102:
841:
538:
310:
574:
695:
333:
1480:
295:
1462:
610:
1489:
43:
628:
592:
556:
1508:
322:
1453:
1471:
283:
1430:, calculated to be roughly 2.8. One of the fractal properties of cauliflower is that every branch, or "module", is similar to the entire cauliflower. Another quality, also present in other plant species, is that the angle between "modules", as they become more distant from the center, is 360 degrees divided by the
2711:
714:
Because the weather is a limiting factor for producing cauliflower, the plant grows best in moderate daytime temperatures 21–29 °C (70–85 °F), with plentiful sun and moist soil conditions high in organic matter and sandy soils. The earliest maturity possible for cauliflower is 7 to 12 weeks
1540:
Chen, Rui; Chen, Ke; Yao, Xingwei; Zhang, Xiaoli; Yang, Yingxia; Su, Xiao; Lyu, Mingjie; Wang, Qian; Zhang, Guan; Wang, Mengmeng; Li, Yanhao; Duan, Lijin; Xie, Tianyu; Li, Haichao; Yang, Yuyao; Zhang, Hong; Guo, Yutong; Jia, Guiying; Ge, Xianhong; Sarris, Panagiotis F.; Lin, Tao; Sun, Deling (2024).
740: in) and thinned by ample space – about 12 plants per 30 cm (1 ft). Ideal growing temperatures are about 18 °C (65 °F) when seedlings are 25 to 35 days old. Applications of fertilizer to developing seedlings begin when leaves appear, usually with a starter solution weekly.
808:
When cauliflower is mature, heads appear clear white, compact, and 15–20 cm (6–8 in) in diameter, and should be cooled shortly after harvest. Forced air cooling to remove heat from the field during hot weather may be needed for optimal preservation. Short-term storage is possible using
859:
alternative to rice and flour. Between 2012 and 2016, cauliflower production in the United States increased by 63%, and cauliflower-based product sales increased by 71% between 2017 and 2018. Cauliflower rice is made by pulsing cauliflower florets and cooking the result in oil. Cauliflower
743:
Transplanting to the field normally begins in late spring and may continue until mid-summer. Row spacing is about 38–46 cm (15–18 in). Rapid vegetative growth after transplanting may benefit from such procedures as avoiding spring frosts, using starter solutions high in
2514:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
185:
that arose around 2,500 years ago. Genomic analysis finds initially evolved from broccoli with three MADS-box genes, playing roles in the formation of its curd. Nine loci and candidate genes are linked with morphological and biological characters.
162:
Italian: This specimen is diverse in appearance, biennial, and annual in type. This group includes white, Romanesco, and various brown, green, purple, and yellow cultivars. This type is the ancestral form from which the others were
2301:
Wolf, Jan M. Van Der; Zouwen, Patricia S. Van Der (2010). "Colonization of
Cauliflower Blossom (Brassica oleracea) by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, via Flies (Calliphora vomitoria), Can Result in Seed Infestation".
2513:
852:, steamed, pickled, or eaten raw. When cooking, the outer leaves and thick stalks are typically removed, leaving only the florets (the edible "curd" or "head"). The leaves are also edible but are often discarded.
254:. Both have been commercially available in the U.S. and Europe since the early 1990s. Green-headed varieties include 'Alverda,' 'Green Goddess,' and 'Vorda.' Romanesco varieties include 'Minaret' and 'Veronica.'
149:
Typically, only the head is eaten; the edible white flesh is sometimes called "curd". The global production of cauliflower and broccoli in 2020 was over 25.5 million tons and worth 14.1 billion US dollars.
503:"as the Italians call it, which are still rather rare in France; they hold an honorable place in the garden because of their delicacy", but they did not commonly appear on grand tables until the time of
172:
Asian: A tropical cauliflower used in China and India, it was developed in India during the 19th century from the now-abandoned
Cornish type and includes old varieties Early Benaras and Early Patna.
275:
In Great
Britain and southern Italy, a broccoli with tiny flower buds is sold as a vegetable under the name "purple cauliflower"; it is not the same as standard cauliflower with a purple head.
1724:
730:
Transplantable cauliflowers can be produced in containers such as flats, hotbeds, or fields. In soil that is loose, well-drained, and fertile, field seedlings are shallow-planted 1 cm (
166:
Northern
European annuals: Used in Europe and North America for summer and fall harvest, it was developed in Germany in the 18th century and includes the old cultivars Erfurt and Snowball.
