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48:
4135:
76:
1343:
40:
5206:
737:
676:
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5195:
4124:
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1181:-based systems use a wider frequency band to achieve the same rate of transmission as FDMA, but this is compensated for by the ability to use a frequency reuse factor of 1, for example using a reuse pattern of 1/1. In other words, adjacent base station sites use the same frequencies, and the different base stations and users are separated by codes rather than frequencies. While
1242:
directional antennas aimed in three different directions with 120 degrees for each cell (totaling 360 degrees) and receiving/transmitting into three different cells at different frequencies. This provides a minimum of three channels, and three towers for each cell and greatly increases the chances of receiving a usable signal from at least one direction.
662:. Private cellular networks can be used for research or for large organizations and fleets, such as dispatch for local public safety agencies or a taxicab company, as well as for local wireless communications in enterprise and industrial settings such as factories, warehouses, mines, power plants, substations, oil and gas facilities and ports.
1701:
algorithm of the transmitter increases the power it transmits to restore the level of received power. As the interference (noise) rises above the received power from the transmitter, and the power of the transmitter cannot be increased anymore, the signal becomes corrupted and eventually unusable. In
1623:
As the phone user moves from one cell area to another cell while a call is in progress, the mobile station will search for a new channel to attach to in order not to drop the call. Once a new channel is found, the network will command the mobile unit to switch to the new channel and at the same time
1196:
are being deployed with a frequency reuse of 1. Since such systems do not spread the signal across the frequency band, inter-cell radio resource management is important to coordinate resource allocation between different cell sites and to limit the inter-cell interference. There are various means of
1053:
The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to reuse frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity. As described above, adjacent cells must use different frequencies, however, there is no problem with two cells sufficiently far apart operating on the same frequency, provided the
1365:
Modern mobile phone networks use cells because radio frequencies are a limited, shared resource. Cell-sites and handsets change frequency under computer control and use low power transmitters so that the usually limited number of radio frequencies can be simultaneously used by many callers with less
1325:
In a cellular system, as the distributed mobile transceivers move from cell to cell during an ongoing continuous communication, switching from one cell frequency to a different cell frequency is done electronically without interruption and without a base station operator or manual switching. This is
1017:. DSSS allows multiple simultaneous phone conversations to take place on a single wideband RF channel, without needing to channelize them in time or frequency. Although more sophisticated than older multiple access schemes (and unfamiliar to legacy telephone companies because it was not developed by
600:). These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data, and other types of content. A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell.
1651:
it will typically be impossible to test the target channel directly while communicating. In this case, other techniques have to be used such as pilot beacons in IS-95. This means that there is almost always a brief break in the communication while searching for the new channel followed by the risk
782:
of Bell Labs that permitted multiple callers in a given area to use the same frequency by switching calls to the nearest available cellular tower having that frequency available. This strategy is viable because a given radio frequency can be reused in a different area for an unrelated transmission.
1395:
mile (0.80 km), while in rural areas, the range could be as much as 5 miles (8.0 km). It is possible that in clear open areas, a user may receive signals from a cell site 25 miles (40 km) away. In rural areas with low-band coverage and tall towers, basic voice and messaging service
1321:
In a primitive taxi system, when the taxi moved away from a first tower and closer to a second tower, the taxi driver manually switched from one frequency to another as needed. If communication was interrupted due to a loss of a signal, the taxi driver asked the base station operator to repeat the
748:
system, a land area to be supplied with radio service is divided into cells in a pattern dependent on terrain and reception characteristics. These cell patterns roughly take the form of regular shapes, such as hexagons, squares, or circles although hexagonal cells are conventional. Each of these
1241:
Although the original cell towers created an even, omnidirectional signal, were at the centers of the cells and were omnidirectional, a cellular map can be redrawn with the cellular telephone towers located at the corners of the hexagons where three cells converge. Each tower has three sets of
1040:
ability compared to original AMPS cells, that typically only addressed one to three unique spaces. Massive MIMO deployment allows much greater channel reuse, thus increasing the number of subscribers per cell site, greater data throughput per user, or some combination thereof.
1689:
Higher frequencies are a disadvantage when it comes to coverage, but it is a decided advantage when it comes to capacity. Picocells, covering e.g. one floor of a building, become possible, and the same frequency can be used for cells which are practically neighbors.
2621:
1635:
code (PN code) that is specific to each phone. As the user moves from one cell to another, the handset sets up radio links with multiple cell sites (or sectors of the same site) simultaneously. This is known as "soft handoff" because, unlike with traditional
1373:
to achieve both coverage and capacity for their subscribers. Large geographic areas are split into smaller cells to avoid line-of-sight signal loss and to support a large number of active phones in that area. All of the cell sites are connected to
1330:
or handoff. Typically, a new channel is automatically selected for the mobile unit on the new base station which will serve it. The mobile unit then automatically switches from the current channel to the new channel and communication continues.
799:
approximately covers some area. When they do not receive a signal from the transmitter, they try other channels until finding one that works. The taxi drivers only speak one at a time when invited by the base station operator. This is a form of
946:
With FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used by different users in each cell are different from each other. Each cellular call was assigned a pair of frequencies (one for base to mobile, the other for mobile to base) to provide
963:"B" system. The number of channels was expanded to 416 pairs per carrier, but ultimately the number of RF channels limits the number of calls that a cell site could handle. FDMA is a familiar technology to telephone companies, which used
1112:
is the number of cells per cluster. Cells may vary in radius from 1 to 30 kilometres (0.62 to 18.64 mi). The boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells and large cells can be divided into smaller cells.
794:
Consider the case of a taxi company, where each radio has a manually operated channel selector knob to tune to different frequencies. As drivers move around, they change from channel to channel. The drivers are aware of which
1655:
If there is no ongoing communication or the communication can be interrupted, it is possible for the mobile unit to spontaneously move from one cell to another and then notify the base station with the strongest signal.
623:, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
986:(time delay) into the audio signal. As long as the latency time is short enough that the delayed audio is not heard as an echo, it is not problematic. TDMA is a familiar technology for telephone companies, which used
1697:, and the transmitter should not send with too high transmission power in view to not cause interference with other transmitters. As the receiver moves away from the transmitter, the power received decreases, so the
1201:(ICIC) already defined in the standard. Coordinated scheduling, multi-site MIMO or multi-site beamforming are other examples for inter-cell radio resource management that might be standardized in the future.
