1212:, with the G and C strings wire-wound. Modern cellos often have fine tuners connecting the strings to the tailpiece, which makes it much easier to tune the instrument, but such pins are rendered ineffective by the flexibility of the gut strings used on Baroque cellos. Overall, the modern instrument has much higher string tension than the Baroque cello, resulting in a louder, more projecting tone, with fewer overtones. In addition, the instrument was less standardized in size and number of strings; a smaller, five-string variant (the violoncello piccolo) was commonly used as a solo instrument and five-string instruments are occasionally specified in the Baroque repertoire. BWV 1012 (Bach's 6th Cello Suite) was written for 5 string Cello but since its additional High E String is an Octave below the same string on the Violin, anything written for the Violin can be played on the 5 string Cello, sounding an Octave lower than written.
1412:
2706:), but Pernambuco, used for higher-quality bows, is the heartwood of the tree and is darker in color than brazilwood (which is sometimes stained to compensate). Pernambuco is a heavy, resinous wood with great elasticity, which makes it an ideal wood for instrument bows. Horsehair is stretched out between the two ends of the bow. The taut horsehair is drawn over the strings, while being held roughly parallel to the bridge and perpendicular to the strings, to produce sound. A small knob is twisted to increase or decrease the tension of the horsehair. The tension on the bow is released when the instrument is not being used. The amount of tension a cellist puts on the bow hair depends on the preferences of the player, the style of music being played, and for students, the preferences of their teacher.
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such as the cello, this lack of volume is solved by mounting the vibrating string on a larger hollow wooden body. The vibrations are transmitted to the larger body, which can move more air and produce a louder sound. Different designs of the instrument produce variations in the instrument's vibrational patterns and thus change the character of the sound produced. A string's fundamental pitch can be adjusted by changing its stiffness, which depends on tension and length. Tightening a string stiffens it by increasing both the outward forces along its length and the net forces it experiences during a distortion. A cello can be tuned by adjusting the tension of its strings, by turning the tuning pegs mounted on its pegbox and tension adjusters (fine tuners) on the tailpiece.
655:
2647:, a solid wooden cylinder which is wedged between the top and bottom plates. The bass bar, found under the bass foot of the bridge, serves to support the cello's top and distribute the vibrations from the strings to the body of the instrument. The soundpost, found under the treble side of the bridge, connects the back and front of the cello. Like the bridge, the soundpost is not glued but is kept in place by the tensions of the bridge and strings. Together, the bass bar and sound post transfer the strings' vibrations to the top (front) of the instrument (and to a lesser extent the back), acting as a
1183:
2997:(a general name for notes on the remainder of the fingerboard) the thumb usually rests alongside the fingers on the string. Then, the side of the thumb is used to play notes. The fingers are normally held curved with each knuckle bent, with the fingertips in contact with the string. If a finger is required on two (or more) strings at once to play perfect fifths (in double stops or chords), it is used flat. The contact point can move slightly away from the nail to the finger's pad in slower or more expressive playing, allowing a fuller vibrato.
2929:.) Thus shortening a string increases the frequency, and thus the pitch. Because of this effect, you can raise and change the pitch of a string by pressing it against the fingerboard in the cello's neck and effectively shortening it. Likewise strings with less mass per unit length, if under the same tension, will have a higher frequency and thus higher pitch than more massive strings. This is a prime reason the different strings on all string instruments have different fundamental pitches, with the lightest strings having the highest pitches.
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1935:
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1044:, and cellos. Contrary to a popular misconception, the cello did not evolve from the viola da gamba, but existed alongside it for about two and a half centuries. The violin family is also known as the viola da braccio (meaning viola for the arm) family, a reference to the primary way the members of the family are held. This is to distinguish it from the viola da gamba (meaning viola for the leg) family, in which all the members are all held with the legs. The likely predecessors of the violin family include the
1200:-era cellos differed from the modern instrument in several ways. The neck has a different form and angle, which matches the baroque bass-bar and stringing. The fingerboard is usually shorter than that of the modern cello, as the highest notes are not often called for in baroque music. Modern cellos have an endpin at the bottom to support the instrument (and transmit some of the sound through the floor), while Baroque cellos are held only by the calves of the player. Modern bows curve in and are held at the
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2960:” because it is an unpleasant growling sound. The wood resonance appears to be split into two frequencies by the driving force of the sounding string. These two periodic resonances beat with each other. This wolf tone must be eliminated or significantly reduced for the cello to play the nearby notes with a pleasant tone. This can be accomplished by modifying the cello front plate, attaching a wolf eliminator (a metal cylinder or a rubber cylinder encased in metal), or moving the soundpost.
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2631:, named for their shape, are located on either side of the bridge and allow air to move in and out of the instrument as part of the sound-production process. The f-holes also act as access points to the interior of the cello for repairs or maintenance. Sometimes a small length of rubber hose containing a water-soaked sponge, called a Dampit, is inserted through the f-holes and serves as a humidifier. This keeps the wood components of the cello from drying out.
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3091:("on the fingerboard") calls for bowing nearer to (or over) the end of the fingerboard. At its extreme, sul ponticello produces a harsh, shrill sound with emphasis on overtones and high harmonics. In contrast, sul tasto produces a more flute-like sound that emphasizes the note's fundamental frequency and produces softened overtones. Composers have used both techniques, particularly in an orchestral setting, for special sounds and effects.
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play the cello, the endpin is pulled out to lengthen it. The endpin is locked into the player's preferred length with a screw mechanism. The adjustable nature of endpins enables performers of different ages and body sizes to adjust the endpin length to suit them. In the
Baroque period, the cello was held between the calves, as there was no endpin at that time. The endpin was "introduced by
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The sharp tip of the cello's endpin is sometimes capped with a rubber tip that protects the tip from dulling and prevents the cello from slipping on the floor. Many cellists use a rubber pad with a metal cup to keep the tip from slipping on the floor. A number of accessories exist to keep the endpin from slipping; these include ropes that attach to the chair leg and other devices.
2663:, which is strong but reversible, allowing for disassembly when needed. Tops may be glued on with diluted glue since some repairs call for the removal of the top. Theoretically, hide glue is weaker than the body's wood, so as the top or back shrinks side-to-side, the glue holding it lets go and the plate does not crack. Cellists repairing cracks in their cello do not use regular
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2433:. While purfling is attractive, it is also functional: if the instrument is struck, the purfling can prevent cracking of the wood. A crack may form at the rim of the instrument but spreads no further. Without purfling, cracks can spread up or down the top or back. Playing, traveling and the weather all affect the cello and can increase a crack if purfling is not in place.
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of the string (lowering the pitch). When the performer is putting on a new string, the fine tuner for that string is normally reset to a middle position, and then the peg is turned to bring the string up to pitch. The fine turners are used for subtle, minor adjustments to pitch, such as tuning a cello to the oboe's 440 Hz A note or tuning the cello to a piano.
3230:, for example, can be clearly divided into two models: the style made before 1702, characterized by larger instruments (of which only three exist in their original size and configuration), and the style made during and after 1707, when Stradivari began making smaller cellos. This later model is the design most commonly used by modern luthiers. The
2774:) is a convex curved bow which, unlike the ordinary bow, renders possible polyphonic playing on the various strings of the instrument. The solo repertoire for violin and cello by J. S. Bach the BACH.Bow is particularly suited to it: and it was developed with this in mind, polyphonic playing being required, as well as monophonic.
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1451:, which usually includes eight to twelve cellists. The cello section, in standard orchestral seating, is located on stage left (the audience's right) in the front, opposite the first violin section. However, some orchestras and conductors prefer switching the positioning of the viola and cello sections. The
586:) family. The term "violone" today usually refers to the lowest-pitched instrument of the viols, a family of stringed instruments that went out of fashion around the end of the 17th century in most countries except England and, especially, France, where they survived another half-century before the louder
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Specific instruments are famous (or become famous) for a variety of reasons. An instrument's notability may arise from its age, the fame of its maker, its physical appearance, its acoustic properties, and its use by notable performers. The most famous instruments are generally known for all of these
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playing, the string is plucked directly with the fingers or thumb of the right hand. However, the strings may be plucked with a finger of the left hand in certain advanced pieces, either so that the cellist can play bowed notes on another string along with pizzicato notes or because the speed of the
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A played note of E or F-sharp has a frequency that is often very close to the natural resonating frequency of the body of the instrument, and if the problem is not addressed this can set the body into near resonance. This may cause an unpleasant sudden amplification of this pitch, and additionally a
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When a string is bowed or plucked, it vibrates and moves the air around it, producing sound waves. Because the string is quite thin, not much air is moved by the string itself, and consequently, if the string was not mounted on a hollow body, the sound would be weak. In acoustic stringed instruments
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1845 to give the instrument greater stability". Modern endpins are retractable and adjustable; older ones were removed when not in use. (The word "endpin" sometimes also refers to the button of wood located at this place in all instruments in the violin family, but this is usually called "tailpin".)
