20:
146:
709:
163:
This evidence, along with her placement on the
Piacenza Liver over Usil, suggests that she may be the counterpart to the Roman Solis Filia; however Solis Filia does not have the underworld connection that Catha does. Catha's underworld connections can be best seen on an Attic skyphos from a necropolis in San Cerbone dating to the 5th century BCE with an inscription stating it is dedicated to Catha.
153:
The bulk of information regarding Catha comes mostly from inscriptions on
Etruscan artifacts. One example that shows the importance of Catha at Pyrgi is the discovery of gold earrings dating from 530 to 520 BCE which were dedicated to Catha. The Sarcophagus of Laris Pulenas from the third century BCE
204:
from 350-300 BCE that shows a deity beside two horses instead of four; a sign that they are there to take the dead to the afterlife, and this coupled with the other imagery on the krater suggests that this has an underworld aspect which Catha is associated with. Another potential image of Catha is a
162:
on the right lobe where the gods of the lights and heavens are listed. This suggests that Catha was a cult deity. On some inscriptions, Catha is simply referred to as "daughter", and in
Martianus Capella she is referred to as "the Daughter of the Sun". She has also been called the "Eye of the Sun".
225:, the moon goddess in Greek mythology, is sometimes referred to as the daughter of the Sun as well. Some kraters that potentially illustrate Catha show the deity as having an ambiguous gender which is consistent with Greek, Roman, and Egyptian mythologies.
183:
In addition, dedications must be made in the place of offering, at the stream
Casthia, where it empties into the lake, during Hev- period annually. And a dedication must be made in the sacred alcove that is the memorial for the deceased of the Murina
205:
figure on an antefix on the twenty-celled building on Pyrgi who is again depicted with two horses. This claim is supported by the fact that this antefix is paired with another antefix that depicts a solar divinity who is likely
220:
has also argued that Catha could be a lunar divinity as opposed to a solar divinity. She points out that just because Catha is called the "Daughter of the Sun" does not necessarily mean that she is a solar goddess because
199:
has argued that there are a number of depictions of Catha in art. She has stated that there are several kraters that show a deity that could be identified as Catha. One example that she cites is a krater from
209:, the consort of Catha. A terracotta head discovered at Pyrgi from the fourth century BCE could also potentially a representation of Catha since she was a highly important goddess in the city.
90:
lunar or solar deity, who may also be connected to childbirth, and has a connection to the underworld. Catha is also the goddess of the south sanctuary at
229:
and Selene of Roman and Greek mythology, respectively, are shown driving two-horse chariots often in art. De
Grummond has also suggested that since
113:, and Pacha, the counterpart to the Roman god Bacchus. Additionally, at Pyrgi, Catha is linked with the god Aplu, the counterpart to the Greek god
233:
is a solar god and his consort is Catha, it would make logical sense for his partner to be lunar as opposed to another solar divinity.
23:
Terra cotta head depicting Catha or
Leucothea. From Pyrgi, Italy. Rome, Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia. Ca, fourth century BCE.
660:
Secondo
Congresso Internazionale Etrusco, Firenze, 26 maggio – 2 giugno 1985. Atti III, pp. 1205–1211. Rome: Bretschneider.
158:
has an epitaph stating that the deceased individual was a priest of Catha amongst many other titles. Catha is named on the
713:
646:
627:
547:
518:
122:
729:
19:
658:
Pailler, J.-M. (1989) "Fuluns e Catha: significato di un’associazione divina nella tarda età etrusca."
586:
498:
196:
40:
170:
149:
Bronze cone with inscriptions referencing Catha. Private collection. Fourth or third century BCE.