475:
It is thought to have been introduced into Italy from Cyprus or the east coast of the
Mediterranean around 1490, and then spread to other European countries in the following centuries.
2453:
2492:
472:, and there was extensive trade in western Europe in cauliflower seeds from Cyprus, under the French Lusignan rulers of the island, until well into the 16th century.
1349:
194:
There are hundreds of historic and current commercial varieties used around the world. A comprehensive list of about 80 North
American varieties is maintained at
169:
Northwest biennial: Used in Europe for winter and early spring harvest, developed in France in the 19th century and includes the old cultivars Angers and
Roscoff.
686:
which, combined, had 72% of the world total. Secondary producers, having 0.4–1.3 million tonnes annually, were the United States, Spain, Mexico, and Italy.
1723:
Vincent A. Fritz; Carl J. Rosen; Michelle A. Grabowski; William D. Hutchison; Roger L. Becker; Cindy Tong; Jerry A. Wright & Terry T. Nennich (2017).
2106:
Fenwick, G. Roger; Heaney, Robert K.; Mullin, W. John; VanEtten, Cecil H. (1982). "Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants".
2282:. Massachusetts: Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. 14 January 2013
1728:
210:
White cauliflower is the most common color of cauliflower, having a contrasting white head (also called "curd", having a similar appearance to
3075:
2719:
706:
Cauliflower is relatively difficult to grow compared to cabbage, with common problems such as an underdeveloped head and poor curd quality.
2746:
3137:
2936:
2521:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
2080:
2997:
2484:
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3010:
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3098:
2279:
2425:
2526:
2362:
2227:
1995:
3054:
864:
is made from cauliflower flour and is popular in pizza restaurants. Mashed cauliflower is a low-carbohydrate alternative to
3211:
2540:
2029:
2652:
756:
The most important disorders affecting cauliflower quality are a hollow stem, stunted head growth or buttoning, ricing,
2676:
S. R. Sharma; Praveen K. Singh; Veronique Chable; S. K. Tripathi (2004). "A Review of Hybrid
Cauliflower Development".
3231:
2856:
2204:
2183:
2162:
1792:
2248:
722:
Long periods of sun exposure in hot summer weather may cause cauliflower heads to discolor with a red-purple hue.
309:
3080:
3036:
2739:
195:
3155:
2588:
1867:"A Mechanistic Perspective on Process-Induced Changes in Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Vegetables: A Review"
3103:
2251:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2016. Archived from
282:
3226:
3062:
1543:"Genomic analyses reveal the stepwise domestication and genetic mechanism of curd biogenesis in cauliflower"
1345:
478:
294:
2989:
2976:
2480:
20:
1600:
Crisp, P. (1982). "The use of an evolutionary scheme for cauliflowers in screening of genetic resources".
1793:"Toward Identification of the Candidate Gene Controlling Anthocyanin Accumulation in Purple Cauliflower (
1417:
3206:
3150:
2732:
1336:
719:. In the northern hemisphere, fall season plantings in July may enable harvesting before autumn frost.
3015:
1816:"Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality, and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables"
1722:
3090:
1679:
2402:
468:. This association continued into Western Europe, where cauliflowers were sometimes known as Cyprus
101:
487:
3142:
2984:
2872:
757:
441:"). Pliny's description likely refers to the flowering heads of an earlier cultivated variety of
429:
360:. Boiling reduces the levels of cauliflower glucosinolates, while other cooking methods, such as
2950:
1233:
3221:
2971:
2894:
2877:
264:, water-soluble pigments that are found in many other plants and plant-based products, such as
2217:
1437:
The fancied resemblance of the shape of a boxer's ear to a cauliflower gave rise to the term "
1194:
2066:
1635:
Swarup, V.; Chatterjee, S.S. (1972). "Origin and genetic improvement of Indian cauliflower".
1207:
840:
301:
3129:
2613:
1644:
1259:
1220:
823:
2675:
8:
2657:
2631:
Kim, Sang-Hoon (2004). "Fractal dimensions of a green broccoli and a white cauliflower".