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is glued to the neck and extends over the body of the instrument. The fingerboard is given a curved shape, matching the curve on the bridge. Both the fingerboard and bridge need to be curved so that the performer can bow individual strings. If the cello were to have a flat fingerboard and bridge, as
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and the bridge, in a direction perpendicular to the strings; however, the player may wish to move the bow's point of contact higher or lower depending on the desired sound. The bow is held and manipulated with all five fingers of the right hand, with the thumb opposite the fingers and closer to the
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played on the cello fall into two classes; natural and artificial. Natural harmonics are produced by lightly touching (but not depressing) the string at certain places and then bowing (or, rarely, plucking) the string. For example, the halfway point of the string will produce a harmonic that is one
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on lower-cost instruments. It attaches the strings to the lower end of the cello and can have one or more fine tuners. The fine tuners are used to make smaller adjustments to the pitch of the string. The fine tuners can increase the tension of each string (raising the pitch) or decrease the tension
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Around 1700, Italian players popularized the cello in northern Europe, although the bass violin (basse de violon) continued to be used for another two decades in France. Many existing bass violins were literally cut down in size to convert them into cellos according to the smaller pattern developed
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Bows are also made from other materials, such as carbon fibre—stronger than wood—and fiberglass (often used to make inexpensive, lower-quality student bows). An average cello bow is 73 cm (29 in) long (shorter than a violin or viola bow) 3 cm (1.2 in) high (from the frog to the
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for Cello and Violin are also part of the concertante repertoire, although in both cases the cello shares solo duties with at least one other instrument. Moreover, several composers wrote large-scale pieces for cello and orchestra, which are concertos in all but name. Some familiar "concertos" are
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Playing the cello is done while seated with the instrument supported on the floor by the endpin. The right hand bows (or sometimes plucks) the strings to sound the notes. The left-hand fingertips stop the strings along their length, determining the pitch of each fingered note. Stopping the string
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A string's length also affects its fundamental pitch. Shortening a string stiffens it by increasing its curvature during a distortion and subjecting it to larger net forces. Shortening the string also reduces its mass, but does not alter the mass per unit length, and it is the latter ratio rather
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The endpin or spike is made of wood, metal, or rigid carbon fiber and supports the cello in playing position. The endpin can be retracted into the hollow body of the instrument when the cello is being transported in its case. This makes the cello easier to move about. When the performer wishes to
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The cellos are a critical part of orchestral music; all symphonic works involve the cello section, and many pieces require cello soli or solos. Much of the time, cellos provide part of the low-register harmony for the orchestra. Often, the cello section plays the melody for a brief period, before
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holds the strings above the cello and transfers their vibrations to the top of the instrument and the soundpost inside (see below). The bridge is not glued but rather held in place by the tension of the strings. The bridge is usually positioned by the cross point of the "f-hole" (i.e., where the
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stick) and 1.5 cm (0.59 in) wide. The frog of a cello bow typically has a rounded corner like that of a viola bow, but is wider. A cello bow is roughly 10 g (0.35 oz) heavier than a viola bow, which in turn is roughly 10 g (0.35 oz) heavier than a violin bow.
2504:, one for each string. The pegs are used to tune the cello by either tightening or loosening the string. The pegs are called "friction pegs", because they maintain their position by friction. The scroll is a traditional ornamental part of the cello and a feature of all other members of the
3418:, is applied to the bow hair to increase the effectiveness of the friction, grip or bite, and allow proper sound production. Rosin may have additives to modify the friction such as beeswax, gold, silver or tin. Commonly, rosins are classified as either dark or light, referring to color.
3205:. The fractions refer to volume rather than length, so a 1/2 size cello is much longer than half the length of a full size. The smaller cellos are identical to standard cellos in construction, range, and usage, but are simply scaled-down for the benefit of children and shorter adults.
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The top and back are traditionally hand-carved, though less expensive cellos are often machine-produced. The sides, or ribs, are made by heating the wood and bending it around forms. The cello body has a wide top bout, narrow middle formed by two C-bouts, and wide bottom bout, with the
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things. The most highly prized instruments are now collector's items and are priced beyond the reach of most musicians. These instruments are typically owned by some kind of organization or investment group, which may loan the instrument to a notable performer. For example, the
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2460:. Carbon fibre instruments are particularly suitable for outdoor playing because of the strength of the material and its resistance to humidity and temperature fluctuations. Luis & Clark has produced over 1000 cellos, some of which are owned by cellists such as
3258: in). The new size offered fuller tonal projection and a greater range of expression. The instrument in this form was able to contribute to more pieces musically and offered the possibility of greater physical dexterity for the player to develop technique.
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on a particular string. Artificial harmonics (also called false harmonics or stopped harmonics), in which the player depresses the string fully with one finger while touching the same string lightly with another finger, can produce any note above middle C.
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are found in the lower part of the cello. The tailpiece is the part of the cello to which the "ball ends" of the strings are attached by passing them through holes. The tailpiece is attached to the bottom of the cello. The tailpiece is traditionally made of
1113:, allowed for a finer bass sound than was possible with purely gut strings on such a short body. This instrument had disadvantages as well, however. The cello's light sound was not as suitable for church and ensemble playing, so it had to be doubled by
2361:, Abby Newton, and Liz Davis Maxfield have contributed significantly to the use of cello playing in Celtic folk music, often with the cello featured as a primary melodic instrument and employing the skills and techniques of traditional fiddle playing.
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player. Arguably, it is a major factor in the expressiveness of the playing. The right hand holds the bow and controls the duration and character of the notes. In general, the bow is drawn across the strings roughly halfway between the end of the
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cellist is the section leader, determining bowings for the section in conjunction with other string principals, playing solos, and leading entrances (when the section begins to play its part). Principal players always sit closest to the audience.
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Few educational works specifically devoted to the cello existed before the 18th century and those that do exist contain little value to the performer beyond simple accounts of instrumental technique. One of the earliest cello manuals is
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by sounding out a certain number of beats per minute. This tool is often used to instill a sense of rhythm into a musician. It acts as a mirror for rhythmic stability, allowing the musician to analyze where they rush or drag a
610:" ("little"). By the turn of the 20th century, it had become common to shorten the name to 'cello, with the apostrophe indicating the missing stem. It is now customary to use "cello" without apostrophe as the full designation.
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In the 20th century, the cello repertoire grew immensely. This was partly due to the influence of virtuoso cellist
Mstislav Rostropovich, who inspired, commissioned, and premiered dozens of new works. Among these, Prokofiev's
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is a technique in which notes are smoothly connected without breaks. It is indicated by a slur (curved line) above or below – depending on their position on the staff – the notes of the passage that is to be played legato.
2717:, though synthetic hair, in varying colors, is also used. Prior to playing, the musician tightens the bow by turning a screw to pull the frog (the part of the bow under the hand) back and increase the tension of the hair.
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1252:
2725:-style (1600–1750) cello bows were much thicker and were formed with a larger outward arch than modern cello bows. The inward arch of a modern cello bow produces greater tension, which in turn produces a louder sound.
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3017:(Italian for "sliding") is an effect achieved by sliding the finger up or down the fingerboard without releasing the string. This causes the pitch to rise and fall smoothly, without separate, discernible steps.
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A brass wolf tone eliminator typically placed on the G string (second string from the left) of a cello, between the bridge and the tailpiece. (The black rubber piece on the D string (third from the left) is a
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When a string is bowed or plucked to produce a note, the fundamental note is accompanied by higher frequency overtones. Each sound has a particular recipe of frequencies that combine to make the total sound.
2085:, a cello rock band that performs original rock/classical crossover music; and Jelloslave, a Minneapolis-based cello duo with two percussionists. These groups are examples of a style that has become known as
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798:(before 1753), dates from this era. As the title of the work suggests, it contains 12 toccatas for solo cello, which along with Johann Sebastian Bach's Cello Suites, are some of the first works of that type.
959:(1909–1969) was writing for cello in the mid 20th century with Concerto No. 1 for Cello and Orchestra (1951), Concerto No. 2 for Cello and Orchestra (1963) and in 1964 composed her Quartet for four cellos.
