCC unit.
1641:
449:
The expansion of flue gas through a turbo-expander provides sufficient power to drive the regenerator's combustion air
17:
1351:
1296:
1241:
1029:
997:
961:
929:
789:
in 1945, the processing capacity of the TCC units in operation was about 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m/d).
760:
In 1937, Sun Oil began operation of a new Houdry unit processing 12,000 barrels per day (1,900 m/d) at their
1437:
801:. Supplies of American aviation gas also negated the deficit of high-octane gasoline for the Red Army Air Force.
432:) at 715 °C and at a pressure of 2.41 bar is routed through a secondary catalyst separator containing
101:
of the high-boiling-point hydrocarbon liquids into short-chain molecules, which then are collected as a vapor.
1408:
469:
generator converts the excess power into electric power and exports it to the refinery's electrical system.
1745:
1568:
798:
684:
442:
in the flue gas leaving the regenerator. This is required to prevent erosion damage to the blades in the
813:
809:
778:
480:
1676:
1474:
1438:
Amos A. Avidan, Michael
Edwards and Hartley Owen (Mobil Research and Development) (January 8, 1990).
1143:
Gonzalez, M. R.; Pereyra, A. M.; Bosch, P.; Fetter, G.; Lara, V. H.; Basaldella, E. I. (2016-06-01).
761:
579:
309:
Figure 1: A schematic flow diagram of a Fluid
Catalytic Cracking unit as used in petroleum refineries
338:
compounds, the cracked naphtha becomes a high-octane component of the refinery's blended gasolines.
742:
575:
61:
gases, and other petroleum products. The cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons was originally done by
1287:
Jessica Elzea Kogel, Nikhil C. Trivedi, James M. Barber and Stanley T. Krukowsk (Editors) (2006).
817:
212:
322:
where feed splitting takes place) where they are distilled into the FCC end products of cracked
144:. In the US, fluid catalytic cracking is more common because the demand for gasoline is higher.
1607:
1439:
871:
180:
1318:
1051:
1755:
1750:
1671:
833:
727:
656:
566:, which boil in the gasoline boiling range and have much higher octane ratings than alkanes.
627:, which at high temperatures induce the rearrangements of C-C bonds that occur in FCC units.
1686:
1156:
891:
847:
794:
571:
85:
1145:"Structural and morphological evolutions of spent FCC catalyst pellets toward NaA zeolite"
8:
1651:
874:
refinery of the Standard Oil of New Jersey. The pilot plant began operation in May 1940.
454:
249:
1160:
675:
The first commercial use of catalytic cracking occurred in 1915 when Almer M. McAfee of
244:
The reactor is a vessel in which the cracked product vapors are: (a) separated from the
1701:
1646:
1591:
1306:
1180:
1064:
1039:
855:
738:
723:
680:
660:
186:
512:
The fluid catalytic cracking process breaks large hydrocarbons by their conversion to
377:). Some FCC gas recovery units may also separate out some of the ethane and ethylene.
1347:
1292:
1237:
1203:
1184:
1172:
1122:
1025:
993:
957:
925:
829:
821:
715:
323:
1266:
1164:
1112:
1102:
89:
62:
1499:
1366:
808:
This fluid catalytic cracking process had first been investigated in the 1920s by
508:
Figure 2: Diagrammatic example of the catalytic cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons
1656:
1506:
1373:
1270:
1107:
1090:
1071:
851:
774:
753:
719:
424:
In the design shown in Figure 1, the coke has only been partially combusted to CO
450:
443:
1555:
1168:
1019:
1739:
1681:
1207:
1176:
1126:
863:
695:
644:
551:
492:
294:
sets of two-stage cyclones that remove entrained catalyst from the flue gas.
285:
The hot catalyst (at about 715 °C) leaving the regenerator flows into a
233:
and the mixture of hydrocarbon vapors and catalyst flows upward to enter the
141:
122:
81:
70:
1531:
discussion of Lummus FCC and hydrotreating of catalytically cracked naphtha.
