Cataract surgery - Knowledge

1564: 336: 1086:. Advantages of the smaller incision include use of few-to-no stitches and shortened recovery time. The MSICS incision is small in comparison with the earlier ECCE incision, but considerably larger than the one used in phacoemulsification. The precise geometry of the incision is important, as it affects the self-sealing of the wound and the amount of astigmatism induced by distortion of the cornea during healing. A sclerocorneal or scleral tunnel incision is commonly used, since it reduces the risk of induced astigmatism if suitably formed. A sclerocorneal tunnel, a three-phase incision, starts with a shallow incision perpendicular to the sclera, followed by an incision through the sclera and cornea approximately parallel to the outer surface, and then a beveled incision into the anterior chamber. This structure provides the self-sealing characteristic, because internal pressure presses together the faces of the incision. 2079: 1967: 1682: 625: 356: 1200:, is the most common complication during cataract surgery, with its rate ranging from 0.5% to 5.2%. In most cases the situation can be salvaged, though it may be necessary to modify the original plans for the placement, refractive strength, and type of IOL. Fragments of the nucleus can find their way through the tear into the vitreous chamber, and recovery of the fragments is not always desirable and is rarely successful. The rest of the fragments should generally be stabilised first, and vitreous should be prevented from entering the anterior chamber, and removed if it does. Removal of the fragments may be best referred to a vitreoretinal specialist. Surgical management of a rupture may involve the 1026:, fluid is injected into the body of the lens through the cortex against the nucleus of the cataract, which separates the hardened nucleus from the softer cortex shell by flowing along the interface between them. As a result, the smaller hard nucleus can be more-easily emulsified. The posterior cortex serves as a buffer at this stage, protecting the posterior capsule membrane. The smaller size of the separated nucleus allows it to be broken up using shallower and less-peripheral grooving by the phaco tip, and produces smaller fragments after cracking or chopping. The posterior cortex also maintains the shape of the capsule through this stage, which reduces the risk of posterior capsule rupture. 649: 1154:

This is done via suction from the irrigation-aspiration instrument and replacement by buffered saline solution (BSS). Cohesive OVDs tend to adhere to themselves, a characteristic that makes their removal easier. Removal of OVDs from behind the implant reduces the risk and magnitude of post-operative pressure spikes or capsular distention. In the final step, the wound is sealed by increasing the pressure inside the globe with BSS, which presses the internal tissue against the external tissue of the incision, holding it closed. The surgeon will check whether the incision leaks fluid, because wound leakage increases the risk of penetration into the eye by microorganisms, thus predisposing it to

657: 665: 1274: 1907: 637: 42: 2093:. For optimal visual development in newborns and young infants, a visually significant unilateral congenital cataract should be detected and removed before the child is six weeks old, while visually significant bilateral congenital cataracts should be removed before 10 weeks. Congenital cataracts that are too small to affect vision will not be removed or treated, but may be monitored by an ophthalmologist throughout the patient's life. Commonly, a patient with small congenital cataracts that do not damage vision will be affected later in life, though this will take decades to occur. 956:—to emulsify the lens tissue, which is aspirated by a coaxial annular suction tube. A second instrument, which is sometimes called a "cracker" or "chopper", may be used from a small side incision to break the hard cataract nucleus into smaller pieces, making emulsification and removal of the soft part of the lens around the nucleus easier. After phacoemulsification of the lens nucleus and cortical material is completed, an irrigation–aspiration (I-A) system is used to remove the remaining peripheral lens material. The procedure is done under a surgical microscope. 344: 258: 1898:'s cataract-surgical rate rose from just over 700 operations per million people per year in 1981, to 6,000 per million per year in 2011, thus getting closer to the estimated requirement of 8,000–8,700 operations per million per year needed to eliminate cataract blindness in the country. The rate's rise was partly linked to factors such as increased efficiency due to improved surgical techniques, application of day-case surgery, improvements in operating theatre design, and efficient teamwork with sufficient staff. 2051:

people older than 60 years. The global increase in blindness from cataract is estimated to be at least five million per year; a figure of 1,000 new cases per million population per year is used for planning purposes. The average outcomes of cataract surgery are improving, and consequently, surgery is being indicated at an earlier stage in cataract progression, increasing the number of operable cases. To reduce the backlog of patients, it is necessary to operate on more people per year than the new cases alone.

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increases intraocular pressure. With a self-sealing tunnel incision, however, higher pressure closes the wound more tightly. Routine use of a shield is not usually required, because inadvertent finger pressure on the eye should not open a correctly structured incision, which should only open to point pressure. After surgery, patients need to prevent contamination by avoiding rubbing their eyes, as well as not using eye makeup, face cream or lotions. Any kind of contact with excessive dust, wind,

1619:(WHO) recommends at least 80% of eyes should have a presenting visual acuity of 6/6 to 6/18 (20/20 to 20/60) after surgery, which is considered a good enough visual outcome; the percentage is expected to reach at least 90% with best correction. Acuity of between 6/18 and 6/60 (20/60 to 20/200) is regarded as borderline, whereas a value worse than 6/60 (20/200) is considered poor. Borderline or poor visual outcomes are usually influenced by pre-surgery conditions such as glaucoma, 1111:. The lens may be divided into two or more pieces of similar size using a constricting loop, blades or other devices. The cataract lens or fragments are then removed from the capsule and anterior chamber using hydroexpression, viscoexpression, or more direct mechanical methods. Following cataract removal, an IOL is usually inserted into the posterior capsule. When the posterior membrane of the capsule is damaged, the IOL may be inserted into the ciliary sulcus, or a 1145:, a dropped nucleus with a nuclear fragment more than half the size of the cataract, problematic capsulorhexis with a hard cataract, or a very dense cataract where the heat developed by phacoemulsification is likely to cause permanent damage to the cornea. Similarly, a change from MSICS to ECCE is appropriate whenever the nucleus is too large for the MSICS incision, as well as in cases where the nucleus is found to be deformed during MSICS on a nanophthalmic eye. 2055:

Middle-income countries of Latin America and Asia have CSRs of between 500 and 2,000 per million per year, whereas China, most of Africa, and poor countries of Asia had rates of less than 500. In India and South East Asia, the rate required to keep up with the increase is at least 3,000 per million population per year; in Africa and other parts of the world with smaller percentages of older people, a rate of 2,000 may be sufficient in the short term.

395:(MSICS), the lens is removed from its capsule and manually extracted from the eye, either whole or after being split into a small number of substantial pieces. The basic version of ECCE uses a larger incision of 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) and usually requires stitches. This requirement led to the variation known as MSICS, which does not usually need stitches as the incision should be self sealing under internal pressure due to its geometry. 673: 1576:. Most people can return to normal activities the day after phacoemulsification surgery. Depending on the procedure, they should avoid driving for at least 24 hours after the surgery, largely due to effects from the anaesthesia, possible swelling affecting focus, and pupil dilation causing excessive glare. At the first post-operative check, the surgeon will usually assess whether the patient's vision is suitable for driving. 974:, which provides access to the lens, and initiate lens fragmentation, which reduces energy requirements for phacoemulsification. It provides high-precision, effective lens fragmentation at lower power levels and consequent good optical quality. However, as of 2022, the technique has not been shown to have significant visual, refractive, or safety benefits over manual phacoemulsification, and it has a higher cost. 2158: 2147: 978:

IOLs, it is often possible to use incisions smaller than 3.5 mm (0.14 in). The shape, position, and size of the incision affect the capacity for self sealing, the tendency to induce astigmatism, and the surgeon's ability to maneuvre instruments through the opening. A more-posterior incision simplifies wound closure and decreases induced astigmatism, but it is more likely to damage

543:, including over 21,500 cataract surgeries, examined whether routine pre-operative medical testing resulted in a reduction of adverse events during surgery. Results showed performing pre-operative medical testing did not result in a reduction of risk of intra-operative or post-operative medical adverse events, compared to surgeries with no or limited pre-operative testing. 996:-like materials, are injected into the anterior chamber at the start of the procedure, to support, stabilize, and protect the eyeball, to help maintain eye shape and volume, and to distend the lens capsule during IOL implantation. Their consistency allows surgical instruments to move through them, although they do not flow and retain their shape under low 1128:(ECCE), also known as manual extracapsular cataract extraction, is the removal of almost the entire natural lens in one piece, while most of the elastic lens capsule (posterior capsule) is left intact to allow implantation of an intraocular lens. The lens is manually removed through a 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) incision in the cornea or 1855:

national income. High-income countries had an average of 76.2 ophthalmologists, and low income countries an average of 3.7 ophthalmologists per million inhabitants. The countries with highest socioeconomic levels tend to have the best cataract surgery outcomes. Low income countries also tend to lack adequate training facilities for surgeons.

1821:(IAPB), was intended to reduce or eliminate the main causes of avoidable blindness worldwide by 2020. Programs instituted under Vision 2020 facilitated the planning, development, and implementation of sustainable national eye-care programs, including technical support and advocacy. The IAPB and WHO launched the program on 18 February 1999. 1212:, and retention of lens fragments; it is also associated with a six-times increase in the risk of endophthalmitis and as much as a nineteen-times increase in the risk of retinal detachment. Risk factors for posterior capsule rupture include advanced age, female sex, small capsulorhexis, small pupil opening during surgery, high myopia, 289:. Blindness is the end result. The procedure is normally elective, but lens removal may be part of trauma surgery in cases where the eye is severely injured. The lens is usually replaced by an intraocular implant when this is reasonably practicable, as removal of the lens also removes the ability of the eye to focus at any distance. 1665:. A 2013 American survey involving nearly two million bilateral cataract surgery patients found immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery was statistically associated with worse visual outcomes than for delayed sequential bilateral cataract surgery; however, the difference was small and might not be clinically relevant. 2018:, Peru, and Guatemala. Visual outcome after cataract surgery was close to conformity with WHO guidelines in Buenos Aires, where more than 80% of post-surgery eyes had visual acuity of 6/18 (20/60) or better, but ranged between 60% and 79% in most of the other regions, and was less than 60% in Guatemala and Peru. 2030:

Cataract impairs vision and lowers quality of life. Improvements in vision help with daily activities, including work productivity and education. Cataract surgery reduces risk of falling and of dementia. It can prevent disability and is very cost effective, so it has large socioeconomic benefits, but

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Cataracts are the main cause of blindness in Africa, and affect approximately half of the estimated seven million blind people on the continent, a number that is expected to increase with population growth by about 600,000 people per year. As of 2005, the estimated cataract-surgery rate was about 500

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There is a tendency for post-operative refraction to vary slightly over several years. A small overall myopic shift has been recorded in 33.6% and a small hypermetropic shift in 45.2% of eyes with the remaining 21.2% in the study having no reported change. Most of the change occurred during the first

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According to a 2009 study conducted in Sweden, factors that affected predicted refraction error included sex, pre-operative visual acuity and glaucoma, together with other eye conditions. Second-eye surgery, macular degeneration, age and diabetes did not affect the predicted outcome. Prediction error

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Following cataract surgery, side-effects such as grittiness, watering, blurred vision, double vision, and a red or bloodshot eye may occur, although they usually clear after a few days. Full recovery from the operation can take four-to-six weeks. Patients are usually advised to avoid getting water in

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of antibiotics may be used as a preventive measure. A meta-analysis showed the incidence of endophthalmitis after phacoemulsification to be 0.092%. The risk gets higher in association with factors such as diabetes, advanced age, larger incision procedures, and vitreous communication with the anterior

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As of 2015, the standard of care for pediatric cataract surgery for children older than two years is primary posterior intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Primary IOL implantation before the age of seven months is considered to have no advantages over aphakia. According to a 2015 study, primary IOL

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estimated 19.34 million people were bilaterally blind due to age-related cataracts, and that cataracts were responsible for 43% of all cases of blindness. This number and proportion were expected to increase due to population growth, and increased life expectancy approximately doubling the number of

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suggested the phacosection method for reducing the incision required. The sclerocorneal pocket tunnel incision introduced by Kratz allowed manual small incision cataract surgery without phacoemulsification. The introduction of the anterior chamber maintainer (ACM) by Blumenthal in 1987 facilitated a

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In some cases, people are dissatisfied with the optical correction provided by the initial implants, making removal and replacement necessary; this can occur with more complex IOL designs, as the patient's expectations might not match with the compromises inherent in these designs, or they might not

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has an incidence ranging from around 0.5% to 2.0%. Iris or ciliary body injury has an incidence of about 0.6–1.2%. Other complications include failure to aspirate all lens fragments, leaving some in the anterior chamber, and incisional burns, caused by overheating of the phacoemulsification tip when