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tended to be considerably larger than those made and commonly played today. Around 1680, changes in string-making technology made it possible to play lower-pitched notes on shorter strings. The cellos of
2524:, which is much harder and more expensive. Ebonized parts such as tuning pegs may crack or split, and the black surface of the fingerboard will eventually wear down to reveal the lighter wood underneath.
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closer to the bridge results in a higher-pitched sound because the vibrating string length has been shortened. On the contrary, a string stopped closer to the tuning pegs produces a lower sound. In the
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positions (which use just less than half of the fingerboard, nearest the top of the instrument), the thumb rests on the back of the neck, some people use their thumb as a marker of their position; in
2552:. Cellists may mix different types of strings on their instruments. The pitches of the open strings are C, G, D, and A (black note heads in the playing range figure above), unless alternative tuning (
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is a raised piece of wood, fitted where the fingerboard meets the pegbox, in which the strings rest in shallow slots or grooves to keep them the correct distance apart. The pegbox houses four tapered
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and other mixed ensembles. There are also pieces written for two, three, four, or more cellos; this type of ensemble is also called a "cello choir" and its sound is familiar from the introduction to
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with a typical guitar, the performer would only be able to bow the leftmost and rightmost two strings or bow all the strings. The performer would not be able to play the inner two strings alone.
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enjoyed great commercial success taking inspiration from so-called "Beatlesque" arrangements, adding the cello (and violin) to the standard rock combo line-up and in 1978 the UK-based rock band
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is a small oscillation in the pitch of a note, usually considered an expressive technique. The closer towards the bridge the note is, the smaller the oscillation needed to create the effect.
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1133:, who also made a number of old pattern large cellos (the 'Servais'). The sizes, names, and tunings of the cello varied widely by geography and time. The size was not standardized until
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stops or straps (tradenames include Rock stop and Black Hole) keep the cello from sliding if the endpin does not have a rubber piece on the end, or if a floor is particularly slippery.
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Above the main body is the carved neck. The neck has a curved cross-section on its underside, which is where the player's thumb runs along the neck during playing. The neck leads to a
1322:
1301:
1079:, possibly invented as early as 1538, was most likely inspired by the viol, it was created to be used in consort with the violin. The bass violin was actually often referred to as a "
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includes a solo part for cello, along with the violin and viola, although this work is incomplete and only exists in fragments, therefore it is given an Anhang number (Anh. 104).
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of a D chord arpeggiated on the cello. Yellow bands at the same level indicate the same harmonics excited by the bowing of different notes. Notes played from left to right: D–F
1926:(or "the Twelve" as they have since taken to being called) specialize in this repertoire and have commissioned many works, including arrangements of well-known popular songs.
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also starts with a cello ensemble, with four cellos playing the top lines and two violas playing the bass lines. As a self-sufficient ensemble, its most famous repertoire is
1245:
3477:, specialists in building and repairing stringed instruments, ranging from guitars to violins. The following luthiers are notable for the cellos they have produced:
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as well as German luthier G.A. Pfretzschner produced an unknown number of aluminum cellos (in addition to aluminum double basses and violins). Cello manufacturer
2251:(who was not a bassist) was one of the first notable jazz cellists to use the instrument's standard tuning and arco technique. Contemporary jazz cellists include
2330:. Other cellists performing Indian classical music are Nancy Lesh (Dhrupad) and Anup Biswas. Both Rao and Lesh play the cello sitting cross-legged on the floor.
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3076:, the player moves the bow a small distance and stops it on the string, making a short sound, the rest of the written duration being taken up by silence.
2417:, because they are much more durable than carved wood cellos (i.e., they are less likely to crack if bumped or dropped) and they are much less expensive.
4762:, is properly what we call the Bass Violin with four strings, sometimes even five or six; but those are not common, the first being most used among us.
4724:
3061:, pizzicato is often abbreviated as "pizz." The position of the hand in pizzicato is commonly slightly over the fingerboard and away from the bridge.
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playing, the bow still moves in a horizontal motion on the string but is allowed to bounce, generating a lighter, somewhat more percussive sound. In
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2077:, an ensemble of seven singing cellists known for their arrangements of rock, pop and classical hits; Von Cello, a cello-fronted rock power trio;
834:
3615:, which is currently in the possession of one of the most widely known living cellists, Yo-Yo Ma, is actually owned by the Vuitton Foundation.
2540:, which, despite its name, is made from sheep or goat intestines. Most modern strings used in the 2010s are wound with metallic materials like
2520:, can be used. Black fittings on low-cost instruments are often made from inexpensive wood that has been blackened or "ebonized" to look like
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Compositions from the late 19th and early 20th century include three cello sonatas (including the Cello Sonata in C Minor written in 1880) by
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family came into greater favour in that country as well. In modern symphony orchestras, it is the second largest stringed instrument (the
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includes the cello in its instrumental ensemble, which includes a number of instruments unusual for this sort of music. Bass guitarist
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involve the playing of two notes simultaneously. Two strings are fingered at once, and the bow is drawn to sound them both. Often, in
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were among the first to use the cello as a solo instrument; both tuned their instruments in fourths, an octave above the double bass.
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821:, which span the important three periods of his compositional evolution. Other outstanding examples include the three Concerti by
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cellist's body. Tone production and volume of sound depend on a combination of several factors. The four most important ones are
2564:’’) ask that the low C be tuned down to a B-flat so that the performer can play a different low note on the lowest open string.
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than the total mass which governs the frequency. The string vibrates in a standing wave whose speed of propagation is given by
2176:. An Atlanta-based trio, King Richard's Sunday Best, also uses a cellist in their lineup. So-called "chamber pop" artists like
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2005:, who had originally studied music on a performance scholarship for cello, played a prominent cello part in "As You Said" on
1083:", or "large viola", as were the viols of the same period. Instruments that share features with both the bass violin and the
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1496:, and Elgar. There were also some composers who, while not otherwise cellists, did write cello-specific repertoire, such as
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2204:, which has pioneered the use of stringed and symphonic instruments, employs the cello in creative ways for many of their "
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and Margot and the
Nuclear So and So's have also recently made cello common in modern alternative rock. Heavy metal band
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have already become part of the standard repertoire. Other major composers who wrote concertante works for him include
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loud beating sound results from the interference produced between these nearby frequencies; this is known as the “
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is the mass per unit length; there is a node at either end of the vibrating length, and thus the vibrating length
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do exist, and cellists with unusually large hands may require such a non-standard instrument. Cellos made before
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is half a wavelength. Since the frequency of any wave is equal to the speed divided by the wavelength, we have
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makes frequent use of cello in their music, notably for the songs "Burn The Witch" and "Glass Eyes" in 2016.
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3912:"Felix & Fanny Mendelssohn: Works for Cello and Piano review | Erica Jeal's classical album of the week"
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than in classical music. Several bands feature a cello in their standard line-up, including Hoppy Jones of
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are placed on cello strings between the tailpiece and the bridge to eliminate acoustic anomalies known as
2409:, are sometimes used for the back and sides. Less expensive cellos frequently have tops and backs made of
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1752:
1505:
1204:; Baroque bows curve out and are held closer to the bow's point of balance. Modern strings are normally
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plays a violoncello piccolo, a five-string variant of the
Baroque cello, during a recording session of
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that rests on the floor to support the instrument's weight. The cello is most closely associated with
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are used to change the sound of the cello by adding mass and stiffness to the bridge. They alter the
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octave above the unfingered (open) string. Natural harmonics only produce notes that are part of the
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Fine tuners, located on the tailpiece, allow the cello to be tuned easily and with greater accuracy.
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structure, modifying the timbre and reducing the overall volume of sound produced by the instrument.
978:
recordings, examples of which are noted later in this article. The cello has also appeared in major
885:(1805–1847), who wrote Fantasia in G Minor for cello and piano and a Capriccio in A-flat for cello.
4731:
Cyr, Mary (April 1982). "Basses and basse continue in the
Orchestra of the Paris Opéra 1700–1764".
4272:
4198:
3522:
2370:
2268:
2165:
2019:
1978:
1531:
1513:
874:
791:
79:
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5166:
4324:
4073:
3951:
3696:
3641:
3600:
3552:
3009:
2751:
2309:
1347:
841:
supposedly wrote a Cello
Concerto in F major, K. 206a in 1775, but this has since been lost. His
838:
57:
3626:, is one of the oldest known cellos, built between 1538 and 1560—it is in the collection of the
2073:, a group of cellists committed to an intricate cello style intermingled with Gothic music; the
5559:
5532:
4937:
4896:
3659:
3547:
2315:
2252:
2181:
1788:
1338:
1269:
1222:
Méthode, thèorique et pratique pour apprendre en peu de temps le violoncelle dans sa perfection
1182:
1164:
1160:
1094:
A baroque cello strung with gut strings. Note the absence of fine-tuning pins on the tailpiece.