1144:
1220:
786:
544:
406:
42:
1065:
U.S. Downstream Processing of Fresh Feed Input by Catalytic Cracking Units
30:
1691:
521:
513:
439:
331:
279:
262:
133:
46:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
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invited him to come to the United States and he moved his laboratory to
237:
at a temperature of about 535 °C and a pressure of about 1.72
1696:
1549:
1117:
731:
640:
639:(aka Type Y) is the zeolite used in FCC units. The zeolites are strong
624:
290:
275:
271:
238:
174:
615:
1602:
1560:
1454:
841:
825:
636:
620:
540:
536:
358:
350:
199:
98:
94:
77:
50:
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1291:(Seventh ed.). Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration.
676:
532:
370:
362:
327:
137:
118:
54:
1500:
Eger Murphree and the Four Horsemen: FCC, Fluid Catalytic Cracking
260:. The flow of spent catalyst to the regenerator is regulated by a
837:
707:
632:
591:
563:
559:
555:
366:
354:
195:
190:
128:
FCC units are less common in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (
1534:
504:
472:
The expanded flue gas is then routed through a steam-generating
34:
A typical fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refinery.
691:
652:
499:
473:
374:
346:
335:
299:
58:
1289:
Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets and Uses
1231:
919:
1234:
Gas Cyclones and Swirl Tubes:Principles, Design and Operation
782:
746:
703:
631:
A modern FCC catalyst has four major components: crystalline
1198:
Editorial Staff (November 2002). "Refining Processes 2002".
655:). The predominant suppliers of FCC catalysts worldwide are
484:
664:
129:
1142:
1556:
CFD Simulation of a Full-Scale Commercial FCC Regenerator
1440:"Innovative Improvements Highlight FCC's Past and Future"
1074:(Energy Information Administration, U.S. Dept. of Energy)
868:
A Method of and Apparatus for Contacting Solids and Gases
341:
The main fractionator offgas is sent to what is called a
45:
to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight
1367:
Pioneer of Catalytic Cracking: Almer McAfee at Gulf Oil
1020:
David S.J. Jones and Peter P. Pujado (Editors) (2006).
147:
84:
temperature of 340 °C (644 °F) or higher, at
305:
381:
naphtha and a heavy cracked naphtha. The terminology
1344:
Handbook of Fluidization and Fluid Particle Systems
1540:Recovery of CO from a FCC using the COPure Process
951:
1737:
1552:(University of British Columbia, Quak Foo, Lee )
1256:
987:
1197:
599:Good stability to high temperature and to steam
428:. The combustion flue gas (containing CO and CO
1341:
752:In 1933, Houdry and Socony-Vacuum joined with
706:to develop a catalytic process for converting
1576:
479:The flue gas is finally processed through an
132:) because those regions have high demand for
1084:
1082:
1080:
922:Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics
500:Mechanism and products of catalytic cracking
1394:
832:), two engineering-construction companies (
438:designed to remove 70 to 90 percent of the
1583:
1569:
1509:(North American Catalysis Society website)
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1376:(North American Catalysis Society website)
446:that the flue gas is next routed through.
334:. After further processing for removal of
222:
1324:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1232:Alex C. Hoffmann; Lewis E. Stein (2002).
1138:
1136:
1116:
1106:
1077:
954:The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
947:
945:
943:
941:
920:James H. Gary; Glenn E. Handwerk (2001).
1282:
1280:
1088:
614:
503:
304:
41:(FCC) is the conversion process used in
29:
1471:"Houdry Process for Catalytic Cracking"
1379:
1337:
1335:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
516:, which undergo myriad rearrangements.