503:"For the Mother and for the Daughter: Some Thoughts on Dedications from Etruria and Praeneste"
117:. Aplu may have even taken some of the characteristics of Catha when he was brought into the
87:
8:
145:
689:
606:
524:
118:
693:
642:
623:
610:
543:
514:
217:
159:
31:
681:
598:
105:
with whom she shares a cult. Catha is also frequently paired with the
Etruscan god
537:
566:
Colonna, Giovanni. "Sacred
Architecture and the Religion of the Etruscans". In
226:
723:
685:
602:
134:
528:
502:
126:
557:
Bonfante, Larissa. "Etruscan
Inscriptions and Etruscan Religion". In
155:
98:
179:
For Cautha, the annually appointed village priest will dedicate 80
110:
413:
411:
201:
106:
230:
206:
130:
102:
708:
641:. Translated by Whitehead, J.K. University of Wisconsin Press.
513:. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: 351–370.
474:
222:
114:
589:(2008). "Moon Over Pyrgi: Catha, an Etruscan Lunar Goddess?".
435:
423:
408:
464:
462:
374:
372:
91:
575:
Simon, Erika. "Gods in Harmony: The Etruscan Pantheon". In
459:
447:
396:
384:
369:
101:
in ancient Greek. She is often seen with the Etruscan god
321:
309:
282:
258:
536:
De Grummond, Nancy Thomson; Simon, Erika, eds. (2006).
299:
297:
248:
246:
81:
69:
57:
45:
345:
333:
195:
Although there are no known labeled images of Catha,
672:
Moore, Daniel (2018). "The Etruscan Goddess Catha".
294:
243:
357:
270:
721:
576:
567:
558:
535:
125:has suggested that Catha is linked to the Greek
75:
63:
51:
585:
497:
480:
468:
453:
441:
429:
417:
402:
390:
378:
315:
264:
109:, who is the counterpart to the Greek god
620:Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History
169:is also the first deity mentioned in the
613:– via University of Chicago Press.
556:
351:
339:
288:
144:
18:
565:
327:
722:
636:
617:
303:
252:
671:
574:
542:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
363:
276:
622:. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.
13:
665:
14:
741:
701:
707:
173:, the full first line reading:
129:since he links Catha's consort,
591:American Journal of Archaeology
490:
140:
577:De Grummond & Simon (2006)
568:De Grummond & Simon (2006)
559:De Grummond & Simon (2006)
1:
539:The Religion of the Etruscans
236:
82:
70:
58:
46:
7:
639:Religion in Ancient Etruria
10:
746:
637:Jannot, Jean-René (2005).
587:De Grummond, Nancy Thomson
499:De Grummond, Nancy Thomson
212:
190:
618:Haynes, Sybille (2000).
171:Lead Plaque of Magliano
76:
64:
52:
35:
686:10.1515/etst-2017-0030
150:
24:
603:10.3764/aja.112.3.419
148:
22:
716:at Wikimedia Commons
507:Hesperia Supplements
137:in Roman mythology.
483:, p. 422, 425.
730:Etruscan goddesses
444:, p. 424-425.
432:, p. 423-425.
420:, p. 422-423.
330:, p. 148-149.
151:
25:
714:Catha (mythology)
712:Media related to
291:, p. 13, 19.
218:Nancy de Grummond
197:Nancy de Grummond
119:Etruscan religion
44:
737:
711:
697:
674:Etruscan Studies
652:
633:
614:
580:
571:
562:
553:
532:
484:
481:De Grummond 2008
478:
472:
469:De Grummond 2008
466:
457:
454:De Grummond 2008
451:
445:
442:De Grummond 2008
439:
433:
430:De Grummond 2008
427:
421:
418:De Grummond 2008
415:
406:
403:De Grummond 2004
400:
394:
391:De Grummond 2004
388:
382:
379:De Grummond 2008
376:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
316:De Grummond 2004
313:
307:
301:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
265:De Grummond 2008
262:
256:
250:
123:Giovanni Colonna
97:She is known as
85:
79:
73:
67:
61:
55:
49:
39:
16:Etruscan goddess
745:
744:
740:
739:
738:
736:
735:
734:
720:
719:
704:
668:
666:Further reading
655:
649:
630:
550:
521:
493:
488:
487:
479:
475:
467:
460:
452:
448:
440:
436:
428:
424:
416:
409:
401:
397:
389:
385:
377:
370:
362:
358:
350:
346:
338:
334:
326:
322:
314:
310:
302:
295:
287:
283:
275:
271:
263:
259:
251:
244:
239:
215:
193:
143:
50:, also written
17:
12:
11:
5:
743:
733:
732:
718:
717:
703:
702:External links
700:
699:
698:
680:(1–2): 58–77.