999:
905:
897:
64:
35:
17:
5226:
4790:
1489:
1464:, which are orchestral pieces that feature a solo cellist accompanied by an entire orchestra.
1443:
The cello section of the orchestra of the Munich
University of Applied Sciences is shown here.
1362:
867:
860:
734:(although many composers give it a melodic role as well), as well as being part of many other
5508:
5456:
5092:
4026:
Cyr, Mary (1982). "Basses and basse continue in the
Orchestra of the Paris Opéra 1700–1764".
3973:
3627:
2648:
2429:
just below the middle. The top and back of the cello have a decorative border inlay known as
2212:
band I Would Set Myself On Fire For You featured a cello as well as a viola to create a more
2196:
are known for using a cello as a major staple of their sound; similarly, the indie rock band
1893:
1869:
1772:
1526:
1309:
995:
917:
747:
4791:"The Etymology of Violoncello: Implications on Literature in the Early History of the Cello"
5359:
3944:"Rihanna feat. Ne Yo - Umbrella & hate that i love you live american music awards 2007"
3683:
3669:
3653:
3637:
3612:
3427:
2201:
2197:
1678:
1599:
1501:
925:
818:
446:'s four strings are each an octave higher. Music for the cello is generally written in the
176:
3512:
2721:
is applied by the player to make the hair sticky. Bows need to be re-haired periodically.
881:. A review of compositions for cello in the Romantic era must include the German composer
8:
5268:
5141:
3689:
3663:
3532:
3517:
2623:
2422:
2297:
2248:
2217:
2193:
2027:
1776:
1690:
1655:
1284:
1260:
936:
802:
759:
751:
31:
3811:
3068:
technique strikes or rubs the strings with the wood of the bow rather than the hair. In
2512:
is usually used for the tuning pegs, fingerboard, and nut, but other hardwoods, such as
956:
4993:
4668:
3537:
3527:
2497:
2465:
2323:
1958:
1889:
1780:
1764:'s first rhapsody (also transcribed by the composer, originally for violin and piano).
1631:
1623:
1556:
1313:
1186:
1003:
948:
909:
849:
767:
763:
416:
228:
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2326:
is a well-established soloist as well as playing duets with her sitarist husband, Pt.
1627:
5263:
4908:
4871:
4845:
4826:
4647:
4590:
4563:
4536:
4509:
4482:
4455:
4414:
4393:
4303:
3919:
3578:
3492:
2561:
2557:
2413:. Laminated cellos are widely used in elementary and secondary school orchestras and
2284:
2145:
1897:
1796:
1726:
1674:
1427:
882:
775:
540:
408:
161:
3848:
2777:
2770:: and since then many pieces have been composed especially for it. This curved bow (
1808:
1643:
5476:
5451:
5405:
5339:
5201:
5003:
4777:
4768:
Holman, Peter (1982). "The
English Royal Violin Consort in the Sixteenth Century".
4740:
4035:
3679:
3574:
3564:
3411:
3058:
2643:, which is glued to the underside of the top of the instrument, and a round wooden
2292:
2185:
2157:
2097:(Novosibirsk) groups playing rock and metal and having more and more popularity in
2078:
2070:
1969:
is to bring the instrument in for a particular song. In the 1960s, artists such as
1934:
1761:
1710:
1587:
1571:
1423:
1148:
1015:
940:
932:
826:
583:
560:
463:
364:
353:
292:
104:
3437:
3057:
piece would not allow the player sufficient time to pluck with the right hand. In
1698:
1591:
1366:
1323:
Concert Suite in D major for
Orchestra and Viola da Gamba – TWV55:D6 – 1. Overture
944:
499:, it often plays the bass part, where it may be reinforced an octave lower by the
5554:
5415:
5344:
5253:
5064:
5059:
4998:
4983:
4865:
4821:
Woodfield, Ian (1984) . Howard Mayer Brown; Peter le Huray; John Stevens (eds.).
4584:
4557:
4530:
4503:
4476:
4449:
4387:
4297:
4175:
4002:
3507:
3502:
3099:
2973:
2763:
2729:
2414:
2346:
2334:
2280:
2240:
2081:, who mix elements of classical music with the more modern rock and metal genre;
2074:
2054:
2045:
1994:
1853:
1747:
1702:
1619:
1518:
1509:
1481:
1426:'s Sonata for Two Cellos in C Major, 1st movement: Allegro moderato performed by
1217:
1172:
1045:
952:
931:
The cello's versatility made it popular with many composers in this era, such as
878:
853:
779:
755:
719:
3481:
3380:
Rosin is applied to bow hair to increase the friction of the bow on the strings.
1735:
1493:
5466:
5379:
5354:
5349:
5334:
5319:
5309:
5291:
5171:
5074:
5026:
4857:
4223:"Radiohead's A Moon Shaped Pool is actually a stunning work of classical music"
4098:
3764:
3718:
3542:
2993:
2932:
2533:
2481:
2453:
2389:
The cello is typically made from carved wood, although other materials such as
2327:
2177:
2133:
2117:
as the main solo instrument to create East meets West progressive (folk) rock.
2102:
2049:
2011:
1998:
1914:
1896:
for cello ensemble (the fifth is for soprano and 8 cellos). Other examples are
1849:
1820:
1792:
1721:
1706:
1694:
1651:
1635:
1615:
1603:
1576:
1497:
1473:
1099:
913:
901:
731:
727:
619:
520:
496:
488:
480:
4744:
4039:
3943:
3087:("on the bridge") refers to bowing closer to (or nearly on) the bridge, while
2365:
is becoming well known for playing the cello like a guitar, with her cover of
5548:
5364:
5324:
5176:
5031:
4960:
4904:
3923:
3768:, a percussive Hungarian folk instrument similar in construction to the cello
3713:
2505:
2350:
2256:
2244:
2225:
1982:
1954:
1950:
1909:
1885:
1857:
1743:
1607:
1595:
1114:
1036:, show three sizes of instruments, roughly corresponding to what we now call
963:
770:
was one of the first composers to treat the cello as a solo instrument. As a
735:
676:
508:
420:
412:
238:
210:
4781:
4615:
2220:
uses a cello in their song "Build God, Then We'll Talk", with lead vocalist
5513:
5493:
5374:
5369:
5329:
5036:
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4892:
3631:
3623:
3390:
2767:
2457:
2390:
2358:
2272:
2264:
2221:
2169:
2149:
2137:
2121:
2062:
2023:
2006:
1942:
1938:
1686:
1662:
1647:
1611:
1541:
1485:
1341:, performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with cellist Stephen Balderston
1130:
1053:
921:
893:
806:
771:
648:
595:
504:
472:
4145:"The Issue of Size: A Glimpse into the History of the Violoncello Piccolo"
2744:
2319:
use small string ensembles (including solo cellos) to a prominent extent.
1439:
1071:. Monteverdi referred to the instrument as "basso de viola da braccio" in
5483:
5425:
5410:
5314:
5258:
5209:
5161:
5129:
5084:
5054:
3049:
3026:
2936:
2921:. (Some writers, including Muncaster (cited below), use the Greek letter
2695:
2691:
2489:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2205:
2173:
2161:
2129:
2090:
1970:
1881:
1861:
1837:
1825:
1756:(transcribed by the composer – with Gregor Piatigorsky – from his ballet
1287:. Performed by Annie Camp in Atlanta on a 2008 Stephanie Voss Violoncello
1076:
1068:
889:
711:
591:
528:
500:
455:
396:
254:
203:
188:
184:
1836:
There are also modern solo pieces written for cello, such as Julie-O by
5395:
5285:
5214:
5181:
5156:
4641:
3887:"Hensel, Fanny Mendelssohn, 1805-1847. Fantasia, cello, piano, G minor"
3595:
3384:
3227:
2782:
2755:
2740:
2699:
2679:
2644:
2628:
2553:
2501:
2484:, which are all normally carved out of a single piece of wood, usually
2342:
2338:
2276:
2260:
2213:
2189:
2141:
2086:
2082:
2037:
2002:
1966:
1731:
1580:, the concertos of Shostakovich and Lutosławski as well as Dutilleux's
1403:
975:
603:
544:
524:
451:
2667:, because it cannot be steamed open when a repair has to be made by a
796:
Principij da imparare a suonare il violoncello e con 12 Toccate a solo
5461:
5280:
5273:
5220:
5186:
4273:"Cello Construction: How Cellos Are Made | Johnson String Instrument"
3447:
3431:
3415:
3065:
3053:
3021:
3014:
3004:
2957:
2914:{\displaystyle frequency={\frac {1}{2l}}\cdot {\sqrt {\frac {T}{m}}}}
2759:
2737:
2714:
2664:
2660:
2573:
2229:
2153:
2125:
2066:
1962:
1670:
1551:
1522:
1477:
1448:
1205:
1151:
family, meaning "viol of the arm", which includes, among others, the
971:
723:
492:
447:
404:
400:
4924:
4468:
4438:
As opposed to the German bow popular in baroque era, held underhand.