412:
69:, which yields greater volumes of high
14:
1738:
1590:
1525:Description and diagram of power train
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1133:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
938:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
248:by flowing through a set of two-stage
187:Stone & Webster Process Technology
1620:
1564:
1397:"The Wizard of Octane: Eugene Houdry"
1277:
860:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
619:Structure of aluminosilicate cage in
1719:
1332:
1006:
361:, and lower molecular weight gases (
148:Flow diagram and process description
121:. During 2007, the FCC units in the
1422:
970:
904:
175:ExxonMobil Research and Engineering
24:
1523:Valero Refinery Tour (Houston, TX)
651:and the filler is usually a clay (
25:
1767:
1516:
1089:Lei, Z.; Pavia, S. (2023-12-01).
992:(2nd ed.). Gulf Publishing.
990:Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook
840:) and a German chemical company (
1718:
1545:North American Catalysis Society
1022:Handbook of Petroleum Processing
679:developed a batch process using
667:Catalysts (formerly Engelhard).
1493:
1360:
1250:
1225:
528:of the carbon-to-carbon bonds.
289:where any entrained combustion
252:within the reactor and (b) the
1214:
1191:
1058:
698:and a French pharmacist named
313:
140:, which can be satisfied with
97:, which breaks the long-chain
13:
1:
1621:
897:
1271:10.1016/j.apcata.2011.03.009
1259:Applied Catalysis A: General
1149:Journal of Materials Science
1108:10.1016/j.cement.2023.100081
1024:(First ed.). Springer.
718:, a clay mineral containing
608:Good resistance to attrition
585:
266:in the spent catalyst line.
104:
65:, now virtually replaced by
27:Petroleum conversion process
7:
1395:Tim Palucka (Winter 2005).
956:(4th ed.). CRC Press.
924:(4th ed.). CRC Press.
885:
345:where it is separated into
164:Side-by-side configuration:
10:
1772:
1401:Invention & Technology
1236:(1st ed.). Springer.
952:James. G. Speight (2006).
814:Standard Oil of New Jersey
810:Standard Oil of New Jersey
694:mechanical engineer named
670:
481:electrostatic precipitator
88:, and that has an average
1714:
1627:
1616:
1598:
1475:American Chemical Society
1169:10.1007/s10853-016-9809-7
988:Reza Sadeghbeigi (2000).
747:Socony-Vacuum Oil Company
702:set up a laboratory near
580:Ramsbottom carbon residue
111:distillation of crude oil
1637:Atmospheric distillation
1550:Fluid Catalytic Cracking
1221:Fluid Catalytic Cracking
743:Standard Oil of New York
576:Conradson carbon residue
287:catalyst withdrawal well
213:Kellogg Brown & Root
39:Fluid catalytic cracking
1342:Wen-Ching Yang (2003).
818:Standard Oil of Indiana
223:Reactor and regenerator
1608:List of oil refineries
1200:Hydrocarbon Processing
872:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
838:Universal Oil Products
714:Houdry had found that
628:
509:
310:
207:Stacked configuration:
181:Shell Global Solutions
35:
1672:Hydrodesulphurisation
1444:Oil & Gas Journal
834:M. W. Kellogg Limited
745:(Socony) to form the
677:Gulf Refining Company
657:Albemarle Corporation
618:
554:to aromatics such as
507:
308:
302:per day of catalyst.
189:— currently owned by
33:
1687:Solvent deasphalting
892:Cracking (chemistry)
848:Chemical engineering
779:Magnolia Oil Company
572:Micro carbon residue
413:Regenerator flue gas
399:clarified slurry oil
258:catalyst regenerator
86:atmospheric pressure
43:petroleum refineries
1652:Catalytic reforming
1642:Vacuum distillation
1481:on January 12, 2013
1407:(3). Archived from
1161:2016JMatS..51.5061G
696:Eugene Jules Houdry
643:(equivalent to 90%
611:Low coke production
1746:Chemical processes
1702:Amine gas treating
1647:Catalytic cracking
1592:Petroleum refining
1505:2008-04-18 at the
1372:2008-04-18 at the
1317:has generic name (
1070:2008-09-28 at the
1050:has generic name (
864:fluidized catalyst
856:Edwin R. Gilliland
781:, an affiliate of
739:Vacuum Oil Company
724:Vacuum Oil Company
681:aluminium chloride
661:W.R. Grace Company
629:
595:FCC catalyst are:
510:
311:
67:catalytic cracking
53:(crude oils) into
36:
18:Catalytic cracking
1733:
1732:
1710:
1709:
1155:(11): 5061–5072.
