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298:, to campaign for more schools and teachers in the frontier. There she opened a female seminary, which, on account of her failing health, was discontinued after two years. She then devoted herself to the development of an extended plan for the physical, social, intellectual, and moral education of women, to be promoted through a national board. For nearly 40 years, she labored perseveringly in this work, organizing societies for training teachers, establishing plans for supplying the territories with good educators, writing, pleading, and traveling. Her object, as she described it, was "to unite American women in an effort to provide a Christian education for 2,000,000 children in our country." She made her field of labor especially in the West and South, and sought the aid of educated women throughout the United States.
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style, and turns of phrase in order to develop "a ready command of the language and easy modes of expression". In 1846, Beecher pronounced that women, not men, should educate children, and established schools for training teachers in
Western cities. She advocated that young ladies find godly work as Christian teachers away from the larger Eastern cities. The Board of National Popular Education, which was her idea, trained teachers in four-week sessions in Connecticut and then sent them out West. She believed that women had a higher calling to shape children and society. Along with a
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275:, to land west of the Mississippi River. In response, Beecher published a "Circular Addressed to the Benevolent Ladies of the U. States", dated December 25, 1829, calling on women to send petitions to Congress protesting the removal. In the circular, she wrote, "It has become almost a certainty that these people are to have their lands torn from them, and to be driven into western wilds and to final annihilation, unless the feelings of a humane and Christian nation shall be aroused to prevent the unhallowed sacrifice."
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females to be teachers of troubled children and also homemakers who care for and teach their families are at a counterbalance. Beecher did a lot of work as a writer to educate the general public. Beecher laid the groundwork for a lot of future Family and
Consumer Science Education. Many of her books like the Domestic Receipt Book helped people to learn how to manage their household budgets with ease.
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advocate of the inclusion of daily physical education, and developed a program of calisthenics that was performed to music. She also firmly believed in the benefits of reading aloud. Catherine
Beecher believed that tight corsets and bad eating habits ruined the young women's health. She believed the primary purpose of education was to develop a young child's basis for their conscience and morals.
327:, published in 1869, Beecher and her sister presented a model home from a woman's perspective. The kitchen was inspired by a cook's galley in a steamship. A movable partition on wheels provided flexibility and privacy in the small home, and also served as a wardrobe. Chapters of the book discussing ventilation and heating anticipated modern central heating.
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346:, a book that discussed the underestimated importance of women's roles in society. The book was edited and re-released the following year in its final form. Catharine Beecher was a strong advocate of the inclusion of daily physical education in women's schooling, and developed a program of calisthenics performed to music.
311:, a former Congressman and then governor of Vermont. In 1852 she founded the American Women's Educational Association. Their goal was to recruit and train teachers for frontier schools and send women into the West to civilize the young. Their efforts became a model for future schools developed in the West.
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1823: Hartford Female
Seminary: Beecher co-founded the Hartford Female Seminary, which was a school to train women to be mothers and teachers. It began with one room and seven students; within three years, it grew to almost 100 students, with 10 rooms and 8 teachers. The school had small class sizes,
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Beecher believed that women have inherent qualities that make them the preferred gender as teachers. As men left teaching to pursue business and industry, she saw the untapped potential of educated women and encouraged education of women to fill the increasing need for teachers. She considered women
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Beecher strongly supported allowing children to simply be children and not prematurely forcing adulthood onto them. She believed that children lacked the experience needed to make important life decisions and that in order for them to become healthy self-sufficient adults, they needed to be allowed
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Beecher thought that women could best influence society as mothers and teachers, and did not want women to be corrupted by the evils of politics. She felt that men and women were put on the earth for separate reasons and accepted the view that women should not be involved in politics, but rather,
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in 1846. Beecher's views on education and women's work were also somewhat contradictory. She believed in the preparedness of female teachers to aid in their teaching of children from unfortunate homes. At the same time, she worked to teach mothers how to care for their families. The education of
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In 1831, Catharine
Beecher suggested that teachers read aloud to students from passages by writers with elegant styles, "to accustom the ear to the measurement of the sentences and the peculiar turns of expression". She went on to have the students imitate the piece just read using similar words,
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Beecher recognized public schools' responsibility to influence the moral, physical, and intellectual development of children. She promoted the expansion and development of teacher training programs, holding that teaching was more important to society than lawyers or doctors. Beecher was a strong
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Comprehending the deficiencies of existing textbooks, she prepared, primarily for use in her own school, some elementary books in arithmetic, a work on theology, and one on mental and moral philosophy. The last was never published, although printed and used as a college textbook.
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In 1862, John
Brinsley recommended that students analyze and imitate classical Greek and Latin models, while Beecher recommended English writers. They both believed that frequent practice and the study of important authors helped students acquire writing skills.