1267:
The details of the process of paging vary somewhat from network to network, but normally we know a limited number of cells where the phone is located (this group of cells is called a
Location Area in the
1128:
is the number of cells which cannot use the same frequencies for transmission. Common values for the frequency reuse factor are 1/3, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9 and 1/12 (or 3, 4, 7, 9 and 12, depending on notation).
3055:
Paetsch, Michael (1993): The evolution of mobile communications in the US and Europe. Regulation, technology, and markets. Boston, London: Artech House (The Artech House mobile communications library).
1693:
Cell service area may also vary due to interference from transmitting systems, both within and around that cell. This is true especially in CDMA based systems. The receiver requires a certain
1523:
system network. There are many functions that are performed by this network in order to make sure customers get the desired service including mobility management, registration, call set-up, and
1334:
The exact details of the mobile system's move from one base station to the other vary considerably from system to system (see the example below for how a mobile phone network manages handover).
1670:
The effect of frequency on cell coverage means that different frequencies serve better for different uses. Low frequencies, such as 450 MHz NMT, serve very well for countryside coverage.
1045:(QAM) modems offer an increasing number of bits per symbol, allowing more users per megahertz of bandwidth (and decibels of SNR), greater data throughput per user, or some combination thereof.
1280:, cells are grouped into Tracking Areas). Paging takes place by sending the broadcast message to all of those cells. Paging messages can be used for information transfer. This happens in
1210:
982:
bursts of voice data that are fit into time slices for transmission, and expanded at the receiving end to produce a somewhat normal-sounding voice at the receiver. TDMA must introduce
2949:
1715:
One can see examples of cell coverage by studying some of the coverage maps provided by real operators on their web sites or by looking at independently crowdsourced maps such as
1730:
is used to extend cell coverage into larger areas. They range from wideband repeaters for consumer use in homes and offices to smart or digital repeaters for industrial needs.
1260:
systems, the most important use of broadcast information is to set up channels for one-to-one communication between the mobile transceiver and the base station. This is called
787:
from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. Consequently, there must be at least one cell gap between cells which reuse the same frequency in a standard
2179:
1185:
is shown as 1 in this example, that does not mean the CDMA cell has only one sector, but rather that the entire cell bandwidth is also available to each sector individually.
1098:
1256:
Practically every cellular system has some kind of broadcast mechanism. This can be used directly for distributing information to multiple mobiles. Commonly, for example in
642:
With data compression and multiplexing, several video (including digital video) and audio channels may travel through a higher frequency signal on a single wideband carrier
1234:(FCC) limits omnidirectional cell tower signals to 100 watts of power. If the tower has directional antennas, the FCC allows the cell operator to emit up to 500 watts of
2174:
3252:
2375:
4470:
3188:
1703:
841:. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network. It was an analog
2437:
2985:
1245:
The numbers in the illustration are channel numbers, which repeat every 3 cells. Large cells can be subdivided into smaller cells for high volume areas.
639:
Capability of utilizing higher frequency signals (and thus more available bandwidth / faster data rates) that are not able to propagate at long distances
3730:
636:
Larger coverage area than a single terrestrial transmitter, since additional cell towers can be added indefinitely and are not limited by the horizon
907:
generation, was launched in 1991. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G analog network operators.
2169:
3751:
2545:
4098:
767:. The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the same frequencies are not reused in adjacent cells, which would cause
2619:, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 1957-08-13
1723:. In certain cases they may mark the site of the transmitter; in others, it can be calculated by working out the point of strongest coverage.
3978:
1189:
974:
With TDMA, the transmitting and receiving time slots used by different users in each cell are different from each other. TDMA typically uses
630:
More capacity than a single large transmitter, since the same frequency can be used for multiple links as long as they are in different cells
2956:
778:
in a cellular network, compared with a network with a single transmitter, comes from the mobile communication switching system developed by
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2312:
1248:
Cell phone companies also use this directional signal to improve reception along highways and inside buildings like stadiums and arenas.
603:
When joined together, these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables numerous portable transceivers (e.g.,
5260:
2478:
2164:
1930:
1605:
1447:
1419:
are mobile phones that do not communicate directly with a ground-based cellular tower but may do so indirectly by way of a satellite.
3928:
3902:
3106:
3012:
1706:, the effect of interference from other mobile transmitters in the same cell on coverage area is very marked and has a special name,
3181:
3066:
1152:
sector antennas per site. Some current and historical reuse patterns are 3/7 (North
American AMPS), 6/4 (Motorola NAMPS), and 3/4 (
1136:
sector antennas on the same base station site, each with different direction, the base station site can serve N different sectors.
5270:
1423:
5172:
4058:
2203:
292:
30:
This article is about the infrastructure of cellular networks. For the companies that provide services on these networks, see
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5157:
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In contrast, a single transmitter can only handle one transmission for a given frequency. Inevitably, there is some level of
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4304:
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Major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks over most of the inhabited land area of
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Radio channels effectively use the transmission medium through the use of the following multiplexing and access schemes:
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310:
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5255:
5250:
4934:
3973:
3098:
2354:
1554:
1415:(analog), the term "cell phone" is in some regions, notably the US, used interchangeably with "mobile phone". However,
956:
916:
788:
557:
17:
3093:
P. Key, D. Smith. Teletraffic
Engineering in a competitive world. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam Netherlands, 1999.
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3311:
3232:
2850:
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1462:(iDEN). The transition from existing analog to the digital standard followed a very different path in Europe and the
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The elements that determine frequency reuse are the reuse distance and the reuse factor. The reuse distance,
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2912:
J. E. Flood. Telecommunication
Networks. Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, UK, 1997. chapter 12.
2302:
1889:
1427:
1412:
158:
4016:
1299:
In LTE/4G, the Paging procedure is initiated by the MME when data packets need to be delivered to the UE.
5209:
4716:
4156:
3463:
2372:"Google's Private Cell Phone Network Could Be a Threat to Cellular Carriers | MIT Technology Review"
1911:
1498:
1281:
1264:. The three different paging procedures generally adopted are sequential, parallel and selective paging.