830:Royal Dutch Shell
822:Anglo-Iranian Oil
453:. The electrical
343:gas recovery unit
324:petroleum naphtha
320:main fractionator
170:Lummus Technology
16:(Redirected from
1763:
1722:
1721:
1618:
1617:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1510:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1477:. Archived from
1467:
1452:
1451:
1435:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1392:
1377:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1086:
1075:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1017:
1004:
1003:
985:
968:
967:
949:
936:
935:
917:
785:. By the end of
720:aluminosilicates
605:Large pore sizes
90:molecular weight
63:thermal cracking
21:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1706:
1623:
1612:
1594:
1589:
1535:The FCC Network
1529:CD Tech website
1519:
1514:
1513:
1507:Wayback Machine
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1455:
1436:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1393:
1380:
1374:Wayback Machine
1365:
1361:
1354:
1340:
1333:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1285:
1278:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1196:
1192:
1141:
1134:
1087:
1078:
1072:Wayback Machine
1063:
1059:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1018:
1007:
1000:
986:
971:
964:
950:
939:
932:
918:
905:
900:
888:
852:Warren K. Lewis
775:Beaumont, Texas
754:Sun Oil Company
700:E. A. Prudhomme
673:
588:
502:
431:
427:
420:
415:
316:
274:of the coke is
225:
150:
107:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:Polymerisation
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1517:External links
1515:
1512:
1511:
1492:
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1421:
1378:
1359:
1352:
1331:
1297:
1276:
1249:
1242:
1224:
1213:
1190:
1132:
1076:
1057:
1030:
1005:
998:
969:
962:
937:
930:
902:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
887:
884:
716:Fuller's earth
685:Friedel–Crafts
672:
669:
613:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
587:
584:
501:
498:
444:turbo-expander
429:
425:
418:
414:
411:
315:
312:
254:spent catalyst
246:spent catalyst
230:catalyst riser
224:
221:
217:
216:
204:
203:
193:
183:
178:
172:
149:
146:
106:
103:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1768:
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1749:
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1741:
1726:
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1716:
1713:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:Hydrocracking
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Isomerisation
1660:
1658:
1655:
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1524:
1521:
1520:
1508:
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1501:
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1464:
1462:
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1426:
1411:on 2008-06-02
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1353:0-8247-0259-X
1349:
1346:. CRC Press.
1345:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1320:
1315:|author=
1308:
1300:
1298:0-87335-233-5
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1265:(1–2): 1–17.