2978:
1929:
825:, Capricci by dall'Abaco, and Sonatas by Flackton, Boismortier, and
46:
5471:
5248:
5236:
5146:
5134:
5124:
5102:
3441:
3073:
3069:
2640:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2517:
2461:
2430:
2288:
2106:
1716:
Other important pieces for cello and piano include Schumann's five
1546:
1461:
1201:
1090:
983:
691:
484:
150:
790:(1665–1729), who wrote six sonatas for violin and basso continuo.
667:
5400:
5241:
5231:
5097:
5069:
4522:
3673:
3474:
3468:
3000:
2722:
2668:
2586:
2426:
2410:
2402:
2209:
2098:
1905:
1877:
1865:
1197:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1061:
1029:
family. The earliest depictions of the violin family, from Italy
987:
979:
784:
Il primo libro di madrigali, per 2–5 voci e basso continuo, op. 1
594:
is the largest). Thus, the name "violoncello" contained both the
571:
567:
536:
516:
4929:
4688:
2614:
2353:, who, in addition to her own projects, has played for those of
2052:
was originally a cellist and included some cello parts in their
1977:
used the cello in popular music, in songs such as The Beatles' "
1901:
924:(1882–1955) (two trio sonatas for flute, cello, and piano) and
5420:
5151:
4975:
3421:
3401:
Cases are used to protect the cello and bow (or multiple bows).
3077:
2577:
2537:
2477:
2406:
2394:
2200:
employs two cello players in their lineup. The orch-rock group
2094:
2065:, a group of Finnish cellists best known for their versions of
1682:
1209:
1152:
1037:
715:
687:
587:
579:
243:
3338:
Distance beneath fingerboard to surface of belly at neck join
3046:
of the bow hair with the string (sometimes abbreviated WASP).
2381:
2093:
also includes a cellist. Silenzium and Cellissimo Quartet are
1208:
with a metal (or synthetic) core; Baroque strings are made of
1175:, these were short-lived and the more practical and ergonomic
817:
stand out, as do the five sonatas for cello and pianoforte of
640:
218:
5488:
5018:
3451:
3408:
3404:
3126:" but are also made in smaller (fractional) sizes, including
2718:
2590:
2582:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2485:
2449:
2437:
2398:
2110:
1873:
1666:
1156:
1057:
1049:
1041:
991:
967:
707:
706:. It is tuned in the exact same intervals and strings as the
483:. As a solo instrument, the cello uses its whole range, from
443:
370:
319:
247:
4842:
Il violoncello. Conoscere la tecnica per esprimere la musica
4096:
3656:, played by Jacqueline du Pré, currently played by Yo-Yo Ma.
2436:
The fingerboard and pegs on a cello are generally made from
1369:, performed by Hans Goldstein (cello) and Eli Kalman (piano)
5498:
4807:"The King Violoncello by Andrea Amati, Cremona, after 1538"
4325:"Cold Case: Luis and Clark Carbon Expedition for Yo-Yo Ma?"
2618:
The bridge of a cello, with a mute (the mute is not in use)
2236:
2114:
1974:
1144:
1026:
928:(1901–1953) (Diaphonic suite No. 2 for bassoon and cello).
754:. Other significant works include Sonatas and Concertos by
575:
532:
512:
379:
373:
328:
322:
310:
304:
301:
4412:
4248:"A music theory breakdown of Radiohead's 'Burn The Witch'"
2732:. Jimmy Page pioneered its application on tracks such as "
2295:. Modern musical theatre pieces like Jason Robert Brown's
746:
Among the most well-known Baroque works for the cello are
3376:
3322:
Rib depth at shoulders including edges of front and back
3116:
Standard-sized cellos are referred to as "full-size" or "
3966:"Violoncello by Andrea Amati, Cremona, Mid-16th Century"
3282:
Approximate width horizontally from A peg to C peg ends
2471:
539:. Cellos are found in many other ensembles, from modern
3020:
In cello playing, the bow is much like the breath of a
2040:
included a cello solo in their 1970 epic instrumental "
1246:
Bach's Cello Suite #1 (Bwv1007), 1st movement – Prelude
2850:
2809:
2747:'s lead singer often plays guitar using a cello bow.
2556:) is specified by the composer. Some composers (e.g.
1918:
for seven cellos, or even Villa-Lobos' rarely played
388:
337:
313:
295:
30:"Violoncello" redirects here. For the racehorse, see
4054:"Violin (Baroque) – Early Music Instrument Database"
2639:
Internally, the cello has two important features: a
2401:
for the back, sides, and neck. Other woods, such as
1779:(which are among the best-known solo cello pieces),
1460:
returning to the harmony role. There are also cello
774:
instrument the cello may have been used in works by
622:
376:
325:
307:
298:
4635:
4124:"Cello (Baroque) – Early Music Instrument Database"
2393:or aluminum may be used. A traditional cello has a
367:
316:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4643:Antonio Stradivari: The Cremona Exhibition of 1987
3838:
3290:Back length excluding half-round where neck joins
2913:
2824:
2120:More recent bands who have used the cello include
1492:, two by Dvořák, and one each by Robert Schumann,
4142:
2349:and the "Cajun cellist" Sean Grissom, as well as
2188:has also made use of the cello's rich sound. The
2061:Established non-traditional cello groups include
1930:Popular music, jazz, world music and neoclassical
1087:appear in Italian art of the early 16th century.
831:Divertimento for Piano, Clarinet, Viola and Cello
5546:
4673:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2440:, as it is strong and does not wear out easily.
2228:added cellist Nela Pekarek to the band in 2010.
1843:
1067:The direct ancestor to the violoncello was the
4097:Marsh, Gregory and Elizabeth (March 7, 2016).
3869:
966:, but was more commonly used in 1970s pop and
4945:
4586:The Cambridge Companion to the String Quartet
4555:
4478:How things work: the physics of everyday life
4322:
3739:List of double concertos for violin and cello
3599:The Servais Stradivarius is preserved in the
2585:or another hardwood, but can also be made of
1922:(1958) for 32 cellos. The 12 cellists of the
1025:as a family of instruments distinct from the
1018:, including cello-sized instruments, emerged
835:Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
4770:Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association
3759:Triple concerto for violin, cello, and piano
3724:List of compositions for cello and orchestra
1742:(originally a violin sonata, transcribed by
1179:position eventually replaced them entirely.
1052:. The earliest surviving cellos are made by
998:. The instrument has also been modified for
523:group alongside chordal instruments such as
4723:, ed. L. Macy (accessed January 28, 2006),
3692:, formerly played by Mstislav Rostropovich.
2702:. Both come from the same species of tree (
1488:, three by C. P. E. Bach, two by
1056:, the first known member of the celebrated
722:. The instrument is a part of the standard
4952:
4938:
4751:
4656:. Archived from the original on 2006-01-01
4609:
4529:Berg, Richard E.; Stork, David G. (2005).
4474:
4295:
3863:
3834:
3832:
3573:. For a list of notable cellists, see the
3397:There are many accessories for the cello.
2659:Cellos are constructed and repaired using
1476:– where a solo cello is accompanied by an
916:. Pieces including cello were written by
574:("big viola") was a large-sized member of
4825:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4820:
4528:
4501:
4021:
4019:
3569:A person who plays the cello is called a
2728:The cello bow has also been used to play
1848:The cello is a member of the traditional
970:music. Today it is sometimes featured in
962:In the 2010s, the instrument is found in
487:to soprano, and in chamber music such as
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
4348:
3734:List of compositions for cello and piano
3729:List of compositions for cello and organ
3594:
3383:
3375:
3098:
2977:
2931:
2776:
2678:
2627:horizontal line occurs in the "f"). The
2613:
2443:
2380:
1933:
1438:
1410:
1312:Book I by J.S. Bach, later rewritten as
1181:
1089:
843:Sinfonia Concertante in A major, K. 320e
666:
647:
639:
269:
4907:(editor), Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
4901:Evocative Objects: Things We Think With
4636:Beare, Charles; Carlson, Bruce (1993).