2454:"As Cauliflower's Popularity Holds, Breadcrumb Alternative Cauli Crunch Enters The Scene"
2105:
1384:-ounce) reference amount of raw cauliflower provides 104 kilojoules (25 kilocalories) of
1348:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
785:
504:
232:
found in a cauliflower field in Canada. Cultivars include 'Cheddar' and 'Orange
Bouquet.'
2617:
1648:
1577:
1542:
3176:
2846:
2693:
2632:
2603:
2430:
1902:
1842:
1815:
1773:
1660:
1617:
1363:
1246:
1174:
971:
414:
251:
2349:. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 6. Springer. pp. 211–225.
1920:
3124:
2766:
2756:
2532:
2522:
2358:
2319:
2315:
2223:
2200:
2179:
2158:
2123:
1991:
1945:
1894:
1886:
1866:
1847:
1582:
1564:
1427:
1272:
1059:
849:
492:
321:
114:
59:
2697:
2060:
1906:
1777:
1664:
1621:
491:. They were introduced to France from Genoa in the 16th century and are featured in
3181:
2790:
2685:
2350:
2311:
2115:
1983:
1878:
1837:
1827:
1763:
1652:
1609:
1572:
1554:
1076:
699:
457:
2379:
3111:
2815:
2800:
2354:
2012:
1982:. Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 1. New York: Springer. pp. 151–186.
1882:
1438:
1405:
670:
In 2020, global production of cauliflowers (combined for production reports with
420:
135:
that reproduces by seed, the cauliflower head is composed of a (generally) white
3067:
2249:"Production/Crops, Quantities by Country for Cauliflowers and Broccoli for 2016"
1987:
1727:. University of Minnesota Extension, Garden – Growing Vegetables. Archived from
1479:
694:
332:
2775:
2516:
2037:
1865:
Nugrahedi, Probo Y.; Verkerk, Ruud; Widianarko, Budi; Dekker, Matthijs (2015).
1559:
661:
365:
353:
67:
2119:
1975:
1768:
1751:
352:
that are under preliminary research for their potential properties, including
3200:
2851:
2323:
1949:
1890:
1568:
1423:
927:
865:
818:
716:
579:
461:
357:
345:
221:
136:
81:
2562:
469:
2780:
2536:
1898:
1851:
1752:"Orange-curd high carotene cauliflower inbreds, NY 156, NY 163, and NY 165"
1586:
1431:
1359:
1285:
903:
797:
349:
243:
225:
132:
125:
3168:
3116:
2689:
2479:
2127:
3023:
2930:
2921:
2841:
2637:
2608:
1512:
1461:
1389:
1385:
887:
856:
777:
765:
449:
369:
265:
261:
211:
2252:
1832:
3002:
2795:
1656:
1613:
1397:
1093:
1042:
745:
85:
27:
417:
and likely arose in the Mediterranean region, possibly from broccoli.
3028:
2958:
1401:
1393:
1152:
1139:
1126:
793:
789:
781:
3041:
2888:
2724:
2574:
3163:
2915:
2836:
2785:
1803:. American Society of Plant Biologists Annual Meeting. p. 628.
1488:
1025:
861:
671:
361:
269:
143:
139:
120:
2963:
260:
The purple color in this cauliflower is caused by the presence of
2945:
2831:
2821:
2805:
2176:
Savoring the Past: the French kitchen and table from 1300 to 1789
2155:
Savoring the Past: the French kitchen and table from 1300 to 1789
1749:
1005:
769:
760:, and leaf-tip burn. Among major pests affecting cauliflower are
657:
385:
247:
181:
Cauliflowers are an ‘arrested inflorescence’ subspecies of
53:
1864:
452:, early forms of cauliflower were associated with the island of
437:" ("Of all the varieties of cabbage the most pleasant-tasted is
42:
2458:
1790:
1680:"Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America:Cauliflower"
1109:
615:
465:
453:
229:
1470:
146:, which differs in having flower buds as the edible portion.
2144:(Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, 1990) p.41
917:
761:
683:
679:
675:
633:
597:
561:
543:
389:
246:. It is available in the normal curd (head) shape and with a
1814:
Ishida M, Hara M, Fukino N, Kakizaki T, Morimitsu Y (2014).