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Lin H, Ouyang H, Zhu J, Huang S, Liu Z, Chen S, Cao G, Li G, Signer RA, Xu Y, Chung C, Zhang Y, Lin D, Patel S, Wu F, Cai H, Hou J, Wen C, Jafari M, Liu X, Luo L, Zhu J, Qiu A, Hou R, Chen B, Chen J, Granet D, Heichel C, Shang F, Li X, Krawczyk M, Skowronska-Krawczyk D, Wang Y, Shi W, Chen D, Zhong

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Cataract surgery in small animals such as dogs and cats is a routine ophthalmic procedure with a success rate of around 90%, and is usually better for eyes with relatively recent cataract development. The presence of other ocular problems may reduce the success rate. Procedures are similar to those

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About 4.5 million cataract surgeries were done in the EU Member States in 2016. The rate of surgeries generally varied between 12000 and 4000 per million inhabitants. The highest rate was in Portugal, at 14000 per million and the lowest were Ireland and Slovakia at 2000 per million. The figures are

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may be used to help stabilize the eyeball during sclerocorneal tunnel incision, and during extraction of the nucleus and epinucleus through the tunnel. The depth of the anterior chamber and position of the posterior capsule may be maintained during surgery by OVDs or an anterior chamber maintainer,

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Most patients have bilateral cataracts; although surgery in one eye can restore functional vision, second-eye surgery has many advantages, so most patients undergo surgery in each eye on separate days. Operating on both eyes on the same day as separate procedures is known as immediately sequential

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regional surgery rate was found to have increased by 70% from 2005 to 2012, rising from 1,562 to 2,672 cataract surgeries per million inhabitants. The weighted mean number of ophthalmologists per million inhabitants in the region was approximately 62. Cataract-surgery coverage widely varied across

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Mechanical pupillary block manifests when the anterior chamber gets shallower as a result of the obstruction of the aqueous humour flow through the pupil by the vitreous face or IOL. This is caused by contact between the edge of the pupil and an adjacent structure, which blocks the flow of aqueous

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than standard ECCE, no suture-related problems, quick rehabilitation, and fewer post-operative visits. MSICS is generally easy and fast to learn for the surgeon, cost-effective and applicable to almost all types of cataract. ECCE using a large incision has largely become a contingency procedure to

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It has been estimated there were 43.3 million blind people in 2020, and 295 million with moderate and severe visual impairment (MSVI), 55% of whom were female. The age-standardised global prevalence in blindness decreased by 28.5% between 1990 and 2020, but the age-standardised prevalence of MSVI

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With small-incision self-sealing wounds used with phacoemulsification, some of the post-operative restrictions common with intracapsular and extracapsular procedures are not relevant. Restrictions against lifting and bending were intended to reduce the risk of the wound opening, because straining

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is a serious infection of intraocular tissues, usually following intraocular surgery complications or penetrating trauma, and one of the most severe. It rarely occurs as a complication of cataract surgery, due to the use of prophylactic antibiotics, but there is some concern that the clear cornea

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After the IOL is inserted, OVDs that were injected to stabilize the anterior chamber, protecting the cornea from damage and distending the cataract's capsule during IOL implantation, are removed from the eye to prevent post-operative viscoelastic glaucoma, a severe intra-ocular pressure increase.

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The restoration of functional vision or improvement in vision possible in most cases has a large social and economic impact; patients may be able to return to paid work or continue their previous jobs, and may not become dependent on support from their family or the wider society. Studies show a

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Cataracts have the most uneven global distribution of non-communicable eye diseases, with the burden of cataracts more concentrated in countries with lower socioeconomic status. Blindness is also correlated with a lack of ophthalmologists, and density of ophthalmologists correlates with a higher

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Topical anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics are commonly used in the form of eyedrops to reduce the risk of inflammation and infection. A shield or eye-patch may be prescribed to protect the eye while sleeping. The eye will be checked to ensure the IOL remains in place, and once it has fully

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through the opening previously occluded by the IOL, and this would have to be removed. Posterior capsule opacification reaches an incidence of about 28.4% by five years, and is influenced by many factors, including age, IOL lens material, lens design, quantity of residual lens cortex, history of

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Entry into the eye is made through a minimal tunnel incision near the edge of the cornea. The incision for cataract surgery has evolved along with the techniques for cataract removal and IOL placement. In phacoemulsification, the width depends on the requirements for IOL insertion. With foldable

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In addition to the direct costs, associated surgical complications may require further intervention. In high income countries the environmental costs also tend to be higher. A phacoemulsification surgery in a UK hospital was estimated to cost more than 20 times the greenhouse gas emission of an

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A 2021 study found that perioperative procedures before and after surgery differ considerably between various surgeons and institutions, which suggests the possibility for large amounts of unnecessary expenditure worldwide. Standardised best practice perioperative procedures can improve patient

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The most commonly used procedures are phacoemulsification and manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS). In either of these procedures, it can sometimes be necessary to convert to ECCE to deal with a problem better managed through a larger incision. This may occur in the event of posterior

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In some cases, it may be necessary or desirable to insert an additional lens over the already implanted one, also in the posterior capsule. This type of IOL placement is called "piggyback" IOLs and is usually considered when the visual outcome of the first implant is not optimal. In such cases,

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eyeglasses, are also available. Pre-operative patient selection and good counselling is necessary to avoid unrealistic expectations and post-operative patient dissatisfaction, and possibly a requirement to replace the lens. Acceptability of these lenses has improved, and studies have shown good

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A four-year longitudinal study of 19 Latin American countries published in 2010 showed most of the countries had increased their surgery rates over that period, with increases of up to 186%, but still failed to provide adequate surgical coverage. The study also showed a significant correlation

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A mathematical model using survey data from sub-Saharan Africa showed the incidence of cataracts varies significantly across the continent, with the required rate of surgery to maintain a visual acuity level of 6/18 (20/60) ranging from about 1,200 to about 4,500 surgeries per year per million

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These barriers relate to awareness, acceptance, and cost; some studies also reported community and family dynamics as discouraging factors. Most of the studies held locally reported that cataract-surgical rate was lower in females. The higher cataract-surgery coverage found in some settings in

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has the highest global age-standardized prevalence of moderate-to-severe visual impairment (17.5%) and mild visual impairment (12.2%). Cataract has traditionally been a major cause of blindness in less-developed countries in the region, and in spite of improvements to the volume and quality of

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Recent developments as of 2022 include continuing research into the possibility of lens regeneration and pharmacological approaches to slowing the development of cataracts. Lens implants that help compensate for age-related macular degeneration by magnification have been developed, but require

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Comparative trials of MSICS against phaco in dense cataracts have found no significant difference in outcomes, although MSICS had shorter operating times and significantly lower costs. MSICS has been prioritized as the method of choice in developing countries, because it provides high-quality

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As of 1998, the rate of surgeries in economically developed countries was about 4,000 to 6,000 per million population per year, which was sufficient to meet demand. India raised the cataract surgery rate (CSR) to over 3,000, but this was not considered to be sufficient to reduce the backlog.

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The Vision 2020 initiative succeeded in bringing avoidable blindness to the global health agenda. The causes have not been eliminated, but there have been significant changes to their distribution, which have been attributed to global demographic shifts. Remaining challenges to management of

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The cost of cataract surgery depends on the type of procedure, whether it is provided privately or by a government hospital, whether it is provided by out-patient (day care) or in-patient surgery, and on the economic status of people in the region. Because of the high cost of the equipment,

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Most complications of cataract surgery do not result in long-term visual impairment, but some severe complications can lead to irreversible blindness. A survey of adverse results affecting Medicare patients recorded between 2004 and 2006 showed an average rate of 0.5% for one or more severe

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Phacoemulsification is the most commonly performed cataract procedure in the developed world, but the high capital and maintenance costs of a phacoemulsification machine and of the associated disposable equipment, have made ECCE and MSICS the most commonly performed procedures in developing

1288:(PVD) does not directly threaten vision, but may increase the risk of future vitreoretinal conditions. It may be more problematic in younger eyes because many people older than 60 have already gone through PVD. PVD may be accompanied by peripheral light flashes and increasing numbers of 1132:. Although it requires a larger incision and the use of stitches, this method may be preferable for very hard cataracts, which would require a relatively large ultrasonic energy input, which causes more heating, as well as in other situations in which phacoemulsification is problematic. 1208:, and occasionally, alternative planning for implanting the IOL, either in the ciliary sulcus (the space between the iris and the ciliary body), in the anterior chamber in front of the iris, or less commonly, sutured to the sclera. Posterior capsule rupture can cause corneal oedema, 1850:

The global health situation of cataracts is improving but this progress has not reduced the need for cataract surgery, which is still inadequate in large parts of the world. Older people, women, and lower socioeconomic status are associated with higher untreated cataract numbers.

1397:, and are more likely to experience intraocular pressure spikes. On the other hand, secondary glaucoma is an important complication of surgery for congenital cataracts: patients can develop this condition even several years after undergoing cataract surgery, so they need lifelong 367:, and extracapsular cataract extraction. Intracapsular cataract extraction has been superseded where the facilities for surgery under a microscope are available except for cases where the lens capsule cannot be retained, and couching is no longer used in mainstream medicine. 1755:(OVDs), which were introduced in 1972, facilitate the procedure and improve overall safety, particularly of phacoemulsification, by maintaining the shape of the eye at reduced pressure, and protecting the internal tissues of the eye without interfering with the operation. 739:

Monofocal IOLs provide accurately focused vision at one distance only; far, intermediate, or near. People who are fitted with these lenses may need to wear glasses or contact lenses while reading or using a computer. These lenses usually have uniform spherical curvature.

416:(ICCE) is the removal of the lens and the surrounding lens capsule in one piece. The procedure has a relatively high rate of complications in comparison to techniques in which the capsule is retained in place, due to the large incision required, pressure placed on the 1312:). This creates a clear central visual axis, which improves visual acuity. In very thick opacified posterior capsules, a manual surgical capsulectomy might be needed. In the event of IOL replacement, a posterior capsulotomy could allow vitreous to migrate into the 1751:, which uses ultrasonic energy to emulsify the nucleus of the crystalline lens and remove cataracts by aspiration without a large incision. This method of surgery reduced the need for an extended hospital stay and made out-patient surgery the standard. 1392:

when this condition occurs. In most cases, raised post-operative intraocular pressure is transient and benign, usually returning to baseline within 24 hours without intervention. Glaucoma patients may experience further visual field loss or a loss of

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when removing the encapsulated lens, and the removal of the barrier between the chambers of the eye, allowing easier migration of vitreous into the anterior chamber. It has therefore been largely superseded and is rarely performed in countries where

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Neuroadaptation: Changes in the brain which accommodate the presence of a new substance or condition, such as the admission of more blue light after removal of a yellow tinted cataract, or the inability to adjust the focus of an IOL by the ciliary

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sustained improvement to quality of life, financial situation, physical well-being, and mental health. Cataract surgery is one of the most cost-effective health interventions, since its economic benefits considerably exceed the cost of treatment.

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and causing an increase in intraocular pressure. Mechanical pupillary block has mainly been identified as a complication of anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, but has been known to occur occasionally after posterior IOL implantation.

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problems, and their eyes grow rapidly and unpredictably, making it challenging to select and fit a posterior chamber IOL in infants younger than seven months that will give satisfactory results later in childhood. A second surgery may be required

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Liaska A, Papaconstantinou D, Georgalis I, Koutsandrea C, Theodosiadis P, Chatzistefanou K (July 2014). "Phaco-trabeculectomy in controlled, advanced, open-angle glaucoma and cataract: Parallel, randomized clinical study of efficacy and safety".

1892:; as of 2022, their estimated overall prevalence in Chinese people over 50 years old was 27.45%. The overall cataract-surgery coverage rate was 9.19%. The prevalence of cataract and cataract surgical coverage also significantly varies by region. 767:, some cannot compensate and may experience blurred vision at both near and far distances. An IOL optimised for distance vision may be combined with an IOL that optimises intermediate vision, instead of near vision, as a variation of monovision. 1377:. Management includes vitreous humour tap and injection of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Outcomes can be severe even with treatment, and may range from permanently decreased visual acuity to the complete loss of light perception, depending on the 1038:. The folded intraocular replacement lens is implanted, usually into the remaining posterior capsule, and checked to see that it has unfolded and seated correctly. A toric IOL must also be aligned in the correct axis to counteract astigmatism. 1303:

and cellular migration as part of a physiological change, showing up as a thickening, opacification, and clouding of the posterior lens capsule, which is left behind after the cataract is removed, for placement of the IOL. This may compromise

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Cataract surgery is the most common application of lens removal surgery, and is usually associated with lens replacement. It is used to remove the natural lens of the eye when it has developed a cataract, a cloudy area in the lens that causes

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IOLs were developed in 2004; they have a flatter periphery than the middle of the lens, improving contrast sensitivity. The effectiveness of aspheric IOLs depends on a range of conditions and they may not always provide significant benefit.