4582:
4447:
4385:
3829:
2567:
2448:In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the
1872:as well as Zaccharia's prayer scene in
1799:'s Sonatas for Solo Cello, Dutilleux's
14:
5547:
4863:
4767:
4196:
4016:
3839:Delbanco, Nicholas (January 1, 2001).
2825:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {T}{m}}}}
1484:, 12 by Boccherini, at least three by
1376:Cello Concerto by Dvořák, 1st movement
710:, but an octave lower. Similar to the
630:
4933:
4839:
4788:
4556:Chattopadhyay, D. (January 1, 2004).
4168:"Cello Playing in 18th Century Italy"
3995:"Cello Playing in 18th Century Italy"
3695:Piatti Stradivarius, 1720, played by
3584:
2609:
2472:Neck, fingerboard, pegbox, and scroll
1900:'s cello duets, quartet, and sextet,
1270:J.S. Bach's Cello Suite #3, Sarabande
908:, and unaccompanied cello sonatas by
873:, as well as the two sonatas and the
352:
4583:Stowell, Robin (November 13, 2003).
4576:
4389:The Cambridge Companion to the Cello
4379:
3909:
3884:
3682:, played by Clive Greensmith of the
3462:
2967:
2634:
1147:, the cello is actually part of the
1102:(fine wire around a thin gut core),
471:, it enjoys a large solo repertoire
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
4730:
4351:"Luis and Clark Carbon Fibre Cells"
4025:
3841:"The Countess of Stanlein Restored"
3749:Queen Elisabeth Competition § Cello
3605:National Museum of American History
2793:
2651:to produce the instrument's sound.
2450:Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa)
1801:Trois Strophes sur le Nom de Sacher
24:
4886:
4844:. Milano: Casa Musicale Sonzogno.
4413:Eric Halfpenny; Theodore C Grame.
4323:Chris Museler (January 18, 2009).
4099:"The Endpin – The Classy Musician"
3787:"violoncello noun – Pronunciation"
3330:Rib depth at hips including edges
2224:recording the cello solo himself.
1811:'s Suite for Solo Cello, Ligeti's
1402:Problems playing these files? See
1234:
559:is derived from the ending of the
277:Bach, Cello Suite no. 1 in G major
217:
25:
5586:
4959:
4918:
3354:Overall height excluding end pin
2341:, with notable players including
2208:-esque" melodies. The first-wave
1791:. Other notable examples include
1500:, who wrote six cello concertos.
1171:suggest that the bass violin had
5527:
5526:
4386:Stowell, Robin (June 28, 1999).
4143:Randvere, Johanna (April 2020).
3954:from the original on 2021-11-24.
3872:One Hundred Years of Violoncello
1991:Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)
1642:for other cellists, notably for
1508:for Cello, Violin and Piano and
1447:Cellos are part of the standard
1380:
1352:
1327:
1298:
1274:
1250:
833:is among the surviving works by
782:(1619–1677) with pieces such as
458:used for higher-range passages.
363:
291:
149:
45:
4681:
4629:
4603:
4549:
4495:
4441:
4432:
4406:
4342:
4316:
4289:
4265:
4240:
4215:
4190:
4160:
4136:
4116:
4090:
4066:
4046:
3680:Paganini-Ladenburg Stradivarius
3650:, played by Gregor Piatigorsky.
3112:size cello with full size cello
2376:
2089:. The crossover string quartet
1746:with the composer's approval),
730:, and is the bass voice of the
627:, meaning stringed instrument.
578:(viola da gamba) family or the
415:. Its four strings are usually
357:), often simply abbreviated as
177:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
56:needs additional citations for
4717:Stephen Bonta. "Violoncello",
4612:"Table of 'cello measurements"
4589:. Cambridge University Press.
4392:. Cambridge University Press.
4299:Aluminum in America: A History
4197:Boilen, Bob (26 August 2008).
3987:
3958:
3936:
3903:
3878:
3804:
3791:Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
3779:
3648:Batta-Piatigorsky Stradivarius
3484:and others in the Amati family
3371:
3038:of the bow on the string, bow
2333:The cello can also be used in
2113:is using a cello along with a
986:performances, such as singers
788:Elisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre
13:
1:
4823:The Early History of the Viol
4646:. London: J. & A. Beare.
3874:. Cambridge University Press.
3772:
3357:120.9 cm (47.6 in)
3219:
2602:
1924:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
1713:are particularly well known.
1434:
1308:Prelude No.1 in C Major from
1227:
1163:'s "The Rustic Wedding", and
1134:
1103:
1030:
1019:
199:
4349:van Lier, Josephine (2006).
4296:R. Skrabec, Quentin (2017).
3754:String instrument repertoire
3709:Category:Composers for cello
3640:is in the collection of the
3498:Giovanni Battista Guadagnini
3349:26.7 cm (10.5 in)
3309:43.9 cm (17.3 in)
3301:34.0 cm (13.4 in)
3293:75.4 cm (29.7 in)
3208:Cellos in sizes larger than
2766:, Mstislav Rostropovich and
2750:In 1989, the German cellist
1949:The cello is less common in
1844:Quartets and other ensembles
1537:Variations on a Rococo Theme
1143:Despite similarities to the
1098:The invention of wire-wound
550:
7:
4448:Cowling, Elizabeth (1983).
3702:
3558:
3346:Bridge to back total depth
3333:12.7 cm (5.0 in)
3325:12.4 cm (4.9 in)
3285:16.0 cm (6.3 in)
3264:Approximate dimensions for
3244:cello is about 70 cm (
3034:applied to the string, the
2560:in the final movement of ‘’
2322:In Indian classical music,
1701:, Shostakovich, Prokofiev,
1430:and 8-year-old Sujari Britt
1173:alternate playing positions
1075:(1607). Although the first
994:'s 2007 performance at the
511:typically assumes a cello,
155:Cello, front and side view.
10:
5591:
5570:Basso continuo instruments
4925:The Violoncello Foundation
4752:Grassineau, James (1740).
4710:
4475:Bloomfield, Louis (2001).
4358:Alberta String Association
3910:Jeal, Erica (2019-08-22).
3885:Congress, The Library of.
3591:Category:Individual cellos
3588:
3562:
3466:
3365:5.6 cm (2.2 in)
3341:2.3 cm (0.9 in)
3317:8.9 cm (3.5 in)
2971:
2788:
2713:Bow hair is traditionally
2527:
2216:-oriented sound. The band
2026:collaborated with cellist
1394:, performed by John Michel
1316:. Performed by John Michel
1263:. Performed by John Michel
1009:
906:Sonata for Cello and Piano
671:Cello close-up with a bow.
29:
5522:
5444:
5388:
5300:
5200:
5115:
5083:
5045:
5017:
4974:
4967:
4805:
4562:. New Age International.
4535:. Pearson Prentice Hall.
4502:Muncaster, Roger (1993).
4302:. McFarland. p. 88.
3744:List of solo cello pieces
2781:Michael Bach, cello with
2313:, and Ricky Ian Gordon's
1987:Strawberry Fields Forever
1961:. The more common use in
1583:Tout un monde lointain...
898:Cello Concerto in E minor
823:Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
635:
618:, which was derived from
614:is derived from the root
268:
263:
234:
227:
216:
209:
195:
175:
167:
160:
148:
5288:(changing string tuning)
4864:Pleeth, William (1982).
4840:Ghigi, Marcella (1999).
3523:Giovanni Battista Rogeri
3298:Upper bouts (shoulders)
3094:
2166:Electric Light Orchestra
2020:Electric Light Orchestra
1720:and transcriptions like
1159:. Though paintings like
848:Well-known works of the
741:
720:European classical music
4745:10.1093/earlyj/10.2.155
4419:Encyclopedia Britannica
4040:10.1093/earlyj/10.2.155
4034:(Apr., 1982): 155–170.
3870:Valerie Walden (2004).
3642:Smithsonian Institution
3601:Smithsonian Institution
3553:Jean Baptiste Vuillaume
3362:End pin unit and spike
2654:
2456:constructs cellos from
2385:Main parts of the cello
1467:
1392:Dvořák's Cello Concerto
1261:Bwv1007, first movement
839:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
805:, the two concertos by
354:[vjolonˈtʃɛllo]
27:Bowed string instrument
4870:. Kahn & Averill.
4727:(subscription access).