1264:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1243:3-540-43326-0
1239:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1186:
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1178:
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1069:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1048:|author=
1041:
1033:
1031:1-4020-2819-9
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1001:
999:0-88415-289-8
995:
991:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
965:
963:0-8493-9067-2
959:
955:
948:
946:
944:
942:
933:
931:0-8247-0482-7
927:
923:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
903:
893:
890:
889:
883:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
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849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
802:
800:
796:
790:
788:
784:
783:Socony-Vacuum
780:
776:
770:
766:
763:
758:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
737:In 1931, the
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:sulfuric acid
642:
638:
634:
626:
622:
617:
610:
607:
604:
602:High activity
601:
598:
597:
596:
593:
583:
581:
577:
573:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
517:
515:
506:
497:
494:
493:steam turbine
489:
486:
482:
477:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
458:
452:
447:
445:
441:
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396:
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388:
384:
378:
376:
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344:
339:
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333:
329:
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321:
307:
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301:
295:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
267:
265:
264:
259:
255:
251:
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236:
231:
220:
214:
211:
210:
209:
208:
201:
197:
194:
192:
188:
184:
182:
179:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
143:
142:hydrocracking
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
123:United States
120:
114:
112:
102:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
82:boiling-point
79:
74:
72:
71:octane rating
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:fractions of
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
1756:Fluidization
1751:Oil refining
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:the original
1447:
1443:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:the original
1404:
1400:
1362:
1343:
1288:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1233:
1227:
1216:
1199:
1193:
1152:
1148:
1098:
1094:
1060:
1021:
989:
953:
921:
880:
876:
867:
846:
807:
803:
791:
787:World War II
777:refinery of
771:
767:
759:
751:
741:merged with
736:
713:
689:
674:
630:
589:
568:
549:
545:isobutylenes
530:
525:
522:cycloalkanes
518:
514:carbocations
511:
490:
478:
471:
466:
462:
456:
448:
440:particulates
433:
423:
416:
407:carbon black
398:
394:
391:
386:
382:
379:
342:
340:
319:
317:
298:55,900
296:
286:
284:
268:
261:
257:
253:
245:
243:
234:
229:
226:
218:
206:
205:
163:
162:
158:
154:
151:
127:
115:
108:
75:
66:
38:
37:
1692:Visbreaking
1202:: 108–112.
1118:2262/103963
850:professors
842:I.G. Farben
762:Marcus Hook
690:In 1922, a
641:solid acids
625:solid acids
435:swirl tubes
409:feedstock.
314:Main column
280:endothermic
263:slide valve
47:hydrocarbon
1740:Categories
1677:Sweetening
1657:Alkylation
1415:2008-05-10
1101:: 100081.
898:References
732:New Jersey
649:silica sol
451:compressor
403:decant oil
395:slurry oil
291:flue gases
276:exothermic
272:combustion
1632:Desalting
1622:Processes
1603:Petroleum
1485:April 27,
1307:cite book
1208:0887-0284
1185:101591699
1177:1573-4803
1127:2666-5492
1040:cite book
826:Texas Oil
728:Paulsboro
637:Faujasite
621:faujasite
586:Catalysts
552:converted
541:butylenes
537:propylene
459:generator
359:propylene
351:butylenes
200:Honeywell
119:fuel oils
105:Economics
99:molecules
78:feedstock
51:petroleum
1503:Archived
1370:Archived
1068:Archived
886:See also
797:and the
795:Spitfire
533:ethylene
526:scission
371:ethylene
363:hydrogen
328:fuel oil
250:cyclones
185:Axens /
138:kerosene
95:catalyst
55:gasoline
1725:Commons
1157:Bibcode
858:of the
799:Mustang
708:lignite
671:History
633:zeolite
592:density
564:xylenes
560:toluene
556:benzene
367:methane
355:propane
347:butanes
235:reactor
202:Company
196:UOP LLC
191:Technip
1723:
1697:Coking
1350:
1295:
1240:
1206:
1183:
1175:
1125:
1095:CEMENT
1028:
996:
960:
928:
692:French
663:, and
653:kaolin
562:, and
543:, and
474:boiler
375:ethane
336:sulfur
332:offgas
330:, and
300:tonnes
177:(EMRE)
134:diesel
59:alkene
1181:S2CID
704:Paris
578:, or
455:motor
387:heavy
383:light
215:(KBR)
1487:2012
1450:(2).
1348:ISBN
1326:link
1319:help
1293:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1204:ISSN
1173:ISSN
1123:ISSN
1052:help
1026:ISBN
994:ISBN
958:ISBN
926:ISBN
854:and
836:and
828:and
665:BASF
491:The
385:and
373:and
357:and
349:and
198:- A
136:and
130:EMEA
76:The
1267:doi
1263:398
1165:doi
1113:hdl
1103:doi
683:(a
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239:bar
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