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is the earliest documented form of cataract surgery. It involves dislodging the lens of the eye, removing the cataract from the optical axis, but leaving it inside the eye. The lens is not replaced and the eye cannot focus at any distance.

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Lewallen S, Courtright P, Etya'ale D, Mathenge W, Schmidt E, Oye J, Clark A, Williams T (October 2013). "Cataract incidence in sub-Saharan Africa: what does mathematical modeling tell us about geographic variations and surgical needs?".

891:, allowing the patient to return home the same day. Lens and cataract procedures are commonly performed in an out-patient setting; in the United States, 99.9% of lens and cataract procedures were done in an out-patient setting by 2012. 1614:

depends on the underlying condition of the eye, the choice of IOL, and any long-term complications associated with the surgery. More than 90% of operations are successful in restoring useful vision, with a low complication rate. The

1059:(MSICS) is an evolution of extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE); the lens is removed from the eye through a self-sealing tunnel wound through the sclera. A well-constructed scleral tunnel is held closed by internal pressure, is 922:

and retrobulbar blocks were historically used for intracapsular cataract surgery, and may be used for children and adults whose medical or psychiatric issues significantly affect their ability to remain still during the procedure.

1995:. Barriers cited included cost of surgery and lack of awareness about available surgical treatment. The number of available ophthalmologists appeared to be adequate, but the number of those who practised eye surgery was unknown. 1563: 1158:. If this does not achieve a satisfactory seal, a suture may be added. The wound is then hydrated, an antibiotic/steroid combination eyedrop is put in, and an eye-shield may be applied, sometimes supplemented with an eyepatch. 727:

The appropriate refractive power of the IOL is selected, much like a spectacle or contact lens prescription, to provide the desired refractive outcome. Pre-operative measurements, including corneal curvature, axial length, and

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Many of the steps followed during MSICS are similar, if not identical, to those for phacoemulsification; the main differences are related to the alternative method of incision and cataract extraction from the capsule and eye.

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ultrasonic power continues while the irrigation or aspiration lines are blocked—the flow through these lines is used to keep the tip cool. Burns to the incision may make closure difficult and can cause corneal astigmatism.

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After the removal of a cataract, an intraocular lens is usually implanted to replace the damaged natural lens. A foldable IOL may be implanted through a 1.8 to 2.8 mm (0.071 to 0.110 in) incision, whereas a rigid

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be able to accommodate the difference in distance and near-focusing of monovision lenses. The patient should not participate in contact or extreme sports, or similar activities, until cleared to do so by the eye surgeon.

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which are simultaneously aspirated. The remaining lens cortex (outer layer of lens) material from the capsular bag is carefully aspirated, and if necessary, the remaining epithelial cells from the capsule are removed by

763:. This procedure involves inserting an IOL providing near vision into one eye, while using one that provides distance vision for the other eye. Although most people can adjust to having monofocal IOLs with differing 1542:

and a combination of cataract surgery with another intraocular procedure on the same day. In the study, 97% of the surgeries were not combined with other intraocular procedures; the remaining 3% were combined with

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is normally used; the procedure is usually quick and causes little or no pain and minor discomfort. Recovery sufficient for most daily activities usually takes place in days, and full recovery takes about a month.

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In most surgeries, an IOL is inserted. Foldable lenses are generally used for the 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) phaco incision, while non-foldable lenses can be placed through the larger extracapsular incision.

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described the use of a reduced incision size for ECCE. They used a 6.5 to 7 mm (0.26 to 0.28 in) straight scleral tunnel incision 2 mm (0.079 in) behind the limbus with two side ports, and an

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local anaesthesia is generally used, usually causing little or no discomfort. Injections may be used to block regional nerves and prevent eye movement. Topical anaesthetics are most commonly used, placed on the

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Phacoemulsification via a coaxial incision may be associated with less astigmatism than the average for bimanual incisions, but the difference was found to be small and the evidence statistically uncertain.

1238:. It is a potentially vision-threatening pathology and must be treated immediately to preserve visual functions. Risk factors for suprachoroidal hemorrhage include anterior chamber intraocular lens (ACIOL), 4650:

Popovic M, Campos-Möller X, Schlenker M, Ahmed I (October 2016). "Efficacy and Safety of Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery Compared with Manual Cataract Surgery: A Meta-Analysis of 14 567 Eyes".

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may occur and may be very difficult to control. It is usually associated with inflammation, especially when fragments of the nucleus enter the vitreous cavity. Some experts recommend early intervention by

824:

found there is unlikely to be a significant difference in distance vision between blue-filtering and plain lenses, and was unable to identify a difference in contrast sensitivity or colour discrimination.

378:, which provides access to the lens, and initiate lens fragmentation, which reduces energy requirements for phacoemulsification. The small incision size used in phacoemulsification generally allows for 1864:

not altogether comparable, as in some countries only surgeries at hospitals are included in the counts. The proportion of out-patient surgeries increased in almost all EU states between 2011 and 2016.

456:

countries. Cataract surgery is commonly done as an out-patient or day-care procedure, which is less expensive than hospitalisation and an overnight stay, and day surgery has similar medical outcomes.

4301: 1000:. The OVD will also constrain lens fragments from drifting around in the chamber. OVDs are available in several formulations, which may be combined or used individually as best suits the procedure. 2118:. Another indication is significant cataracts in both eyes of patients for whom two rounds of anaesthesia and surgery would be unsuitable. The risk of simultaneous bilateral complications is low. 207:

in place or by cutting it out. An IOL is usually implanted in its place (PCIOL), or less frequently in front of the chamber, to restore useful focus. Cataract surgery is generally performed by an

502:

have been shown to be safe and effective for surgery and fast acting. If pharmacologic pupil dilation is insufficient, procedures for mechanical pupil dilatation may be needed during the surgery.

3879: 2097:

implantation in the seven-months-to-two-years age groups should be considered in children who require cataract surgery. Research into the possibility of regeneration of infant lenses from lens

1721:

performed the first-recorded surgical removal of the entire lens and lens capsule, equivalent to intracapsular cataract extraction. The lens was removed from the eye through a limbal incision.

778:

at the outer ends of the struts—the components transferring the movement of the contact points to the device—while recoiling when the same force is reduced. The lens is implanted in the eye's

1488:

Capsular block syndrome, the hyper-distention of the lens capsular bag, due to the IOL blocking fluid from draining through the anterior capsulotomy. This may cause a myopic refractive error;

879:

to minimize blinking during surgery. Pain is usually minimal in properly anaesthetised eyes, though a pressure sensation and discomfort from the bright operating microscope light is common.

1638:

of 6/7.5 (20/25) when targeted for distance) in 55% of cases and within one dioptre (correlates to 6/12 (20/40) when targeted for distance) in 85% of cases. Developments in intra-operative

1588:

stabilized (after about six weeks), vision tests will be used to check whether prescription lenses are needed. In cases where the focal length of the IOL is optimised for distance vision,

7479: 1584:

or dirt should also be avoided. Moreover, people are advised to wear sunglasses on bright days, since the eyes become more sensitive to bright light for a prolonged period after surgery.

3316:

Akman A, Yilmaz G, Oto S, Akova YA (September 2004). "Comparison of various pupil dilatation methods for phacoemulsification in eyes with a small pupil secondary to pseudoexfoliation".

860:

Preparation may begin three-to-seven days before surgery, with the pre-operative application of NSAIDs and antibiotic eyedrops. If the IOL is to be placed behind the iris, the pupil is

1771: 840:

implanting another IOL over the existing one is considered safer than replacing the initial lens. This approach may also be used in people who need high degrees of vision correction.

3380: 1534:

Cataract surgery and IOL implantation have the safest and highest success rates of any eye care-related procedures. As with any type of surgery, however, some level of risk remains.

425:

and high-technology equipment are readily available. After lens removal by ICCE, an intraocular lens implant can be placed in either the anterior chamber or sutured into the ciliary

4564: 1833:

relatively large incisions. Improved management of inflammatory response, use of ray-tracing models, artificial intelligence and a range of new formulae for refraction prediction.

1847:

Access to cataract surgery is very variable by country and region. Even in developed countries availability may vary significantly between rural and more densely populated areas.

7985: 2224:

Ciliary sulcus: The space between the anterior surface of the ciliary body and the posterior surface of the base of the iris, just in front of the position of the natural lens.

774:

using the natural reflexes of the eye has two hinged struts on opposite edges, which displace the lens along the optical axis when an inward transverse force is applied to the

1343:(TASS), a non-infectious inflammatory condition, may also occur following cataract surgery: it is usually treated with topical corticosteroids in high dosage and frequency. 6303: 2059:

equivalent surgery in an Indian hospital. Some of the unnecessary costs may be due to regulatory requirements that are based on perceived safety rather than actual safety.

1732:

solution to the cornea as a local anaesthetic. By the beginning of the 20th century, the standard surgical procedure was intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE). In 1949,

1950:

stated the percentage of adults above the age of 50 in western sub-Saharan Africa who have developed cataract-induced blindness is about 6%—the highest rate in the world.

836:(FDA) in 2017. This type of IOL is implanted in the eye and then treated with ultraviolet light to alter the curvature of the lens before fixing it at the final strength. 798: 729: 1919:, distribution and impact of cataracts within the African continent has been made, but significant problems and barriers limiting further access to reliable data remain. 4695: 563:

to cataract surgery include cataracts that do not cause visual impairment and medical conditions that predict a high risk of unsatisfactory surgical outcomes. such as:

223:

Well over 90% of operations are successful in restoring useful vision, and there is a low complication rate. Day care, high-volume, minimally invasive, small-incision

8159: 3504: 6228: 1717:

was the original form of cataract surgery, and was used from antiquity. It is still occasionally found in traditional medicine in parts of Africa and Asia. In 1753,

875:, and topical povidone-iodine is applied to the eye. The face is covered with a cloth or sheet with an opening for the operative eye. The eyelid is held open with a 188:

Over time, metabolic changes of the crystalline lens fibres leads to the development of a cataract, causing impairment or loss of vision. Some infants are born with

4139: 732:

are used to estimate the required power of the IOL. These methods include several formulae and free online calculators which use similar input data. A history of

3964: 2233:

Posterior capsule rupture: Unintended tearing of the posterior membrane of the lens capsule, which can allow migration of the vitreous into the anterior chamber.

7743: 4817: 5135: 4046: 370:

In phacoemulsification (phaco), the natural lens is fragmented by an ultrasonic probe and removed by suction. A more recent and less common variation of this,

7585: 2251:

Intraoperative aberrometry: A tool to take aphakic and pseudophakic refractive measurements during surgery to help optimise IOL power selection and placement.

4934: 4593: 3699: 2580: 4293: 868:

drops are reserved for secondary implantation of the IOL in front of the iris, when the cataract has already been removed without primary IOL implantation.

2207:– Effectively use of the same procedures as for cataract surgery to replace a natural lens with high refractive error when other methods are not effective. 1939: 1818: 1142: 1308:, and can usually be safely and painlessly corrected by using a Nd:YAG laser to clear the central portion of the opacified posterior pole of the capsule ( 1280:

photo of IOL showing Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) visible a few months after implantation of intraocular lens in eye, seen on retroillumination

4170: 1011:

is usually used to create a round, smooth-edged opening through which the surgeon can emulsify the lens nucleus, and then implant the intraocular lens.

7207: 6375: 6000: 5921: 5355: 4433: 3871: 2724: 871:

The operation may occur on a stretcher or a reclining examination chair. The eyelids and surrounding skin are swabbed with a disinfectant, such as 10%

717: 1323:

normally occurs at a prevalence of 1 in 1,000 (0.1%); however, people who have had cataract surgery are at an increased risk (0.5–0.6%) of developing

1007:

is the process of tearing a circular opening in the front membrane of the lens capsule to access the lens within. In phacoemulsification, an anterior

2115: 1799: 1767: 6520: 3004: 323:; if this does not help, cataract surgery is the only effective treatment. Surgery with implants generally results in better vision and an improved 709: 7941:

Struck M (October 2015). "Long-term Results of Pediatric Cataract Surgery and Primary Intraocular Lens Implantation From 7 to 22 Months of Life".

1775: 1087: 817: 7468: 5158: 4363: 720:(inadequate support for the capsular bag). This requires an IOL with different refractive power because of the placement further forward on the 115: 6408:

Brogan K, Diaper C, Rotchford A (2019). "Cataract surgery refractive outcomes: representative standards in a National Health Service setting".