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It was claimed that hundreds of the best teachers the West received were sent under the patronage of this system. To a certain extent the plans succeeded, and were found beneficial, but the careers of the teachers were mostly short, for they soon married.
216:. She taught herself subjects not commonly offered to women, including math, Latin, and philosophy.She took over the domestic duties of her household at the age of 16, following her mother's death. In 1821, Beecher founded a school for women in
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were better for them than richer food. Ten of her pupils invited her to dine with them at a restaurant. She accepted the invitation, and the excellent dinner changed her views. Thereafter they were served with more palatable food.
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1852: The Ladies
Society for Promoting Education in the West founded colleges in Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Milwaukee Female College changed names several times. Today, as Downer College of
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In 1837, Beecher retired from administrative work. After returning East she started the Ladies' Society for
Promoting Education in the West. In 1847 she co-founded the Board of National Popular Education with
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where advanced students taught other students. All classes were connected to general principles, and students were motivated to go beyond the classes' texts and instruction.
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The
American woman's home, or, Principles of domestic science : being a guide to the formation and maintenance of economical, healthful, beautiful, and Christian homes
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Miss
Beecher's housekeeper and healthkeeper: containing five hundred recipes for economical and healthful cooking; also, many directions for securing health and happiness
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An essay on the education of female teachers : written at the request of the American Lyceum and communicated at their annual meeting, New York, May 8th, 1835
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Woman's great mission is to train immature, weak, and ignorant creatures to obey the laws of God; the physical, the intellectual, the social, and the moral.
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Principles of Domestic Science as applied to the Duties and Pleasures of Home. A textbook for the use of young ladies in schools, seminaries, and colleges
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She was constantly making experiments, and practicing them upon the girls, weighing all their food before they ate it, holding that Graham flour and the
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to express themselves freely in an environment suited to children. It was these beliefs that led to her support of a system of kindergartens.
1407:
Wright, E. A.; Halloran, S. M. (2001). "From rhetoric to composition: The teaching of writing in American to 1900". In Murphy, J. J. (ed.).
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Suggestions Respecting Improvements in Education, presented to the Trustees of the Hartford Female Seminary, and published at their request
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In the bill, Jackson requested that Congress approve the use of federal money to resettle southeastern American Indians, including the
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American authors, 1600–1900 a biographical dictionary of American literature; compl. in 1 vol. with 1300 biographies and 400 portraits
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Hershberger, Mary (1999-01-01). "Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition: The Struggle against Indian Removal in the 1830s".
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To provide educational opportunities for others, in 1823 Beecher and her sister, Mary Foote Beecher Perkins, co-founded the
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Arithmetic Simplified; prepared for the use of primary schools, ladies' seminaries, and high schools. In three parts
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they would teach male children to be free thinkers and moral learners and help shape their political ideas. (See
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1081:. Hartford, Conn.: Harriet Beecher Stowe Center; New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2002, p. xiii,
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483:, it is the longest continuously operating college for women's higher education founded on the Beecher plan.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20031125234259/http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/DIGITAL/2001/beecher/catherine.htm
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in 1852, an organization focused on furthering educational opportunities for women. She also founded the
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1104:. Hartford, Conn.: Harriet Beecher Stowe Center; New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2002,
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Miss Beecher's domestic receipt book; designed as a supplement to her treatise on donestic economy
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149:(September 6, 1800 – May 12, 1878) was an American educator known for her forthright opinions on
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True Remedy for the Wrongs of Women, with a History of an Enterprise having that for its Object
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220:. Catharine was engaged to marry Alexander M. Fisher, head of the Mathematics Department at
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The Elements of Mental and Moral Philosophy, Founded Upon Experience, Reason, and the Bible
642:, an account of an infelicitous domestic affair in which some of her friends were involved
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268:. The protest was the first national campaign on the part of women in the United States.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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The Moral Instructor for Schools and Families: Containing Lessons on the Duties of life
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240:, where she taught until 1832. The private girls' school had many well-known alumnae.
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Woman's Profession as Mother and Educator, with Views in Opposition to Woman Suffrage
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An Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism with reference to the Duty of American Females
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A Treatise On Domestic Economy, for the Use of Young Ladies at Home, and at School
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208:. Beecher was educated at home until she was ten years old, when she was sent to
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A Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School
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A Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School
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Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School,
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A short history of writing instruction: From ancient Greece to modern America
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as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of
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and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. Among her siblings were writer and abolitionist
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Advocacy for female education, incorporation of kindergarten into education
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Women in American Architecture: A Historic and Contemporary Perspective.
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Religious Training of Children in the School, the Family, and the Church
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The Evils Suffered by American women and Children: the Causes and Remedy
413:. She was also instrumental in the establishment of women's colleges in
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natural teachers, with teaching as an extension of their domestic role.
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224:, but he died at sea before the wedding took place. She never married.
