1386:(ECM) is important in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cells, different hydrogel culture matrices mimicking natural ECM structure are seen as potential approaches to in vivo–like cell culturing. Hydrogels are composed of interconnected pores with high water retention, which enables efficient transport of substances such as nutrients and gases. Several different types of hydrogels from natural and synthetic materials are available for 3D cell culture, including animal ECM extract hydrogels, protein hydrogels, peptide hydrogels, polymer hydrogels, and
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40:
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more than one type of cell, it is important to evaluate their interaction in a 3D culture environment to gain a better understanding of their interaction and to introduce mimetic tissues. There are two types of co-culturing: direct and indirect. While direct interaction involves cells being in direct contact with each other in the same culture media or matrix, indirect interaction involves different environments, allowing signaling and soluble factors to participate.
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10758:
364:
1982:
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813:(ATCC), the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC) and the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), have received cell line submissions from researchers that were misidentified by them. Such contamination poses a problem for the quality of research produced using cell culture lines, and the major repositories are now authenticating all cell line submissions. ATCC uses
304:. He suggested that the potentialities of individual cells via tissue culture as well as that the reciprocal influences of tissues on one another could be determined by this method. Since Haberlandt's original assertions, methods for tissue and cell culture have been realized, leading to significant discoveries in biology and medicine. He presented his original idea of
597:. Some cells naturally live in suspension, without being attached to a surface, such as cells that exist in the bloodstream. There are also cell lines that have been modified to be able to survive in suspension cultures so they can be grown to a higher density than adherent conditions would allow. Adherent cells require a surface, such as tissue culture plastic or
390:. The cells are bathed in a culture medium, which contains essential nutrients and energy sources necessary for the cells' survival. Thus, in its broader sense, "tissue culture" is often used interchangeably with "cell culture". On the other hand, the strict meaning of "tissue culture" refers to the culturing of tissue pieces, i.e.
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Cell differentiation in tissue models during interaction between cells can be studied using the Co-Cultured System to simulate cancer tumors, to assess the effect of drugs on therapeutic trials, and to study the effect of drugs on therapeutic trials. The co-culture system in 3D models can predict the
1402:
method (MLM) is the application of growing 3D tissue by inducing cells treated with magnetic nanoparticle assemblies in spatially varying magnetic fields using neodymium magnetic drivers and promoting cell to cell interactions by levitating the cells up to the air/liquid interface of a standard petri
824:
To address this problem of cell line cross-contamination, researchers are encouraged to authenticate their cell lines at an early passage to establish the identity of the cell line. Authentication should be repeated before freezing cell line stocks, every two months during active culturing and before
804:
Cell line cross-contamination can be a problem for scientists working with cultured cells. Studies suggest anywhere from 15 to 20% of the time, cells used in experiments have been misidentified or contaminated with another cell line. Problems with cell line cross-contamination have even been detected
1523:
Microfluidics technique is developed systems that can perform a process in a flow which are usually in a scale of micron. Microfluidics chip are also known as Lab-on-a-chip and they are able to have continuous procedure and reaction steps with spare amount of reactants and space. Such systems enable
1493:
The technique of co-culturing is used to study cell crosstalk between two or more types of cells on a plate or in a 3D matrix. The cultivation of different stem cells and the interaction of immune cells can be investigated in an in vitro model similar to biological tissue. Since most tissues contain
1552:
Besides the culture of well-established immortalised cell lines, cells from primary explants of a plethora of organisms can be cultured for a limited period of time before senescence occurs (see
Hayflick's limit). Cultured primary cells have been extensively used in research, as is the case of fish
1538:
OoC systems mimic and control the microenvironment of the cells by growing tissues in microfluidics. Combining tissue engineering, biomaterials fabrication, and cell biology, it offers the possibility of establishing a biomimetic model for studying human diseases in the laboratory. In recent years,
1355:
Culturing cells in 3D leads to wide variation in gene expression signatures and partly mimics tissues in the physiological states. A 3D cell culture model showed cell growth similar to that of in vivo than did a monolayer culture, and all three cultures were capable of sustaining cell growth. As 3D
1346:
research. 3D cell cultures can be grown using a scaffold or matrix, or in a scaffold-free manner. Scaffold based cultures utilize an acellular 3D matrix or a liquid matrix. Scaffold-free methods are normally generated in suspensions. There are a variety of platforms used to facilitate the growth of
277:
tissue. In 1996, the first use of regenerative tissue was used to replace a small length of urethra, which led to the understanding that the technique of obtaining samples of tissue, growing it outside the body without a scaffold, and reapplying it, can be used for only small distances of less than
401:
model of the tissue in a well defined environment which can be easily manipulated and analysed. In animal tissue culture, cells may be grown as two-dimensional monolayers (conventional culture) or within fibrous scaffolds or gels to attain more naturalistic three-dimensional tissue-like structures
1369:
cell substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that various cell types including Human
Foreskin Fibroblasts (HFF), transformed Human Carcinoma (HEp-2), and Mink Lung Epithelium (MLE) would adhere to and proliferate upon polycarbonate
406:
cell and tissue substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that various cell types would adhere to and proliferate upon polycarbonate fibers. It was noted that as opposed to the flattened morphology typically seen in 2D culture, cells
844:
cell line. HeLa contamination was first noted in the early 1960s in non-human culture in the USA. Intraspecies contamination was discovered in nineteen cell lines in the seventies. In 1974, five human cell lines from the Soviet Union were found to be HeLa. A follow-up study analysing 50-odd cell
1012:
Passaging (also known as subculture or splitting cells) involves transferring a small number of cells into a new vessel. Cells can be cultured for a longer time if they are split regularly, as it avoids the senescence associated with prolonged high cell density. Suspension cultures are easily
1293:
Aside from Petri dishes, scientists have long been growing cells within biologically derived matrices such as collagen or fibrin, and more recently, on synthetic hydrogels such as polyacrylamide or PEG. They do this in order to elicit phenotypes that are not expressed on conventionally rigid
1154:
A cell strain is derived either from a primary culture or a cell line by the selection or cloning of cells having specific properties or characteristics which must be defined. Cell strains are cells that have been adapted to culture but, unlike cell lines, have a finite division potential.
601:, which may be coated with extracellular matrix (such as collagen and laminin) components to increase adhesion properties and provide other signals needed for growth and differentiation. Most cells derived from solid tissues are adherent. Another type of adherent culture is
9791:
van den Berg-Bakker CA, Hagemeijer A, Franken-Postma EM, Smit VT, Kuppen PJ, van
Ravenswaay Claasen HH, et al. (February 1993). "Establishment and characterization of 7 ovarian carcinoma cell lines and one granulosa tumor cell line: growth features and cytogenetics".
9536:
Leung, Chak Ming; de Haan, Pim; Ronaldson-Bouchard, Kacey; Kim, Ge-Ah; Ko, Jihoon; Rho, Hoon Suk; Chen, Zhu; Habibovic, Pamela; Jeon, Noo Li; Takayama, Shuichi; Shuler, Michael L.; Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana; Frey, Olivier; Verpoorte, Elisabeth; Toh, Yi-Chin (12 May 2022).
1543:
and disease modeling. OoC is an important technology that can bridge the gap between animal testing and clinical studies and also by the advances that the science has achieved could be a replace for in vivo studies for drug delivery and pathophysiological studies.
1146:(HA or HAT) is used to select against unfused myeloma cells; primary lymphoctyes die quickly in culture and only the fused cells survive. These are screened for production of the required antibody, generally in pools to start with and then after single cloning.
1171:
is used to expand the number of cells and differentiate the cells into various somatic cell types for transplantation. Stem cell culture is also used to harvest the molecules and exosomes that the stem cells release for the purposes of therapeutic development.
88:, they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions. They need to be kept at body temperature (37 °C) in an incubator. These conditions vary for each cell type, but generally consist of a suitable vessel with a substrate or rich
1329:
has been touted as "Biology's New
Dimension". At present, the practice of cell culture remains based on varying combinations of single or multiple cell structures in 2D. Currently, there is an increase in use of 3D cell cultures in research areas including
1356:
culturing has been developed it turns out to have a great potential to design tumors models and investigate malignant transformation and metastasis, 3D cultures can provide aggerate tool for understanding changes, interactions, and cellular signaling.
1659:
For bacteria and yeasts, small quantities of cells are usually grown on a solid support that contains nutrients embedded in it, usually a gel such as agar, while large-scale cultures are grown with the cells suspended in a nutrient broth.
168:
being used for plants. The lifespan of most cells is genetically determined, but some cell-culturing cells have been 'transformed' into immortal cells which will reproduce indefinitely if the optimal conditions are provided.
997:
In the case of adherent cultures, the media can be removed directly by aspiration, and then is replaced. Media changes in non-adherent cultures involve centrifuging the culture and resuspending the cells in fresh media.
558:(hPL). This eliminates the worry of cross-species contamination when using FBS with human cells. hPL has emerged as a safe and reliable alternative as a direct replacement for FBS or other animal serum. In addition,
1370:
fibers. It was noted that, as opposed to the flattened morphology typically seen in 2D culture, cells grown on the electrospun fibers exhibited a more histotypic rounded 3-dimensional morphology generally observed
562:
can be used to eliminate any serum trace (human or animal), but this cannot always be accomplished with different cell types. Alternative strategies involve sourcing the animal blood from countries with minimum
9862:
Ou D, Mitchell LA, Décarie D, Tingle AJ, Nepom GT (March 1998). "Promiscuous T-cell recognition of a rubella capsid protein epitope restricted by DRB1*0403 and DRB1*0901 molecules sharing an HLA DR supertype".
1364:
Eric Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produce nano- and submicron-scale polystyrene and polycarbonate fibrous scaffolds specifically intended for use as
1013:
passaged with a small amount of culture containing a few cells diluted in a larger volume of fresh media. For adherent cultures, cells first need to be detached; this is commonly done with a mixture of
8999:
Fontoura JC, Viezzer C, Dos Santos FG, Ligabue RA, Weinlich R, Puga RD, et al. (February 2020). "Comparison of 2D and 3D cell culture models for cell growth, gene expression and drug resistance".
4532:
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402:(3D culture). Eric Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produce nano- and submicron-scale polymeric fibrous scaffolds specifically intended for use as
7131:
Liscovitch M, Ravid D (January 2007). "A case study in misidentification of cancer cell lines: MCF-7/AdrR cells (re-designated NCI/ADR-RES) are derived from OVCAR-8 human ovarian carcinoma cells".
5699:
4189:
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constructs have been realized as a convenient mechanism for suppressing the expression of a particular gene/protein. DNA can also be inserted into cells using viruses, in methods referred to as
605:, which involves growing cells in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment as opposed to two-dimensional culture dishes. This 3D culture system is biochemically and physiologically more similar to
2909:
2449:
950:
Among the common manipulations carried out on culture cells are media changes, passaging cells, and transfecting cells. These are generally performed using tissue culture methods that rely on
6700:
Hemeda, H., Giebel, B., Wagner, W. (16Feb2014) Evaluation of human platelet lysate versus fetal bovine serum for culture of mesenchymal stromal cells
Cytotherapy p170-180 issue 2 doi.10.1016
219:(a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century.
10136:
9748:
Hunt P, Robertson D, Weiss D, Rennick D, Lee F, Witte ON (March 1987). "A single bone marrow-derived stromal cell type supports the in vitro growth of early lymphoid and myeloid cells".
8227:
Georges PC, Hui JJ, Gombos Z, McCormick ME, Wang AY, Uemura M, et al. (December 2007). "Increased stiffness of the rat liver precedes matrix deposition: implications for fibrosis".
7293:
Brendan P. Lucey, Walter A. Nelson-Rees, Grover M. Hutchins; Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell
Culture Contamination. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1 September 2009; 133 (9): 1463–1467. doi:
8270:
Li L, Sharma N, Chippada U, Jiang X, Schloss R, Yarmush ML, Langrana NA (May 2008). "Functional modulation of ES-derived hepatocyte lineage cells via substrate compliance alteration".
11246:
8313:
Semler EJ, Lancin PA, Dasgupta A, Moghe PV (February 2005). "Engineering hepatocellular morphogenesis and function via ligand-presenting hydrogels with graded mechanical compliance".
1431:
can be cultured and cryopreserved for future use. Tissue engineering potentially offers dramatic improvements in low cost medical care for hundreds of thousands of patients annually.
1155:
Non-immortalized cells stop dividing after 40 to 60 population doublings and, after this, they lose their ability to proliferate (a genetically determined event known as senescence).
1211:. The cost of growing mammalian cell cultures is high, so research is underway to produce such complex proteins in insect cells or in higher plants, use of single embryonic cell and
51:
546:(FBS), bovine calf serum, equine serum, and porcine serum. One complication of these blood-derived ingredients is the potential for contamination of the culture with viruses or
1223:
observation is one of its applications. It also offers to confirm single cell origin of somatic embryos and the asymmetry of the first cell division, which starts the process.
919:
of findings from cell culture experiments due to the differences in the nutrient composition and concentrations. A systematic bias in generated datasets was recently shown for
10743:
1262:
who, in 1885, removed a portion of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and maintained it in warm saline for several days on a flat glass plate. From the advance of
1682:
viruses or viral products may be generated in cell types other than their natural hosts under the right conditions. Depending on the species of the virus, infection and
571:
risk, such as The United States, Australia and New
Zealand, and using purified nutrient concentrates derived from serum in place of whole animal serum for cell culture.
1539:
3D cell culture science has made significant progress, leading to the development of OoC. OoC is considered as a preclinical step that benefits pharmaceutical studies,
1347:
three-dimensional cellular structures including scaffold systems such as hydrogel matrices and solid scaffolds, and scaffold-free systems such as low-adhesion plates,
1021:; however, other enzyme mixes are now available for this purpose. A small number of detached cells can then be used to seed a new culture. Some cell cultures, such as
10155:- Introduction to cell culture, covering topics such as laboratory set-up, safety and aseptic technique including basic cell culture protocols and video training
1674:
The culture of viruses requires the culture of cells of mammalian, plant, fungal or bacterial origin as hosts for the growth and replication of the virus. Whole
10131:
1524:
the identification and isolation of individual cells and molecules when combined with appropriate biological assays and high-sensitivity detection techniques.