6162: 1807: 1788: 1779: 239:(MSICS), which is considerably more economical in time, capital equipment, and consumables, and provides comparable results, is popular in the 243:. Both procedures have a low risk of serious complications, and are the definitive treatment for vision impairment due to lens opacification. 8410: 7280:"Prevalence of cataract and cataract surgery in urban and rural Chinese populations over 50 years old: a systematic review and Meta-analysis" 1947: 1642:

have demonstrated power calculations that provide improved outcomes, yielding 80% of patients within 0.5 dioptres (6/7.5 (20/25) or better).

759:

Cataract surgery may be performed to correct vision problems on both eyes. If both eyes are suitable, people are usually advised to consider

472:

The degree of reduction of vision due largely to the cataract is evaluated. While the existence of other sight-threatening diseases, such as

5791: 3352: 1792: 1538:

post-operative complications, with the rate decreasing by about 20% over the study period. The most important risk factors identified were

847:

covers the cost of monofocal IOLs in the United States, people will have to pay the price difference if they choose more expensive lenses.

6255: 4556: 3058:"Intracapsular Lens Extraction for the Treatment of Pupillary Block Glaucoma Associated with Anterior Subluxation of the Crystalline Lens" 1572:

the eye during the first week after surgery, and to avoid swimming for two-to-three weeks as a conservative approach, to minimise risk of

8183:"The use of sub-Tenon's anesthesia versus a low-dose neuromuscular blockade for canine cataract surgery: A comparative study of 224 eyes" 4332: 2869: 2282:

Viscoexpression: Method of removing the lens from the capsule and anterior chamber by carrying it out in a flow of viscoelastic material.

820:, thus mimicking the functions of the natural crystalline lens of the eye, which usually filters potentially harmful frequencies. A 2018 335: 1063:, and does not require suturing. The wound is relatively smaller than the one in ECCE, but is still markedly larger than a phaco wound. 8864: 8859: 6460: 5890:

Masket S, Rorer E, Stark W, Holladay JT, MacRae S, Tarver ME, Glasser A, Calogero D, Hilmantel G, Nguyen T, Eydelman M (January 2017).

5701: 4729: 4246:"Visual function in patients with yellow tinted intraocular lenses compared with vision in patients with non-tinted intraocular lenses" 2852: 1803: 1405:

through the pupil itself. The iris then bulges forward and closes the angle between the iris and cornea, blocking drainage through the

8355:. Disease Control Priorities. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. 7977: 6195: 1014:

The cataract's outer (cortical) layer is then separated from the capsule by a gentle, continuous flow or pulsed dose of liquid from a

437:, the refrigerated tip of which adheres to the tissue of the lens at the contact point by freezing with a cryogenic substance such as 6775:

Goerig M, Bacon D, van Zundert A (May–June 2012). "Carl Koller, cocaine, and local anesthesia: some less known and forgotten facts".

6648: 4464:"Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification cataract surgery in adults" 1451: 7917: 5498: 2550: 9065: 8459: 8218: 5705: 4615:

Alió J, Abdou A, Puente A, Zato M, Nagy Z (June 2014). "Femtosecond laser cataract surgery: updates on technologies and outcomes".

2273:

Hydroexpression: Method of removing the lens from the capsule and anterior chamber by carrying it out in a flow of saline solution.

468:

or pre-operative evaluation is done to confirm the presence of a cataract and to determine the patient's suitability for surgery:

6295: 2345:

Coaxial phacoemulsification uses a single probe to irrrigate, emulsify and aspirate, which is operated through a single incision.

1454:

is a complication caused by the mechanical irritation of a mis-positioned IOL over the iris, ciliary body or iridocorneal angle.

5892:"Special Report: The American Academy of Ophthalmology Task Force Consensus Statement on Adverse Events with Intraocular Lenses" 5735: 2397: 1359:. Endophthalmitis typically presents within two weeks after the procedure, with manifestations such as decreased visual acuity, 8748: 8304:"The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of second-eye cataract surgery: a systematic review and economic evaluation" 5427: 1350:

incision might predispose to the increase of endophthalmitis, although no conclusive study has corroborated this suspicion. An

1220:, history of preoperative trauma, previous treatment for retinal disease, poor patient cooperation, and surgical inexperience. 1056: 1047: 392: 236: 79: 1003:

The lens is inside a capsule supported by the ciliary body, between the aqueous and vitreous, behind the opening in the iris.

8995: 8988: 8376: 7014: 5766: 5237:"Glued intraocular lens implantation for eyes with inadequate capsular support: Analysis of the postoperative visual outcome" 4811: 4687: 2846: 2513: 1331:, which leads to increased rates of RRD. When a retinal tear occurs, vitreous liquid enters the space between the retina and 2114:. Immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery also has significant cost savings, and faster visual rehabilitation and 1166:

The use of an eye patch may be indicated, usually for some hours after surgery and for a few days while sleeping. A topical

8390: 8151: 7150:"Global, regional, national burden and gender disparity of cataract: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019" 4533: 4402: 3791: 3512: 3158: 2814: 2774: 2479: 1100: 1008: 6220: 1516:

Incorrect positioning of the IOL (including decentring, tilt, or rotation), which partially prevents its correct function;

8818: 8698: 2242:

White -to-white (WTW) measurement of an eye is the horizontal diameter of the cornea, measured across the corneal limbus.

1743:

Intracapsular cryoextraction was the favoured form of cataract extraction from the late 1960s to the early 1980s using a

1445: 1261: 1171: 529: 304:, or may develop as a complication of eye surgery intended to solve other health problems. Cataracts form when clumps of 7662: 4131: 6984: 3661: 2385: 1470: 17: 3956: 1355:

chamber caused by posterior capsule rupture. The risk of vitreous infection is at least six times higher than for the

8641: 7735: 4801: 2162: 2078: 1842: 1324: 1178:

to prevent infection in the post-operative phase. These are generally self-administered as eyedrops for a few weeks.

87: 83: 5418:

Chaturvedi V, Sabherwal R, Kim LA, Pittner A, Bhagat N, Lim JI, Mukkamala L, Patel N (23 June 2022). Patel N (ed.).

5292: 5127: 4038: 2354:

Bimanual phacoemulsification uses one probe to emulsify and aspirate, and a second that is only used for irrigation.

1966: 1740:(IOL) which made visual rehabilitation after cataract surgery a more efficient, effective, and comfortable process. 1018:, which is injected under the anterior capsular flap, along the edge of the capsulorhexis opening, in a step called 962:

laser-assisted phacoemulsification surgery is a more recent development which may have fewer adverse effects on the

598:

Functional vision can be provided by glasses or other visual aids which is sufficient for the person's requirements.

7549: 2110:

bilateral cataract surgery; this can decrease the number of hospital visits, thus reducing risk of contagion in an

1462: 1368: 1296: 473: 4926: 4585: 4070:"Toric intraocular lenses: Expanding indications and preoperative and surgical considerations to improve outcomes" 3903:"Toric intraocular lenses: Expanding indications and preoperative and surgical considerations to improve outcomes" 3691: 2572: 2291:

Zonular dehiscence: Breaking of the fibrous strands (zonules) connecting the crystalline lens to the ciliary body.

1661:

decreased with time, which is likely due to the use of improved equipment and techniques, including more-accurate

1444:

and can occur a few days or weeks after surgery. Most such cases can be successfully treated. Preventative use of

592:

An infection of the eyes or nearby that could cause endophthalmitis, so should be treated before cataract surgery.

46:

Cataract surgery, using a temporal approach phacoemulsification probe (in right hand) and "chopper" (in left hand)

8616: 8242:"Excimer laser refractive surgery versus phakic intraocular lenses for the correction of moderate to high myopia" 7767:"The impact of successful cataract surgery on quality of life, household income and social status in South India" 7548:

Lansingh VC, Resnikoff S, Tingley-Kelley K, Nano ME, Martens M, Silva JC, Duerksen R, Carter MJ (19 March 2010).

6818:

Altman A, Albert D, Fournier G (January–February 1985). "Cocaine's use in ophthalmology: our 100-year heritage".

1814: 1752: 1733: 1389: 1340: 989: 6024:"Prophylactic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery" 4294:"FDA Approves RxSight's Light Adjustable Lens, First IOL To Enable Refractive Correction After Cataract Surgery" 9097: 8892: 5310:

Vajpayee R, Sharma N, Dada T, Gupta V, Kumar A, Dada V (1 June 2001). "Management of posterior capsule tears".

2895:

Lamoureux E, Fenwick E, Pesudovs K, Tan D (January 2011). "The impact of cataract surgery on quality of life".

2089:

In general, there is greater urgency to remove dense cataracts from very young children because of the risk of

1998:

A 2009 study showed that the prevalence of cataract blindness in people 50 years and older ranged from 0.5% in

771: 1872:

The estimated distribution of ophthalmologists in Asia ranges from more than 114 per million of population in

1484:

It may be necessary to exchange, remove or reposition an IOL after surgery, for any of the following reasons:

273:. Cataracts usually develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Early symptoms may include faded colours, 9204: 9055: 9050: 8882: 4162: 3624:

Lambert S, Aakalu V, Hutchinson A, Pineles S, Galvin J, Heidary G, Binenbaum G, VanderVeen D (October 2019).

1725: 1461:; swelling or oedema of the cornea, which is sometimes associated with transient or permanent cloudy vision ( 1458: 1285: 7199: 6870:"A tribute to Charles David Kelman MD: ophthalmologist, inventor and pioneer of phacoemulsification surgery" 5992: 5349: 4425: 2718: 676:

Section diagram of the eye, showing intraocular lens implanted in the posterior lens capsule behind the iris

9060: 8939: 8909: 8813: 8452: 1826: 1328: 833: 1567:

A shield or patch may be needed for a few days, mainly to protect from physical impact and contamination.

8688: 8511: 6482: 3626:"Intraocular Lens Implantation during Early Childhood: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology" 2997: 2083: 1954:

people, depending on the area. Such variations may relate to genetic or cultural differences, as well as

1784: 1694: 1469:—due to errors in the ultrasonic biometry (measurement of the eye length and calculation of the required 1313: 1299:(PCO), also called an "after-cataract". After cataract surgery, posterior capsular cells usually undergo 744: 540: 5891: 2327:

Remove: The IOL is removed and replaced with a different model lens or no replacement lens is implanted.

1273: 404:

deal with complications during surgery and for managing cataracts expected to be difficult extractions.

9107: 9087: 8661: 8484: 2179: 1657:

of 0.67 dioptres. 88.76% were within one diopter of target refraction and 62.36% within 0.50 dioptres.

1430: 1332: 3180:

Lawrence D, Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren E, et al. (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group) (November 2015).

9183: 8743: 8678: 8533: 5162: 4355: 1616: 1223: 1201: 682: 606: 430: 6124: 1465:); displacement or dislocation of the IOL implant; unplanned high refractive error—either myopic or 1030: 9178: 8978: 1714: 1418: 1217: 1092: 949: 844: 829: 448: 374:

laser-assisted phacoemulsification surgery, uses a laser to make the corneal incision, execute the

363:

Two main classes of cataract surgical procedures are currently in common use throughout the world:

355: 122: 8406: 2200:

implantation in series with the natural lens to correct vision in cases of high refractive errors.

203:

During cataract surgery, the cloudy natural lens is removed from the posterior chamber, either by

9040: 8887: 8849: 8683: 8621: 8445: 6483:"Refractive Outcomes After Immediate Sequential vs Delayed Sequential Bilateral Cataract Surgery" 5812:

Swamy B, Billson F, Martin F, Donaldson C, Hing S, Jamieson R, Grigg J, Smith J (December 2007).

3273:

Lundberg B, Behndig A (2003). "Intracameral mydriatics in phacoemulsification cataract surgery".

2197: 2168: 2039:

safety and have the potential to reduce unnecessary costs and unnecessary diagnostic procedures.

1646: 1548: 986:

from the main incision may be needed to access the anterior chamber with additional instruments.

704:

and are inserted with a special tool. The IOL is inserted through the incision, usually into the

525: 5783: 664: 656: 648: 8919: 8897: 8783: 8728: 7686:

Rossi T, Romano MR, Iannetta D, Romano V, Gualdi L, D'Agostino I, Ripandelli G (January 2021).

6251: 2873: 2393: 2132: 1718: 1351: 1209: 1112: 1104: 4324: 1774:

and associates pioneered the use of silicone, acrylic, and hydrogel foldable lenses. In 1987,

192:, and environmental factors may lead to cataract formation. Early symptoms may include strong 9137: 9102: 9025: 8573: 8124:

Obuchowska I, Mariak Z (2006). "Jednoczesna operacja zaćmy w obojgu oczach--zalety i wady ".