667:
664:
663:
662:
654:
653:
647:
634:
628:
615:
597:(3): 419–428.
583:
582:
581:
572:
563:
548:
533:
519:
494:
492:
489:
486:
485:
473:
471:, p. 423.
458:
456:, p. 427.
446:
434:
422:
407:
405:, p. 360.
395:
393:, p. 361.
383:
381:, p. 422.
368:
356:
344:
332:
320:
318:, p. 359.
308:
306:, p. 146.
293:
281:
269:
267:, p. 419.
257:
255:, p. 183.
241:
240:
238:
235:
214:
211:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
160:Piacenza Liver
142:
139:
86:) is a female
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
742:
731:
728:
727:
725:
715:
710:
706:
705:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
669:
661:
657:
656:
650:
648:9780299208448
644:
640:
635:
631:
629:9780892366002
625:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
578:
573:
569:
564:
560:
555:
554:
551:
549:9780292782334
545:
541:
540:
534:
530:
526:
522:
520:9780876615331
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
482:
477:
470:
465:
463:
455:
450:
443:
438:
431:
426:
419:
414:
412:
404:
399:
392:
387:
380:
375:
373:
366:, p. 57.
365:
360:
354:, p. 11.
353:
352:Bonfante 2006
348:
342:, p. 13.
341:
340:Bonfante 2006
336:
329:
324:
317:
312:
305:
300:
298:
290:
289:Bonfante 2006
285:
278:
273:
266:
261:
254:
249:
247:
242:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
210:
208:
203:
198:
182:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
147:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
84:
78:
72:
66:
60:
54:
48:
42:
37:
33:
29:
21:
677:
673:
659:
638:
619:
594:
590:
538:
510:
506:
491:Bibliography
476:
449:
437:
425:
398:
386:
359:
347:
335:
328:Colonna 2006
323:
311:
284:
279:, p. 7.
272:
260:
216:
194:
180:
166:
165:
152:
141:Inscriptions
96:
27:
26:
304:Jannot 2005
253:Haynes 2000
364:Simon 2006
277:Simon 2006
237:References
127:Persephone
94:, Italy.
77:𐌀𐌈𐌅𐌀𐌊
65:𐌀𐌈𐌖𐌀𐌂
694:188353013
611:193046316
156:Tarquinia
135:Dis Pater
99:Leucothea
41:romanized
724:Category
501:(2004).
184:family."
167:Cautha-s
111:Dionysus
88:Etruscan
36:𐌀𐌈𐌀𐌂
32:Etruscan
529:1354077
213:Debates
202:Asciano
107:Fufluns
43::
692:
645:
626:
609:
546:
527:
517:
223:Selene
191:Images
115:Apollo
83:Kavtha
71:Cautha
53:𐌈𐌀𐌂
690:S2CID
607:S2CID
525:JSTOR
154:from
133:, to
92:Pyrgi
74:, or
47:Catha
28:Catha
643:ISBN
624:ISBN
544:ISBN
515:ISBN
231:Śuri
227:Luna
207:Śuri
131:Śuri
103:Śuri
59:Cath
682:doi
599:doi
595:112
181:ez.
726::
688:.
678:21
676:.
605:.
593:.
523:.
511:33
509:.
505:.
461:^
410:^
371:^
296:^
245:^
121:.
80:,
68:,
62:,
56:,
38:,
34::
696:.
684::
651:.
632:.
601::
579:.
570:.
561:.
552:.
531:.
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