1507:
1452:
2826:
773:
2507:
2485:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2280:"Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, and Other Brassica Crops"
1634:
2653:"Romanesco cauliflower is a striking example of fractals"
1367:
947:
112:
is one of several vegetables cultivated from the species
2087:. Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System
1813:
1725:"Growing broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower in Minnesota"
2065:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Register Publishing Co. p.
1791:
Chiu, L.; Prior, R.L.; Wu, X.; Li, L. (16 July 2005).
372:, have no significant effect on glucosinolate levels.
228:
compound. This orange trait originated from a natural
2222:. New India Publishing. 1 January 2007. p. 209.
507:. It was introduced to India in 1822 by the British.
388:
flower". The ultimate origin of the name is from the
2575:
Description of the Julia sets of the cabbage fractal
848:Cauliflower heads can be roasted, grilled, boiled,
2518:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2108:CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
435:Ex omnibus brassicae generibus suavissima est cyma
2073:
2010:
1184:
1015:
751:
456:, with the 12th- and 13th-century Arab botanists
272:. Varieties include 'Graffiti' and 'Purple Cape.'
3198:
2403:"Why Is Cauliflower Still Literally Everywhere?"
1539:
380:The word "cauliflower" derives from the Italian
2586:
2473:
1871:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
1750:Dickson, M.H.; Lee C.Y.; Blamble A.E. (1988).
882:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
748:, irrigating weekly, and applying fertilizer.
2740:
2011:Pliny (the Elder) (1841). Weise, C.H. (ed.).
1388:, and has a high content (20% or more of the
2714:Brassica oleracea (cauliflower and broccoli)
2423:
2199:, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, pp. 625f,
725:
158:There are four major groups of cauliflower.
2451:
2380:"Why Cauliflower Is the New 'It' Vegetable"
1677:
1418:Romanesco broccoli § Fractal structure
2747:
2733:
2589:"Fractal Structure of a White Cauliflower"
2481:United States Food and Drug Administration
2300:
855:Cauliflower can be used as a low-calorie,
344:Cauliflower contains several non-nutrient
41:
16:Vegetable in the species Brassica oleracea
2636:
2607:
1841:
1831:
1767:
1599:
1576:
1558:
2577:. Iwriteiam.nl. Retrieved on 2013-09-03.
2565:. Fourmilab.ch. Retrieved on 2013-09-03.
2274:
2272:
2270:
2243:
2241:
2239:
1858:
1396:(58% DV) and moderate levels of several
839:
827:, are known pollinators of cauliflower.
809:cool, high-humidity storage conditions.
693:
427:among cultivated plants he described in
331:
100:
2377:
2058:
2027:
1925:WordReference.com Dictionary of English
105:Cauliflower plants growing in a nursery
3199:
2596:Journal of the Korean Physical Society
2337:Grout, B. W. W. (1988). "Cauliflower (
1973:
1718:
1716:
1535:
1533:
1531:
142:. Cauliflower heads resemble those in
2893:
2892:
2754:
2728:
2400:
2336:
2267:
2236:
1969:
1967:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
3091:d5d8bb2d-2609-4e54-9a33-745961e743ed
2452:Brzostowski, Cindy (19 March 2021).
2630:
2195:Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2009)
1978:. In Prohens, J.; Nuez, F. (eds.).
1528:
242:Botrytis Group is sometimes called
13:
3156:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77061632-1
2669:
2495:from the original on 27 March 2024
1964:
1693:
14:
3243:
2705:
1358:Raw cauliflower is 92% water, 5%
339:
2424:O'Connor, Anahad (8 June 2018).
2378:Gajanan, Mahita (14 July 2017).
2345:L.)". In Bajaj, Y. P. S. (ed.).
2316:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01690.x
2174:Wheaton, Barbara Ketcham (1996)
2153:Wheaton, Barbara Ketcham (1996)
1506:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1422:Cauliflower has been noticed by
1404:(13–15% DV; table). Contents of
626:
608:
590:
572:
554:
536:
320:
308:
293:
281:
176:
2937:Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
2645:
2624:
2580:
2568:
2555:
2543:from the original on 9 May 2024
2445:
2417:
2394:
2371:
2330:
2294:
2210:
2189:
2168:
2147:
2134:
2099:
2052:
2021:
2004:
1938:
1913:
689:
196:North Carolina State University
2720:Orange Cauliflower Development
2426:"The Ascension of Cauliflower"
2059:Crozier, Arthur Alger (1891).