411:
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4990:
4929:
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2535:
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987:
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between 1955 and 1960, was adapted for cellular networks by the early 1990s, with the wide adoption of
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248:
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4546:
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4408:
4235:
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2224:
2139:
1917:
1824:
1116:
The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be used in the network. It is
1067:
818:
The history of cellular phone technology began on
December 11, 1947 with an internal memo written by
633:
Mobile devices use less power than a single transmitter or satellite since the cell towers are closer
401:
5199:
4441:
4376:
4329:
4289:
4128:
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2240:
1953:
1439:
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1235:
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may reach 50 miles (80 km), with limitations on bandwidth and number of simultaneous calls.
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4818:
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4641:
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4205:
4200:
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3686:
3327:
2012:
1648:
1535:
784:
768:
690:
31:
2926:
2797:
1738:
The following table shows the dependency of the coverage area of one cell on the frequency of a
1583:
Small cells, which have a smaller coverage area than base stations, are categorised as follows:
4960:
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4506:
4501:
4314:
4279:
4103:
3215:
2154:
2043:
1849:
1491:
616:
550:
512:
258:
2836:
1631:, multiple CDMA handsets share a specific radio channel. The signals are separated by using a
4862:
4666:
4631:
4551:
4531:
4453:
4341:
4262:
4041:
3968:
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2134:
2124:
1903:
1860:
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1370:
1289:
446:
303:
4195:
3149:
2458:
900:) devices leading to the development and proliferation of digital wireless mobile networks.
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8:
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4026:
2192:
2119:
2109:
1637:
1400:
1223:
869:
2813:
2636:
1350:
The most common example of a cellular network is a mobile phone (cell phone) network. A
1167:, each cell can only use a number of frequency channels corresponding to a bandwidth of
849:
had developed cellular technology since 1947, and had cellular networks in operation in
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351:
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118:
826:
engineer in which he proposed development of a cellular telephone system by AT&T.
47:
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2214:
2080:
Starting with EVDO the following techniques can also be used to improve performance:
1836:
1727:
1029:
979:
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451:
436:
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396:
331:
148:
59:
4721:
2521:
2052:(IEEE 802.20, Mobile Broadband Wireless Access, HC-SDMA, iBurst, has been shut down)
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873:
842:
779:
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651:
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183:
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108:
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4309:
4284:
4272:
3997:
3160:
2574:
2307:
2219:
1416:
1054:
masts and cellular network users' equipment do not transmit with too much power.
998:
983:
819:
659:
608:
517:
243:
188:
98:
75:
67:
3046:– Richard H. Frenkiel (Bell Labs), filed 22 September 1976, issued 13 March 1979
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406:
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113:
93:
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1482:
A simple view of the cellular mobile-radio network consists of the following:
1215:
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5033:
4806:
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system where it allows for low downlink latency in packet-based connections.
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233:
203:
153:
85:
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3815:
3799:
3432:
2442:
2338:
2018:
2007:
1884:
1877:
1487:
1455:
1351:
1021:), CDMA has scaled well to become the basis for 3G cellular radio systems.
1002:
975:
889:
881:
740:
Example of frequency reuse factor or pattern, with four frequencies (F1-F4)
604:
597:
416:
341:
228:
163:
123:
103:
1640:, there is no one defined point where the phone switches to the new cell.
1422:
There are a number of different digital cellular technologies, including:
5111:
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4671:
4656:
4616:
4576:
4435:
3897:
3846:
3756:
3744:
2092:
2068:
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1466:. As a consequence, multiple digital standards surfaced in the US, while
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948:
846:
593:
481:
386:
336:
198:
39:
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4521:
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1716:
1578:
1359:
897:
486:
381:
3523:
2775:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321.
2691:
2676:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon"
2513:
1534:) at a corner of the corresponding cell which in turn connects to the
1209:
5101:
4566:
4381:
4148:
2950:"Heterogeneous LTE Networks and Inter-Cell Interference Coordination"
2842:
2464:
1659:
1599:
1587:
1355:
1342:
1018:
877:
823:
796:
476:
356:
346:
208:
168:
2947:
2161:
Deployed networks by country (including technology and frequencies)
675:
5096:
5086:
5003:
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4651:
3876:
3780:
3679:
3602:
3569:
2195:- code, frequency, and technology for each operator in each country
1972:
1947:
1739:
1618:
1593:
1435:
1327:
1006:
872:
began in the early 1990s, leading to the transition from analog to
268:
2948:
Pauli, Volker; Naranjo, Juan Diego; Seidel, Eiko (December 2010).
1385:
In cities, each cell site may have a range of up to approximately
736:
5091:
5076:
4294:
4110:
3640:
3607:
3482:
3413:
3347:
3342:
3262:
2878:
O'Neill, A. (2008). "Asad Abidi
Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS".
2230:
1941:
1897:
1524:
1477:
1431:
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system, or
Routing Area if a data packet session is involved; in
893:
850:
1354:
is a portable telephone which receives or makes calls through a
5121:
5081:
4403:
3819:
3690:
3590:
3332:
3272:
1963:
1935:
1678:
1800 (1.8 GHz) starts to be limited by structural walls.
1467:
990:
to add channels to their point-to-point wireline plants before
967:
to add channels to their point-to-point wireline plants before
920:
854:
612:
2180:
List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa
1316:
5106:
5043:
4351:
3907:
3892:
3855:
3842:
3761:
3739:
3545:
3337:
3155:
What are cellular networks? 1G to 6G Features & Evolution
2500:
Rappaport, T. S. (November 1991). "The wireless revolution".
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2030:
1977:
1958:
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1612:
1014:
885:
838:
647:
620:
526:
263:
253:
143:
3015:. Privateline.com. 1 January 2006. p. 2. Archived from
915:
To distinguish signals from several different transmitters,
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3771:
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2270:
2175:
List of mobile network operators of the Asia
Pacific region
2084:
1988:
1983:
1871:
1866:
1679:
1647:
inter-frequency handovers and older analog systems such as
1628:
1505:
1408:
1293:
1285:
1273:
1025:
504:
2798:"The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen"
2438:"The 1947 Paper That First Described a Cell-Phone Network"
1674:
900 (900 MHz) is suitable for light urban coverage.
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3389:
3376:
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1855:
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1671:
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are used to transfer signals to and from the cell phone.
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1153:
928:
857:
prior to 1979, but commercial service was delayed by the
626:
Cellular networks offer a number of desirable features:
3871:
3794:
3564:
3366:
3287:
3044:
2057:
2001:
1924:
1845:
1841:
940:
904:
830:
1542:(PSTN). The link from a phone to the RBS is called an
586:
and the network is distributed over land areas called
1515:
to connect subscribers to the wider telephony network
1226:
to improve reception in higher-traffic areas. In the
1070:
837:(NTT) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of
2838:
2635:Huff, Howard; Riordan, Michael (1 September 2007).