907:
of the altered cells potentially leading to overgrowth of abnormal, culture-adapted cells with decreased differentiation and increased proliferative capacity.
2103:
1103:, as they may outlive their parent organism and later be used in the discovery of lucrative medical treatments. In the pioneering decision in this area, the
9835:
Lee YG, Korenchuk S, Lehr J, Whitney S, Vessela R, Pienta KJ (2001). "Establishment and characterization of a new human prostatic cancer cell line: DuCaP".
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primarily involves cultures of cells on flat plastic dishes. This technique is known as two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, and was first developed by
574:
Plating density (number of cells per volume of culture medium) plays a critical role for some cell types. For example, a lower plating density makes
6601:
Urry, L. A., Campbell, N. A., Cain, M. L., Reece, J. B., Wasserman, S. (2007). Biology. United
Kingdom: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. p. 860
7634:
Qian L, Saltzman WM (2004). "Improving the expansion and neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through culture surface modification".
1109:
4860:
861:
As cells generally continue to divide in culture, they generally grow to fill the available area or volume. This can generate several issues:
542:, and the presence of other nutrients. The growth factors used to supplement media are often derived from the serum of animal blood, such as
6416:
Haberlandt, G. (1902) Kulturversuche mit isolierten
Pflanzenzellen. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. J. 111, 69–92.
845:
lines indicated that half had HeLa markers, but contaminant HeLa had hybridised with the original cell lines. HeLa cell contamination from
10183:
335:
was one of the first products mass-produced using cell culture techniques. This vaccine was made possible by the cell culture research of
10808:
8625:
Mapanao AK, Voliani V (June 2020). "Three-dimensional tumor models: Promoting breakthroughs in nanotheranostics translational research".
7723:"Cell migration analysis: A low-cost laboratory experiment for cell and developmental biology courses using keratocytes from fish scales"
1407:
is scalable, with the capability for culturing 500 cells to millions of cells or from single dish to high-throughput low volume systems.
1403:
dish. The magnetic nanoparticle assemblies consist of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and the polymer polylysine.
1067:. Viruses, as parasitic agents, are well suited to introducing DNA into cells, as this is a part of their normal course of reproduction.
1022:
9993:
9976:
7184:
7167:
954:. Aseptic technique aims to avoid contamination with bacteria, yeast, or other cell lines. Manipulations are typically carried out in a
6318:
5966:
8450:
Dupont S, Morsut L, Aragona M, Enzo E, Giulitti S, Cordenonsi M, et al. (June 2011). "Role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction".
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on a solid medium. The culturing of undifferentiated plant cells and calli requires the proper balance of the plant growth hormones
10248:
10168:
6242:
1399:
1348:
488:
has acquired the ability to proliferate indefinitely either through random mutation or deliberate modification, such as artificial
11288:
10215:
568:
477:
Cells that are cultured directly from a subject are known as primary cells. With the exception of some derived from tumors, most
10424:
9477:
Wu, Qirui; Liu, Jinfeng; Wang, Xiaohong; Feng, Lingyan; Wu, Jinbo; Zhu, Xiaoli; Wen, Weijia; Gong, Xiuqing (12 February 2020).
9308:
Paschos, Nikolaos K.; Brown, Wendy E.; Eswaramoorthy, Rajalakshmanan; Hu, Jerry C.; Athanasiou, Kyriacos A. (3 February 2014).
641:
7254:
1207:(carbohydrate-modified) currently must be made in animal cells. An important example of such a complex protein is the hormone
736:. The color of phenol red changes from orange/red at pH 7–7.4 to yellow at acidic (lower) pH and purple at basic (higher) pH.
11283:
10149:- Resources including application notes and protocols to create an ideal environment for growing cells, right from the start.
6557:
6482:
6034:
515:
and stop dividing after a certain number of population doublings while generally retaining their viability (described as the
10146:
8348:
Friedland JC, Lee MH, Boettiger D (January 2009). "Mechanically activated integrin switch controls alpha5beta1 function".
1989:
10833:
6768:"Cell plating density alters the ratio of estrogenic to progestagenic enzyme gene expression in cultured granulosa cells"
1501:
A co-culture method is used in tissue engineering to generate tissue formation with multiple cells interacting directly.
825:
any publication of research data generated using the cell lines. Many methods are used to identify cell lines, including
621:
235:
containing the chlorides of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium suitable for maintaining the beating of an isolated
84:
are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. After cells of interest have been
554:
applications. Current practice is to minimize or eliminate the use of these ingredients wherever possible and use human
11152:
10855:
10141:
450:
are capable of growth in culture. Cells can be isolated from solid tissues by digesting the extracellular matrix using
397:
Tissue culture is an important tool for the study of the biology of cells from multicellular organisms. It provides an
9635:
Rapanan JL, Cooper KE, Leyva KJ, Hull EE (August 2014). "Collective cell migration of primary zebrafish keratocytes".
8901:"Endogenously Triggerable Ultrasmall-in-Nano Architectures: Targeting Assessment on 3D Pancreatic Carcinoma Spheroids"
8070:
Tilghman RW, Cowan CR, Mih JD, Koryakina Y, Gioeli D, Slack-Davis JK, et al. (September 2010). Hotchin NA (ed.).
11144:
11084:
9253:
Miki, Yasuhiro; Ono, Katsuhiko; Hata, Shuko; Suzuki, Takashi; Kumamoto, Hiroyuki; Sasano, Hironobu (September 2012).
6710:
466:, before agitating the tissue to release the cells into suspension. Alternatively, pieces of tissue can be placed in
10152:
7762:
Discher DE, Janmey P, Wang YL (November 2005). "Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate".
617:
There are different kinds of cell culture media which being used routinely in life science including the following:
417:
in particular is concerned with the growing of entire plants from small pieces of plant tissue, cultured in medium.
7882:"Soft substrates promote homogeneous self-renewal of embryonic stem cells via downregulating cell-matrix tractions"
5990:
564:
1203:. Although many simpler proteins can be produced using rDNA in bacterial cultures, more complex proteins that are
11206:
11089:
10801:
10733:
10455:
10171:
This webinar introduces the history, theory, basic techniques, and potential pit-falls of mammalian cell culture.
10097:
7503:"Physiologic Medium Rewires Cellular Metabolism and Reveals Uric Acid as an Endogenous Inhibitor of UMP Synthase"
5971:
1948:
799:
1498:
response to chemotherapy and endocrine therapy if the microenvironment defines biological tissue for the cells.
407:
grown on the electrospun fibers exhibited a more rounded 3-dimensional morphology generally observed of tissues
10774:
10738:
9950:"Sergey Fedoroff: A Pioneer of the Neuronal Regeneration. Tribute from the Pan American Association of Anatomy"
6474:
6109:
636:
1234:, fragrances, and rhino horn from cells and microorganisms. It is therefore considered one means of achieving
1230:, which aims to provide both new products and new ways of producing existing agricultural products like milk,
11211:
11201:
11188:
10582:
10349:
9180:"Protection of mice and poultry from lethal H5N1 avian influenza virus through adenovirus-based immunization"
4741:
232:
17:
10828:
10158:
8950:"The transcriptional landscape of a hepatoma cell line grown on scaffolds of extracellular matrix proteins"
8713:"Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors"
1738:
283:
262:
demonstrated the growth of frog embryonic cells that would give rise to nerve cells in a medium of clotted
1113:
that human patients have no property rights in cell lines derived from organs removed with their consent.
308:
in 1902, stating that "Theoretically all plant cells are able to give rise to a complete plant." The term
10572:
10208:
1924:
1104:
162:. Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term
8852:"384 hanging drop arrays give excellent Z-factors and allow versatile formation of co-culture spheroids"
8578:"Organotypic 3D cell culture models: using the rotating wall vessel to study host-pathogen interactions"
938:
that better represents the physiological levels of nutrients can improve the physiological relevance of
11234:
10794:
10429:
6809:"Automated and online characterization of adherent cell culture growth in a microfabricated bioreactor"
2889:
1352:
942:
studies and recently such media types, as
Plasmax and Human Plasma Like Medium (HPLM), were developed.
530:
Aside from temperature and gas mixture, the most commonly varied factor in culture systems is the cell
10116:
9927:"Rat Chromaffin cells primary cultures: Standardization and quality assessment for single-cell assays"
9422:"From cells-on-a-chip to organs-on-a-chip: scaffolding materials for 3D cell culture in microfluidics"
9152:
8576:
Barrila J, Radtke AL, Crabbé A, Sarker SF, Herbst-Kralovetz MM, Ott CM, Nickerson CA (November 2010).
7613:
10243:
10163:
4920:
4387:
4382:
1825:
1518:
1064:
1038:
559:
344:
172:
In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular
9421:
7823:
Gilbert PM, Havenstrite KL, Magnusson KE, Sacco A, Leonardi NA, Kraft P, et al. (August 2010).
5866:
4857:
10599:
10278:
10238:
9227:
7784:
6173:
Steinhardt E, Israeli C, Lambert RA (1913). "Studies on the Cultivation of the Virus of Vaccinia".
5643:
2568:
890:
830:
809:, which are used routinely for drug-screening studies. Major cell line repositories, including the
455:
146:
as a monolayer (one single-cell thick), whereas others can be grown free floating in a medium as a
8760:
Bhattacharya M, Malinen MM, Lauren P, Lou YR, Kuisma SW, Kanninen L, et al. (December 2012).
7501:
Cantor JR, Abu-Remaileh M, Kanarek N, Freinkman E, Gao X, Louissaint A, et al. (April 2017).
7444:
Vande Voorde J, Ackermann T, Pfetzer N, Sumpton D, Mackay G, Kalna G, et al. (January 2019).
6130:
323:. Growing viruses in cell cultures allowed preparation of purified viruses for the manufacture of
319:
Cell culture techniques were advanced significantly in the 1940s and 1950s to support research in
10873:
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10273:
5278:
4196:
2825:
2299:
1928:
1654:
1601:
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which has the antibody specificity of the primary lymphocyte and the immortality of the myeloma.
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916:
313:
279:
259:
189:
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Paszek MJ, Zahir N, Johnson KR, Lakins JN, Rozenberg GI, Gefen A, et al. (September 2005).
11273:
10762:
10667:
10652:
10480:
10374:
10354:
10201:
10180:
9904:"Neural Stem Cell Culture: Neurosphere generation, microscopical analysis and cryopreservation"
7880:
Chowdhury F, Li Y, Poh YC, Yokohama-Tamaki T, Wang N, Tanaka TS (December 2010). Zhou Z (ed.).
7779:
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1123:
979:
882:
Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate cell cycle arrest, causing cells to stop dividing, known as
485:
387:
374:
In modern usage, "tissue culture" generally refers to the growth of cells from a tissue from a
196:). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of
6477:. 100 years since Gottlieb Haberlandt. Laimer, Margit; Rücker, Waltraud (Eds.) 2003. Springer
5464:
4502:
2916:
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cell cultures. Cell culture has contributed to the development of vaccines for many diseases.
11278:
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10969:
10883:
8527:"Epithelial cell coculture models for studying infectious diseases: benefits and limitations"
6217:
5373:
5339:
4031:
3958:
3386:
3362:
1718:
1619:
1574:
1573:
Plant cell cultures are typically grown as cell suspension cultures in a liquid medium or as
1428:
1335:
1287:
1188:
609:
tissue, but is technically challenging to maintain because of many factors (e.g. diffusion).
8503:
8399:
Chan CE, Odde DJ (December 2008). "Traction dynamics of filopodia on compliant substrates".
7446:"Improving the metabolic fidelity of cancer models with a physiological cell culture medium"
258:
for several days, establishing the basic principle of tissue culture. In 1907 the zoologist
11132:
10989:
10838:
10692:
10555:
10419:
10369:
10126:
8814:
8408:
8357:
8083:
7893:
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7457:
6918:
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6063:
5046:
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2768:
2027:
1562:
1383:
1271:
1227:
959:
478:
414:
383:
340:
336:
301:
181:
164:
9672:"The composition and dynamics of cell-substratum adhesions in locomoting fish keratocytes"
9420:
Terrell, John A.; Jones, Curtis G.; Kabandana, Giraso Keza Monia; Chen, Chengpeng (2020).
9178:
Gao W, Soloff AC, Lu X, Montecalvo A, Nguyen DC, Matsuoka Y, et al. (February 2006).
1266:
technology arose today's standard plastic dish for 2D cell culture, commonly known as the
290:, published results of his experiments from 1907 to 1910, establishing the methodology of
8:
11001:
10996:
10974:
10920:
10577:
10560:
10540:
10520:
9977:"Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source"
7168:"Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source"
6744:
5961:
1594:
1220:
1127:
1043:
Another common method for manipulating cells involves the introduction of foreign DNA by
814:
297:
8818:
8412:
8361:
8087:
8021:
Levental KR, Yu H, Kass L, Lakins JN, Egeblad M, Erler JT, et al. (November 2009).
7897:
7840:
7775:
7461:
6922:
6367:
6246:
6067:
1075:
10587:
10333:
10073:
10048:
10035:
9817:
9773:
9612:
9587:
9568:
9513:
9478:
9459:
9402:
9347:
9290:
9255:"The advantages of co-culture over mono cell culture in simulating in vivo environment"
9204:
9179:
9129:
9104:
9080:
9053:
9034:
8976:
8949:
8925:
8900:
8876:
8851:
8737:
8712:
8642:
8607:
8553:
8526:
8485:
8432:
8381:
8295:
8252:
8204:
8179:
8155:
8130:
8106:
8071:
8047:
8022:
7916:
7881:
7857:
7824:
7805:
7695:
7670:
7647:
7527:
7502:
7478:
7445:
7421:
7394:
7375:
7232:
7113:
7062:
7037:
6882:
6873:
6857:
6833:
6808:
6678:
6653:
6523:
6498:
6394:
6381:
6351:
6299:
6198:
6086:
6051:
5119:
2196:
1609:) can be used for experiments which may be hard to do on live flies or larvae, such as
1568:
1420:
1247:
883:
590:
543:
328:
147:
58:
9876:
6452:
6427:
6270:"Working together to respond to the challenges of EU policy to replace animal testing"
1993:
985:
As cells undergo metabolic processes, acid is produced and the pH decreases. Often, a
11173:
10817:
10712:
10707:
10662:
10485:
10359:
10078:
10027:
9998:
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9844:
9809:
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9761:
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9726:
9691:
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8003:
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7862:
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7700:
7651:
7595:
7532:
7483:
7426:
7379:
7367:
7329:
7224:
7189:
7148:
7105:
7067:
7036:
Cabrera CM, Cobo F, Nieto A, Cortés JL, Montes RM, Catalina P, Concha A (June 2006).