4638:"Foreword by Yo-Yo Ma"
4454:. C. Scribner's Sons.
3970:collections.nmmusd.org
3660:Barjansky Stradivarius
3607:
3548:Carlo Giuseppe Testore
3394:
3381:
3113:
2983:
2952:
2915:
2826:
2785:
2687:
2674:
2619:
2536:had cores made out of
2386:
2316:My Life with Albertine
2182:Vitamin String Quartet
1946:
1650:, Gregor Piatigorsky,
1444:
1431:
1339:Georg Philipp Telemann
1285:BWV 1009, 4th movement
1239:
1194:
1191:Bach's 6th Cello Suite
1095:
1000:Indian classical music
758:, and solo sonatas by
672:
664:
645:
623:
566:, which means "little
479:, as well as numerous
350:Italian pronunciation:
278:
222:
36:Cello (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
5509:Violin musical styles
5457:History of the violin
5093:Electric upright bass
4782:10.1093/jrma/109.1.39
4756:. London: J. Wilcox.
4415:"Stringed instrument"
4277:www.johnsonstring.com
4103:Theclassymusician.com
4074:"Baroque Instruments"
3950:. December 25, 2015.
3628:National Music Museum
3618:Some notable cellos:
3598:
3428:Wolf tone eliminators
3387:
3379:
3102:
2981:
2935:
2916:
2827:
2780:
2682:
2617:
2444:Alternative materials
2384:
2015:studio album (1968).
1937:
1908:for eight cellos and
1894:Bachianas Brasileiras
1870:William Tell Overture
1785:Sonata for Solo Cello
1773:Johann Sebastian Bach
1767:There are pieces for
1442:
1422:
1310:Well-Tempered Clavier
1238:
1185:
1093:
996:American Music Awards
918:American Music Center
750:'s six unaccompanied
748:Johann Sebastian Bach
670:
651:
643:
477:without accompaniment
276:
221:
5360:Double bass concerto
4754:A Musical Dictionary
4532:The Physics of Sound
3684:Tokyo String Quartet
3670:Bonjour Stradivarius
3654:Davidov Stradivarius
3638:Servais Stradivarius
3613:Davidov Stradivarius
2848:
2807:
2704:Caesalpinia echinata
2568:Tailpiece and endpin
2532:Historically, cello
2202:The Polyphonic Spree
1920:Fantasia Concertante
1787:and Britten's three
1661:There are also many
926:Ruth Crawford Seeger
819:Ludwig van Beethoven
675:Cellos are tuned in
423:: from low to high,
65:improve this article
5389:Related instruments
5303:and genres of music
5269:Finger substitution
4789:Jesselson, Robert.
4758:VIOLONCELLO of the
4559:Elements Of Physics
3690:Duport Stradivarius
3664:Julian Lloyd Webber
3533:Stefano Scarampella
3518:Domenico Montagnana
3473:Cellos are made by
3306:Lower bouts (hips)
3064:A player using the
2836:is the tension and
2754:began developing a
2683:A cello French bow
2357:. Cellists such as
2298:The Last Five Years
2218:Panic! at the Disco
2194:The Stiletto Formal
2028:Julian Lloyd Webber
1805:Les Mots Sont Allés
1669:. Those written by
1656:Julian Lloyd Webber
1472:There are numerous
937:Dmitri Shostakovich
868:Camille Saint-Saëns
760:Francesco Geminiani
714:, the cello has an
652:Cello open strings
631:General description
229:Related instruments
145:
32:Violoncello (horse)
5575:Italian inventions
4994:Five-string violin
4856:With a preface by
4809:. 21 November 2023
4720:Grove Music Online
4508:. Nelson Thornes.
4329:The New York Times
3851:on January 8, 2009
3608:
3585:Famous instruments
3538:Antonio Stradivari
3528:Francesco Ruggieri
3395:
3382:
3114:
2984:
2953:
2911:
2822:
2786:
2734:Dazed and Confused
2688:
2620:
2610:Bridge and f-holes
2466:Josephine van Lier
2387:
2324:Saskia Rao-de Haas
2044:". Bass guitarist
2018:In the 1970s, the
1959:the Avett Brothers
1947:
1890:Heitor Villa-Lobos
1718:Stücke im Volkston
1449:symphony orchestra
1445:
1432:
1390:First movement of
1314:Gounod's Ave Maria
1240:
1195:
1187:Josephine van Lier
1096:
1004:Saskia Rao-de Haas
1002:by Nancy Lesh and
955:. Polish composer
949:Witold Lutoslawski
792:Francesco Supriani
768:Domenico Gabrielli
764:Giovanni Bononcini
673:
665:
646:
602:" ("big") and the
541:Chinese orchestras
279:
223:
143:
5542:
5541:
5111:
5110:
4913:978-0-262-20168-1
4877:978-1-871082-38-8
4596:978-0-521-00042-0
4569:978-81-224-1538-4
4542:978-0-13-145789-8
4515:978-0-7487-1584-8
4488:978-0-471-38151-8
4461:978-0-684-17870-7
4399:978-0-521-62101-4
3845:Harper's Magazine
3579:Category:Cellists
3513:Charles Mennégand
3493:Matteo Goffriller
3463:Instrument makers
3450:provide a steady
3369:
3368:
2968:Playing technique
2909:
2908:
2894:
2820:
2819:
2635:Internal features
2562:The Pines of Rome
2558:Ottorino Respighi
2307:, Adam Guettel's
2301:, Duncan Sheik's
2285:Fred Lonberg-Holm
2146:Smashing Pumpkins
2042:Atom Heart Mother
2030:on the recording
1727:Arpeggione Sonata
1567:Symphony-Concerto
1428:Alisa Weilerstein
1420:
1385:
1357:
1332:
1303:
1279:
1255:
883:Fanny Mendelssohn
776:Francesca Caccini
726:, as part of the
409:string instrument
403:and occasionally
283:
282:
274:
162:String instrument
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
5582:
5530:
5529:
5452:Violin acoustics
5406:Hardanger fiddle
5340:String orchestra
5004:Alexander violin
4972:
4971:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4931:
4930:
4881:
4855:
4836:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4802:
4795:Strings Magazine
4785:
4764:
4748:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4672:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4614:. Archived from
4610:Alan Stevenson.
4607:
4601:
4600:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4367:on April 7, 2014
4366:
4360:. Archived from
4355:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4178:on March 3, 2016
4174:. Archived from
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4078:History Of Music
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4001:. Archived from
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3972:. Archived from
3962:
3956:
3955:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3847:. Archived from
3836:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3783:
3644:, Washington DC.
3575:list of cellists
3565:List of cellists
3273:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3059:musical notation
3044:point of contact
2950:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2882:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2794:Physical aspects
2758:, encouraged by
2730:electric guitars
2604:
2454:Luis & Clark
2415:youth orchestras
2304:Spring Awakening
2293:Erik Friedlander
2186:System of a Down
2158:Phillip Phillips
2079:Break of Reality
2036:. Most notably,
1957:and Joe Kwon of
1777:Suites for Cello
1730:(originally for
1480:– notably 25 by
1424:Luigi Boccherini
1421:
1387:
1386:
1359:
1358:
1334:
1333:
1305:
1304:
1281:
1280:
1257:
1256:
1237:
1149:viola da braccio
1139:
1136:
1108:
1105:
1035:
1032:
1024:
1021:
957:Grażyna Bacewicz
941:Benjamin Britten
933:Sergei Prokofiev
890:Dame Ethel Smyth
827:Luigi Boccherini
694:), followed by G
679:, starting with
663:
662:
661:
659:
626:
584:viola da braccio
391:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
356:
351:
344:
340:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
275:
201:
153:
146:
142:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5518:
5504:Violin lutherie
5440:
5416:Lira da braccio
5384:
5345:Violin concerto
5302:
5296:
5196:
5107:
5079:
5065:Cello da spalla
5060:Baritone violin
5041:
5013:
4999:Violino piccolo
4984:Electric violin
4963:
4958:
4921:
4889:
4887:Further reading
4884:
4878:
4852:
4833:
4812:
4810:
4801:(JAN/FEB 1991).