1828:
Cellular network standards and generation timeline.
903:The first commercial digital cellular network, the
2435:
1682:, at 2.1 GHz is quite similar in coverage to
1660:Cellular frequency choice in mobile phone networks
1092:
1013:that was used for early CDMA cellular systems and
2637:"Frosch and Derick: Fifty Years Later (Foreword)"
5242:
2925:. The Reverse Phone. 8 June 2011. Archived from
2460:RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies
2341:; Jens Zander; Ki Won Sung; Ben Slimane (2016).
2170:List of mobile network operators of the Americas
1251:
1213:Cellular telephone frequency reuse pattern. See
1024:Other available methods of multiplexing such as
955:systems had 666 channel pairs, 333 each for the
3196:
3133:. Nova Southeastern University. Archived from
3064:
2795:
1530:Any phone connects to the network via an RBS (
1478:Structure of the mobile phone cellular network
1148:denotes a further division in frequency among
4164:
3182:
2615:
1190:orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
1001:technology developed for military use during
749:cells is assigned with multiple frequencies (
592:, each served by at least one fixed-location
551:
2983:
2880:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter
2673:
2369:
1652:of an unexpected return to the old channel.
1538:(MSC). The MSC provides a connection to the
1452:Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
1378:(or switches), which in turn connect to the
5179:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2877:
2871:
2634:
2313:Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations
1317:Movement from cell to cell and handing over
829:The first commercial cellular network, the
704:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5215:
4171:
4157:
3189:
3175:
3107:Mobile Cellular Telecommunications Systems
2979:
2977:
2802:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
2456:
2165:List of mobile network operators of Europe
1613:Cellular handover in mobile phone networks
1448:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
861:, with cellular assets transferred to the
558:
544:
2987:The Myth of Cellular Tower Health Hazards
2740:Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories
2698:
2499:
1470:and many countries converged towards the
1171:, and each sector can use a bandwidth of
724:Learn how and when to remove this message
2736:"Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device"
2565:
2563:
2436:Alexis C. Madrigal (16 September 2011).
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
1823:
1341:
1208:
735:
582:where the link to and from end nodes is
46:
38:
3159:Technical Details with Call Flow about
2974:
1424:Global System for Mobile Communications
1337:
1302:Paging types supported by the MME are:
1204:
910:
14:
5243:
4178:
4059:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
3128:
2680:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
2569:
2204:List of mobile phone brands by country
1844:networks (the first digital networks,
1624:switch the call onto the new channel.
1519:This network is the foundation of the
1358:(base station) or transmitting tower.
293:Wireless electronic devices and health
4152:
3170:
3101:. Chapter 1 (Plenary) and 3 (mobile).
2796:Ligenza, J.R.; Spitzer, W.G. (1960).
2770:
2733:
2711:Springer Science & Business Media
2704:
2641:The Electrochemical Society Interface
2560:
2324:
1444:Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
833:generation, was launched in Japan by
505:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
299:International Telecommunication Union
5225:
4017:Spectral efficiency comparison table
2859:from the original on 22 January 2023
2834:
2828:
2773:History of Semiconductor Engineering
2707:History of Semiconductor Engineering
2597:from the original on 22 January 2023
2548:from the original on 16 October 2019
2481:from the original on 22 January 2023
2450:
2378:from the original on 29 October 2013
2343:Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks
2273:(multiple-input and multiple-output)
2199:Comparison of mobile phone standards
1199:inter-cell interference coordination
702:adding citations to reliable sources
669:
324:Radiation sources / regions
288:Wireless device radiation and health
1460:Integrated Digital Enhanced Network
1399:Since almost all mobile phones use
311:World Radiocommunication Conference
24:
3087:
3065:Colin Chandler (3 December 2003).
2628:
2457:Golio, Mike; Golio, Janet (2018).
2398:"Private 5G Networks: 2024 – 2030"
1555:frequency-division multiple access
1369:A cellular network is used by the
1322:message on a different frequency.
1048:
1028:, a more sophisticated version of
997:The principle of CDMA is based on
917:frequency-division multiple access
789:frequency-division multiple access
25:
5282:
5261:Telecommunications infrastructure
3122:
2674:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957).
2282:Mobile phone radiation and health
1832:Lists and technical information:
1540:public switched telephone network
1513:public switched telephone network
1501:for handling voice calls and text
1232:Federal Communications Commission
863:Regional Bell Operating Companies
656:public switched telephone network
5224:
5214:
5205:
5204:
5193:
4814:Free-space optical communication
4133:
4122:
3208:List of mobile phone generations
2955:. Nomor Research. Archived from
2370:Tom Simonite (24 January 2013).
2185:List of mobile network operators
2131:Deployed networks by technology
674:
650:. This allows mobile phones and
74:
3129:Raciti, Robert C. (July 1995).
3058:
3049:
3031:
3005:
2941:
2915:
2906:
2789:
2764:
2727:
2667:
2609:
2292:Personal Communications Service
2150:List of deployed WiMAX networks
1124:according to some books) where
1093:{\displaystyle D=R{\sqrt {3N}}}
1043:Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
1011:direct-sequence spread spectrum
965:frequency-division multiplexing
654:devices to be connected to the
5271:Wireless communication systems
3150:A History of Cellular Networks
2528:
2493:
2429:
2415:
2390:
2363:
1572:
1567:space-division multiple access
1546:while the other way is termed
835:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
13:
1:
2318:
1590:-> less than 2 kilometres,
1563:code-division multiple access
1559:time-division multiple access
1499:core circuit switched network
1252:Broadcast messages and paging
1222:Cell towers frequently use a
1179:Code-division multiple access
933:code-division multiple access
925:time-division multiple access
802:time-division multiple access
174:Low-noise block downconverter
43:Top of a cellular radio tower
5200:Telecommunication portal
4981:Telecommunications equipment
4129:Telecommunication portal
2822:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5
2502:IEEE Communications Magazine
2303:Routing in cellular networks
1890:Cellular Digital Packet Data
1733:
1428:General Packet Radio Service
159:Counterpoise (ground system)
7:
4717:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
3013:"Cellular Telephone Basics"
1912:Personal Handy-phone System
1819:
1596:-> less than 200 metres,
763:) which have corresponding
412:Friis transmission equation
51:Indoor cell site in Germany
10:
5287:
4421:Telecommunications history
3626:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0
2892:10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694
2748:10.1142/9789814503464_0076
2467:. pp. ix, I-1, 18–2.