1807:
1784:
1743:
1671:
1628:
1593:
812:
780:. The plant is susceptible to
752:Disorders, pests, and diseases
518:Cauliflower production – 2020
403:
214:), surrounded by green leaves.
153:
1:
3217:Crops originating from Europe
1521:
1411:
803:
510:
413:Cauliflower is the result of
47:Cauliflower, cultivar unknown
2401:Koman, Tess (15 July 2019).
2355:10.1007/978-3-642-73520-2_10
2014:Historiae Naturalis Libri XX
1883:10.1080/10408398.2012.688076
1344:Percentages estimated using
871:
375:
220:Orange cauliflower contains
189:
21:Cauliflower (disambiguation)
7:
3212:Crops originating from Asia
2561:Walker, John. (2005-03-22)
1988:10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_5
1496:
1337:Link to USDA Database entry
835:
288:White and green cauliflower
92:Cultivar group members
10:
3248:
2081:"Cabbage Flowers for Food"
1976:"Cauliflower and Broccoli"
1560:10.1038/s41588-024-01744-4
1415:
1366:, and contains negligible
892:104 kJ (25 kcal)
709:
479:François Pierre La Varenne
464:claiming its origin to be
408:
25:
18:
2901:
2865:
2764:
2304:Journal of Phytopathology
2120:10.1080/10408398209527361
2028:Rackham, H., ed. (1949).
1946:"Cauliflower: definition"
1769:10.21273/HORTSCI.23.4.778
1444:
1408:are low (7% DV or less).
1370:(see table). A 100-gram (
1343:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1258:
1245:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1151:
1138:
1125:
1108:
1092:
1075:
1058:
1041:
1024:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
984:
968:
964:
960:
944:
940:
936:
926:
916:
900:
896:
886:
881:
726:Seeding and transplanting
654:
517:
238:Green cauliflower in the
224:as the orange pigment, a
201:
91:
76:
66:
52:
40:
35:
3232:Inflorescence vegetables
2017:(in Latin). p. 249.
844:Korean fried cauliflower
497:Théâtre de l'agriculture
26:Not to be confused with
2873:List of broccoli dishes
2587:Kim, Sang-Hoon (2004).
2034:Pliny's Natural History
1346:US recommendations
830:
2878:List of cabbage dishes
2157:, Touchstone, p. 118,
1350:the National Academies
845:
703:
336:
128:(or mustard) family.
106:
2690:10.1300/J153v06n02_08
2178:, Touchstone, p. 66,
990:Vitamins and minerals
843:
697:
488:Le cuisinier françois
335:
302:Romanesco cauliflower
104:
3227:Food plant cultivars
2678:Journal of New Seeds
1795:Brassica oleracea L.
1678:Farnham, M. (2007).
824:Calliphora vomitoria
529:(millions of tonnes)
19:For other uses, see
2658:The Washington Post
2618:2004cond.mat..9763K
2255:on 22 November 2016
1974:Branca, F. (2008).
1833:10.1270/jsbbs.64.48
1731:on 27 February 2017
1649:1972EcBot..26..381S
1077:Pantothenic acid (B
878:
674:) was 25.5 million
250:spiral curd called
2903:Brassica oleracea
2847:Romanesco broccoli
2431:The New York Times
2310:(11–12): 726–732.
2085:Aggie Horticulture
1657:10.1007/BF02860710
1614:10.1007/BF00039211
1311:Other constituents
876:
846:
704:
698:Orange and purple
415:selective breeding
337:
327:Purple cauliflower
315:Orange cauliflower
252:Romanesco broccoli
124:, which is in the
107:
3207:Brassica oleracea
3192:
3191:
3125:Open Tree of Life
2895:Taxon identifiers
2886:
2885:
2767:Brassica oleracea
2757:Brassica oleracea
2528:978-0-309-48834-1
2364:978-3-642-73520-2
2339:Brassica oleracea
2229:978-81-89422-41-7
2197:A History of Food
2040:on 1 January 2017
1997:978-0-387-30443-4
1515:
1428:fractal dimension
1426:for its distinct
1356:
1355:
1301:
1300:
668:
667:
664:
530:
493:Olivier de Serres
443:Brassica oleracea
115:Brassica oleracea
99:
98:
60:Brassica oleracea
3239:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3071:
3070:
3068:NBNSYS0000034197
3058:
3057:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2906:
2890:
2889:
2791:Broccoli sprouts
2749:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2701:
2663:
2662:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:cond-mat/0411597
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2609:cond-mat/0409763
2593:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2449:
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2421:
2415:
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2398:
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2334:
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2214:
2208:
2193:
2187:
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2151:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2036:. Archived from
2025:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1862:
1856:
1855:
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1835:
1820:Breeding Science
1811:
1805:
1804:
1788:
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1781:
1771:
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1675:
1669:
1668:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1562:
1553:(6): 1235–1244.