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Beecher, Catharine Esther; Beecher Stowe, Harriet; Tonkovich, Nicole.
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Beecher, Catharine Esther; Beecher Stowe, Harriet; Tonkovich, Nicole.
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An Appeal to the People, as the Authorized Interpreters of the Bible
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1124:"The Engines of Our Ingenuity, No. 1940: The American Woman's Home"
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Alexander Metcalf Fisher (1794-1822), fiancé of Catharine Beecher.
836:. "Catharine Beecher and the Politics of Housework", featured in
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851:. MDC Series 33-2. Milwaukee: Centennial Publication, Nov. 1950.
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In 1829 and 1830, Beecher led a women's movement to protest the
1459:
University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections & Archives
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in 1869. Some sources spell her first name as "Catherine".
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into children's education. She published the advice manual
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The Beechers: An American Family in the Nineteenth Century
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In 1832, Beecher moved with her father to Walnut Hills,
1208:"Catharine Beecher and the Education of American Women"
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Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections
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The Ladies Society for Promoting Education in the West
458:. The Cincinnati building has since been demolished.
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1510:
Neman Library: The American Beecher Family Tradition
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Physiology and Calisthenics for Schools and Families
255:
1371:Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity
1305:Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity
1432:Princeton University Library. Special Collections
849:The History of Milwaukee-Downer College 1851–1951
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450:Three universities named buildings for Beecher:
409:in Cincinnati (along with her father Lyman) and
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192:, the daughter of minister and religious leader
1411:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
278:Congress nevertheless passed the bill, and the
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1333:Biographical Dictionary of American Educators
671:Letters to the People on Health and Happiness
1307:. Yale Univ Pr; First Edition. p. 137.
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403:The American Woman's Educational Association
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1001:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
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591:The Duty of American Women to Their Country
364:The Duty of American Women to Their Country
175:
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1515:PBS:The Story of American Public Education
1497:An American Family: The Beecher Tradition
1156:(May 13, 1878), accessed November 9, 2011.
799:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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2980:People from East Hampton (town), New York
1711:Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Connecticut)
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819:Educational reminiscences and suggestions
1335:. Vol. 1. London: Greenwood Press.
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16:American educator and writer (1800–1878)
1528:. National Women's History Museum. 2015
1281:. Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb.
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509:Letters on the Difficulties of Religion
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188:Beecher was born September 6, 1800, in
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1603:Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
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1183:"Catharine Esther Beecher (1800-1878)"
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931:ledger.litchfieldhistoricalsociety.org
582:Memoirs of her brother, George Beecher
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901:"Catherine Beecher and the Civil War"
858:Milwaukee: Sea King Publishing, 2003.
454:, The University of Connecticut, and
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374:
1373:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
452:Central Connecticut State University
1706:Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Maine)
1580:Let Every Man Mind His Own Business
1480:Works by or about Catharine Beecher
1180:
1174:
968:
330:On May 12, 1878, Beecher died from
13:
1701:Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Ohio)
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522:. Peter B. Gleason & Co. 1831.
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338:Views on and advocacy of education
294:, where he became head of the new
227:
14:
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2985:American women's rights activists
1898:Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn
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1392:. London: Yale University Press.
1277:Beecher, Catharine Esther. 1841.
512:. Hartford: Bellnap and Hamerley.
501:. Hartford: Packard & Butler.
487:
256:Opposition to Indian Removal Bill
2995:Milwaukee-Downer College faculty
1779:Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame
709:Common Sense applied to Religion
353:Catharine Beecher, ca. 1858-1862
3000:Activists from New York (state)
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1187:National Women's History Museum
1148:"Death of Catherine E. Beecher"
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1018:The Journal of American History
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1354:. New York: Harper & Row.
1092:
1069:
1053:"Resistance to Indian Removal"
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1008:
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555:. Philadelphia: Henry Perkins.
471:1832: Western Female Institute
1:
927:"Litchfield Ledger - Student"
862:
393:Influential changes over time
3010:Suffragists from Connecticut
1727:James Bradley (former slave)
1369:Sklar, Kathryn Kish (1973).
1303:Sklar, Kathryn Kish (1973).
960:. New York Wilson. pp.
456:The University of Cincinnati
282:became law on May 28, 1830.
170:
7:
1421:
624:Truth Stranger than Fiction
531:. Hartford: D. F. Robinson.
10:
3031:
3005:Female critics of feminism
2869:Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe
2081:Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt
1732:John Rankin (abolitionist)
1595:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
1526:"Catherine Esther Beecher"
1489:Works by Catharine Beecher
1471:Works by Catharine Beecher
1291:Wright & Halloran 2001
1169:Wright & Halloran 2001
461:
342:In 1841 Beecher published
3015:American anti-suffragists
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2016:
1833:Evelyn Longman Batchelder
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1428:Beecher family collection
1258:History of American Women
1212:The New England Quarterly
1206:Burstyn, Joan N. (1974).