2347:Cambridge University Press
1663:
1616:
1576:
1346:WCDMA network architecture
988:time-division multiplexing
969:time-division multiplexing
919:(FDMA, used by analog and
859:breakup of the Bell System
811:
807:
665:
580:telecommunications network
249:Municipal wireless network
29:
5256:Radio resource management
5251:Mobile telecommunications
5188:
5130:
5067:
5029:Public Switched Telephone
4989:
4953:
4910:
4851:
4841:telecommunication circuit
4802:Fiber-optic communication
4785:
4547:Francis Blake (telephone)
4494:
4342:Optical telecommunication
4186:
4119:
3941:
3921:
3885:
3870:
3835:
3808:
3793:
3770:
3729:
3700:
3650:
3639:
3618:
3578:
3563:
3538:
3516:
3508:EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE
3492:
3481:
3441:
3433:D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
3422:
3403:
3375:
3365:
3320:
3296:
3286:
3214:
3205:
2536:"The wireless revolution"
2297:Radio resource management
2225:Professional mobile radio
2140:List of CDMA2000 networks
1918:Personal Digital Cellular
876:. The MOSFET invented at
496:Bell Laboratories Layered
4940:Orbital angular-momentum
4377:Satellite communications
4216:Communications satellite
3067:"CDMA 2000 and CDMA 450"
2576:Silicon RF Power MOSFETS
2374:. Technologyreview.com.
1508:for handling mobile data
1440:Evolution-Data Optimized
1380:public telephone network
1236:effective radiated power
1005:and improved during the
951:operation. The original
814:History of mobile phones
4819:Molecular communication
4642:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
4471:Undersea telegraph line
4206:Cable protection system
3964:Comparison of standards
3603:UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA
1602:-> around 10 metres,
1536:Mobile switching center
1506:packet switched network
1159:If the total available
1108:is the cell radius and
1032:, combined with active
994:rendered FDM obsolete.
971:rendered FDM obsolete.
769:co-channel interference
617:mobile broadband modems
529:Multiple Access (WSDMA)
527:Wideband Space Division
32:Mobile network operator
4961:Communication protocol
4747:Charles Sumner Tainter
4562:Walter Houser Brattain
4507:Edwin Howard Armstrong
4315:Information revolution
3969:Channel access methods
3608:UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA
2155:List of 5G NR networks
2046:(never commercialized)
2044:Ultra Mobile Broadband
2038:(WirelessMAN-Advanced)
1829:
1492:base station subsystem
1347:
1219:
1192:based systems such as
1094:
1036:provides much greater
935:(CDMA, first used for
741:
259:Radio masts and towers
52:
44:
4935:Polarization-division
4667:Narinder Singh Kapany
4632:Erna Schneider Hoover
4552:Jagadish Chandra Bose
4532:Alexander Graham Bell
4263:online video platform
4140:Telephones portal
3248:MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD
3131:"CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY"
3110:(1989), McGraw-Hill.
3039:U.S. patent 4,144,411
2426:, issued 16 May 1972.
2423:U.S. patent 3,663,762
2277:Mobile edge computing
2135:List of UMTS networks
2125:5G NR frequency bands
1904:Circuit Switched Data
1861:Circuit Switched Data
1827:
1695:signal-to-noise ratio
1371:mobile phone operator
1345:
1292:messages, and in the
1216:U.S. patent 4,144,411
1212:
1095:
739:
447:Signal-to-noise ratio
282:Safety and regulation
50:
42:
27:Communication network
4777:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4737:Almon Brown Strowger
4707:Charles Grafton Page
4362:Prepaid mobile phone
4290:Electrical telegraph
3757:iBurst (IEEE 802.20)
3530:CDMA2000 1X Advanced
3161:LTE Paging Procedure
2845:. pp. 128–134.
2246:Radio access network
2145:List of LTE networks
2115:UMTS frequency bands
2105:CDMA frequency bands
2100:Cellular frequencies
1757:Relative cell count
1666:Cellular frequencies
1338:Mobile phone network
1312:QCI_1 through QCI_9.
1288:systems for sending
1205:Directional antennas
1068:
1038:spatial multiplexing
911:Cell signal encoding
698:improve this section
432:Radiation resistance
5266:Japanese inventions
4727:Johann Philipp Reis
4486:Wireless revolution
4448:The Telephone Cases
4305:Hydraulic telegraph
3643:(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
3485:(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)
3253:Mobile TeleSeratout
3104:William C. Y. Lee,
2962:on 3 September 2013
2835:Asif, Saad (2018).
2814:1960JPCS...14..131L
2544:. 21 January 1999.
2193:Mobile country code
2120:LTE frequency bands
2110:GSM frequency bands
1837:Mobile technologies
1638:cellular technology
1486:A network of radio
1458:(IS-136/TDMA), and
1401:cellular technology
1376:telephone exchanges
939:, and the basis of
870:wireless revolution
765:radio base stations
4925:Frequency-division
4902:Telephone exchange
4772:Charles Wheatstone
4702:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4677:Innocenzo Manzetti
4612:Reginald Fessenden
4347:Optical telegraphy
4180:Telecommunications
4131:
3717:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)
3711:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)
3709:1xEV-DO Revision A
2984:Drucker, Elliott,
2771:Lojek, Bo (2007).
2734:KAHNG, D. (1961).
2705:Lojek, Bo (2007).
2653:10.1149/2.F02073IF
2402:www.snstelecom.com
2287:Network simulation
1830:
1704:CDMA-based systems
1532:Radio Base Station
1348:
1309:SGs_CS and SGs_PS.
1224:directional signal
1220:
1140:is typically 3. A
1090:
943:) were developed.