7765:

Finger R, Kupitz D, Fenwick E, Balasubramaniam B, Ramani R, Holz F, Gilbert C (August 2012).

2998:"When and How to Convert to ECCE: Extracapsular cataract extraction remains a useful plan B." 2836: 2204: 1414: 1373: 1309: 1247: 736:, which alters corneal curvature, requires different calculations to take this into account. 510: 347:

Cataract surgery recently performed, foldable IOL inserted. A small incision and very slight

6452: 4721: 2031:

the demand is great and the cost remains a large financial burden to public health systems.

8651: 8075:"Immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery importance during the COVID-19 pandemic" 8021: 7870:"Addressing the environmental sustainability of eye health-care delivery: a scoping review" 7778: 6187: 5186:"Hydroexpression - A novel technique to deliver nucleus in small-incision cataract surgery" 4969: 4323:

Jain S, Patel AS, Tripathy K, DelMonte DW, Baartman B (3 October 2022). DelMonte DW (ed.).

1747:

probe tip to freeze the encapsulated lens to the probe. In 1967, Charles Kelman introduced

1624: 1620: 1539: 1398: 1108: 1095:(BSS) to maintain stability of the shape of the chamber and internal pressure. An anterior 915: 902: 786:, which would focus the eye with the natural lens, are used to focus the implant, instead. 574: 422: 308:

or yellow-brown pigment accumulate in the lens, which reduces transmission of light to the

8437: 6640: 4925:

Patel AS, DelMonte DW, Mohan H, Christenbury J (24 September 2022). Christenbury J (ed.).

1759: 1681: 801:

can be used to assist the surgeon in toric lens placement and minimize astigmatic errors.

181:, an opaque or cloudy area. The eye's natural lens is usually replaced with an artificial 8: 9162: 9035: 8968: 8944: 8844: 8753: 7550:"Cataract Surgery Rates in Latin America: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study of 19 Countries" 5697: 5490: 5379:"Risk Factors for Posterior Capsule Rupture and Vitreous Loss during Phacoemulsification" 2128: 2073: 2047: 1748: 1650: 1573: 1406: 1378: 1099:, is then done to open the front surface of the lens capsule for access to the lens. The 937: 932: 919: 898: 894: 480:, does not preclude cataract surgery, less improvement may be expected in their presence. 442: 426: 364: 301: 224: 189: 75: 8274: 8241: 8182: 8025: 7782: 6567: 6542: 4973: 2546: 970:

than manual phacoemulsification. The laser is used to make the corneal incision and the

9045: 9030: 9015: 8983: 8601: 8328: 8303: 8210: 8101: 8074: 8055: 8042: 8009: 7845: 7828: 7801: 7766: 7712: 7687: 7577: 7530: 7445: 7418: 7394: 7369: 7345: 7328: 7304: 7279: 7260: 7176: 7149: 7118: 7091: 7072: 6953: 6926: 6907: 6800: 6752: 6735: 6706: 6671: 6616: 6591: 6507: 6433: 6351: 6326: 6149: 6097: 6072: 6048: 6023: 5968: 5943: 5838: 5813: 5674: 5649: 5625: 5608: 5586: 5538: 5521: 5395: 5378: 5348:

Wang RC, Fuller DG, Hutton WS (2006). "66: Retained Lens Material". In Tasman W (ed.).

5263: 5236: 5103: 5076: 5043: 5016: 4992: 4957: 4902: 4875: 4777: 4752: 4488: 4463: 4270: 4245: 4218: 4193: 4192:

Downie L, Busija L, Keller P, et al. (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group) (May 2018).

4104: 4069: 4014: 3987: 3929: 3902: 3844: 3817: 3746: 3729: 3653: 3601: 3584: 3560: 3535: 3480: 3453: 3429: 3402: 3298: 3255: 3206: 3181: 3126: 3109: 3082: 3057: 2963: 2920: 2645: 2610: 2300:

Dropped nucleus: A cataract nucleus which has fallen through into the vitreous chamber.

1943: 1906: 1654: 1360: 1320: 1083: 1079: 1035: 876: 506: 297: 7886: 7869: 5574: 5323: 5212: 5185: 4852: 3286: 2006:. Poor vision due to cataracts ranged from 0.9% in Buenos Aires, to 10.7% in parts of 1477:, which often occurs for a few days, weeks or months after removal of a cataract; and 9152: 9142: 8693: 8656: 8592: 8469: 8382: 8372: 8333: 8279: 8261: 8214: 8202: 8133: 8106: 8047: 7958: 7954: 7909: 7891: 7868:

Buchan JC, Thiel CL, Steyn A, Somner J, Venkatesh R, Burton MJ, Ramke J (June 2022).

7850: 7806: 7717: 7636: 7628: 7608: 7569: 7522: 7450: 7399: 7350: 7309: 7264: 7252: 7181: 7123: 7076: 7064: 6958: 6899: 6891: 6886: 6869: 6835: 6831: 6804: 6792: 6757: 6711: 6693: 6621: 6572: 6512: 6498: 6425: 6421: 6390: 6356: 6154: 6102: 6053: 5973: 5944:"Pupillary block following posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in adults" 5913: 5843: 5762: 5727: 5679: 5630: 5590: 5578: 5543: 5472: 5400: 5377:

Zare M, Javadi M, Einollahi B, Baradaran-Rafii A, Feizi S, Kiavash V (October 2009).

5327: 5268: 5217: 5108: 5048: 4997: 4907: 4856: 4807: 4782: 4668: 4632: 4525: 4493: 4394: 4275: 4223: 4109: 4091: 4019: 3988:"Multifocal intraocular lenses: Types, outcomes, complications and how to solve them" 3934: 3849: 3783: 3751: 3657: 3645: 3606: 3565: 3485: 3434: 3372: 3333: 3290: 3247: 3211: 3131: 3087: 3038: 2967: 2955: 2912: 2842: 2806: 2766: 2650: 2632: 2509: 2471: 1976: 1811:

high-pressure and -flow system, for a stable intraocular environment during surgery.

1491:

Chronic anterior uveitis, which is a persistent inflammation of the anterior segment;

1394: 1213: 911: 906: 888: 521: 293: 270: 216: 110: 52: 7581: 7534: 6911: 6437: 5419: 3302: 3259: 2924: 2027:

increased by 2.5%. Cataract remained the global leading cause of blindness in 2020.

1795:

described a chevron-shaped incision that minimized the risk of induced astigmatism.

1327:(RRD)—the most common form of the condition. Cataract surgery increases the rate of 9122: 9020: 8808: 8798: 8733: 8550: 8364: 8356: 8323: 8315: 8269: 8257: 8253: 8194: 8096: 8086: 8059: 8037: 8029: 7950: 7881: 7840: 7796: 7786: 7707: 7699: 7620: 7561: 7514: 7440: 7430: 7389: 7381: 7340: 7299: 7291: 7242: 7171: 7161: 7113: 7103: 7054: 6948: 6938: 6881: 6827: 6784: 6747: 6701: 6683: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6562: 6554: 6502: 6494: 6417: 6346: 6338: 6144: 6136: 6092: 6084: 6043: 6039: 6035: 5963: 5955: 5903: 5833: 5825: 5669: 5661: 5620: 5570: 5533: 5462: 5390: 5319: 5258: 5248: 5207: 5197: 5098: 5088: 5038: 5028: 4987: 4977: 4897: 4887: 4848: 4772: 4764: 4660: 4624: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4265: 4257: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4099: 4081: 4009: 3999: 3924: 3914: 3839: 3829: 3741: 3637: 3596: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3475: 3465: 3424: 3414: 3364: 3325: 3282: 3239: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3121: 3077: 3069: 2947: 2904: 2640: 2622: 1737: 1552: 1227: 1023: 914:

of the eye as eyedrops (before surgery), or in the globe (during surgery). Oral or

701: 619: 560: 240: 228: 182: 8008:

Z, Zhong S, Zhang L, Chen S, Morrison SJ, Maas RL, Zhang K, Liu Y (9 March 2016).

7059: 7042: 7006: 1506:

Progressive closing of the anterior chamber angle, due to propagation of anterior

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Cionni RJ, Snyder ME, Osher RH (2006). "6: Cataract surgery". In Tasman W (ed.).

2151: 2098: 1955: 1744: 1589: 1544: 1346: 1243: 1155: 1019: 872: 821: 779: 752: 579: 483:

In cases of uncontrolled glaucoma, a combined cataract-glaucoma procedure (phaco-

465: 438: 379: 359:

Nucleus of a mature cataract removed by extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE)

324: 313: 232: 212: 128: 8350: 8346: 6853:

Meadow NB (15 October 2005). "Cryotherapy: A fall from grace, but not a crash".

6481:

Owen JP, Blazes M, Lacy M, Yanagihara RT, Van Gelder RN, Lee AY, Lee CS (2021).

6327:"Effect of increasing age on cataract surgery outcomes in very elderly patients" 4768: 4517: 4386: 3775: 3150: 2800: 2758: 2463: 640:

Injector for foldable intraocular lenses. The incision size for this type is 2.8

441:, facilitating its removal. Cryoextraction may still be used for the removal of 9127: 8914: 8854: 8823: 8788: 8646: 8528: 8091: 7166: 6558: 4354:

Portelinha J, Ferreira TL, Reddy V, Shafer B (8 January 2023). Shafer B (ed.).

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African countries have about one ophthalmologist per million people, while the

1885:

cataract surgeries, the rate of surgery remains low for some of these nations.

1707: 1507: 1441: 1356: 1167: 1067: 1066:

The small incision into the anterior chamber of the eye is made at or near the

983: 747:

that focus light from distant and near objects, working with similar effect to

713: 484: 282: 274: 204: 193: 170: 8432: 8360: 7624: 7565: 6342: 5759:

Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

5665: 4194:"Blue-light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health" 9198: 8718: 8626: 8611: 8494: 8265: 7632: 7435: 7108: 6895: 6697: 6688: 4095: 2636: 2191: 1983: 1915:

operations per million people per year. Progress on gathering information on

1635: 1611: 1605: 1525:

Undesirable optical phenomena reported by the patient due to any other cause.

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Yusufu M, Bukhari J, Yu X, Lin TP, Lam DS, Wang N (September–October 2021).

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from which the cataract was removed (in-the-bag implantation). Sometimes, a

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Refractive results using power calculation formulae based on pre-operative

1494:

Chronic loss of endothelial cells faster than the rate due to normal aging;

1426: 1239: 1197: 997: 979: 959: 783: 764: 721: 705: 547: 371: 6839: 5959: 4860: 4426:"Premium IOLs—A Legal and Ethical Guide to Billing Medicare Beneficiaries" 4004: 3228: 3042: 2938:

Rao G, Khanna R, Payal A (January 2011). "The global burden of cataract".

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Mohan S, John B, Rajan M, Malkani H, Nagalekshmi S, Singh S (June 2017).

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in access to eye-care, and the availability of a professional workforce.

1300: 1251: 1226:

is a rare complication of intraocular surgery, which occurs when damaged

1096: 971: 813: 790: 694: 690: 546:

Infants with congenital cataracts are more likely to have post-operative

434: 400: 375: 136: 8033: 6088: 3872:"Achieving Better Outcomes Using Free Online Post-LASIK IOL Calculators" 1503:

Progressive elongation of the pupil in direction of the IOL's long axis;

793:

have different curvature on two orthogonal axes, as on the surface of a

257: 152: 9117: 9112: 8954: 8949: 8924: 8368: 7609:"The Cataract Situation in Latin America: Barriers to Cataract Surgery" 6590:

Jin C, Chen X, Law A, Kang Y, Wang X, Xu W, Yao K (20 September 2017).

5942:

Gaton D, Mimouni K, Lusky M, Ehrlich R, Weinberger D (September 2003).

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Vicchrilli S, Glasser DB, McNett C, Burke MP, Repka MX (October 2018).

3110:"Changing techniques in cataract surgery: how have patients benefited?" 2336:

Reposition: The IOL is surgically moved to another location or rotated.

2264:

muscle of the eye, used to rotate the eyeball downwards in eye surgery.

1881: 1877: 1710: 1700: 1631: 1448:

has been reported to reduce the risk of macular oedema to some extent.

1422: 1205: 1175: 1060: 941: 760: 517: 348: 286: 8302:

Frampton G, Harris P, Cooper K, Lotery A, Shepherd J (November 2014).