7018:
6977:
6936:
6887:
6838:
6789:
6784:
6767:
6683:
6634:
6577:
6553:
6528:
6478:
6457:
6399:
6291:
6190:
6091:
6030:
5271:
3288:
3120:
2631:
2415:
1683:
1606:
1508:
Schematic representation of 2D culture, 3D culture, organ-on-a-chip and in vivo study
1470:
1283:
1255:
1212:
1200:
1138:
animal are combined with an immortal myeloma cell line (B cell lineage) to produce a
955:
951:
904:
583:
9966:
9949:
9777:
9406:
9294:
9195:
8436:
8299:
8180:"Myofibroblast contraction activates latent TGF-beta1 from the extracellular matrix"
8131:"Feedback amplification of fibrosis through matrix stiffening and COX-2 suppression"
8129:
Liu F, Mih JD, Shea BS, Kho AT, Sharif AS, Tager AM, Tschumperlin DJ (August 2010).
7117:
6303:
446:
culture in several ways. Cells can be easily purified from blood; however, only the
39:
10642:
10609:
10364:
10068:
10060:
10049:"Experimental pathology and the origins of tissue culture: Leo Loeb's contribution"
10019:
10010:
Masters JR (April 2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly".
9988:
9961:
9934:
9911:
9872:
9821:
9801:
9757:
9722:
9683:
9644:
9607:
9599:
9550:
9508:
9490:
9441:
9433:
9378:
9351:
9321:
9266:
9199:
9191:
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9116:
9075:
9065:
9016:
9008:
8971:
8961:
8920:
8912:
8871:
8863:
8822:
8773:
8732:
8724:
8683:
8673:
8662:"Photothermal effect by NIR-responsive excretable ultrasmall-in-nano architectures"
8634:
8611:
8589:
8548:
8538:
8467:
8459:
8416:
8365:
8322:
8279:
8236:
8199:
8191:
8150:
8142:
8101:
8091:
8042:
8034:
7993:
7952:
7911:
7901:
7852:
7844:
7809:
7789:
7734:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7643:
7585:
7522:
7514:
7473:
7465:
7416:
7406:
7395:"Inferring cancer dependencies on metabolic genes from large-scale genetic screens"
7359:
7319:
7269:
7216:
7207:
Masters JR (April 2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly".
7179:
7140:
7097:
7057:
7049:
7008:
6967:
6956:"False human hematopoietic cell lines: cross-contaminations and misinterpretations"
6926:
6877:
6869:
6828:
6820:
6779:
6673:
6665:
6624:
6518:
6510:
6447:
6439:
6389:
6371:
6281:
6182:
6081:
6071:
6022:
5995:
5828:
4991:
4882:
1911:
1540:
716:
447:
143:
135:
10039:
8899:
Mapanao AK, Santi M, Faraci P, Cappello V, Cassano D, Voliani V (September 2018).
8778:
8761:
8256:
7825:"Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture"
7236:
6997:"Cross-contamination: HS-Sultan is not a myeloma but a Burkitt lymphoma cell line"
5289:
4966:
4451:
4266:
11137:
10863:
10475:
10470:
10460:
10187:
10111:
9975:
MacLeod RA, Dirks WG, Matsuo Y, Kaufmann M, Milch H, Drexler HG (November 1999).
9948:
Losardo RJ, Gutiérrez RC, Prates JC, Moscovici M, Torres AR, Martínez MA (2015).
9254:
8096:
7906:
7550:
7166:
MacLeod RA, Dirks WG, Matsuo Y, Kaufmann M, Milch H, Drexler HG (November 1999).
7144:
7101:
6931:
6906:
6547:
5703:
5630:
5544:
5479:
5449:
5215:
4986:
4864:
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4780:
4536:
4372:
4193:
3716:
3707:
3510:
3202:
3197:
2913:
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2594:
2553:
2506:
2478:
2453:
2391:
2358:
2079:
1901:
1728:
1708:
1679:
1638:
1633:
1533:
1478:
1404:
1326:
1216:
1176:
1092:
1048:
742:
578:
exhibit estrogen production, while a higher plating density makes them appear as
555:
489:
471:
470:, and the cells that grow out are available for culture. This method is known as
391:
287:
255:
244:
236:
131:
54:
9648:
9270:
8762:"Nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel promotes three-dimensional liver cell culture"
6807:
Jaccard N, Macown RJ, Super A, Griffin LD, Veraitch FS, Szita N (October 2014).
6669:
6629:
6612:
6026:
5518:
3174:
2648:
1025:
are mechanically scraped from the surface of their vessel with rubber scrapers.
11168:
11119:
11079:
10647:
10624:
10530:
10525:
10465:
10450:
10414:
10299:
9790:
9603:
9555:
9538:
9012:
8966:
8638:
8038:
7957:
7940:
7518:
7363:
6356:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6286:
6269:
6151:
6056:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5942:
5915:
5892:
5869:
5843:
5821:
5784:
5757:
5732:
5706:
5675:
5651:
5623:
5597:
5573:
5547:
5521:
5497:
5437:
5434:
5413:
5387:
5353:
5319:
5261:
5241:
5218:
5193:
5166:
5137:
5101:
5075:
5049:
5026:
4999:
4969:
4943:
4899:
4867:
4834:
4808:
4783:
4759:
4729:
4700:
4676:
4652:
4628:
4604:
4580:
4559:
4539:
4478:
4454:
4428:
4404:
4348:
4321:
4294:
4269:
4245:
4218:
4161:
4135:
4113:
4086:
4060:
4034:
4009:
3985:
3961:
3937:
3914:
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3833:
3807:
3781:
3756:
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3700:
3674:
3649:
3622:
3592:
3565:
3541:
3513:
3487:
3463:
3437:
3413:
3389:
3365:
3341:
3318:
3295:
3263:
3260:
3235:
3205:
3184:
3177:
3151:
3130:
3099:
3059:
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3011:
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2941:
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2781:
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2726:
2703:
2678:
2624:
2597:
2561:
2534:
2509:
2481:
2456:
2422:
2394:
2361:
2333:
2307:
2279:
2255:
2231:
2207:
2204:
2181:
2154:
2130:
2106:
2082:
2057:
1932:
1802:
1416:
1331:
1275:
1215:
embryos as a source for direct gene transfer via particle bombardment, transit
1208:
975:
927:
912:
810:
712:
575:
539:
516:
437:
431:
291:
197:
117:
85:
81:
10064:
9671:
9495:
8283:
8023:"Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling"
7998:
7981:
7411:
7053:
7013:
6996:
6186:
5467:
5292:
4505:
4375:
4158:
4083:
2651:
1427:. The major application of human cell culture is in stem cell industry, where
30:"Co-culture" redirects here. For the concept of cultures-within-cultures, see
11262:
11178:
11069:
10984:
10545:
10500:
10409:
10224:
9564:
9504:
9390:
9335:
9278:
9001:
Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications
8916:
8697:
8240:
6824:
6194:
4718:
3604:
3572:
2610:
2471:
1786:
1754:
1669:
1474:
1339:
1278:, is generally credited with this invention while working as an assistant to
1231:
1204:
1163:
Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the manufacture of viral
1084:
935:
849:
has been reported. HeLa was even unknowingly injected into human subjects by
818:
551:
531:
467:
375:
368:
228:
205:
201:
180:
cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as
151:
109:
89:
9687:
8420:
8369:
7848:
7793:
7324:
7307:
6076:
11022:
11017:
10697:
10682:
10594:
10535:
10434:
10313:
10031:
10002:
9994:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991112)83:4<555::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-2
9939:
9926:
9916:
9903:
9848:
9805:
9734:
9656:
9621:
9522:
9455:
9398:
9343:
9286:
9213:
9138:
9089:
9054:"3D Cell Culture Systems: Tumor Application, Advantages, and Disadvantages"
9030:
8985:
8934:
8885:
8836:
8787:
8746:
8603:
8562:
8481:
8428:
8377:
8334:
8291:
8248:
8213:
8164:
8115:
8056:
8007:
7966:
7925:
7866:
7801:
7748:
7704:
7655:
7536:
7487:
7469:
7430:
7371:
7333:
7228:
7193:
7185:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991112)83:4<555::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-2
7152:
7109:
7071:
7022:
6981:
6972:
6955:
6940:
6891:
6842:
6793:
6687:
6638:
6532:
6461:
6403:
6295:
6095:
6050:
Harris AR, Peter L, Bellis J, Baum B, Kabla AJ, Charras GT (October 2012).
5984:
5299:
3869:
3840:
3533:
3292:
3169:
2429:
1819:
1772:
1687:
1610:
1482:
1343:
1259:
1192:
1135:
1088:
1044:
1034:
986:
971:
846:
834:
806:
733:
598:
579:
522:
499:. Numerous cell lines are well established as representative of particular
240:
97:
10082:
9884:
9813:
9769:
9695:
9366:
9070:
8543:
8195:
8146:
7599:
7088:
Chatterjee R (February 2007). "Cell biology. Cases of mistaken identity".
6714:
6376:
3538:
3124:
2419:
1099:
Cell lines that originate with humans have been somewhat controversial in
150:. This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid
11196:
10925:
10687:
10677:
10672:
8827:
8802:
8728:
6514:
5360:
4041:
3921:
3814:
3083:
2488:
2368:
1850:
1776:
1734:
1642:
1624:
1279:
1196:
963:
720:
348:
139:
10258:
8594:
8577:
8472:
8463:
6578:"Phase I Final Report: Fibrous Substrates for Cell Culture (R3RR03544A)"
6202:
511:
For the majority of isolated primary cells, they undergo the process of
300:
first pointed out the possibilities of the culture of isolated tissues,
10952:
10947:
10942:
10614:
10567:
10490:
10399:
10177:(NCCS), Pune, India; national repository for cell lines/hybridomas etc.
9586:
Ma, Chao; Peng, Yansong; Li, Hongtong; Chen, Weiqiang (February 2021).
9446:
9437:
9052:
Habanjar O, Diab-Assaf M, Caldefie-Chezet F, Delort L (November 2021).
9051:
9021:
8688:
8678:
8661:
8660:
Cassano D, Santi M, D'Autilia F, Mapanao AK, Luin S, Voliani V (2019).
7590:
7573:
6443:
5739:
5108:
4435:
4355:
4301:
3895:
3748:
3470:
3273:
3227:
2582:
2286:
2176:
1952:
1855:
1760:
1459:
1267:
1251:
967:
931:
900:
850:
728:
688:
512:
493:
332:
216:
212:
93:
44:
31:
9326:
9309:
9120:
8867:
8801:
DeRosa MC, Monreal C, Schnitzer M, Walsh R, Sultan Y (February 2010).
8326:
7739:
7722:
363:
142:). Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate to form an
10979:
8850:
Hsiao AY, Tung YC, Qu X, Patel LR, Pienta KJ, Takayama S (May 2012).
8229:
American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
8072:"Matrix rigidity regulates cancer cell growth and cellular phenotype"
7294:
6385:
5791:
5539:
5173:
5144:
4976:
4150:
4075:
3066:
2742:
2347:
2314:
1963:
1907:
1884:
1845:
1675:
1582:
1168:
1139:
1117:
1100:
1060:
1007:
872:
826:
677:
631:
500:
173:
10786:
9382:
7574:"A brief history of the mortality and immortality of cultured cells"
7350:
Lagziel S, Gottlieb E, Shlomi T (December 2020). "Mind your media".
7308:"Genetic and epigenetic instability in human pluripotent stem cells"
11042:
11037:
10930:
10717:
10619:
10023:
9710:
9310:"Advances in tissue engineering through stem cell-based co-culture"
9228:"NIAID Taps Chiron to Develop Vaccine Against H9N2 Avian Influenza"
7443:
7220:
5861:
5155:
5090:
5064:
4874:
4852:
4707:
4339:
4180:
3854:
3455:
3252:
3223:
2439:
2170:
1809:
1504:
1466:
1184:
1164:
939:
896:
876:
320:
267:
50:
7500:
6613:"Methods for isolating atrial cells from large mammals and humans"
1091:
blue, and are one of the earliest human cell lines descended from
11148:
11123:
11098:
11094:
11074:
10887:
10657:
10550:
10328:
10323:
9535:
5713:
5474:
5394:
4815:
4736:
2519:
Bronchial epithelium + Adenovirus 12-SV40 virus hybrid (Ad12SV40)
1957:
1837:
1815:
1806:
1790:
1782:
1641:, are commonly used for expression of recombinant proteins using
1455:
1447:
1439:
1263:
1180:
1014:
698:
673:
463:
459:
442:
324:
251:
193:
113:
105:
101:
62:
10193:
8998:
8659:
7822:
7551:"Moore v. Regents of University of California (1990) 51 C3d 120"
7038:"Identity tests: determination of cell line cross-contamination"
6654:"Methods in cardiomyocyte isolation, culture, and gene transfer"
1423:, as it establishes the basics of growing and maintaining cells
1095:, who died of cervical cancer from which these cells originated.