742:
498:Space-Time (BLAST)
352:Near and far field
53:
45:
18:Cell phone network
5238:
5237:
4976:Store and forward
4971:Data transmission
4885:Network switching
4836:Transmission line
4682:Guglielmo Marconi
4647:Internet pioneers
4512:Mohamed M. Atalla
4481:Whistled language
4146:
4145:
3949:Cellular networks
3937:
3936:
3866:
3865:
3789:
3788:
3635:
3634:
3591:UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA
3559:
3558:
3526:(TIA/EIA/IS-2000)
3477:
3476:
3361:
3360:
3116:978-0-071-00790-0
2782:978-3-540-34258-8
2757:978-981-02-0209-5
2692:10.1149/1.2428650
2571:Baliga, B. Jayant
2514:10.1109/35.109666
2261:Antenna diversity
2251:Mobile cell sites
2236:Remote radio head
2215:Cellular repeater
1817:
1816:
1751:Cell radius (km)
1728:cellular repeater
1088:
1061:is calculated as
1030:antenna diversity
980:store and forward
734:
733:
726:
568:
567:
452:Spurious emission
437:Radio propagation
427:Radiation pattern
402:Equivalent radius
397:Electrical length
304:Radio Regulations
149:Block upconverter
16:(Redirected from
5278:
5228:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5208:
5207:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5069:Notable networks
5059:Wireless network
4999:Cellular network
4991:Types of network
4966:Computer network
4853:Network topology
4767:Thomas A. Watson
4622:Oliver Heaviside
4607:Philo Farnsworth
4582:Daniel Davis Jr.
4557:Charles Bourseul
4517:John Logie Baird
4226:Data compression
4221:Computer network
4173:
4166:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4054:Mobile broadband
3954:Mobile telephony
3942:Related articles
3883:
3882:
3826:LTE Advanced Pro
3806:
3805:
3721:EV-DO Revision C
3715:EV-DO Revision B
3648:
3647:
3576:
3575:
3490:
3489:
3373:
3372:
3294:
3293:
3219:radio telephones
3198:Cellular network
3191:
3184:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3019:on 17 April 2012
3009:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2990:, archived from
2981:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2929:on 30 April 2012
2923:"Phone Networks"
2919:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2581:World Scientific
2567:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2335:
2266:Cellular traffic
2024:LTE Advanced Pro
1980:(air interface)
1950:(air interface)
1748:Frequency (MHz)
1745:
1744:
1608:-> 1–4 metres
1417:satellite phones
1394:
1393:
1389:
1258:mobile telephony
1218:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1081:
992:packet switching
874:digital networks
843:wireless network
729:
722:
718:
715:
709:
678:
670:
652:mobile computing
572:cellular network
560:
553:
546:
325:
239:Cellular network
179:Passive radiator
78:
55:
54:
21:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5194:
5192:
5184:
5126:
5063:
4985:
4949:
4906:
4855:
4847:
4788:
4781:
4687:Robert Metcalfe
4542:Tim Berners-Lee
4490:
4310:Information Age
4182:
4177:
4147:
4142:
4134:
4132:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4022:Frequency bands
3933:
3917:
3875:
3862:
3831:
3798:
3785:
3766:
3725:
3696:
3642:
3641:3G transitional
3631:
3614:
3568:
3555:
3534:
3512:
3484:
3483:2G transitional
3473:
3437:
3418:
3414:cdmaOne (IS-95)
3399:
3357:
3316:
3282:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3140:
3138:
3137:on 15 July 2013
3125:
3090:
3088:Further reading
3085:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2997:
2995:
2982:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2853:
2833:
2829:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2713:. p. 120.
2703:
2699:
2672:
2668:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2568:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2455:
2451:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2336:
2325:
2321:
2308:Signal strength
2220:Cellular router
2206:(manufacturers)
1944:(air interface)
1938:(air interface)
1822:
1754:Cell area (km)
1736:
1668:
1662:
1621:
1615:
1581:
1575:
1480:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1340:
1319:
1254:
1214:
1207:
1080:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1051:
1049:Frequency reuse
999:spread spectrum
959:"A" system and
927:(TDMA, used by
913:
820:Douglas H. Ring
816:
810:
791:(FDMA) system.
762:
755:
730:
719:
713:
710:
695:
679:
668:
660:Internet access
564:
535:
534:
531:
528:
522:
518:Spread spectrum
513:Reconfiguration
500:
497:
491:
466:
458:
457:
456:
376:
375:Characteristics
368:
367:
366:
326:
323:
316:
315:
307:
301:
283:
275:
274:
273:
223:
215:
214:
213:
138:
130:
129:
128:
88:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5284:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5222:
5212:
5202:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Space-division
4916:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4857:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4757:Camille Tissot
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4732:Claude Shannon
4729:
4724:
4722:Tivadar Puskás
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Antonio Meucci
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4662:Charles K. Kao
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4637:Harold Hopkins
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:Emile Berliner
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Videotelephony
4473:
4468:
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4461:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
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4406:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4374:
4372:Radiotelephone
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4258:Internet video
4250:
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4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
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3309:
3303:
3301:
3291:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:Autotel (PALM)
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3124:
3123:External links
3121:
3120:
3119:
3102:
3099:978-0444502681
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3057:
3048:
3030:
3004:
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2905:
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2608:
2589:
2559:
2527:
2492:
2473:
2449:
2428:
2414:
2389:
2362:
2356:978-1107143210
2355:
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2054:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:WiMAX-Advanced
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2010:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1970:
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1852:were analog):
1821:
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1800:
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1769:
1766:
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1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1735:
1732:
1709:cell breathing
1664:Main article:
1661:
1658:
1617:Main article:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1577:Main article:
1574:
1571:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1479:
1476:
1366:interference.
1339:
1336:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1253:
1250:
1206:
1203:
1188:Recently also
1102:
1101:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1050:
1047:
912:
909:
809:
806:
774:The increased
760:
753:
746:cellular radio
732:
731:
682:
680:
673:
667:
664:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
615:equipped with
576:mobile network
566:
565:
563:
562:
555:
548:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
525:
521:
520:
515:
509:
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494:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
468:
467:
464:
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460:
459:
455:
454:
449:
444:
442:Radio spectrum
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
365:
364:
362:Vertical plane
359:
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328:
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308:
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161:
156:
151:
146:
140:
139:
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135:
132:
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127:
126:
121:
116:
114:Satellite dish
111:
106:
101:
96:
90:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
71:
70:
64:
63:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5283:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
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5259:
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5095:
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5090:
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5072:
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5066:
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5057:
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5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
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5027:
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5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4945:Code-division
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Time-division
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:and switching
4854:
4850:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4807:optical fiber
4805:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:Coaxial cable
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:Radia Perlman
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:Lee de Forest
4600:
4598:
4597:Thomas Edison
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:Donald Davies
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:Claude Chappe
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:Smoke signals
4414:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4394:Semiconductor
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:Digital media
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4141:
4130:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4104:Wi-Fi Calling
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:NGMN Alliance
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:AMPS - N-AMPS
3305:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3068:
3061:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2994:on 2 May 2014
2993:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2978:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2858:
2854:
2852:9780429881343
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2720:9783540342588
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2618:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2590:9789812561213
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2541:The Economist
2537:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:(11): 52–71.