8198: 7503: 3505:"Anticipation is key to managing intra-operative floppy iris syndrome" 3073: 2503: 2188: – Intraocular lens system to compensate for macular degeneration 1699:

Cataract surgery has a long history in Europe, Asia, and Africa, with

652:

The IOL injector is inserted in the incision and aimed at the capsule.

498:; if they do not provide a satisfactory result, injected intracameral 292:

Cataracts most commonly occur due to aging, but may also be caused by

8902: 8636: 8319: 2090: 2035:

phacoemulsification is generally more expensive than ECCE and MSICS.

2003: 1653:

between the targeted and outcome refraction of 0.50 dioptres, with a

1639: 1474: 1336: 1277: 1174:(NSAID) is used to control inflammation, in combination with topical 861: 775: 499: 327:: however, the procedure is not readily available in many countries. 262: 174: 105:

Restoration of useful vision or significant improvement in most cases

7278:

Du Y, Liu H, Zhang Y, Bai W, Li R, Sun R, Wang N (18 January 2022).

2838:

Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management

2101:

showed interesting results in a small trial study reported in 2016.

1367:

occurs about 80% of the time. About 80% of infections are caused by

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Stein JD, Grossman DS, Mundy KM, Sugar A, Sloan FA (2 June 2011).

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Lim B, Lim C, Lim D, Evans J, Bunce C, Wormald R (November 2016).

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Liu Y, Wilkins M, Kim T, Malyugin B, Mehta J (2017). "Cataracts".

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Early symptoms of cataract may be improved by wearing appropriate

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Batlle JF, Lansingh VC, Silva JC, Eckert KA, Resnikoff S (2014).

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Keay L, Lindsley K, Tielsch J, Katz J, Schein O (January 2019).

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Toczolowski J (July 1993). "Thirty years of cryoophthalmology".

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After nuclear cracking or chopping (if needed), the cataract is

8520: 5526:

Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology

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A ten-year prospective survey on refractive outcomes from a UK

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The rolled up lens is ejected from the nozzle into the capsule.

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Fang R, Yu YF, Li EJ, Lv NX, Liu ZC, Zhou HG, Song XD (2022).

4924: 4039:"Crystalens: The First Accommodating Intraocular Lens Implant" 3623: 3452:

Rishi P, Sharma T, Rishi E, Chaudhary S (January–April 2009).

2611:"Wound construction in manual small incision cataract surgery" 1791:

introduced a self-sealing incision architecture, and in 1990,

1284:

Complications after cataract surgery are relatively uncommon.

918:

to reduce anxiety may be combined with the local anaesthetic.

8666: 7978:"Eyes can regenerate their own lenses after cataract surgery" 7419:"Barriers to Cataract Surgery in Africa: A Systematic Review" 6444: 5417: 4563:. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 4353: 3182:"Day care versus in-patient surgery for age-related cataract" 2318:

Exchange: The IOL is replaced with another of the same model.

1932: 1928: 1895: 1889: 1873: 1135: 1091:

which is an auxiliary cannula providing a sufficient flow of

953: 794: 685:(PMMA) lens requires a larger cut. Foldable IOLs are made of 491: 8181:

Bayley KD, Gates MC, Anastassiadis Z, Read R (18 May 2023).

8180: 7656:

Cataract in Latin America: findings from nine recent surveys

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nearby. One or two smaller side-port incisions at 60-to-90

8301: 6383:

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan

5775: 5451:"Posterior vitreous detachment following cataract surgery" 4750: 4590:

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)

3266: 2577:

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)

2245: 2135:

protocol have also been used for canine cataract surgery.

2010:. Cataract-surgical coverage ranged from good in parts of 1649:(NHS) cataract surgery service from 2006 to 2016 showed a 1634:

leave people within 0.5 dioptres of target (correlates to

952:

tip, which vibrates at an ultrasonic frequency—commonly 40

712:

implantation—in front of the capsular bag, but behind the

312:

at the back of the eye. Cataracts can be diagnosed via an

8473: 7685: 7606: 4839:

Faust K (Winter 1984). "Hydrodissection of soft nuclei".

4557:"Surgeries in Hospital-Owned Outpatient Facilities, 2012" 4322: 3901:

Singh VM, Ramappa M, Murthy S, Rostov AT (January 2022).

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for humans. General anesthesia is likely to be used, but

1433:

may be done either before or following cataract surgery.

993: 756:

results in patients selected for expected compatibility.

196:

from lights and small light sources at night and reduced

7688:"Cataract surgery practice patterns worldwide: a survey" 7013:. International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness. 6480: 6296:"When to Resume Exercise After an Eye Surgery or Injury" 5941: 5889: 5698:"Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome After Cataract Surgery" 4234: 4067: 3900: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 716:—may be required because of posterior capsular tears or 433:

is a technique used in ICCE to extract the lens using a

261:

Magnified view of a cataract seen on examination with a

8344: 8066: 7327:

Vs Murthy G, Jain B, Shamanna B, Subramanyam D (2014).

6373: 6221:"How Many Days Rest Are Needed After Cataract Surgery?" 6122: 5641: 5449:

Hilford D, Hilford M, Mathew A, Polkinghorne P (2009).

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Singh K, Misbah A, Saluja P, Singh A (December 2017).

5074: 3811: 3809: 3730:"Recognising 'high-risk' eyes before cataract surgery" 2794: 2792: 864:

by using drops to help better visualise the cataract.

843:

Cost is an important aspect of these lenses. Although

97:

Hundreds to thousands per million population per year.

7036: 7034: 7032: 6867: 6407: 6270: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5560: 5483: 5234: 5008: 4751:

Mohammadpour M, Erfanian R, Karimi N (January 2012).

4417: 2595: 1979:

and cataract-surgery rate in the countries involved.

1522:

Unexpected optical results due to defects of the IOL;

351:

are visible to the right of the still dilated pupil.

67:

Removal of opacified lens from eye to restore vision.

7541: 7497: 6918: 6817: 6669: 6602:(9:CD010510). Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD010510. 6118: 6116: 6073:"Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphaema Syndrome. General review" 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 4448: 3714: 3098: 2888: 2798: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2461: 1940:

International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness

1819:

International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness

1770:

developed and implanted the first foldable IOL, and

1118: 7647: 7416: 7329:"Improving cataract services in the Indian context" 7231:"Challenges in Eye Care in the Asia-Pacific Region" 7143: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7040: 6868:Pandey SK, Milverton EJ, Maloof AJ (October 2004). 5303: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 4614: 4511: 4509: 4507: 3806: 3454:"Combined scleral buckling and phacoemulsification" 3315: 3173: 2789: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 1766:(Nd:YAG laser) for posterior capsulotomy. In 1985, 567:

Poor general health or a serious medical condition.