1101:The American Woman's Home
1078:The American Woman's Home
1057:www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
905:History of American Women
847:Grace Norton Kieckhefer.
445:
368:The Domestic Receipt Book
325:The American Woman's Home
210:Litchfield Female Academy
160:The American Woman's Home
123:
111:
105:The American Woman's Home
98:
90:
82:
63:
37:
28:
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2915:Regina Winters-Toussaint
2713:Elizabeth George Plouffe
2207:Adrianne Baughns-Wallace
1863:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
1505:PBS Schoolhouse Pioneers
1004:. New York: D. Appleton.
954:Kunitz, Stanley (1938).
856:Downer Women, 1851–2001.
407:Western Female Institute
266:President Andrew Jackson
234:Hartford Female Seminary
176:Early life and education
147:Catharine Esther Beecher
42:Catharine Esther Beecher
23:Catharine Esther Beecher
2772:Clara Hill (suffragist)
2767:Sarah Lee Brown Fleming
2410:Martha Minerva Franklin
1903:Isabella Beecher Hooker
1737:Lane Debates on Slavery
1670:Isabella Beecher Hooker
1450:Yale University Library
1388:White, Barbara (2003).
1350:Rugoff, Milton (1981).
1331:Ohles, John F. (1978).
1130:. University of Houston
854:Carolyn King Stephens.
812:. New York: J. B. Ford.
780:. New York: J. B. Ford.
362:Beecher also published
214:Litchfield, Connecticut
200:, along with clergymen
2818:Khalilah L. Brown-Dean
2384:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
2280:Dotha Bushnell Hillyer
2117:Constance Baker Motley
1122:Culbertson, Margaret.
995:"Beecher, Lyman"
772:Stowe, Harriet Beecher
743:Stowe, Harriet Beecher
440:Culture of Domesticity
354:
317:
218:New Haven, Connecticut
190:East Hampton, New York
185:
119:Roxana (Foote) Beecher
56:East Hampton, New York
2594:Margaret Bourke-White
2332:Mary Townsend Seymour
2264:Miriam Therese Winter
2148:Jane Hamilton-Merritt
1988:Harriet Beecher Stowe
1983:Hilda Crosby Standish
1978:Smiths of Glastonbury
1973:Virginia Thrall Smith
1908:Emeline Roberts Jones
1853:Katharine Seymour Day
1823:Beatrice Fox Auerbach
1685:William Henry Beecher
1680:James Chaplin Beecher
1611:The Minister's Wooing
1565:Harriet Beecher Stowe
1455:Beecher Family Papers
1446:Beecher family papers
1437:Beecher family papers
352:
313:
238:Hartford, Connecticut
198:Harriet Beecher Stowe
183:
165:Harriet Beecher Stowe
128:Harriet Beecher Stowe
2828:Callie Gale Heilmann
2238:Maria Miller Stewart
2212:Mary Goodrich Jenson
2096:Laura Wheeler Waring
1993:Gladys Tantaquidgeon
1948:Theodate Pope Riddle
1923:Rachel Taylor Milton
575:. Boston: T.H. Webb.
423:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
302:Later life and death
2833:Jerimarie Liesegang
2552:Augusta Lewis Troup
2363:Glenna Collett-Vare
2306:Helen Frankenthaler
2132:Mabel Osgood Wright
2039:MarĂa ColĂłn Sánchez
2003:Hannah Bunce Watson
1953:Edna Negron Rosario
1913:Barbara B. Kennelly
1828:Emma Fielding Baker
1520:Lawrence University
1390:The Beecher Sisters
1254:"Catherine Beecher"
907:. December 21, 2013
876:"Catherine Beecher"
477:Lawrence University
286:Midlife in the West
262:Indian Removal Bill
2762:Catherine Flanagan
2757:Frances Ellen Burr
2656:Regina Rush-Kittle
2485:Isabelle M. Kelley
2469:Maggie Wilderotter
2389:Barbara McClintock
2379:Jewel Plummer Cobb
2233:Catherine Roraback
2008:Chase G. Woodhouse
1655:Henry Ward Beecher
1501:. Accessed 1/21/10
1153:The New York Times
384:Women as educators
375:Views on education
355:
280:Indian Removal Act
202:Henry Ward Beecher
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133:Henry Ward Beecher
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1963:Susan Saint James
1918:Clare Boothe Luce
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1838:Catharine Beecher
1745:
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1675:Thomas K. Beecher
1650:Catharine Beecher
1587:Uncle Tom's Cabin
1475:Project Gutenberg
1110:978-0-8135-3078-9
1087:978-0-8135-3078-9
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163:with her sister
151:female education
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1128:www.uh.edu
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