2507:
2503:
2496:
2480:
2476:
2474:9781420006728
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:Baseband unit
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1699:power control
1696:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:base stations
1485:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:United States
1225:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:reuse pattern
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:signaling to
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
908:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
815:
805:
803:
798:
792:
790:
786:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
759:
756: –
752:
747:
738:
728:
725:
717:
707:
703:
699:
693:
692:
688:
683:This section
681:
677:
672:
671:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:mobile phones
601:
599:
595:
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
541:
539:
538:
530:
524:
523:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
502:
499:
493:
492:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:Beam steering
470:
469:
462:
461:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
372:
371:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
320:
319:
312:
309:
305:
300:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
279:
278:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
234:Amateur radio
232:
230:
227:
226:
219:
218:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
154:Coaxial cable
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
134:
133:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
87:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4998:
4912:Multiplexing
4787:Transmission
4752:Nikola Tesla
4742:Henry Sutton
4697:Samuel Morse
4627:Robert Hooke
4592:Amos Dolbear
4527:John Bardeen
4446:
4426:Telautograph
4330:Mobile phone
4285:Edholm's law
4268:social media
4201:Broadcasting
4069:Push-to-talk
3948:
3847:IEEE 802.16m
3816:LTE Advanced
3800:IMT Advanced
3745:IEEE 802.16e
3740:Mobile WiMAX
3701:3GPP2 family
3628:(TIA/IS-856)
3619:3GPP2 family
3517:3GPP2 family
3496:/3GPP family
3312:TACS - ETACS
3197:
3139:. Retrieved
3135:the original
3105:
3074:. Retrieved
3072:. p. 17
3060:
3051:
3043:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3017:the original
3007:
2996:, retrieved
2992:the original
2986:
2964:. Retrieved
2957:the original
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2927:the original
2917:
2908:
2886:(1): 57–58.
2883:
2879:
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2837:
2830:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2772:
2766:
2739:
2729:
2706:
2700:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2575:
2552:12 September
2550:. Retrieved
2539:
2530:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2459:
2452:
2443:The Atlantic
2441:
2431:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2401:
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2365:
2342:
2339:Guowang Miao
2255:
2209:
2079:
2019:LTE Advanced
2008:IMT Advanced
1885:Digital AMPS
1878:Evolved EDGE
1831:
1737:
1725:
1714:
1707:
1692:
1688:
1669:
1654:
1642:
1626:
1622:
1582:
1565:(CDMA), and
1552:
1547:
1543:
1529:
1518:
1490:forming the
1481:
1456:Digital AMPS
1421:
1403:, including
1398:
1384:
1368:
1364:
1352:mobile phone
1349:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1301:
1298:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1221:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1023:
1003:World War II
996:
973:
945:
914:
902:
890:RF amplifier
882:power MOSFET
867:
828:
817:
793:
785:interference
773:
757:
750:
743:
720:
711:
696:Please help
684:
645:
625:
602:
598:base station
588:
587:
575:
571:
569:
342:Ground plane
238:
229:Antenna farm
86:Common types
36:
5112:NPL network
4824:Radio waves
4762:Alfred Vail
4672:Hedy Lamarr
4657:Dawon Kahng
4617:Elisha Gray
4577:Yogen Dalal
4502:Nasir Ahmed
4436:Teleprinter
4300:Heliographs
3898:5G-Advanced
3886:3GPP family
3836:IEEE family
3828:(4.5G/4.9G)
3809:3GPP family
3651:3GPP family
3579:3GPP family
3524:CDMA2000 1X
3395:CSD - HSCSD
2998:19 November
2808:: 131–136.
2742:: 583–596.
2382:23 November
2210:Equipment:
2093:Beamforming
2069:5G-Advanced
1633:pseudonoise
1573:Small cells
1360:Radio waves
1326:called the
1132:In case of
1034:beamforming
949:full-duplex
847:Bell System
658:and public
596:(such as a
594:transceiver
482:Beamforming
387:Directivity
337:Focal cloud
199:Transmitter
5245:Categories
5158:Antarctica
5117:Toasternet
5039:Television
4522:Paul Baran
4454:Television
4438:(teletype)
4431:Telegraphy
4409:transistor
4387:Phryctoria
4357:Photophone
4335:Smartphone
4325:Mass media
3752:Flash-OFDM
3076:28 January
2863:16 October
2686:(9): 547.
2617:US2802760A
2601:16 October
2485:16 October
2319:References
2060:networks:
2004:networks:
1927:networks:
1721:CellMapper
1717:Opensignal
1579:Small cell
1474:standard.
923:systems),
898:RF circuit
812:See also:
487:Small cell
465:Techniques
392:Efficiency
382:Array gain
137:Components
119:Television
5142:Americas
5131:Locations
5102:Internet2
4863:Bandwidth
4567:Vint Cerf
4464:streaming
4442:Telephone
4382:Semaphore
4273:streaming
3852:WiMax 2.1
3707:CDMA2000
3200:standards
2900:1098-4232
2843:CRC Press
2661:1064-8208
2647:(3): 29.
2465:CRC Press
2187:(summary)
2015:(TD-LTE)
1742:network:
1734:Cell size
1600:Femtocell
1588:Microcell
1442:(EV-DO),
1356:cell site
1161:bandwidth
1019:Bell Labs
878:Bell Labs
824:Bell Labs
797:frequency
780:Amos Joel
685:does not
477:Beam tilt
357:Side lobe
347:Main lobe
332:Boresight
209:Twin-lead
169:Feed line
5210:Category
5097:Internet
5087:CYCLADES
5004:Ethernet
4954:Concepts
4878:terminal
4829:wireless
4652:Bob Kahn
4495:Pioneers
4320:Internet
4211:Cable TV
3877:IMT-2020
3781:HiperMAN
3680:DC-HSDPA
3570:IMT-2000
2857:Archived
2595:Archived
2573:(2005).