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Elsevier Health Sciences. 5702:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5597: 4832: 4462:Minakaran N, Ezra D, Allan B (July 2020). 4316: 4154: 4120: 3869: 3727: 3350: 3309: 1136:Converting to ECCE to manage a contingency 215:setting at a surgical centre or hospital. 40: 8327: 8273: 8100: 8090: 8041: 7885: 7844: 7800: 7790: 7711: 7444: 7434: 7393: 7344: 7303: 7246: 7200:"Cataract surgery: how countries compare" 7175: 7165: 7117: 7107: 7092:"Recent developments in cataract surgery" 7058: 6952: 6942: 6924: 6885: 6874:Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 6751: 6705: 6687: 6670:Grzybowski J, Grzybowski A (2020-06-22). 6647:. Cataract and Refractive Surgery Today. 6615: 6566: 6506: 6350: 6148: 6096: 6047: 5967: 5907: 5837: 5782:Gokhale PA, Patterson E (May–June 2007). 5673: 5624: 5537: 5522:"An Overview of Nd:YAG Laser Capsulotomy" 5520:Karahan E, Er D, Kaynak S (Summer 2014). 5466: 5394: 5262: 5252: 5211: 5201: 5150: 5102: 5092: 5042: 5032: 4991: 4981: 4901: 4891: 4776: 4688:"Three rules for corneal phaco incisions" 4487: 4347: 4269: 4217: 4103: 4085: 4013: 4003: 3928: 3918: 3843: 3833: 3815: 3745: 3600: 3559: 3479: 3469: 3428: 3418: 3205: 3125: 3081: 2864: 2862: 2644: 2626: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2412: 2348: 2312: 1335:(RPE), and presents as flashes of light ( 9066:Optical coherence tomography angiography 8158:. London, UK: Royal Veterinary College. 6252:"After Cataract Surgery: Dos and Don'ts" 5720: 5290: 5017:"Commentary: Anterior capsule polishing" 4867: 3774:Sridhar U, Tripathy K (22 August 2022). 3502: 3148: 2759:"Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery" 2339: 2309:Nanophthalmic: Exceptionally small eyes. 2082:Bilateral cataracts in an infant due to 2077: 1965: 1905: 1680: 1562: 1272: 671: 663: 655: 647: 635: 623: 354: 342: 334: 256: 8865:Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty 8246:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7975: 7370:"Cataract surgery programmes in Africa" 6846: 6596:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6287: 6182: 6180: 5984: 5756: 4719: 3957:"The Ins and Outs of Lens Explantation" 3954: 3582: 2995: 2931: 2321: 2067: 1970:Cataract operation in São Paulo, Brazil 1481:, which commonly appear after surgery. 850: 14: 9197: 8749:Manual small incision cataract surgery 8404: 8073:Alió JL, Nowrouzi A (29 August 2022). 7940: 7826: 6852: 6540: 6293: 6277:Sridhar U, Tripathy K (January 2023). 5125: 5119: 4927:"Hydro Manoeuvres in Cataract Surgery" 4685: 4578: 4385:Hasan S, Tripathy K (22 August 2022). 4030: 2859: 2834: 2522: 2506:Pediatric ophthalmology and Strabismus 2062: 1161: 1057:Manual small incision cataract surgery 1048:Manual small incision cataract surgery 926: 399:outcomes with less surgically-induced 393:manual small incision cataract surgery 281:, halos around lights, sensitivity to 237:Manual small incision cataract surgery 80:manual small incision cataract surgery 27:Removal of opacified lens from the eye 8996:Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus 8989:Minimally invasive strabismus surgery 8441: 8409:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 8221:from the original on 11 December 2023 7829:"Vision 2020: the cataract challenge" 7654:Limburg H, Silva J, Foster A (2009). 7235:Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology 7210:from the original on 17 December 2023 6999: 6983:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 6777:Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 6733: 6451:Kugelberg M, Lundström M (May 2009). 6306:from the original on 28 February 2023 6302:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 6258:from the original on 26 February 2023 6249: 6198:from the original on 12 February 2019 6003:from the original on 23 February 2023 5784:"Elevated IOP After Cataract Surgery" 5606: 5430:from the original on 13 December 2022 5426:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 5358:from the original on 19 February 2023 5293:"Managing Posterior Capsule Ruptures" 5184:Varshney S, Jhala L (November 2022). 4937:from the original on 20 February 2023 4933:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 4838: 4820:from the original on 19 February 2023 4800:Yanoff M, Duker JS (1 January 2009). 4732:from the original on 13 February 2023 4698:from the original on 12 December 2023 4516:Gurnani B, Kaur K (6 December 2022). 4436:from the original on 21 February 2023 4405:from the original on 20 December 2022 4366:from the original on 20 February 2023 4362:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 4335:from the original on 16 February 2023 4331:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 4325:"Light Adjustable Intraocular lenses" 4304:from the original on 21 February 2023 4173:from the original on 17 February 2023 4169:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 4160: 4142:from the original on 26 February 2023 4138:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 4129: 4049:from the original on 14 February 2023 3967:from the original on 14 February 2023 3882:from the original on 11 February 2023 3157:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 3055: 2757:Gurnani B, Kaur K (6 December 2022). 2727:from the original on 20 February 2023 2508:. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2499: 2497: 2482:from the original on 24 February 2023 1802:introduced a constricting wire loop, 1592:are generally needed for near focus. 1457:Other possible complications include 8684:Phakic intraocular lens implantation 8162:from the original on 9 February 2023 8144: 7902: 7374:The British Journal of Ophthalmology 7367: 6638: 6376:"Visual Outcome of Cataract Surgery" 6324: 6231:from the original on 9 December 2022 6177: 5648:Feltgen N, Walter P (January 2014). 5495:Pacific Cataract and Laser Institute 4753:"Capsulorhexis: Pearls and pitfalls" 4536:from the original on 30 January 2023 4286: 3702:from the original on 5 December 2023 3161:from the original on 5 December 2023 2777:from the original on 1 February 2023 1910:Cataract surgery in Bedele, Ethiopia 1728:became the first surgeon to apply a 1446:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 1417:may be made to minimize the risk of 1148: 1101:continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis 1009:continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis 555: 8819:Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery 7043:"WHO Vision 2020: Have We Done It?" 6736:"The Evolution of Cataract Surgery" 6651:from the original on 21 August 2023 6064: 5690: 5156: 4876:"Minimal water-jet hydrodissection" 4873: 2565: 2182: – U.S. nonprofit organization 1987:Latin America, ranging from 15% in 1262:Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome 1172:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug 530:intraoperative floppy iris syndrome 24: 8294: 8240:Barsam A, Allan B (17 July 2014). 7988:from the original on 10 March 2023 7746:from the original on 25 March 2023 7485:from the original on 14 March 2023 5990: 5708:from the original on 13 March 2013 5654:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 4161:Roach L (November–December 2010). 4036: 2494: 1982:In a study published in 2014, the 1687:Dictionnaire Universel de Médecine 1510:without apparent anterior uveitis; 25: 9216: 8642:Intrastromal corneal ring segment 8426: 7613:American Journal of Ophthalmology 7588:from the original on 4 March 2023 7017:from the original on 7 March 2023 6987:from the original on 5 March 2023 6734:Davis G (January–February 2016). 6165:from the original on 7 April 2022 6077:Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology 5993:"Side Effects of Laser Iridotomy" 5790:. Bryn Mawr Communications, LLC. 5738:from the original on 19 July 2021 5501:from the original on 2 April 2019 5138:from the original on 1 March 2023 4596:from the original on 19 July 2021 3816:Mehta R, Aref A (November 2019). 3794:from the original on 10 July 2022 3007:from the original on 2 March 2023 2583:from the original on 19 July 2021 1843:Global access to cataract surgery 1519:Damage or deformation of the IOL; 1452:Uveitis–glaucoma–hyphema syndrome 1325:rhegmatogenous retinal detachment 1230:bleed into the space between the 1186: 1125:Extracapsular cataract extraction 1119:Extracapsular cataract extraction 595:The person does not want surgery. 413:Intracapsular cataract extraction 388:extracapsular cataract extraction 88:intracapsular cataract extraction 84:extracapsular cataract extraction 7955:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.2062 6887:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2004.00887.x 6663: 6499:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2032 6422:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312209 6410:British Journal of Ophthalmology 4387:"Phakic Intraocular Lens Myopia" 4250:British Journal of Ophthalmology 2940:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2897:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2855:from the original on 2015-05-24. 2553:from the original on 24 May 2015 2156: 2145: 2121: 1977:gross national income per capita 1961: 1836: 1753:Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices 1713:providing the earliest account. 1463:pseudophakic bullous keratopathy 1369:coagulase-negative staphylococci 1297:posterior capsular opacification 1268: 1181: 990:Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices 782:, where the contractions of the 509:may be scheduled for a combined 474:age-related macular degeneration 169:, is the removal of the natural 8617:Automated lamellar keratoplasty 8413:from the original on 2022-11-27 8393:from the original on 2022-01-19 7920:from the original on 2017-10-14 7668:from the original on 2021-09-09 6931:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 6523:from the original on 2022-10-24 6463:from the original on 2023-04-17 6459:. CRST Global: Europe Edition. 5924:from the original on 2023-04-17 5794:from the original on 2023-02-25 5491:"Videos: YAG Laser Capsulotomy" 5021:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 4567:from the original on 2021-05-14 4074:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 3992:Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology 3728:Gogate P, Wood M (March 2008). 3664:from the original on 2023-02-27 3383:from the original on 2022-06-17 2817:from the original on 2023-02-24 2615:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2400:from the original on 2 May 2019 1815:Vision 2020: The Right to Sight 1513:Incorrect IOL refractive power; 1425:can be done manually or with a 1390:posterior pars plana vitrectomy 1341:Toxic anterior segment syndrome 614:Selection of intraocular lenses 487:) can be planned and performed. 445:(partially dislocated) lenses. 9098:Bagolini Striated Glasses Test 8893:Corneal collagen cross-linking 8258:10.1002/14651858.cd007679.pub4 8079:Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology 7090:Grzybowski A (November 2020). 6608:10.1002/14651858.CD010510.pub2 6040:10.1002/14651858.CD006683.pub3 5291:McKinney S (5 November 2020). 5015:Biswas P, Batra S (May 2020). 4480:10.1002/14651858.cd005276.pub4 4210:10.1002/14651858.CD011977.pub2 3776:"Monofocal Intraocular Lenses" 3552:10.1002/14651858.CD007293.pub4 3198:10.1002/14651858.CD004242.pub5 1762:and colleagues introduced the 882: 855: 770:One model of lens designed to 513:, along with IOL implantation. 494:is checked for dilation using 13: 1: 9056:Indocyanine green angiography 9051:Heidelberg Retinal Tomography 8883:Anterior chamber paracentesis 7887:10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00074-2 7060:10.1080/09286586.2022.2127784 6250:Dudek L (15 September 2020). 6188:"Recovery - Cataract surgery" 5575:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30544-5 5324:10.1016/s0039-6257(01)00195-3 4853:10.1016/s0146-2776(84)80088-9 4617:Journal of Refractive Surgery 4244:Hayashi K, Hayashi H (2006). 3287:10.1016/s0886-3350(03)00522-4 2371: 2203:Refractive lens exchange, or 1817:, a global initiative of the 1497:Iris pigment epithelium loss; 1459:elevated intraocular pressure 1286:Posterior vitreous detachment 1258:and previous ocular surgery. 812:Some IOLs are able to absorb 589:that has affected the retina. 330: 9061:Optical coherence tomography 8940:Phototherapeutic keratectomy 8814:Excimer laser trabeculostomy 8420:– via www.oculist.net. 8308:Health Technology Assessment 7874:The Lancet. 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Cataract Surgery" 8092:10.4103/sjopt.sjopt_131_22 7976:Monahan P (9 March 2016). 7916:. 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(2006). 7910:"Facts About Cataract" 7827:Foster A, ed. 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Ophthalmol 3114:Community Eye Health 3056:Kim Y, Ha S (2013). 2468:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2165:at Wikimedia Commons 2068:Congenital cataracts 1758:In the early 1980s, 1685:A cataract surgery. 1669:year after surgery. 1640:wavefront technology 1625:diabetic retinopathy 1540:diabetic retinopathy 1295:Some people develop 1204:procedure, anterior 1109:envelope capsulotomy 916:intravenous sedation 851:Operation procedures 830:light-adjustable IOL 575:macular degeneration 190:congenital cataracts 9163:Plaque radiotherapy 9036:Electroretinography 8754:Phacoemulsification 8034:10.1038/nature17181 8026:2016Natur.531..323L 7783:2012PLoSO...744268F 6855:Ophthalmology Times 6194:. 15 January 2018. 6089:10.22336/rjo.2017.3 5997:www.brightfocus.org 5241:Indian J Ophthalmol 5190:Indian J Ophthalmol 5081:Indian J Ophthalmol 4974:2019PLoSO..1410205H 4298:innovation.ucsf.edu 3907:Indian J Ophthalmol 3509:Ophthalmology Times 3062:Case Rep Ophthalmol 2152:Medicine portal 2129:sub-Tenon injection 2074:Congenital cataract 2063:Special populations 2048:World Health Report 1749:phacoemulsification 1651:mean absolute error 1574:bacterial infection 1407:trabecular meshwork 1162:Post-operative care 938:Phacoemulsification 933:Phacoemulsification 927:Phacoemulsification 920:General anaesthesia 365:phacoemulsification 302:present since birth 225:phacoemulsification 76:Phacoemulsification 9046:Fundus photography 9031:Electrooculography 9016:Corneal topography 8984:Strabismus surgery 8152:"Cataract surgery" 7206:. 8 January 2019. 5569:(10094): 600–612. 4968:(14): 1:e0210205. 4757:Saudi J Ophthalmol 4726:crstodayeurope.com 4586:"Cataract surgery" 3876:crstodayeurope.com 3583:Yorston D (2001). 3515:on 22 October 2006 2573:"Cataract surgery" 2549:. September 2009. 2464:"Cataract Surgery" 2087: 1972: 1912: 1827:gender disparities 1701:Chrysippus of Soli 1691: 1655:standard deviation 1569: 1321:Retinal detachment 1282: 1143:zonular dehiscence 1036:capsular polishing 866:Pupil-constricting 678: 670: 662: 654: 646: 634: 507:retinal detachment 382:incision closure. 361: 353: 341: 298:radiation exposure 266: 18:Cataract operation 9192: 9191: 9143:Visual field test 8963: 8962: 8694:Radial keratotomy 8657:Laser eye surgery 8587: 8586: 8378:978-1-4648-0346-8 8352:Essential Surgery 8199:10.1111/vop.13111 8020:(7594): 323–328. 7949:(10): 1180–1183. 7380:(10): 1231–1232. 7154:BMC Public Health 5768:978-0-323-55027-7 5728:"Endophthalmitis" 5165:on 26 August 2008 5132:cataractcoach.com 5087:(12): 1281–1288. 4813:978-0-323-04332-8 4659:(10): 2113–2126. 3828:(13): 2317–2323. 3698:. 20 April 2022. 3636:(10): 1454–1461. 3458:Oman J Ophthalmol 3281:(12): 2366–2371. 3074:10.1159/000356530 2848:978-0-7817-4307-5 2835:Pandey S (2005). 2515:978-1-61525-113-1 2161:Media related to 1938:According to the 1760:Danièle Aron-Rosa 1555:on the same day. 1214:pseudoexfoliation 1149:Closing the wound 1141:capsule rupture, 944:handpiece with a 889:local anaesthetic 743:Other designs of 561:Contraindications 556:Contraindications 522:enlarged prostate 271:visual impairment 217:Local anaesthesia 160: 159: 16:(Redirected from 9212: 9123:Ocular tonometry 9021:Electrodiagnosis 8809:Cyclodestruction 8734:Hydrodelineation 8598: 8597: 8551:Hughes procedure 8517: 8516: 8462: 8455: 8448: 8439: 8438: 8421: 8419: 8418: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8341: 8331: 8320:10.3310/hta18680 8288: 8287: 8277: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8178: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8167: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8104: 8094: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8045: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7938: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7889: 7880:(6): e524–e534. 7865: 7859: 7858: 7848: 7824: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7794: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7715: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7667: 7660: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7484: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7448: 7438: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7397: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7348: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7307: 7284:Int J Ophthalmol 7275: 7269: 7268: 7250: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7179: 7169: 7145: 7132: 7131: 7121: 7111: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7062: 7038: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6956: 6946: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6889: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6755: 6731: 6720: 6719: 6709: 6691: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6619: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6570: 6553:(5): 1545–1551. 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6510: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6457:Cataract Surgery 6448: 6442: 6441: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6380: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6354: 6337:(7294): 1104–6. 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6217: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6184: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6152: 6135:(9): 1716–1723. 6120: 6111: 6110: 6100: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6051: 6034:(11): CD006683. 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5971: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5911: 5887: 5852: 5851: 5841: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5704:. 29 June 2007. 5694: 5688: 5687: 5677: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5628: 5604: 5595: 5594: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5541: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5470: 5461:(6): 1388–1392. 