1537:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1406:dietary minerals
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1188:
1113:
1097:
1080:
1063:
1046:
1029:
1019:
986:
985:
879:
877:Cauliflower, raw
875:
817:Many species of
739:
738:
734:
655:
632:
630:
629:
614:
612:
611:
596:
594:
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578:
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324:
312:
297:
285:
45:
33:
32:
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3197:
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3188:
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3162:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3112:Observation.org
3110:
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3097:
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2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2861:
2801:Brussels sprout
2760:
2753:
2708:
2672:
2670:Further reading
2667:
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2278:
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2268:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2230:
2219:Vegetable Crops
2216:
2215:
2211:
2194:
2190:
2173:
2169:
2152:
2148:
2140:Jon Gregerson,
2139:
2135:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2062:The Cauliflower
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1972:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
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1929:
1927:
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1863:
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1637:Economic Botany
1633:
1629:
1598:
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1547:Nature Genetics
1538:
1529:
1524:
1513:Food portal
1505:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1439:cauliflower ear
1420:
1414:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1339:
1334:
1292:
1279:
1266:
1253:
1240:
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1189:
1159:
1146:
1133:
1120:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1078:
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1053:
1044:
1036:
1027:
1020:
991:
980:
975:
956:
951:
912:
907:
874:
866:mashed potatoes
838:
833:
815:
806:
754:
736:
732:
731:
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627:
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609:
607:
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571:
555:
553:
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430:Natural History
421:Pliny the Elder
411:
406:
378:
354:isothiocyanates
342:
328:
325:
316:
313:
304:
298:
289:
286:
204:
192:
179:
156:
95:Many; see text.
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3190:
3189:
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3182:wfo-0000571367
3173:
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3147:
3134:
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3108:
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2824:
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2776:Acephala group
2772:
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2729:
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2706:External links
2704:
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2602:(2): 474–477.
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2114:(2): 123–201.
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1996:
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1877:(6): 823–838.
1857:
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1762:(4): 778–779.
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702:of cauliflower
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410:
407:
405:
402:
396:(cabbage) and
377:
374:
358:glucosinolates
350:cabbage family
348:common in the
346:phytochemicals
341:
340:Phytochemicals
338:
330:
329:
326:
319:
317:
314:
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170:
167:
164:
155:
152:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
78:
74:
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72:Botrytis Group
70:
68:Cultivar group
64:
63:
56:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3244:
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3222:Edible plants
3220:
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3208:
3205:
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2900:
2896:
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2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
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2868:
2864:
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2857:Spring greens
2855:
2853:
2852:Savoy cabbage
2850:
2848:
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2833:
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2712:PROTAbase on
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2250:
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2240:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2205:1-4443-0514-X
2202:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2184:0-684-81857-4
2181:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2163:0-684-81857-4
2160:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2129:
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2068:
2064:
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2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1951:
1950:Reference.com
1947:
1941:
1926:
1922:
1921:"cauliflower"
1916:
1908:
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1900:
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1360:carbohydrates
1351:
1347:
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1100:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1057:
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1048:
1043:Riboflavin (B
1040:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
983:
977:
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973:
967:
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953:
950:
949:
943:
939:
935:
931:
929:
928:Dietary fiber
925:
921:
919:
915:
909:
906:
905:
904:Carbohydrates
899:
895:
891:
889:
885:
880:
869:
867:
863:
858:
853:
851:
842:
828:
826:
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783:
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717:transplanting
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580:United States
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508:
506:
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498:
494:
490:
489:
484:
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476:
473:
471:
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462:Ibn al-Baitar
459:
458:Ibn al-'Awwam
455:
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267:
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259:
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222:beta-carotene
219:
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205:
199:
197:
187:
184:
177:Domestication
171:
168:
165:
161:
160:
159:
151:
147:
145:
141:
138:
137:inflorescence
134:
129:
127:
123:
122:
118:in the genus
117:
116:
111:
103:
94:
90:
87:
83:
82:Mediterranean
79:
75:
71:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
55:
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44:
39:
34:
29:
22:
3194:
2902:
2810:
2781:Broccoflower
2765:
2755:
2713:
2684:(2–3): 151.