833:(HLA) typing, chromosomal analysis, karyotyping, morphology and
10959:
10937:
10702:
10294:
9947:
5977:
4950:
3763:
3681:
2840:
2788:
2747:
2658:
2604:
2541:
2037:
1131:
920:
451:
352:
351:
for their discovery of a method of growing the virus in monkey
274:
248:
185:
177:
124:
9105:"Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture"
6110:"Some landmarks in the development of tissue and cell culture"
11161:
10744:
List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization
10604:
9232:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
7879:
7720:
5554:
5444:
4790:
4512:
4225:
4093:
3788:
3520:
3494:
3242:
2685:
1880:
1872:
1829:
1796:
1744:
1714:
1704:
1614:
1578:
1451:
1443:
547:
270:
266:. In 1913, E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, and R. A. Lambert grew
263:
155:
9479:"Organ-on-a-chip: recent breakthroughs and future prospects"
8759:
840:
One significant cell-line cross contaminant is the immortal
719:
within the cells and provide essential metal ions to act as
27:
Process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions
10964:
10318:
9307:
8800:
7941:"Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification"
6021:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 41–52.
5764:
5604:
5326:
3734:
3629:
3599:
2498:
1750:
1724:
1628:
1463:
1393:
1298:, a concept that has led to discoveries in fields such as:
1080:
1052:
1018:
924:
841:
626:
496:
382:. These cells may be cells isolated from a donor organism (
159:
10159:
Database of Who's Who in Cell Culture and Related Research
9974:
8898:
8710:
7721:
Prieto D, Aparicio G, Sotelo-Silveira JR (November 2017).
7165:
6052:"Characterizing the mechanics of cultured cell monolayers"
10877:
10867:
10308:
10304:
9902:
Pacey L, Stead S, Gleave J, Tomczyk K, Doering L (2006).
9747:
9419:
9259:
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
8575:
8312:
8226:
8178:
Wipff PJ, Rifkin DB, Meister JJ, Hinz B (December 2007).
8069:
6806:
6737:"LipiMAX purified lipoprotein solution from bovine serum"
6611:
Voigt N, Pearman CM, Dobrev D, Dibb KM (September 2015).
6552:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 29–30.
5006:
2340:
2064:
1966:
1945:
1892:
1766:
66:
9924:
9708:
8524:
7979:
7939:
Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Discher DE (August 2006).
6172:
1485:(a common cold virus) as a vector, and novel adjuvants.
1286:, conicals, and even disposable bags like those used in
10174:
9901:
9861:
9834:
9314:
Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
8947:
8711:
Edmondson R, Broglie JJ, Adcock AF, Yang L (May 2014).
8449:
7938:
7671:"Therapeutics from Adult Stem Cells and the Hype Curve"
7255:"Doing good science: Authenticating cell line identity"
1238:. It is also a central tool for teaching cell biology.
535:
9634:
9588:"Organ-on-a-Chip: A New Paradigm for Drug Development"
8177:
7035:
6610:
1648:
1512:
1167:
and other products of biotechnology. Culture of human
989:
is added to the medium to measure nutrient depletion.
208:
is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses.
9177:
8347:
8269:
7349:
6765:
6049:
1294:
substrates. There is growing interest in controlling
420:
8948:
Ghosh S, Börsch A, Ghosh S, Zavolan M (April 2021).
8020:
6352:"Plant Tissue Cultures from a Hormone Point of View"
10190:, Public Health England Culture Collections (ECACC)
8525:Duell BL, Cripps AW, Schembri MA, Ulett GC (2011).
7982:"Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype"
6994:
6953:
6499:"Cultivation of Tissues in Vitro and ITS Technique"
1321:
1282:. Various researchers today also utilize culturing
656:
6995:Drexler HG, MacLeod RA, Dirks WG (December 2001).
6652:Louch WE, Sheehan KA, Wolska BM (September 2011).
6651:
1179:(rDNA) technology in animal cell cultures include
747:It is used to maintain a balanced pH in the media
130:), and regulates the physio-chemical environment (
9252:
7761:
6954:Drexler HG, Dirks WG, MacLeod RA (October 1999).
1686:may result in host cell lysis and formation of a
1547:
1410:
1241:
982:solution) can also be added to the growth media.
945:
11260:
9711:"Insect cells as factories for biomanufacturing"
9367:"Lab-on-a-chip: microfluidics in drug discovery"
9365:Dittrich, Petra S.; Manz, Andreas (March 2006).
8849:
7392:
7345:
7343:
7305:
7252:
6766:Portela VM, Zamberlam G, Price CA (April 2010).
1462:are currently made in cell cultures. Due to the
1110:Moore v. Regents of the University of California
1051:of interest. More recently, the transfection of
1028:
793:
10127:Table of common cell lines from Alberts 4th ed.
7130:
6017:Taylor MW (2014). "A History of Cell Culture".
4155:Secretes MA2.1 mAb (against HLA-A2 and HLA-B17)
2663:Biopsy xenograft of Pancreatic Carcinoma line 3
1377:
1359:
1158:
1070:
930:screens, and for metabolic profiling of cancer
506:
9925:Gilabert JA, Montalvo GB, Artalejo AR (2006).
9709:Drugmand JC, Schneider YJ, Agathos SN (2012).
8624:
6492:
6490:
1481:-based vaccines, such as one made using human
10802:
10209:
9476:
9102:
8128:
7716:
7714:
7340:
7083:
7081:
6571:
6569:
6496:
6012:
6010:
1556:
1477:government. Novel ideas in the field include
1469:threat, research into using cell culture for
10142:Hypertext version of the Cell Line Data Base
9585:
9364:
9096:
8753:
8704:
7727:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education
7662:
7633:
7627:
7494:
7437:
7386:
6858:"Organotypic brain slice cultures: A review"
6711:"Post - Blog | Boval BioSolutions, LLC"
6658:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
6617:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
1349:nanoparticle facilitated magnetic levitation
1122:It is possible to fuse normal cells with an
1047:. This is often performed to cause cells to
753:
723:for enzymatic reactions, cell adhesion etc.
9784:
9669:
9058:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
7606:
6487:
1415:Cell culture is a fundamental component of
612:
10809:
10795:
10216:
10202:
8531:Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology
7711:
7393:Lagziel S, Lee WD, Shlomi T (April 2019).
7087:
7078:
6566:
6549:Tissue Culture Techniques: An Introduction
6102:
6019:Viruses and Man: A History of Interactions
6007:
1130:. In brief, lymphocytes isolated from the
962:to exclude contaminating micro-organisms.
10072:
10046:
9992:
9965:
9938:
9915:
9741:
9611:
9554:
9512:
9494:
9445:
9325:
9203:
9128:
9079:
9069:
9020:
8975:
8965:
8924:
8875:
8826:
8777:
8736:
8687:
8677:
8593:
8552:
8542:
8471:
8203:
8154:
8105:
8095:
8046:
7997:
7956:
7915:
7905:
7856:
7783:
7738:
7694:
7589:
7526:
7477:
7420:
7410:
7323:
7248:
7246:
7183:
7061:
7012:
6971:
6930:
6881:
6832:
6783:
6677:
6628:
6522:
6451:
6393:
6375:
6285:
6144:
6085:
6075:
5967:Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing
4239:Invasive breast ductal carcinoma ER+, PR+
2042:"3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10^5 cells"
1226:Cell culture is also a key technique for
856:
10249:Competitions and prizes in biotechnology
8398:
7571:
7565:
2249:Adriamycin-resistant derivative of A2780
1663:
1617:. Cell lines derived from the army worm
1503:
1400:3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation
1394:3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation
1074:
521:
362:
49:
38:
10009:
9828:
9145:
8717:Assay and Drug Development Technologies
7668:
7206:
7159:
6904:
6898:
6800:
6703:
6001:
4744:, 3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10 cells
2926:Chronic myeloid leukemia T lymphocyte 1
2273:Cisplatin-resistant derivative of A2780
1553:keratocytes in cell migration studies.
534:. Recipes for growth media can vary in
92:that supplies the essential nutrients (
14:
11261:
7243:
6855:
6545:
6349:
6316:
6310:
6267:
6016:
4517:Medical Research Council cell strain 5
1588:
865:Nutrient depletion in the growth media
227:The 19th-century English physiologist
10816:
10790:
10197:
6575:
6243:"Animals and alternatives in testing"
6235:
6215:
6043:
4360:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-468
4331:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-361
4306:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-231
4279:M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-157
1972:
1864:MDBK cell (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney)
425:
10769:
10175:The National Centre for Cell Science
7306:Nguyen HT, Geens M, Spits C (2012).
6503:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
6319:"An unsung hero of medical research"
5284:Late stage (20–24 hours old) embryos
1976:
1693:
715:mixture of ions to maintain optimum
526:A bottle of DMEM cell culture medium
11241:
9954:International Journal of Morphology
9670:Lee J, Jacobson K (November 1997).
9103:Tibbitt MW, Anseth KS (July 2009).
6497:Carrel A, Burrows MT (March 1911).
6425:
1649:Bacterial and yeast culture methods
1513:Cell culture in microfluidic device
889:Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate
312:was coined by American pathologist
24:
10137:Evolution of Cell Culture Surfaces
9894:
9592:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
9153:"Quickie Bird Flu Vaccine Created"
7648:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.013
7295:https://doi.org/10.5858/133.9.1463
6874:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.086
6274:Alternatives to Laboratory Animals
6175:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
5113:The second cell line derived from
4080:Secretes L243 mAb (against HLA-DR)
3659:Clone 7 of clone 1 hepatoma line 1
1527:
1488:
1001:
421:Concepts in mammalian cell culture
25:
11300:
11085:Post-transcriptional modification
10223:
10091:
4098:Lymph Node Cancer of the Prostate
2609:Packaging cell line derived from
1861:BHK21 cell (Baby Hambster Kidney)
1388:wood-based nanocellulose hydrogel
1126:. This method is used to produce
868:Changes in pH of the growth media
703:Promote cell survival and growth
11240:
11229:
11228:
10768:
10757:
10756:
10257:
10169:An Introduction To Cell Culture.
9727:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.014
9539:"A guide to the organ-on-a-chip"
9426:Journal of Materials Chemistry B
9109:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
8856:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
8315:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
8272:Annals of Biomedical Engineering
7253:Dunham JH, Guthmiller P (2008).
6813:Journal of Laboratory Automation
6785:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.151
6152:"Whonamedit - Ringer's solution"
5991:List of breast cancer cell lines
5769:Vertebral Cancer of the Prostate
3117:Ovarian granulosa cell carcinoma
1980:
1327:Cell culture in three dimensions
1322:Cell culture in three dimensions
1175:Biological products produced by
992:
821:to authenticate its cell lines.
811:American Type Culture Collection
657:Components of cell culture media
11090:Post-translational modification
10734:Index of biotechnology articles
9981:International Journal of Cancer
9967:10.4067/S0717-95022015000200059
9855:
9794:International Journal of Cancer
9702:
9663:
9628:
9579:
9529:
9470:
9413:
9358:
9301:
9246:
9220:
9196:10.1128/JVI.80.4.1959-1964.2006
9171:
9045:
8992:
8941:
8892:
8843:
8803:"Nanotechnology in fertilizers"
8794:
8653:
8618:
8569:
8518:
8496:
8443:
8392:
8341:
8306:
8263:
8220:
8171:
8122:
8063:
8014:
7973:
7932:
7873:
7816:
7755:
7675:ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters
7543:
7299:
7287:
7200:
7172:International Journal of Cancer
7124:
7029:
6988:
6947:
6849:
6759:
6729:
6694:
6645:
6604:
6595:
6539:
6468:
6419:
6410:
6343:
5972:List of contaminated cell lines
2718:Embryonic mesenchymal cell line
1149:
800:List of contaminated cell lines
358:
11289:Alternatives to animal testing
10739:List of biotechnology articles
9543:Nature Reviews Methods Primers
7687:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00125
6261:
6209:
6166:
6123:
4917:Range of prostate tumour lines
4255:Michigan Cancer Foundation-10A
4123:Microbiological Associates-104
3255:insensitive prostate carcinoma
2503:HIV+ primary effusion lymphoma
1828:'s 60 cancer cell line panel (
1631:, and from the cabbage looper
1548:Culture of non-mammalian cells
1411:Tissue culture and engineering
1242:Cell culture in two dimensions
946:Manipulation of cultured cells
215:technique of maintaining live
13:
1:
11212:Post-translational regulation
10583:Genetically modified organism
10350:Biotechnology industrial park
9877:10.1016/S0198-8859(98)00006-8
9483:BioMedical Engineering OnLine
9371:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
8779:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.039
8766:Journal of Controlled Release
7572:Hayflick L (September 1998).
6713:. bovalco.com. Archived from
6546:Martin BM (1 December 2013).
3282:Metastatic prostate carcinoma
1867:DF-1cell (chicken fibroblast)
1083:cells have been stained with
1029:Transfection and transduction
794:Cell line cross-contamination
589:Cells can be grown either in
11284:Molecular biology techniques
11160:High-throughput technique ("
10117:Resources in other libraries
9762:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90708-2
8582:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
8097:10.1371/journal.pone.0012905
7907:10.1371/journal.pone.0015655
7578:The Keio Journal of Medicine
7145:10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.013
7102:10.1126/science.315.5814.928
6932:10.1126/science.347.6225.938
6741:Selborne Biological Services
5538:T cell leukemia/B cell line
5095:SV40-transformed tumour line
5069:SV40-transformed tumour line
4388:Madin Darby Canine Kidney II
4230:Michigan Cancer Foundation-7
1739:chronic myelogenous leukemia
1378:3D cell culture in hydrogels
1360:3D cell culture in scaffolds
1159:Applications of cell culture
1071:Established human cell lines
507:Maintaining cells in culture
284:Johns Hopkins Medical School
254:and maintained it in a warm
7:
11038:Functional biology/medicine
10573:Environmental biotechnology
9649:10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.011
9271:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.12.004
8504:"drug discovery@nature.com"
8184:The Journal of Cell Biology
8135:The Journal of Cell Biology
6905:Neimark J (February 2015).
6670:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.06.012
6630:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.006
6317:Schiff JA (February 2002).
6268:Fentem JH (February 2006).