2546:Archived
2522:46573735
2479:Archived
2376:Archived
1973:CDMA2000
1948:TD-SCDMA
1900:(IS-95)
1874:(IMT-SC)
1820:See also
1740:CDMA2000
1619:Handover
1606:Attocell
1594:Picocell
1569:(SDMA).
1561:(TDMA),
1557:(FDMA),
1548:downlink
1525:handover
1454:(DECT),
1450:(UMTS),
1446:(EDGE),
1436:CDMA2000
1430:(GPRS),
1328:handover
1007:Cold War
804:(TDMA).
776:capacity
714:May 2022
584:wireless
503:Massive
269:Wireless
184:Receiver
109:Monopole
68:Antennas
60:a series
58:Part of
5230:Commons
5220:Outline
5173:Oceania
5092:FidoNet
5077:ARPANET
4890:circuit
4459:digital
4188:History
4111:Osmocom
3959:History
3929:DECT-5G
3903:NR-IIoT
3348:DataTAC
3343:Mobitex
3141:2 April
3023:2 April
2966:2 April
2933:2 April
2810:Bibcode
2256:Other:
2231:OpenBTS
1942:TD-CDMA
1898:cdmaOne
1432:cdmaOne
1426:(GSM),
1390:⁄
1238:(ERP).
984:latency
976:digital
894:RF CMOS
892:), and
851:Chicago
808:History
706:removed
691:sources
666:Concept
613:laptops
609:tablets
244:Hotspot
222:Systems
189:Rotator
99:Fractal
5168:Europe
5138:Africa
5122:Usenet
5082:BITNET
5019:Mobile
4895:packet
4404:MOSFET
4399:device
4196:Beacon
3913:NB-IoT
3879:(2021)
3874:(2018)
3820:E-UTRA
3802:(2013)
3797:(2009)
3774:family
3733:family
3691:E-UTRA
3572:(2001)
3567:(1998)
3426:family
3407:family
3383:family
3369:(1991)
3300:family
3290:(1979)
3273:B-Netz
3221:(1946)
3114:
3097:
2898:
2849:
2779:
2754:
2717:
2659:
2623:
2587:
2520:
2471:
2353:
1936:W-CDMA
1892:(CDPD)
1686:1800.
1544:uplink
1468:Europe
1411:, and
1306:Basic.
1282:pagers
1262:paging
1230:, the
1104:where
931:) and
921:D-AMPS
855:Dallas
845:. The
621:pagers
422:Height
407:Factor
94:Dipole
5151:South
5146:North
5107:JANET
5044:Telex
5034:Radio
4873:Nodes
4868:Links
4789:media
4367:Radio
4352:Pager
4280:Drums
4246:video
4241:image
4231:audio
4089:ViLTE
4084:VoLTE
4042:5G NR
3991:STDMA
3979:OFDMA
3922:Other
3908:LTE-M
3893:5G NR
3856:WiBro
3843:WiMAX
3762:WiBro
3675:HSPA+
3668:HSUPA
3663:HSDPA
3546:WiDEN
3539:Other
3442:Other
3405:3GPP2
3338:Hicap
3333:C-450
3321:Other
3238:Altai
3070:(PDF)
2960:(PDF)
2953:(PDF)
2518:S2CID
2407:8 May
2299:(RRM)
2227:(PMR)
2064:5G NR
2031:WiMAX
1978:OFDMA
1964:HSPA+
1959:HSDPA
1914:(PHS)
1906:(CSD)
1863:(CSD)
1813:16.2
1807:12.0
1804:2100
1799:12.2
1793:14.0
1790:1800
1782:2269
1779:26.9
1768:7521
1765:48.9
1645:IS-95
1627:With
1284:, in
1015:Wi-Fi
1009:into
886:LDMOS
839:Tokyo
744:In a
648:Earth
589:cells
578:is a
264:Wi-Fi
254:Radio
204:Tuner
144:Balun
5163:Asia
5049:UUCP
5009:ISDN
4099:ViNR
4094:VoNR
4074:MIMO
4047:CDMA
4032:UMTS
4010:SDMA
4003:CDMA
3998:SSMA
3986:TDMA
3974:FDMA
3772:ETSI
3731:IEEE
3658:HSPA
3596:FOMA
3586:UMTS
3551:DECT
3503:GPRS
3454:iDEN
3449:CDPD
3424:AMPS
3381:3GPP
3298:AMPS
3258:AMTS
3233:IMTS
3143:2012
3112:ISBN
3095:ISBN
3078:2024
3025:2012
3000:2013
2968:2012
2935:2012
2896:ISSN
2865:2019
2847:ISBN
2777:ISBN
2752:ISBN
2715:ISBN
2657:ISSN
2603:2019
2585:ISBN
2554:2019
2487:2019
2469:ISBN
2409:2024
2384:2013
2351:ISBN
2271:MIMO
2091:and
2089:SDMA
2085:MIMO
2050:MBWA
1989:SVDO
1984:EVDO
1954:HSPA
1931:UMTS
1872:EDGE
1867:GPRS
1848:and
1810:449
1796:618
1785:3.3
1776:950
1762:450
1680:UMTS
1629:CDMA
1511:The
1497:The
1413:AMPS
1409:CDMA
1294:UMTS
1286:CDMA
1274:UMTS
1173:B/NK
1120:(or
1026:MIMO
961:ILEC
957:CLEC
953:AMPS
868:The
853:and
822:, a
689:any
687:cite
611:and
417:Gain
194:Stub
164:Feed
124:Whip
104:Loop
5054:WAN
5024:NGN
5014:LAN
4295:Fax
4236:DCT
4079:IMS
4037:LTE
4027:GSM
3687:LTE
3494:GSM
3469:CT2
3464:PHS
3459:PDC
3390:GSM
3377:GSM
3353:CT1
3328:NMT
3278:AMR
3268:ARP
3243:OLT
3228:MTS
2888:doi
2818:doi
2744:doi
2688:doi
2684:104
2649:doi
2510:doi
2013:LTE
1856:GSM
1719:or
1684:GSM
1676:GSM
1672:GSM
1649:NMT
1643:In
1521:GSM
1472:GSM
1405:GSM
1290:SMS
1278:LTE
1272:or
1270:GSM
1194:LTE
1169:B/K
1163:is
1156:).
1154:GSM
1146:N/K
1144:of
1118:1/K
937:PCS
929:GSM
700:by
574:or
5247::
3872:5G
3849:)
3795:4G
3565:3G
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