2681:
2677:
2656:
2647:
2626:
2599:
2595:
2582:
2570:
2563:Fractal Food
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2517:
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2488:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2457:
2447:
2435:. Retrieved
2429:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2373:
2346:
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2338:
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2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2257:. Retrieved
2253:the original
2218:
2212:
2196:
2191:
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2170:
2154:
2149:
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2107:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2084:
2075:
2061:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:the original
2033:
2023:
2013:
2006:
1980:Vegetables I
1979:
1954:. Retrieved
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:
1915:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1826:(1): 48–59.
1823:
1819:
1809:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1729:the original
1685:19 September
1683:. Retrieved
1673:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1550:
1546:
1503:
1502:
1436:
1432:golden ratio
1421:
1357:
1315:
1310:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1016:
1011:
1004:
970:
946:
902:
854:
847:
822:
821:, including
816:
807:
798:downy mildew
778:flea beetles
766:root maggots
755:
742:
729:
721:
713:
705:
690:Horticulture
669:
648:
643:
500:
496:
486:
482:
477:
474:
447:
442:
438:
434:
428:
424:
419:
412:
397:
393:
381:
379:
343:
262:anthocyanins
244:broccoflower
239:
226:provitamin A
193:
182:
180:
157:
148:
133:annual plant
130:
126:Brassicaceae
119:
113:
109:
108:
58:
3024:iNaturalist
2931:Wikispecies
2842:Red cabbage
2811:Cauliflower
2437:12 December
2409:12 December
2386:12 December
2286:26 February
2259:26 February
1956:22 November
1756:HortScience
1735:26 February
1390:Daily Value
1386:food energy
1026:Thiamine (B
862:pizza crust
857:gluten-free
813:Pollination
527:Production
501:cauli-fiori
499:(1600), as
483:chouxfleurs
450:Middle Ages
404:Cultivation
384:, meaning "
370:stir frying
366:microwaving
266:red cabbage
240:B. oleracea
212:cheese curd
183:B. oleracea
154:Description
110:Cauliflower
36:Cauliflower
3201:Categories
3042:77061632-1
2796:Broccolini
2142:Good Earth
2091:12 October
1608:(3): 725.
1522:References
1416:See also:
1412:In culture
1398:B vitamins
1247:Phosphorus
804:Harvesting
746:phosphorus
511:Production
400:(flower).
382:cavolfiore
86:South Asia
80:Northeast
28:Cauliflory
2990:200009268
2977:200009268
2324:1439-0434
1891:1040-8398
1602:Euphytica
1569:1061-4036
1402:vitamin K
1394:vitamin C
1392:, DV) of
1260:Potassium
1234:Manganese
1221:Magnesium
1153:Vitamin K
1140:Vitamin E
1127:Vitamin C
1110:Folate (B
1094:Vitamin B
1060:Niacin (B
872:Nutrition
819:blowflies
794:leaf spot
790:club root
786:black leg
782:black rot
678:, led by
505:Louis XIV
481:employed
423:included
376:Etymology
190:Varieties
3164:Tropicos
2916:Wikidata
2907:botrytis
2866:See also
2837:Kohlrabi
2786:Broccoli
2698:85136416
2541:Archived
2537:30844154
2499:28 March
2493:Archived
2483:(2024).
2465:26 March
2405:. Delish
2347:Crops II
2343:botrytis
1907:25728864
1899:24915330
1852:24987290
1799:botrytis
1778:88716744
1665:37487958
1622:37686274
1587:38714866
1578:11176064
1497:See also
1316:Quantity
1241:0.155 mg
1181:Quantity
1175:Minerals
1104:0.184 mg
1088:0.667 mg
1071:0.507 mg
1012:Quantity
1006:Vitamins
836:Culinary
792:, black
770:cutworms
758:browning
672:broccoli
656:Source:
523:Country
470:colewort
362:steaming
270:red wine
163:derived.