6027:10.1007/978-3-319-07758-1_3
5950:
5749:Leukemic monocytic lymphoma
4366:Pleural effusion metastasis
4312:Pleural effusion metastasis
4285:Pleural effusion metastasis
1434:
1351:, hanging drop plates, and
1105:Supreme Court of California
693:Building blocks of protein
273:in fragments of guinea pig
86:isolated from living tissue
10:
11305:
10047:Witkowski JA (July 1983).
9637:Experimental Cell Research
9604:10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.009
9556:10.1038/s43586-022-00118-6
9159:. Reuters. 26 January 2006
9013:10.1016/j.msec.2019.110264
8967:10.1186/s12864-021-07532-2
8639:10.1016/j.apmt.2019.100552
8039:10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.027
7958:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044
7614:"Worthington tissue guide"
7519:10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.023
7364:10.1038/s42255-020-00299-y
6287:10.1177/026119290603400116
5800:(green, for green monkey)
3577:Human Embryonic Kidney 293
1667:
1652:
1592:
1566:
1560:
1557:Plant cell culture methods
1531:
1516:
1134:(or possibly blood) of an
1115:
1032:
1005:
797:
550:, particularly in medical
429:
367:Cultured cells growing in
239:outside the body. In 1885
222:
29:
11224:
11187:
11107:
11062:
11055:
11010:
10897:
10854:
10847:
10824:
10752:
10726:
10633:
10513:
10443:
10392:
10383:
10342:
10287:
10266:
10255:
10244:Timeline of biotechnology
10231:
10164:Coriell Cell Repositories
10147:Cell Culture Applications
10112:Resources in your library
10065:10.1017/S0025727300042964
9496:10.1186/s12938-020-0752-0
8284:10.1007/s10439-008-9458-3
7999:10.1016/j.ccr.2005.08.010
7412:10.1186/s12915-019-0654-4
7312:Human Reproduction Update
7054:10.1007/s10616-006-9013-8
7014:10.1182/blood.V98.12.3495
6856:Humpel C (October 2015).
5840:Primary effusion lymphoma
5178:Rat Basophilic Leukemia-1
2669:Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
1826:National Cancer Institute
1519:Microfluidic cell culture
1039:Transformation (genetics)
853:in a 1978 vaccine trial.
754:Typical Growth conditions
538:, glucose concentration,
345:Frederick Chapman Robbins
243:removed a section of the
10600:Microbial biodegradation
10279:Industrial biotechnology
10239:History of biotechnology
8917:10.1021/acsomega.8b01719
8241:10.1152/ajpgi.00032.2007
6825:10.1177/2211068214529288
5723:Glioblastoma-astrocytoma
5702:24 November 2021 at the
5690:Glioblastoma-astrocytoma
5644:Acute monocytic leukemia
5614:Glioblastoma-astrocytoma
4535:24 November 2021 at the
4192:24 November 2021 at the
4104:Prostatic adenocarcinoma
3074:, origin-defective SV-40
2593:24 November 2021 at the
2452:24 November 2021 at the
2390:24 November 2021 at the
1940:Other species cell lines
891:cellular differentiation
831:human lymphocyte antigen
613:Cell culture basal media
560:chemically defined media
80:is the process by which
43:Cell culture in a small
10274:Colors of biotechnology
10132:Cancer Cells in Culture
9688:10.1242/jcs.110.22.2833
9676:Journal of Cell Science
8627:Applied Materials Today
8421:10.1126/science.1163595
8370:10.1126/science.1168441
7849:10.1126/science.1191035
7794:10.1126/science.1116995
7268:: 15–17. Archived from
6772:Fertility and Sterility
6426:Noé AC (October 1934).
6187:10.1093/infdis/13.2.294
6077:10.1073/pnas.1213301109
5807:African green monkey -
5567:Breast ductal carcinoma
5279:Drosophila melanogaster
2951:Canine Mammary Tumor 12
2912:29 October 2021 at the
2826:Squamous cell carcinoma
2373:Armenian Hamster Lung-1
2300:Squamous cell carcinoma
2201:Head and neck carcinoma
1929:cell suspension culture
1655:Microbiological culture
1602:Drosophila melanogaster
1473:is being funded by the
1236:animal-free agriculture
1144:Selective growth medium
974:) and antifungals (e.g.
917:physiological relevance
708:Balanced salt solution
481:have limited lifespan.
314:Montrose Thomas Burrows
280:Ross Granville Harrison
260:Ross Granville Harrison
190:microbiological culture
10668:Biomedical engineering
10375:Pharmaceutical company
10355:Biotechnology products
10012:Nature Reviews. Cancer
9940:10.1038/nprot.2006.294
9917:10.1038/nprot.2006.215
9806:10.1002/ijc.2910530415
9715:Biotechnology Advances
7669:Maguire G (May 2016).
7470:10.1126/sciadv.aau7314
7209:Nature Reviews. Cancer
6973:10.1038/sj.leu.2401510
6743:. 2006. Archived from
6350:Bonner J (June 1936).
5957:Biological immortality
5933:EBV-transformed B cell
5404:Bone marrow metastasis
4906:OPCN / OPCT cell lines
4569:Myocardial Endothelial
3882:EBV-transformed B cell
3276:cancer of the Prostate
3079:Cercopithecus aethiops
3072:Cercopithecus aethiops
2573:Baby Hamster Kidney-21
1848:(African green monkey
1509:
1429:mesenchymal stem cells
1302:Stem cell self-renewal
1288:single-use bioreactors
1124:immortalised cell line
1096:
980:Antibiotic-Antimycotic
857:Other technical issues
527:
486:immortalized cell line
388:immortalised cell line
371:
70:
47:
11033:Developmental biology
11028:Computational biology
10181:Public Health England
9071:10.3390/ijms222212200
8807:Nature Nanotechnology
8196:10.1083/jcb.200704042
8147:10.1083/jcb.201004082
7325:10.1093/humupd/dms048
6428:"Gottlieb Haberlandt"
6377:10.1073/pnas.22.6.426
5374:Spodoptera frugiperda
5366:Spodoptera frugiperda
5340:Spodoptera frugiperda
5332:Spodoptera frugiperda
4963:Epithelioid Carcinoma
4342:(contaminated by M14)
3452:Lymph node metastasis
2894:Chinese Hamster Ovary
1719:adrenocortical cancer
1664:Viral culture methods
1620:Spodoptera frugiperda
1507:
1342:assessment and basic
1336:regenerative medicine
1308:Cancer cell phenotype
1305:Lineage specification
1189:monoclonal antibodies
1187:, immunobiologicals (
1128:monoclonal antibodies
1116:Further information:
1078:
525:
479:primary cell cultures
366:
347:, who were awarded a
53:
42:
11207:Post-transcriptional
10693:Chemical engineering
10556:Reproductive cloning
10420:Hybridoma technology
10370:Human Genome Project
8828:10.1038/nnano.2010.2
8729:10.1089/adt.2014.573
6717:on 10 September 2014
6515:10.1084/jem.13.3.387
6475:Plant Tissue Culture
6324:Yale Alumni Magazine
6218:"Growing new organs"
6002:References and notes
5591:Colorectal carcinoma
5304:Sarcoma OSteogenic-2
5124:Potorous tridactylus
5115:Potorous tridactylis
4887:Didelphis virginiana
4448:Pancreatic Carcinoma
4168:Ma-Mel 1, 2, 3....48
4126:African Green Monkey
4051:Lymphocytic leukemia
3312:Embryonic stem cells
3148:Colorectal carcinoma
2874:Embryonic stem cells
2801:Colorectal carcinoma
2769:Asian tiger mosquito
1994:adding missing items
1960:A6 kidney epithelial
1563:Plant tissue culture
1384:extracellular matrix
1353:rotary cell culture.
1272:Julius Richard Petri
1228:cellular agriculture
960:laminar flow cabinet
903:alterations, with a
415:Plant tissue culture
341:Thomas Huckle Weller
337:John Franklin Enders
302:plant tissue culture
182:plant tissue culture
165:plant tissue culture
11002:Histone methylation
10578:Genetic engineering
10561:Therapeutic cloning
10541:Bionic architecture
10521:Animal cell culture
10288:Biological concepts
10186:7 June 2022 at the
10153:Cell Culture Basics
9184:Journal of Virology
8819:2010NatNa...5...91D
8595:10.1038/nrmicro2423
8544:10.1155/2011/852419
8464:10.1038/nature10137
8413:2008Sci...322.1687C
8407:(5908): 1687–1691.
8362:2009Sci...323..642F
8088:2010PLoSO...512905T
7898:2010PLoSO...515655C
7841:2010Sci...329.1078G
7835:(5995): 1078–1081.
7776:2005Sci...310.1139D
7770:(5751): 1139–1143.
7462:2019SciA....5.7314V
6923:2015Sci...347..938N
6368:1936PNAS...22..426B
6331:on 14 November 2012
6249:on 25 February 2006
6068:2012PNAS..10916449H
6062:(41): 16449–16454.
5962:Cell culture assays
5809:Chlorocebus sabaeus
5775:Vertebra metastasis
4828:Embryonal carcinoma
4723:Neuronal stem cells
4496:Myeloid metaplasic
3077:Old World monkey -
2546:Brain Endothelial 3
1611:biochemical studies
1605:(most prominently,
1599:Cells derived from
1595:Insect cell culture
1589:Insect cell culture
1314:Hepatocyte function
1221:confocal microscopy
815:short tandem repeat
741:Bicarbonate /HEPES
603:organotypic culture
298:Gottlieb Haberlandt
10634:Interdisciplinary
10588:Molecular genetics
10334:Selective breeding
9438:10.1039/D0TB00718H
8911:(9): 11796–11801.
8679:10.1039/C9MH00096H
8666:Materials Horizons
8235:(6): G1147–G1154.
7642:(7–8): 1331–1337.
7591:10.2302/kjm.47.174
7513:(2): 258–272.e17.
7275:on 28 October 2008
6444:10.1104/pp.9.4.850
5778:Prostate carcinoma
5431:Cervical carcinoma
5120:Long-nosed potoroo
5020:Prostate carcinoma
4863:2011-11-16 at the
3643:Cervical carcinoma
3613:Kidney (embryonic)
3583:Kidney (embryonic)
2618:Kidney (embryonic)
2197:Submandibular duct
1992:; you can help by
1973:List of cell lines
1925:Tobacco BY-2 cells
1569:Tobacco BY-2 cells
1510:
1471:influenza vaccines
1421:tissue engineering
1334:, cancer biology,
1248:tissue engineering
1097:
884:contact inhibition
819:DNA fingerprinting
805:in lines from the
784:Relative Humidity
584:theca lutein cells
544:fetal bovine serum
528:
484:An established or
426:Isolation of cells
372:
148:suspension culture
71:
48:
11256:
11255:
11235:Molecular biology
11220:
11219:
11174:Mass spectrometry
11051:
11050:
10818:Molecular biology
10784:
10783:
10713:Nanobiotechnology
10708:Molecular biology
10509:
10508:
10360:Biotechnology law
10098:Library resources
9931:Protocol Exchange
9908:Protocol Exchange
9682:(22): 2833–2844.
9432:(31): 6667–6685.
9327:10.1002/term.1870
9121:10.1002/bit.22361
8868:10.1002/bit.24399
8458:(7350): 179–183.
8356:(5914): 642–644.
8327:10.1002/bit.20328
7740:10.1002/bmb.21071
7358:(12): 1369–1372.
7352:Nature Metabolism
7096:(5814): 928–931.
7007:(12): 3495–3496.
6966:(10): 1601–1607.
6917:(6225): 938–940.
6576:Simon EM (1988).
6559:978-1-4612-0247-9
6483:978-3-211-83839-6
6036:978-3-319-07757-4
5948:
5947:
5813:Kidney epithelium
5491:Ovarian carcinoma
5428:Cervix epithelium
5011:Prostate Cancer-3
4800:Leukemia/lymphoma
4493:White blood cells
4261:Breast epithelium
3850:White blood cells
3827:B lymphocyte cell
3739:Human Leukemia-60
3640:Cervix epithelium
3634:"Henrietta Lacks"
2642:Breast epithelium
2225:Ovarian carcinoma
2010:
2009:
1769:(prostate cancer)
1747:(prostate cancer)
1694:Common cell lines
1684:viral replication
1613:or studies using
1607:Schneider 2 cells
1405:3D cell culturing
1284:laboratory flasks
1256:molecular biology
1201:anticancer agents
956:biosafety cabinet
952:aseptic technique
915:might affect the
905:natural selection
791:
790:
751:
750:
683:Source of energy
595:adherent cultures
440:from tissues for
327:. The injectable
16:(Redirected from
11296:
11244:
11243:
11232:
11231:
11165:
11060:
11059:
10913:
10908:
10852:
10851:
10811:
10804:
10797:
10788:
10787:
10772:
10771:
10760:
10759:
10610:Pharmacogenomics
10390:
10389:
10384:Basic techniques
10365:Green Revolution
10343:General concepts
10261:
10218:
10211:
10204:
10195:
10194:
10086:
10076:
10043:
10006:
9996:
9971:
9969:
9944:
9942:
9921:
9919:
9889:
9888:
9865:Human Immunology
9859:
9853:
9852:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9788:
9782:
9781:
9745:
9739:
9738:
9721:(5): 1140–1157.
9706:
9700:
9699:
9667:
9661:
9660:
9632:
9626:
9625:
9615:
9583:
9577:
9576:
9558:
9533:
9527:
9526:
9516:
9498:
9474:
9468:
9467:
9449:
9417:
9411:
9410:
9362:
9356:
9355:
9329:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9250:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9239:
9234:. 17 August 2004
9224:
9218:
9217:
9207:
9190:(4): 1959–1964.
9175:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9164:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9132:
9100:
9094:
9093:
9083:
9073:
9049:
9043:
9042:
9024:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8979:
8969:
8945:
8939:
8938:
8928:
8896:
8890:
8889:
8879:
8862:(5): 1293–1304.
8847:
8841:
8840:
8830:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8781:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8740:
8708:
8702:
8701:
8691:
8681:
8657:
8651:
8650:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8597:
8573:
8567:
8566:
8556:
8546:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8500:
8494:
8493:
8475:
8447:
8441:
8440:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8310:
8304:
8303:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8207:
8190:(6): 1311–1323.