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5398: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5288: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5256: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5205: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5161:. Archived from 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5106: 5096: 5072: 5057: 5056: 5046: 5036: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4985: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4905: 4895: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4780: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4717: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4513: 4502: 4501: 4491: 4459: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4273: 4256:(8): 1019–1023. 4241: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4107: 4089: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4017: 4007: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3922: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3847: 3837: 3822:Clin. Ophthalmol 3813: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3771: 3760: 3759: 3749: 3725: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3688: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3604: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3511:. Archived from 3500: 3494: 3493: 3483: 3473: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3432: 3422: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3232:Semin Ophthalmol 3226: 3220: 3219: 3209: 3192:(11): CD004242. 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3151:"Phaco and ECCE" 3146: 3140: 3139: 3129: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2993: 2972: 2971: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2872:. Archived from 2866: 2857: 2856: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2802:Cataract Surgery 2796: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2754: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2714: 2659: 2658: 2648: 2630: 2606: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2543: 2520: 2519: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2459: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2382: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2163:Cataract surgery 2160: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2099:epithelial cells 1738:intraocular lens 1553:glaucoma surgery 1436:Swelling of the 1413:Occasionally, a 1314:anterior chamber 1242:, advanced age, 1228:ciliary arteries 1195: 1194: 1127: 1126: 1024:hydrodelineation 718:zonular dialysis 702:refractive power 643: 620:Intraocular lens 415: 414: 390: 389: 241:developing world 229:standard of care 183:intraocular lens 163:Cataract surgery 153:edit on Wikidata 145: 131: 44: 35:Cataract surgery 32: 31: 21: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9167: 9154: 9147: 9079: 9072: 9007: 9000: 8970: 8959: 8935:Photodisruption 8871: 8838:Transplantation 8833: 8829:Trabeculoplasty 8800: 8793: 8771: 8765: 8739:Hydrodissection 8710: 8703: 8672:Contoura Vision 8632:Epikeratophakia 8603: 8583: 8566:Lacrimal system 8560: 8546:Eyelid revision 8541:Epicanthoplasty 8506: 8502:Eye examination 8476: 8466: 8429: 8424: 8416: 8414: 8396: 8394: 8379: 8297: 8295:Further reading 8292: 8291: 8252:(6): CD007679. 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8179: 8175: 8165: 8163: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8122: 8118: 8071: 8067: 8005: 8001: 7991: 7989: 7974: 7970: 7943:JAMA Ophthalmol 7939: 7932: 7923: 7921: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7866: 7862: 7825: 7818: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7740:www.hollows.org 7734: 7733: 7729: 7684: 7680: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7605: 7601: 7591: 7589: 7546: 7542: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7415: 7411: 7366: 7362: 7325: 7321: 7276: 7272: 7227: 7223: 7213: 7211: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7146: 7135: 7088: 7084: 7039: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6923: 6919: 6866: 6862: 6851: 6847: 6816: 6812: 6773: 6769: 6732: 6723: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6652: 6637: 6633: 6588: 6584: 6539: 6535: 6526: 6524: 6487:JAMA Ophthalmol 6479: 6475: 6466: 6464: 6449: 6445: 6406: 6402: 6378: 6372: 6368: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6292: 6288: 6275: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6227:. 18 May 2022. 6225:southcaleye.com 6219: 6218: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6186: 6185: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6121: 6114: 6069: 6065: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5989: 5985: 5948:Br J Ophthalmol 5940: 5936: 5927: 5925: 5888: 5855: 5824:(12): 1627–30. 5818:Br J Ophthalmol 5810: 5806: 5797: 5795: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5755: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5646: 5642: 5605: 5598: 5559: 5555: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5416: 5412: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5346: 5339: 5312:Surv Ophthalmol 5308: 5304: 5289: 5280: 5233: 5229: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5124: 5120: 5073: 5060: 5013: 5009: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4923: 4919: 4880:Clin Ophthalmol 4872: 4868: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4718: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4684: 4680: 4648: 4644: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4568: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4514: 4505: 4474:(7): CD005276. 4460: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4430:EyeNet Magazine 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4242: 4235: 4204:(5): CD011977. 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4167:EyeNet Magazine 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4136:EyeNet Magazine 4128: 4121: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4031: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3953: 3946: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3868: 3861: 3814: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3772: 3763: 3726: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3690: 3689: 3676: 3667: 3665: 3622: 3618: 3581: 3577: 3546:(1): CD007293. 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3501: 3497: 3450: 3446: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3384: 3349: 3345: 3314: 3310: 3271: 3267: 3227: 3223: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3155:EyeNet Magazine 3147: 3143: 3106: 3099: 3054: 3050: 3031:Ann. Ophthalmol 3027: 3020: 3010: 3008: 2994: 2975: 2936: 2932: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2860: 2849: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2797: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2755: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2715: 2662: 2607: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2523: 2516: 2502: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2460: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2390:www.nei.nih.gov 2384: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2262:superior rectus 2259: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2131:and a low-dose 2124: 2116:neuroadaptation 2107: 2076: 2070: 2065: 2024: 1964: 1956:life expectancy 1904: 1870: 1861: 1845: 1839: 1800:G.T. Keener Jr. 1768:Thomas Mazzocco 1697: 1679: 1621:macular disease 1608: 1602: 1590:reading glasses 1561: 1532: 1347:Endophthalmitis 1271: 1244:atherosclerosis 1192: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1164: 1156:endophthalmitis 1151: 1138: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1050: 1044: 1020:hydrodissection 935: 929: 885: 873:povidone-iodine 858: 853: 822:Cochrane review 641: 622: 616: 580:Detached retina 558: 466:eye examination 462: 439:liquid nitrogen 412: 411: 387: 386: 333: 325:quality of life 314:eye examination 287:night blindness 255: 249: 233:developed world 209:ophthalmologist 185:(IOL) implant. 156: 141: 127: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9218: 9208: 9207: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9184:Cryoextraction 9181: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9128:Ophthalmoscopy 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9084: 9082: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9012: 9010: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8981: 8975: 8973: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8915:Gundersen flap 8912: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8855:Corneal button 8847: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8826: 8824:Trabeculectomy 8821: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8789:Scleral buckle 8786: 8781: 8775: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8761: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8713: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8647:Keratomileusis 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8608: 8606: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8529:Blepharoplasty 8525: 8523: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8487: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8472:involving the 8465: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8428: 8427:External links 8425: 8423: 8422: 8402: 8377: 8342: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8232: 8193:(2): 114–126. 8173: 8143: 8132:(7–9): 353–6. 8116: 8085:(2): 124–128. 8065: 7999: 7968: 7930: 7901: 7860: 7816: 7757: 7727: 7698:(6): e000464. 7678: 7646: 7619:(2): 242–250. 7599: 7540: 7496: 7460: 7409: 7360: 7319: 7290:(1): 141–149. 7270: 7241:(5): 423–429. 7221: 7191: 7160:(2068): 2068. 7133: 7096:Ann Transl Med 7082: 7053:(4): 331–339. 7028: 6998: 6968: 6917: 6880:(5): 529–533. 6860: 6845: 6810: 6767: 6721: 6662: 6631: 6582: 6547:Int Ophthalmol 6533: 6493:(8): 876–885. 6473: 6443: 6416:(4): 539–543. 6400: 6389:(6): 448–449. 6366: 6317: 6286: 6269: 6242: 6209: 6176: 6112: 6063: 6014: 5983: 5954:(9): 1109–11. 5934: 5902:(1): 142–144. 5853: 5804: 5788:Glaucoma today 5774: 5767: 5749: 5719: 5689: 5640: 5596: 5553: 5512: 5482: 5441: 5410: 5369: 5337: 5302: 5278: 5247:(6): 472–476. 5227: 5176: 5149: 5118: 5058: 5027:(5): 785–786. 5007: 4948: 4917: 4866: 4831: 4812: 4792: 4743: 4709: 4692:www.healio.com 4678: 4642: 4623:(6): 420–427. 4607: 4577: 4547: 4503: 4447: 4416: 4377: 4346: 4315: 4285: 4233: 4184: 4153: 4119: 4060: 4029: 3998:(4): 179–184. 3978: 3944: 3893: 3878:. CRSTEurope. 3859: 3805: 3761: 3713: 3674: 3616: 3575: 3526: 3495: 3444: 3393: 3363:(3): 257–258. 3343: 3308: 3265: 3221: 3172: 3141: 3120:(100): 80–81. 3097: 3068:(3): 257–264. 3048: 3018: 2973: 2930: 2887: 2876:on 24 May 2015 2858: 2847: 2827: 2788: 2738: 2660: 2594: 2564: 2521: 2514: 2493: 2411: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2253: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2166: 2154: 2140: 2137: 2123: 2120: 2106: 2103: 2072:Main article: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2023: 2020: 1963: 1960: 1903: 1900: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1841:Main article: 1838: 1835: 1772:Graham Barrett 1693:Main article: 1678: 1675: 1601: 1598: 1560: 1557: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1500:Physical pain; 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1442:macular oedema 1270: 1267: 1188: 1187:During surgery 1185: 1183: 1180: 1168:corticosteroid 1163: 1160: 1150: 1147: 1137: 1134: 1120: 1117: 1088:Bridle sutures 1068:corneal limbus 1046:Main article: 1043: 1040: 931:Main article: 928: 925: 884: 881: 857: 854: 852: 849: 618:Main article: 615: 612: 611: 610: 599: 596: 593: 590: 583: 577: 571: 568: 557: 554: 553: 552: 544: 537: 516:People taking 514: 503: 488: 485:trabeculectomy 481: 461: 458: 431:Cryoextraction 332: 329: 248: 245: 205:emulsification 165:, also called 158: 157: 150: 147: 146: 139: 133: 132: 125: 119: 118: 113: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 55: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9217: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9075: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8966: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8768: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8719:Capsulorhexis 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8627:Corneal inlay 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8612:Alpins method 8610: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8495:Oculoplastics 8493: 8492: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8463: 8458: 8456: 8451: 8449: 8444: 8443: 8440: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8412: 8408: 8403: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8299: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8177: 8161: 8157: 8156:www.rvc.ac.uk 8153: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8128:(in Polish). 8127: 8120: 8112: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8003: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7935: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7839:(34): 17–19. 7838: 7834: 7830: 7823: 7821: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7777:(8): e44268. 7776: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7500: 7481: 7477: 7470: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7007:"VISION 2020" 7002: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6977:"Vision 2020" 6972: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6856: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6783:(3): 318–24. 6782: 6778: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6282: 6281: 6273: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6129:Ophthalmology 6126: 6119: 6117: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5896:Ophthalmology 5893: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5601: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5389:(4): 208–12. 5388: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5342: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5318:(6): 473–88. 5317: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4803:Ophthalmology 4796: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4714: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4653:Ophthalmology 4646: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3949: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3740:(65): 12–14. 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3630:Ophthalmology 3627: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3324:(9): 1693–8. 3323: 3319: 3318:Ophthalmology 3312: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3238:(4): 226–35. 3237: 3233: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3102: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2795: 2793: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2263: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2217: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2192:Ophthalmology 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2143: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2122:Other animals 2119: 2117: 2113: 2102: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1984:weighted-mean 1980: 1978: 1968: 1962:Latin America 1959: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1908: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876:, to none in 1875: 1865: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1837:Accessibility 1834: 1830: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1776:M. Blumenthal 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1734:Harold Ridley 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1688: 1683: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1636:visual acuity 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1612:visual acuity 1607: 1606:Visual acuity 1597: 1593: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1565: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1535: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:hypermetropic 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:visual acuity 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1269:After surgery 1266: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1182:Complications 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1146: 1144: 1133: 1131: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078:meet, either 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1005:Capsulorhexis 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 985: 981: 980:blood vessels 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 924: 921: 917: 913: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 890: 880: 878: 874: 869: 867: 863: 848: 846: 841: 837: 835: 831: 826: 823: 819: 815: 810: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 757: 754: 750: 746: 741: 737: 735: 734:LASIK surgery 731: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 674: 666: 658: 650: 638: 631: 626: 621: 608: 604: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 584: 581: 578: 576: 572: 569: 566: 565: 564: 562: 549: 545: 542: 538: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 512: 508: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486: 482: 479: 475: 471: 470: 469: 467: 457: 453: 450: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 418:vitreous body 409: 405: 402: 396: 394: 383: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 357: 350: 345: 337: 328: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 279:double vision 276: 272: 264: 259: 254: 244: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 221: 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 199: 198:visual acuity 195: 191: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 154: 148: 144: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 124: 120: 117: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 85: 81: 77: 74: 70: 66: 62: 59: 58:Ophthalmology 56: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 8910:Evisceration 8779:Ignipuncture 8708: 8579:Punctoplasty 8556:Tarsorrhaphy 8415:. Retrieved 8395:. Retrieved 8351: 8311: 8307: 8249: 8245: 8235: 8223:. Retrieved 8190: 8186: 8176: 8164:. Retrieved 8155: 8146: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8082: 8078: 8068: 8017: 8013: 8002: 7990:. Retrieved 7981: 7971: 7946: 7942: 7922:. Retrieved 7913: 7904: 7877: 7873: 7863: 7836: 7832: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7748:. Retrieved 7739: 7730: 7695: 7691: 7681: 7670:. Retrieved 7649: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7590:. Retrieved 7560:(2): 75–81. 7557: 7553: 7543: 7513:(5): 260–6. 7510: 7506: 7499: 7487:. Retrieved 7475: 7463: 7429:(1): 145–9. 7426: 7422: 7412: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7336: 7332: 7322: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7238: 7234: 7224: 7212:. Retrieved 7204:ec.europa.eu 7203: 7194: 7157: 7153: 7102:(22): 1540. 7099: 7095: 7085: 7050: 7046: 7019:. Retrieved 7011:www.iapb.org 7010: 7001: 6989:. Retrieved 6980: 6971: 6934: 6930: 6920: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6854: 6848: 6826:(4): 300–6. 6823: 6819: 6813: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6743: 6739: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6653:. 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