144:broccoli
140:meristem
121:Brassica
3169:4100071
3003:3042854
2946:Ecocrop
2832:Kalette
2822:Gai lan
2816:Collard
2806:Cabbage
2614:Bibcode
2547:21 June
2128:6337782
1843:4031110
1645:Bibcode
1379:⁄
1364:protein
1293:0.27 mg
1215:0.42 mg
1195:Calcium
1160:15.5 μg
1147:0.08 mg
1134:48.2 mg
1054:0.06 mg
1037:0.05 mg
972:Protein
735:⁄
710:Climate
700:hybrids
660:of the
658:FAOSTAT
448:In the
409:History
386:cabbage
248:fractal
54:Species
3138:PLANTS
3130:833618
3117:136476
3088:NZOR:
3055:530957
2818:greens
2696:
2535:
2525:
2459:Forbes
2382:. Time
2361:
2322:
2226:
2203:
2182:
2161:
2126:
2044:1 July
2030:"XXXV"
1994:
1952:. 2006
1930:4 June
1905:
1897:
1889:
1850:
1840:
1776:
1663:
1620:
1585:
1575:
1567:
1445:Photos
1273:Sodium
1267:299 mg
918:Sugars
888:Energy
796:, and
776:, and
762:aphids
676:tonnes
631:
616:Mexico
613:
595:
577:
559:
541:
466:Cyprus
454:Cyprus
394:caulis
392:words
368:, and
300:Green
257:Purple
230:mutant
217:Orange
202:Colors
77:Origin
3143:BROLB
3099:NZPCN
3029:63194
2964:BRSOB
2922:Q7537
2694:S2CID
2633:arXiv
2604:arXiv
2592:(PDF)
2341:var.
1903:S2CID
1797:var.
1774:S2CID
1661:S2CID
1618:S2CID
1362:, 2%
1322:Water
1280:30 mg
1254:44 mg
1228:15 mg
1202:22 mg
1121:57 μg
979:1.9 g
955:0.3 g
922:1.9 g
850:fried
774:moths
715:from
684:India
680:China
644:World
634:Italy
598:Spain
562:India
544:China
390:Latin
235:Green
207:White
3151:POWO
3104:4923
3081:3715
3076:NCBI
3050:ITIS
3037:IPNI
3016:7671
3011:GRIN
2998:GBIF
2959:EPPO
2905:var.
2827:Kale
2549:2024
2533:PMID
2523:ISBN
2501:2024
2467:2021
2439:2019
2411:2019
2388:2019
2359:ISBN
2320:ISSN
2288:2017
2261:2017
2224:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2124:PMID
2093:2014
2046:2015
1992:ISBN
1958:2008
1932:2018
1895:PMID
1887:ISSN
1848:PMID
1737:2017
1687:2007
1583:PMID
1565:ISSN
1400:and
1325:92 g
1286:Zinc
1208:Iron
831:Uses
682:and
649:25.5
638:0.4
620:0.7
602:0.7
584:1.3
566:8.8
548:9.5
460:and
439:cyma
425:cyma
398:flōs
356:and
268:and
3177:WFO
3063:NBN
2985:FoC
2972:FNA
2951:553
2686:doi
2489:FDA
2351:doi
2312:doi
2308:158
2116:doi
1984:doi
1879:doi
1838:PMC
1828:doi
1764:doi
1653:doi
1610:doi
1573:PMC
1555:doi
1441:".
1368:fat
1265:10%
1186:%DV
1158:13%
1132:54%
1119:14%
1102:11%
1086:13%
1017:%DV
948:Fat
932:2 g
911:5 g
485:in
433:: "
131:An
3203::
3179::
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3127::
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1966:^
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1760:23
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1639:.
1616:.
1606:31
1604:.
1581:.
1571:.
1563:.
1551:56
1549:.
1545:.
1530:^
1434:.
1291:2%
1278:1%
1252:4%
1239:7%
1226:4%
1213:2%
1200:2%
1145:1%
1069:3%
1052:5%
1035:4%
868:.
800:.
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23:.
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