8175:
8169:
8168:
8158:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8109:
8099:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8050:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8001:
7977:
7971:
7970:
7960:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7919:
7909:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7860:
7820:
7814:
7813:
7787:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7742:
7718:
7709:
7708:
7698:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7593:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7553:. Online.ceb.com
7547:
7541:
7540:
7530:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7481:
7450:Science Advances
7441:
7435:
7434:
7424:
7414:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7347:
7338:
7337:
7327:
7303:
7297:
7291:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7274:
7259:
7250:
7241:
7240:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7187:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7139:(1–2): 350–352.
7128:
7122:
7121:
7085:
7076:
7075:
7065:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7016:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6975:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6934:
6907:"Line of attack"
6902:
6896:
6895:
6885:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6836:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6787:
6778:(6): 2050–2055.
6763:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6707:
6701:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6681:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6608:
6602:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6573:
6564:
6563:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6526:
6494:
6485:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6432:Plant Physiology
6423:
6417:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6397:
6379:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6327:. Archived from
6314:
6308:
6307:
6289:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6245:. Archived from
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6216:Atala A (2009).
6213:
6207:
6206:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6154:. whonamedit.com
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6089:
6079:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6014:
5996:Microphysiometry
5937:Human Immunology
5796:From Esperanto:
5482:Ovarian cancer 3
5461:Breast carcinoma
5371:Insect (moth) -
5337:Insect (moth) -
5160:Lymphoblast-like
4992:Pheochromocytoma
4883:Virginia opossum
4777:Blast-crisis CML
4774:Peripheral blood
4369:Breast carcinoma
4315:Breast carcinoma
4288:Breast carcinoma
3934:CML blast crisis
3908:CML blast crisis
3798:Colon epithelium
3714:Insect (moth) -
3380:CML blast crisis
3356:CML blast crisis
2645:Breast carcinoma
2012:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1919:Plant cell lines
1912:pheochromocytoma
1895:tumor cell lines
1789:, cloned from a
1699:Human cell lines
1541:drug development
1296:matrix stiffness
871:Accumulation of
758:
757:
717:osmotic pressure
661:
660:
306:totipotentiality
144:adherent culture
136:osmotic pressure
55:Epithelial cells
21:
11304:
11303:
11299:
11298:
11297:
11295:
11294:
11293:
11259:
11258:
11257:
11252:
11216:
11189:Gene regulation
11183:
11159:
11120:Model organisms
11103:
11080:Cell signalling
11047:
11006:
10911:
10906:
10893:
10864:DNA replication
10843:
10820:
10815:
10785:
10780:
10748:
10722:
10663:Biopharmacology
10635:
10629:
10505:
10476:Electrophoresis
10471:Kidney dialysis
10461:Crystallization
10439:
10385:
10379:
10338:
10283:
10262:
10253:
10227:
10222:
10188:Wayback Machine
10123:
10122:
10121:
10106:
10105:
10101:
10094:
10089:
10053:Medical History
9897:
9895:Further reading
9892:
9860:
9856:
9833:
9829:
9789:
9785:
9756:(6): 997–1007.
9746:
9742:
9707:
9703:
9668:
9664:
9633:
9629:
9584:
9580:
9534:
9530:
9475:
9471:
9418:
9414:
9383:10.1038/nrd1985
9363:
9359:
9306:
9302:
9251:
9247:
9237:
9235:
9226:
9225:
9221:
9176:
9172:
9162:
9160:
9151:
9150:
9146:
9101:
9097:
9050:
9046:
8997:
8993:
8946:
8942:
8897:
8893:
8848:
8844:
8799:
8795:
8758:
8754:
8709:
8705:
8658:
8654:
8623:
8619:
8588:(11): 791–801.
8574:
8570:
8523:
8519:
8509:
8507:
8502:
8501:
8497:
8448:
8444:
8397:
8393:
8346:
8342:
8311:
8307:
8268:
8264:
8225:
8221:
8176:
8172:
8127:
8123:
8068:
8064:
8019:
8015:
7978:
7974:
7937:
7933:
7878:
7874:
7821:
7817:
7760:
7756:
7719:
7712:
7667:
7663:
7632:
7628:
7618:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7570:
7566:
7556:
7554:
7549:
7548:
7544:
7499:
7495:
7456:(1): eaau7314.
7442:
7438:
7391:
7387:
7348:
7341:
7304:
7300:
7292:
7288:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7257:
7251:
7244:
7205:
7201:
7164:
7160:
7129:
7125:
7086:
7079:
7034:
7030:
6993:
6989:
6952:
6948:
6903:
6899:
6854:
6850:
6805:
6801:
6764:
6760:
6750:
6748:
6747:on 19 July 2012
6735:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6718:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6699:
6695:
6650:
6646:
6609:
6605:
6600:
6596:
6586:
6584:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6544:
6540:
6495:
6488:
6473:
6469:
6424:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6348:
6344:
6334:
6332:
6315:
6311:
6266:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6226:
6224:
6214:
6210:
6171:
6167:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6015:
6008:
6004:
5953:
5726:Epithelial-like
5704:Wayback Machine
5588:Lung metastasis
5480:Sloan-Kettering
5452:Breast cancer 3
5450:Sloan-Kettering
5212:Renal carcinoma
5203:Renal Carcinoma
5041:T cell leukemia
5017:Bone metastasis
4987:Adrenal medulla
4865:Wayback Machine
4825:Lung metastasis
4537:Wayback Machine
4194:Wayback Machine
4003:Erythroleukemia
3717:Trichoplusia ni
3431:Epithelial-like
3407:Epithelial-like
3335:T cell leukemia
3198:Medulloblastoma
3166:Lung metastasis
2935:T cell leukemia
2932:CML acute phase
2914:Wayback Machine
2636:Breast Tumor-20
2595:Wayback Machine
2554:cerebral cortex
2454:Wayback Machine
2392:Wayback Machine
2296:Skin epithelium
2006:
2000:
1997:
1981:
1975:
1902:pituitary tumor
1799:(breast cancer)
1763:(breast cancer)
1729:cervical cancer
1709:prostate cancer
1696:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1639:High Five cells
1634:Trichoplusia ni
1597:
1591:
1575:callus cultures
1571:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1536:
1534:Organ-on-a-chip
1530:
1528:Organ-on-a-chip
1521:
1515:
1491:
1489:Cell co-culture
1479:recombinant DNA
1437:
1413:
1396:
1382:As the natural
1380:
1362:
1324:
1244:
1232:(cultured) meat
1217:gene expression
1177:recombinant DNA
1161:
1152:
1120:
1093:Henrietta Lacks
1073:
1041:
1033:Main articles:
1031:
1010:
1004:
1002:Passaging cells
995:
948:
859:
802:
796:
756:
672:Carbon source (
659:
615:
576:granulosa cells
556:platelet lysate
509:
472:explant culture
434:
428:
423:
392:explant culture
361:
288:Yale University
256:saline solution
245:medullary plate
225:
128:
121:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11302:
11292:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11250:
11238:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11218:
11217:
11215:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11193:
11191:
11185:
11184:
11182:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11169:DNA microarray
11166:
11156:
11155:
11142:
11141:
11140:
11135:
11127:
11117:
11111:
11109:
11105:
11104:
11102:
11101:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11066:
11064:
11057:
11053:
11052:
11049:
11048:
11046:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11014:
11012:
11008:
11007:
11005:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10993:
10992:
10987:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10956:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10935:
10934:
10933:
10928:
10917:
10916:
10915:
10914:
10909:
10901:
10899:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10891:
10881:
10871:
10860:
10858:
10849:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10825:
10822:
10821:
10814:
10813:
10806:
10799:
10791:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10778:
10766:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10730:
10728:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10653:Bioengineering
10650:
10648:Bioelectronics
10645:
10639:
10637:
10631:
10630:
10628:
10627:
10625:Tissue culture
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10591:
10590:
10585:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10564:
10563:
10558:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10531:Bioinformatics
10528:
10526:Biofabrication
10523:
10517:
10515:
10511:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10466:Chromatography
10463:
10458:
10453:
10451:Centrifugation
10447:
10445:
10444:Chemical field
10441:
10440:
10438:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10415:Flow cytometry
10412:
10407:
10402:
10396:
10394:
10387:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10346:
10344:
10340:
10339:
10337:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10302:
10297:
10291:
10289:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10281:
10276:
10270:
10268:
10264:
10263:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10235:
10233:
10229:
10228:
10221:
10220:
10213:
10206:
10198:
10192:
10191:
10178:
10172:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10150:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10120:
10119:
10114:
10108:
10107:
10096:
10095:
10093:
10092:External links
10090:
10088:
10087:
10059:(3): 269–288.
10044:
10024:10.1038/nrc775
10018:(4): 315–319.
10007:
9987:(4): 555–563.
9972:
9960:(2): 794–800.
9945:
9922:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9890:
9871:(3): 149–157.
9854:
9843:(2): 157–162.
9827:
9800:(4): 613–620.
9783:
9740:
9701:
9662:
9643:(1): 155–165.
9627:
9598:(2): 119–133.
9578:
9528:
9469:
9412:
9377:(3): 210–218.
9357:
9320:(5): 488–503.
9300:
9265:(3–5): 68–75.
9245:
9219:
9170:
9144:
9115:(4): 655–663.
9095:
9044:
8991:
8940:
8891:
8842:
8793:
8772:(3): 291–298.
8752:
8723:(4): 207–218.
8703:
8672:(3): 531–537.
8652:
8617:
8568:
8517:
8495:
8442:
8391:
8340:
8321:(3): 296–307.
8305:
8278:(5): 865–876.
8262:
8219:
8170:
8141:(4): 693–706.
8121:
8062:
8033:(5): 891–906.
8013:
7992:(3): 241–254.
7972:
7951:(4): 677–689.
7931:
7892:(12): e15655.
7872:
7815:
7785:10.1.1.318.690
7754:
7733:(6): 475–482.
7710:
7681:(5): 441–443.
7661:
7626:
7605:
7584:(3): 174–182.
7564:
7542:
7493:
7436:
7385:
7339:
7318:(2): 187–205.
7298:
7286:
7242:
7221:10.1038/nrc775
7215:(4): 315–319.
7199:
7178:(4): 555–563.
7158:
7133:Cancer Letters
7123:
7077:
7042:Cytotechnology
7028:
6987:
6946:
6897:
6848:
6819:(5): 437–443.
6799:
6758:
6728:
6702:
6693:
6664:(3): 288–298.
6644:
6603:
6594:
6565:
6558:
6538:
6509:(3): 387–396.
6486:
6467:
6438:(4): 850–855.
6418:
6409:
6362:(6): 426–430.
6342:
6309:
6260:
6234:
6208:
6181:(2): 294–300.
6165:
6143:
6131:"Cell Culture"
6122:
6101:
6042:
6035:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5934:
5931:
5930:Lymphoblastoid
5928:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5887:
5885:
5884:Lymphoblastoid
5882:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5864:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5805:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5646:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5096:
5093:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5070:
5067:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4880:
4879:Opossum Kidney
4877:
4871:
4870:
4855:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4724:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4695:
4694:Lung carcinoma
4692:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4671:
4670:Lung carcinoma
4668:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4646:Lung carcinoma
4644:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4623:
4622:Lung carcinoma
4620:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4599:
4598:Lung carcinoma
4596:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4472:Lung carcinoma
4470:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4215:Adenocarcinoma
4213:
4210:
4207:
4206:Mouse Colon-38
4204:
4200:
4199:
4184:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4029:
4026:
4025:Lymphoblastoid
4023:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4004:
4001:
4000:Lymphoblastoid
3998:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3980:
3977:
3976:Lymphoblastoid
3974:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3956:
3953:
3952:Lymphoblastoid
3950:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3931:Lymphoblastoid
3929:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3906:
3905:Lymphoblastoid
3903:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3883:
3880:
3879:Lymphoblastoid
3877:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3802:
3801:Adenocarcinoma
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3694:Hepatoblastoma
3692:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3560:
3559:Adenocarcinoma
3557:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3507:Lung carcinoma
3505:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3053:Lung carcinoma
3051:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3029:Lung carcinoma
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3006:
3005:Lung carcinoma
3003:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2981:Lung carcinoma
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2854:
2853:Adenocarcinoma
2851:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2327:Lung carcinoma
2325:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2008:
2007:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1935:of plant cell)
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1800:
1794:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1748:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1668:Main article:
1665:
1662:
1653:Main article:
1650:
1647:
1593:Main article:
1590:
1587:
1561:Main article:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1532:Main article:
1529:
1526:
1517:Main article:
1514:
1511:
1490:
1487:
1436:
1433:
1417:tissue culture
1412:
1409:
1395:
1392:
1379:
1376:
1361:
1358:
1332:drug discovery
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:Mechanosensing
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1276:bacteriologist
1243:
1240:
1209:erythropoietin
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1087:turning their
1072:
1069:
1065:transformation
1049:express a gene
1030:
1027:
1006:Main article:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
976:amphotericin B
947:
944:
928:gene silencing
913:culture medium
911:The choice of
909:
908:
894:
887:
880:
869:
866:
858:
855:
798:Main article:
795:
792:
789:
788:
785:
781:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
765:
764:
762:
755:
752:
749:
748:
745:
738:
737:
731:
729:Phenol red dye
725:
724:
709:
705:
704:
701:
695:
694:
691:
685:
684:
681:
669:
668:
665:
658:
655:
654:
653:
650:
647:
646:Leibovitz L-15
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
614:
611:
540:growth factors
517:Hayflick limit
508:
505:
432:Cell isolation
430:Main article:
427:
424:
422:
419:
360:
357:
310:tissue culture
292:tissue culture
233:salt solutions
224:
221:
198:tissue culture
126:
119:
110:growth factors
78:tissue culture
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11301:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11274:Biotechnology
11272:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11264:
11249:
11248:
11239:
11237:
11236:
11227:
11226:
11223:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11194:
11192:
11190:
11186:
11180:
11179:Lab-on-a-chip
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11163:
11158:
11157:
11154:
11153:Radioactivity
11150:
11146:
11143:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11112:
11110:
11106:
11100:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11070:Cultured meat
11068:
11067:
11065:
11061:
11058:
11054:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11009:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10991:
10990:trp repressor
10988:
10986:
10985:lac repressor
10983:
10982:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10940:
10939:
10936:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10923:
10922:
10919:
10918:
10910:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10902:
10900:
10896:
10889:
10885:
10882:
10879:
10875:
10874:Transcription
10872:
10869:
10865:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10857:
10856:Central dogma
10853:
10850:
10846:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10826:
10823:
10819:
10812:
10807:
10805:
10800:
10798:
10793:
10792:
10789:
10777:
10776:
10767:
10765:
10764:
10755:
10754:
10751:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10725:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10640:
10638:
10632:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10553:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10546:Cell immunity
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10518:
10516:
10512:
10502:
10501:Sedimentation
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10442:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10410:Cultured meat
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10393:Biology field
10391:
10388:
10382:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10341:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10286:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10271:
10269:
10265:
10260:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10236:
10234:
10230:
10226:
10225:Biotechnology
10219:
10214:
10212:
10207:
10205:
10200:
10199:
10196:
10189:
10185:
10182:
10179:
10176:
10173:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10154:
10151:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10124:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10084:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9959:
9955:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9932:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9900:
9899:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9858:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9831:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9787:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9755:
9751:
9744:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9705:
9697:
9693:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9666:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9631:
9623:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9582:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9532:
9524:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9473:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9416:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9361:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9304:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9249:
9233:
9229:
9223:
9215:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9174:
9158:
9154:
9148:
9140:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9099:
9091:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9064:(22): 12200.
9063:
9059:
9055:
9048:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8995:
8987:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8944:
8936:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8895:
8887:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8846:
8838:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8797:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8756:
8748:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8707:
8699:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8656:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8621:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8572:
8564:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8521:
8505:
8499:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8446:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8395:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8344:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8309:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8266:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8223:
8215:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8174:
8166:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8125:
8117:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8082:(9): e12905.
8081:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8058:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8009:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7976:
7968:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7935:
7927:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7876:
7868:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7819:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7717:
7715:
7706:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7665:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7630:
7615:
7609:
7601:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7552:
7546:
7538:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7497:
7489:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7440:
7432:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7389:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7346:
7344:
7335:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7249:
7247:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7203:
7195:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7162:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7127:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7082:
7073:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7032:
7024:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6991:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6950:
6942:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6901:
6893:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6795:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6762:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6697:
6689:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6648:
6640:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6607:
6598:
6583:
6579:
6572:
6570:
6561:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6542:
6534:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6491:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6471:
6463:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6422:
6413:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6346:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6153:
6147:
6132:
6126:
6111:
6105:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6038:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6011:
6006:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5407:Neuroblastoma
5406:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5258:T cell tumour
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5187:Basophil cell
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:neuroblastoma
4716:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4054:Ascitic fluid
4053:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:Mammary gland
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3404:Mammary gland
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:Histiocytosis
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:Mammary gland
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2773:Larval tissue
2772:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2472:Neuroblastoma
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2074:Mammary gland
2073:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:Origin tissue
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1988:This list is
1986:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:neuroblastoma
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:breast cancer
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1670:Viral culture
1661:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:United States
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1340:nanomaterials
1337:
1333:
1328:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
999:
993:Media changes
990:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
943:
941:
937:
936:growth medium
933:
929:
926:
922:
918:
914:
906:
902:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
881:
878:
874:
870:
867:
864:
863:
862:
854:
852:
848:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
766:
763:
760:
759:
746:
744:
740:
739:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707:
706:
702:
700:
697:
696:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
675:
671:
670:
666:
663:
662:
651:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
618:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
552:biotechnology
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:growth medium
524:
520:
518:
514:
504:
502:
498:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:
439:
436:Cells can be
433:
418:
416:
412:
410:
405:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:primary cells
381:
377:
376:multicellular
370:
369:growth medium
365:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:developed by
330:
329:polio vaccine
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
293:
289:
285:
282:, working at
281:
276:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:Sydney Ringer
220:
218:
214:
209:
207:
206:Viral culture
203:
202:organ culture
199:
195:
191:
188:culture, and
187:
183:
179:
176:, especially
175:
170:
167:
166:
161:
157:
153:
152:growth medium
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
122:
116:, and gases (
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:carbohydrates
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Cell cultures
11279:Cell biology
11269:Cell culture
11245:
11233:
11145:Fluorescence
11133:Nucleic acid
11124:C57BL/6 mice
11115:Cell culture
11114:
11023:Biochemistry
11018:Cell biology
10773:
10761:
10698:Microbiology
10683:Biochemicals
10595:Gene therapy
10536:Biosynthesis
10514:Applications
10435:Spectroscopy
10405:Cell culture
10404:
10314:Fermentation
10103:Cell culture
10102:
10056:
10052:
10015:
10011:
9984:
9980:
9957:
9953:
9930:
9907:
9868:
9864:
9857:
9840:
9836:
9830:
9797:
9793:
9786:
9753:
9749:
9743:
9718:
9714:
9704:
9679:
9675:
9665:
9640:
9636:
9630:
9595:
9591:
9581:
9546:
9542:
9531:
9486:
9482:
9472:
9429:
9425:
9415:
9374:
9370:
9360:
9317:
9313:
9303:
9262:
9258:
9248:
9236:. Retrieved
9231:
9222:
9187:
9183:
9173:
9161:. Retrieved
9156:
9147:
9112:
9108:
9098:
9061:
9057:
9047:
9004:
9000:
8994:
8957:
8954:BMC Genomics
8953:
8943:
8908:
8904:
8894:
8859:
8855:
8845:
8810:
8806:
8796:
8769:
8765:
8755:
8720:
8716:
8706:
8669:
8665:
8655:
8630:
8626:
8620:
8585:
8581:
8571:
8534:
8530:
8520:
8508:. Retrieved
8506:. Nature.com
8498:
8473:11380/673649
8455:
8451:
8445:
8404:
8400:
8394:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8318:
8314:
8308:
8275:
8271:
8265:
8232:
8228:
8222:
8187:
8183:
8173:
8138:
8134:
8124:
8079:
8075:
8065:
8030:
8026:
8016:
7989:
7985:
7975:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7889:
7885:
7875:
7832:
7828:
7818:
7767:
7763:
7757:
7730:
7726:
7678:
7674:
7664:
7639:
7636:Biomaterials
7635:
7629:
7617:. Retrieved
7608:
7581:
7577:
7567:
7555:. Retrieved
7545:
7510:
7506:
7496:
7453:
7449:
7439:
7402:
7398:
7388:
7355:
7351:
7315:
7311:
7301:
7289:
7277:. Retrieved
7270:the original
7265:
7261:
7212:
7208:
7202:
7175:
7171:
7161:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7093:
7089:
7048:(2): 45–50.
7045:
7041:
7031:
7004:
7000:
6990:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6914:
6910:
6900:
6865:
6862:Neuroscience
6861:
6851:
6816:
6812:
6802:
6775:
6771:
6761:
6749:. Retrieved
6745:the original
6740:
6731:
6719:. Retrieved
6715:the original
6705:
6696:
6661:
6657:
6647:
6620:
6616:
6606:
6597:
6585:. Retrieved
6582:ResearchGate
6581:
6548:
6541:
6506:
6502:
6470:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6412:
6359:
6355:
6345:
6333:. Retrieved
6329:the original
6322:
6312:
6280:(1): 11–18.
6277:
6273:
6263:
6251:. Retrieved
6247:the original
6237:
6225:. Retrieved
6221:
6211:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6156:. Retrieved
6146:
6134:. Retrieved
6125:
6113:. Retrieved
6104:
6059:
6055:
6045:
6018:
5985:LL-100 panel
5808:
5801:
5797:
5666:Osteosarcoma
5372:
5365:
5338:
5331:
5313:Osteosarcoma
5277:
5123:
5114:
4886:
4659:NCI-H69/LX20
4635:NCI-H69/LX10
4523:Lung (fetal)
4422:Osteosarcoma
3775:Fibrosarcoma
3715:
3534:Keratinocyte
3383:Ph+ CML line
3359:Ph+ CML line
3170:Osteosarcoma
3082:
3078:
3071:
3042:COR-L23/R23-
2994:COR-L23/5010
2148:Glioblastoma
2124:Glioblastoma
1998:
1933:model system
1849:
1820:glioblastoma
1688:viral plaque
1673:
1658:
1632:
1623:, including
1618:
1600:
1598:
1572:
1551:
1537:
1522:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1438:
1424:
1414:
1397:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1344:life science
1325:
1292:
1260:Wilhelm Roux
1246:Research in
1245:
1225:
1205:glycosylated
1193:interleukins
1183:, synthetic
1174:
1162:
1153:
1150:Cell strains
1121:
1108:
1098:
1057:transduction
1045:transfection
1042:
1035:Transfection
1011:
996:
987:pH indicator
984:
972:streptomycin
949:
910:
879:(dead) cells
860:
847:air droplets
839:
835:STR analysis
823:
807:NCI-60 panel
803:
771:37 °C
768:Temperature
734:pH indicator
616:
606:
602:
599:microcarrier
594:
588:
580:progesterone
573:
529:
510:
483:
476:
468:growth media
441:
435:
413:
408:
403:
398:
396:
379:
373:
359:Modern usage
318:
309:
305:
296:
286:and then at
241:Wilhelm Roux
237:animal heart
226:
210:
171:
163:
77:
74:Cell culture
73:
72:
57:in culture,
36:
11247:WikiProject
11056:Engineering
11011:Linked life
10926:Pribnow box
10884:Translation
10688:Biorobotics
10678:Biomimetics
10673:Biomedicine
9549:(1): 1–29.
9447:11603/21825
9022:10923/20413
8689:11384/77439
7986:Cancer Cell
7399:BMC Biology
6623:: 187–198.
5943:Cellosaurus
5916:Cellosaurus
5893:Cellosaurus
5870:Cellosaurus
5844:Cellosaurus
5822:Cellosaurus
5785:Cellosaurus
5758:Cellosaurus
5733:Cellosaurus
5707:Cellosaurus
5676:Cellosaurus
5652:Cellosaurus
5624:Cellosaurus
5598:Cellosaurus
5574:Cellosaurus
5548:Cellosaurus
5522:Cellosaurus
5498:Cellosaurus
5468:Cellosaurus
5438:Cellosaurus
5414:Cellosaurus
5388:Cellosaurus
5354:Cellosaurus
5320:Cellosaurus
5293:Cellosaurus
5272:Schneider 2
5262:Cellosaurus
5242:Cellosaurus
5219:Cellosaurus
5194:Cellosaurus
5167:Cellosaurus
5138:Cellosaurus
5102:Cellosaurus
5076:Cellosaurus
5050:Cellosaurus
5027:Cellosaurus
5000:Cellosaurus
4970:Cellosaurus
4944:Cellosaurus
4921:Cellosaurus
4900:Cellosaurus
4868:Cellosaurus
4835:Cellosaurus
4809:Cellosaurus
4784:Cellosaurus
4760:Cellosaurus
4730:Cellosaurus
4701:Cellosaurus
4683:NCI-H69/LX4
4677:Cellosaurus
4653:Cellosaurus
4629:Cellosaurus
4611:NCI-H69/CPR
4605:Cellosaurus
4581:Cellosaurus
4577:Endothelium
4560:Cellosaurus
4540:Cellosaurus
4506:Cellosaurus
4479:Cellosaurus
4455:Cellosaurus
4429:Cellosaurus
4405:Cellosaurus
4376:Cellosaurus
4349:Cellosaurus
4322:Cellosaurus
4295:Cellosaurus
4270:Cellosaurus
4246:Cellosaurus
4219:Cellosaurus
4197:Cellosaurus
4179:A range of
4162:Cellosaurus
4136:Cellosaurus
4114:Cellosaurus
4087:Cellosaurus
4061:Cellosaurus
4035:Cellosaurus
4010:Cellosaurus
3986:Cellosaurus
3962:Cellosaurus
3938:Cellosaurus
3915:Cellosaurus
3889:Cellosaurus
3863:Cellosaurus
3834:Cellosaurus
3808:Cellosaurus
3782:Cellosaurus
3757:Cellosaurus
3728:Cellosaurus
3701:Cellosaurus
3675:Cellosaurus
3650:Cellosaurus
3623:Cellosaurus
3593:Cellosaurus
3566:Cellosaurus
3542:Cellosaurus
3514:Cellosaurus
3488:Cellosaurus
3464:Cellosaurus
3438:Cellosaurus
3420:EMT6/AR10.0
3414:Cellosaurus
3390:Cellosaurus
3366:Cellosaurus
3342:Cellosaurus
3319:Cellosaurus
3296:Cellosaurus
3264:Cellosaurus
3236:Cellosaurus
3206:Cellosaurus
3178:Cellosaurus
3152:Cellosaurus
3131:Cellosaurus
3100:Cellosaurus
3084:Chlorocebus
3060:Cellosaurus
3036:Cellosaurus
3018:COR-L23/CPR
3012:Cellosaurus
2988:Cellosaurus
2964:Cellosaurus
2942:Cellosaurus
2917:Cellosaurus
2883:Cellosaurus
2860:Cellosaurus
2834:Cellosaurus
2808:Cellosaurus
2782:Cellosaurus
2756:Cellosaurus
2727:Cellosaurus
2704:Cellosaurus
2679:Cellosaurus
2652:Cellosaurus
2625:Cellosaurus
2598:Cellosaurus
2562:Cellosaurus
2558:Endothelium
2535:Cellosaurus
2510:Cellosaurus
2482:Cellosaurus
2457:Cellosaurus
2423:Cellosaurus
2409:Bone marrow
2395:Cellosaurus
2362:Cellosaurus
2334:Cellosaurus
2308:Cellosaurus
2280:Cellosaurus
2256:Cellosaurus
2232:Cellosaurus
2208:Cellosaurus
2182:Cellosaurus
2155:Cellosaurus
2131:Cellosaurus
2107:Cellosaurus
2100:Astrocytoma
2083:Cellosaurus
2058:Cellosaurus
1931:, they are
1883:(embryonic
1851:Chlorocebus
1777:bone cancer
1680:recombinant
1643:baculovirus
1280:Robert Koch
1274:, a German
1197:lymphokines
964:Antibiotics
582:-producing
456:collagenase
448:white cells
349:Nobel Prize
278:1 cm.
140:temperature
94:amino acids
11263:Categories
11197:Epigenetic
11108:Techniques
10970:Terminator
10953:trp operon
10948:lac operon
10943:gal operon
10643:Bioeconomy
10615:Stem cells
10568:Embryology
10491:Filtration
10481:Extraction
10400:Bioreactor
9238:31 January
9163:31 January
9007:: 110264.
8960:(1): 238.
8633:: 100552.
8537:: 852419.
7557:27 January
7279:28 October
7262:Cell Notes
6751:2 February
6721:2 December
5987:Cell Lines
5980:Cell Lines
5693:Epithelium
5669:Epithelial
5617:Epithelium
5515:Epithelial
5131:Epithelial
4753:Fibroblast
4556:Epithelium
4526:Fibroblast
4485:Mono-Mac-6
4436:MIA PaCa-2
4398:Epithelium
4356:MDA-MB-468
4328:MDA-MB-361
4302:MDA-MB-231
4276:MDA-MB-157
4183:cell lines
4132:Epithelial
4107:Epithelial
3749:Myeloblast
3668:Epithelial
3616:Epithelium
3607:derivative
3586:Epithelium
3475:Glioma 261
3285:Epithelial
3274:Dura mater
3228:macrophage
3093:Fibroblast
2960:Epithelium
2903:Epithelium
2710:C3H-10T1/2
2672:Epithelial
2621:Epithelium
2583:Fibroblast
2528:Epithelial
2355:Fibroblast
2177:lymphocyte
2051:Fibroblast
2028:Morphology
1990:incomplete
1953:epithelial
1875:cell lines
1858:cell line)
1856:epithelial
1840:cell lines
1761:MDA-MB-468
1567:See also:
1483:adenovirus
1460:chickenpox
1268:Petri dish
1252:stem cells
1169:stem cells
968:penicillin
934:. Using a
932:cell lines
901:epigenetic
851:Jonas Salk
829:analysis,
761:Parameter
689:Amino acid
664:Component
637:Ham's f-12
591:suspension
513:senescence
501:cell types
494:telomerase
490:expression
333:Jonas Salk
231:developed
217:cell lines
213:laboratory
174:eukaryotes
154:, such as
65:(red) and
45:Petri dish
32:Subculture
11122:(such as
10980:Repressor
10486:Fed Batch
10386:and tools
9573:248756548
9565:2662-8449
9505:1475-925X
9464:219972841
9391:1474-1784
9336:1932-6254
9279:0960-0760
9039:208277016
8905:ACS Omega
8813:(2): 91.
8698:2051-6347
8647:213634060
8490:205225137
8386:206517419
7780:CiteSeerX
7405:(1): 37.
7380:222319735
6868:: 86–98.
6227:23 August
6195:0022-1899
5540:hybridoma
5276:Insect -
4151:Hybridoma
4076:Hybridoma
3708:High Five
3656:Hepa1c1c7
2767:Insect -
2743:astrocyte
2348:Zebrafish
2015:Cell line
2001:July 2011
1964:Zebrafish
1927:(kept as
1885:calvarium
1678:viruses,
1676:wild type
1583:cytokinin
1140:hybridoma
1136:immunised
1118:Hybridoma
1101:bioethics
1079:Cultured
1061:infection
1023:RAW cells
1008:Passaging
873:apoptotic
827:isoenzyme
721:cofactors
678:glutamine
667:Function
649:DMEM/F-12
632:RPMI 1640
378:organism
249:embryonic
132:pH buffer
11129:Methods
11063:Concepts
11043:Genetics
10997:Silencer
10975:Enhancer
10931:TATA box
10921:Promoter
10912:Heredity
10848:Overview
10839:Glossary
10763:Category
10718:Virology
10620:Telomere
10267:Branches
10184:Archived
10032:12001993
10003:10508494
9849:11317521
9778:31499611
9735:21983546
9657:24973510
9622:33341248
9523:32050989
9489:(1): 9.
9456:32567628
9407:35904402
9399:16518374
9344:24493315
9295:19646957
9287:22265957
9214:16439551
9139:19472329
9090:34830082
9031:31761183
8986:33823809
8935:30320273
8886:22161651
8837:20130583
8788:22776290
8747:24831787
8604:20948552
8563:22007147
8510:26 March
8482:21654799
8437:28568350
8429:19074349
8378:19179533
8335:15744840
8300:21773886
8292:18266108
8249:17932231
8214:18086923
8165:20733059
8116:20886123
8076:PLOS ONE
8057:19931152
8008:16169468
7967:16923388
7926:21179449
7886:PLOS ONE
7867:20647425
7802:16293750
7749:28627731
7705:27190588
7656:14643607
7619:30 April
7537:28388410
7488:30613774
7431:31039782
7372:33046912
7334:23223511
7229:12001993
7194:10508494
7153:16504380
7118:13255156
7110:17303729
7072:19002894
7023:11732505
6982:10516762
6960:Leukemia
6941:25722392
6892:26254240
6843:24692228
6794:19324349
6688:21723873
6639:26186893
6533:19867420
6462:16652925
6404:16588100
6335:19 April
6304:10339716
6296:16522146
6253:19 April
6203:30073371
6136:19 April
6115:19 April
6096:22991459
5983:List of
5976:List of
5951:See also
5907:Lymphoma
5862:Melanoma
5804:(kidney)
5700:Archived
5640:Monocyte
5233:Pancreas
5184:Leukemia
5156:lymphoma
5091:Prostate
5065:Prostate
4927:P3X63Ag8
4914:Prostate
4861:Archived
4853:Melanoma
4708:Neuro-2a
4533:Archived
4461:MOR/0.2R
4445:Prostate
4340:Melanoma
4190:Archived
4181:melanoma
3855:leukemia
3665:Hepatoma
3600:HEK 293T
3456:Melanoma
3396:EMT6/AR1
3293:11317521
3253:Androgen
3224:Monocyte
2910:Archived
2695:Myoblast
2591:Archived
2450:Archived
2440:Melanoma
2388:Archived
2262:A2780cis
2238:A2780ADR
2171:lymphoma
2021:Organism
1810:leukemia
1467:pandemic
1440:Vaccines
1435:Vaccines
1425:in vitro
1367:in vitro
1311:Fibrosis
1185:hormones
1165:vaccines
1107:held in
940:in vitro
877:necrotic
713:isotonic
699:Vitamins
454:such as
438:isolated
404:in vitro
399:in vitro
386:) or an
380:in vitro
325:vaccines
321:virology
268:vaccinia
194:microbes
114:hormones
106:minerals
102:vitamins
11202:Genetic
11149:Pigment
11138:Protein
11099:Wet lab
11095:Dry lab
11075:Mitosis
10907:Genetic
10898:Element
10888:protein
10829:History
10775:Commons
10658:Biology
10551:Cloning
10329:Protein
10324:Plasmid
10232:History
10083:6353093
10074:1139336
9885:9548074
9837:In Vivo
9822:6182244
9814:8436435
9770:2435412
9696:9427291
9613:7990030
9514:7017614
9352:1991776
9205:1367171
9130:2997742
9081:8618305
8977:8025518
8926:6173554
8877:3306496
8815:Bibcode
8738:4026212
8612:6925183
8554:3189631
8409:Bibcode
8401:Science
8358:Bibcode
8350:Science
8205:2140013
8156:2928007
8107:2944843
8084:Bibcode
8048:2788004
7917:3001487
7894:Bibcode
7858:2929271
7837:Bibcode
7829:Science
7810:9036803
7772:Bibcode
7764:Science
7696:4867479
7600:9785764
7528:5421364
7479:6314821
7458:Bibcode
7422:6489231
7090:Science
7063:3449683
6919:Bibcode
6911:Science
6883:4699268
6834:4230958
6679:3164875
6524:2125263
6395:1076796
6364:Bibcode
6087:3478631
6064:Bibcode
5504:SK-N-SH
5475:SK-OV-3
5445:SK-BR-3
5395:SH-SY5Y
4935:Myeloma
4816:NTERA-2
4737:NIH-3T3
4587:NCI-H69
4383:MDCK II
4252:MCF-10A
4019:Kyoto-1
3853:T cell
3824:Myeloma
3764:HT-1080
3605:HEK 293
3573:HEK 293
3302:E14Tg2a
3125:8436435
3106:COV-434
2970:COR-L23
2897:Hamster
2611:HEK 293
2576:Hamster
2516:BEAS-2B
2420:2435412
2376:Hamster
2018:Meaning
1958:Xenopus
1951:kidney
1854:kidney
1816:U-87 MG
1807:myeloid
1805:(acute
1791:myeloma
1783:SH-SY5Y
1456:rubella
1448:measles
1372:in vivo
1264:polymer
1213:somatic
1199:), and
1181:enzymes
1085:Hoechst
1015:trypsin
897:Genetic
674:glucose
607:in vivo
492:of the
464:pronase
460:trypsin
452:enzymes
443:ex vivo
409:in vivo
275:corneal
252:chicken
223:History
69:(green)
63:keratin
59:stained
11162:-omics
11151:&
10960:Intron
10938:Operon
10703:Mining
10636:fields
10295:Allele
10100:about
10081:
10071:
10040:991019
10038:
10030:
10001:
9883:
9847:
9820:
9812:
9776:
9768:
9733:
9694:
9655:
9620:
9610:
9571:
9563:
9521:
9511:
9503:
9462:
9454:
9405:
9397:
9389:
9350:
9342:
9334:
9293:
9285:
9277:
9212:
9202:
9137:
9127:
9088:
9078:
9037:
9029:
8984:
8974:
8933:
8923:
8884:
8874:
8835:
8786:
8745:
8735:
8696:
8645:
8610:
8602:
8561:
8551:
8488:
8480:
8452:Nature
8435:
8427:
8384:
8376:
8333:
8298:
8290:
8257:201357
8255:
8247:
8212:
8202:
8163:
8153:
8114:
8104:
8055:
8045:
8006:
7965:
7924:
7914:
7865:
7855:
7808:
7800:
7782:
7747:
7703:
7693:
7654:
7598:
7535:
7525:
7486:
7476:
7429:
7419:
7378:
7370:
7332:
7237:991019
7235:
7227:
7192:
7151:
7116:
7108:
7070:
7060:
7021:
6980:
6939:
6890:
6880:
6841:
6831:
6792:
6686:
6676:
6637:
6587:22 May
6556:
6531:
6521:
6481:
6460:
6453:439112
6450:
6402:
6392:
6384:
6302:
6294:
6222:TEDMED
6201:
6193:
6158:9 June
6094:
6084:
6033:
5978:NCI-60
5867:ESTDAB
5564:Breast
5458:Breast
5300:SaOS-2
5225:RIN-5F
5209:Kidney
5128:Kidney
4951:PANC-1
4891:Kidney
4858:ESTDAB
4841:NW-145
4766:NALM-1
4750:Embryo
4717:Nerve/
4546:MTD-1A
4395:Kidney
4236:Breast
4129:Kidney
4120:MA-104
3944:KCL-22
3841:Jurkat
3682:Hep G2
3484:Glioma
3291:
3123:
3090:Kidney
2923:CML T1
2841:Calu-3
2822:Tongue
2814:Cal-27
2789:Caco-2
2748:Glioma
2741:Brain
2659:BxPC-3
2605:BOSC23
2579:Kidney
2569:BHK-21
2552:Brain/
2542:bEnd.3
2418:
2412:Stroma
2089:1321N1
2048:Embryo
2038:3T3-L1
2032:Links
1838:Animal
1773:SaOS-2
1458:, and
1132:spleen
1089:nuclei
966:(e.g.
921:CRISPR
817:(STR)
743:buffer
548:prions
353:kidney
343:, and
247:of an
186:fungal
178:animal
90:medium
10834:Index
10727:Lists
10605:Omics
10036:S2CID
9818:S2CID
9774:S2CID
9569:S2CID
9460:S2CID
9403:S2CID
9348:S2CID
9291:S2CID
9157:Wired
9035:S2CID
8643:S2CID
8608:S2CID
8486:S2CID
8433:S2CID
8382:S2CID
8296:S2CID
8253:S2CID
7806:S2CID
7580:. 3.
7376:S2CID
7273:(PDF)
7258:(PDF)
7233:S2CID
7114:S2CID
7001:Blood
6386:86579
6382:JSTOR
6300:S2CID
6199:JSTOR
5940:ECACC
5927:Human
5913:ECACC
5904:Mouse
5899:YAC-1
5890:ECACC
5881:Human
5876:WT-49
5855:Human
5835:Human
5819:ECACC
5798:verda
5782:ECACC
5772:Human
5755:ECACC
5746:Human
5730:ECACC
5720:Human
5697:ECACC
5687:Human
5673:ECACC
5663:Human
5649:ECACC
5637:Human
5631:THP-1
5621:ECACC
5611:Human
5595:ECACC
5585:Human
5571:ECACC
5561:Human
5555:T-47D
5533:Human
5512:Brain
5509:Human
5495:ECACC
5488:Ovary
5485:Human
5455:Human
5425:Human
5411:ECACC
5401:Human
5385:ECACC
5379:Ovary
5351:ECACC
5345:Ovary
5317:ECACC
5307:Human
5253:Mouse
5248:RMA-S
5239:ECACC
5230:Mouse
5206:Mouse
5200:RenCa
5191:ECACC
5174:RBL-1
5164:ECACC
5151:Human
5135:ECACC
5109:Pt K2
5099:ECACC
5087:Human
5073:ECACC
5061:Human
5056:PNT1A
5038:Human
5024:ECACC
5014:Human
4997:ECACC
4957:Human
4941:ECACC
4932:Mouse
4911:Human
4897:ECACC
4846:Human
4832:ECACC
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