4713:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4666:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4634:
4630:
4621:
4619:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4505:A-level Physics
4500:
4496:
4489:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4384:
4380:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4331:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4294:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4257:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4207:
4205:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4095:
4091:
4082:
4080:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4024:
4017:
4008:
4006:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3979:
3977:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3928:
3926:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3893:
3883:
3879:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3837:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3816:Merriam-Webster
3810:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3705:
3622:the "King", by
3593:
3587:
3567:
3561:
3508:Pietro Guarneri
3503:Andrea Guarneri
3488:Nicolò Gagliano
3471:
3465:
3374:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3022:wind instrument
3010:harmonic series
2976:
2974:Cello technique
2970:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2926:
2922:
2899:
2886:
2881:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2791:
2764:Dieter Schnebel
2690:Traditionally,
2677:
2657:
2637:
2612:
2570:
2530:
2474:
2446:
2379:
2347:Sparrow Quartet
2281:Ernst Reijseger
2241:Oscar Pettiford
2075:Massive Violins
2046:Mike Rutherford
1995:Good Vibrations
1989:", and Cher's "
1932:
1892:' first of his
1854:string quintets
1846:
1815:, Carter's two
1753:Suite italienne
1602:. In addition,
1519:Richard Strauss
1514:Double Concerto
1506:Triple Concerto
1474:cello concertos
1470:
1437:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1348:Élégie by Fauré
1344:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1224:(Paris, 1741).
1218:Michel Corrette
1169:Epitome Musical
1137:
1106:
1046:lira da braccio
1033:
1022:
1012:
953:Henri Dutilleux
879:Johannes Brahms
875:Double Concerto
854:Robert Schumann
780:Barbara Strozzi
756:Antonio Vivaldi
744:
705:
701:
697:
684:
657:
654:
653:
638:
633:
553:
519:as part of the
489:string quartets
440:
436:
432:
428:
389:
366:
362:
349:
342:
338:
294:
290:
270:
182:
156:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5588:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5565:String section
5562:
5557:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5467:Bass amplifier
5459:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5380:Carnatic music
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5355:Cello concerto
5352:
5350:Viola concerto
5347:
5342:
5337:
5335:String section
5332:
5327:
5322:
5320:String quintet
5317:
5312:
5310:String quartet
5306:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5217:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5075:Electric cello
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5027:Vertical viola
5023:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4919:External links
4917:
4916:
4915:
4905:Turkle, Sherry
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4876:
4861:
4858:Mario Brunello
4850:
4837:
4831:
4818:
4803:
4786:
4765:
4749:
4739:(2): 155–170.
4728:
4725:grovemusic.com
4714:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4680:
4652:
4628:
4602:
4595:
4575:
4568:
4548:
4541:
4521:
4514:
4494:
4487:
4467:
4460:
4440:
4431:
4405:
4398:
4378:
4341:
4315:
4308:
4288:
4264:
4239:
4214:
4189:
4159:
4135:
4115:
4089:
4065:
4045:
4015:
3986:
3957:
3935:
3902:
3877:
3862:
3828:
3803:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Electric cello
3716:
3711:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3677:
3667:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3635:
3586:
3583:
3563:Main article:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:David Tecchler
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3467:Main article:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3445:
3435:
3425:
3419:
3402:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:Bridge height
3311:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3096:
3093:
3085:Sul ponticello
2994:thumb position
2972:Main article:
2969:
2966:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2818:
2815:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2694:are made from
2685:sul ponticello
2676:
2673:
2656:
2653:
2636:
2633:
2611:
2608:
2600:Adrien Servais
2569:
2566:
2529:
2526:
2473:
2470:
2445:
2442:
2411:laminated wood
2378:
2375:
2328:Shubhendra Rao
2178:Kronos Quartet
2103:Cold Fairyland
2012:Wheels of Fire
1999:the Beach Boys
1931:
1928:
1915:Messagesquisse
1850:string quartet
1845:
1842:
1665:for cello and
1652:Siegfried Palm
1644:Gaspar Cassadó
1626:, Penderecki,
1577:Cello Symphony
1498:Nikolaus Kraft
1469:
1466:
1436:
1433:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1145:viola da gamba
1085:viola da gamba
1027:viola da gamba
1011:
1008:
914:Paul Hindemith
902:Claude Debussy
861:Antonín Dvořák
772:basso continuo
743:
740:
732:string quartet
728:string section
703:
699:
695:
682:
644:Cello close-up
637:
634:
632:
629:
620:Medieval Latin
552:
549:
521:basso continuo
513:viola da gamba
497:string section
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:perfect fifths
281:
280:
266:
265:
261:
260:
259:
258:
251:
232:
231:
225:
224:
214:
213:
207:
206:
197:
193:
192:
179:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
158:
157:
154:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5587:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5560:C instruments
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5535:
5534:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5365:Violin sonata
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5325:String sextet
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:Shoulder rest
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:Viola pomposa
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4961:Violin family
4955:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4893:Machover, Tod
4891:
4890:
4879:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4851:88-87318-08-5
4847:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4832:0-521-24292-4
4828:
4824:
4819:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4694:
4690:
4689:"Collections"
4684:
4676:
4670:
4655:
4653:0-9519397-0-X
4649:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4618:on 2008-01-04
4617:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4435:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4309:9781476625645
4305:
4301:
4300:
4292:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4204:
4200:
4199:"Ra Ra Cello"
4193:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4146:
4139:
4125:
4119:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4055:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4020:
4005:on 2016-03-03
4004:
4000:
3999:www.cello.org
3996:
3990:
3976:on 2022-06-11
3975:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3866:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3817:
3813:
3812:"Violoncello"
3807:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:Brahms guitar
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3698:
3697:Carlos Prieto
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3378:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3277:Average size
3276:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3233:
3229:
3206:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2816:
2813:
2800:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:violin family
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:Vyvienne Long
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:Floyd Collins
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:David Darling
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:Diedre Murray
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:Harry Babasin
2242:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:The Lumineers
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:Eleanor Rigby
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:the Ink Spots
1952:
1951:popular music
1944:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:1812 Overture
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1744:Jules Delsart
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1429:
1425:
1407:
1405:
1393:
1377:
1368:
1367:Gabriel Fauré
1364:
1349:
1340:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1295:
1286:
1271:
1262:
1247:
1225:
1223:
1219:
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1199:
1192:
1188:
1184:
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1158:
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1126:
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1120:
1116:
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1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1028:
1017:
1016:violin family
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:popular music
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:György Ligeti
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:Zoltán Kodály
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:(1858–1944),
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
869:
865:
862:
858:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
837:(1739–1807).
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:Classical era
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:(1587–1641),
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
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709:
693:
689:
685:
678:
669:
660:
650:
642:
628:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
558:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:music of the
506:
502:
501:double basses
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:violoncellist
466:
465:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
422:
418:
414:
413:violin family
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
384:
360:
355:
347:
346:
333:
288:
267:
262:
257:
256:
252:
249:
245:
241:
240:
239:Violin family
236:
235:
233:
230:
226:
220:
215:
212:
211:Playing range
208:
205:
198:
194:
190:
187:sounded by a
186:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
152:
147:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5531:
5514:Violin octet
5494:Stradivarius
5375:Cello sonata
5370:Viola sonata
5330:String octet
5219:
5046:
5037:Tenor violin
5009:Stroh violin
4900:
4866:
4841:
4822:
4811:. Retrieved
4798:
4794:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4736:
4732:
4718:
4696:. Retrieved
4692:
4683:
4658:. Retrieved
4642:
4631:
4620:. Retrieved
4616:the original
4605:
4585:
4578:
4558:
4551:
4531:
4524:
4504:
4497:
4477:
4470:
4450:
4443:
4434:
4422:. Retrieved
4418:
4408:
4388:
4381:
4369:. Retrieved
4362:the original
4357:
4344:
4332:. Retrieved
4328:
4318:
4298:
4291:
4280:. Retrieved
4276:
4267:
4256:. Retrieved
4254:. 6 Jan 2016
4251:
4242:
4231:. Retrieved
4229:. 6 May 2016
4226:
4217:
4206:. Retrieved
4202:
4192:
4180:. Retrieved
4176:the original
4171:
4162:
4151:. Retrieved
4138:
4127:. Retrieved
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4102:
4092:
4081:. Retrieved
4077:
4068:
4057:. Retrieved
4048:
4031:
4027:
4007:. Retrieved
4003:the original
3998:
3989:
3978:. Retrieved
3974:the original
3969:
3960:
3947:
3938:
3927:. Retrieved
3916:The Guardian
3915:
3905:
3894:. Retrieved
3890:
3880:
3871:
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3849:the original
3844:
3819:. Retrieved
3815:
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3790:
3781:
3763:
3672:, played by
3662:, played by
3632:South Dakota
3624:Andrea Amati
3617:
3609:
3570:
3568:
3482:Nicolò Amati
3472:
3407:, made from
3396:
3232:scale length
3207:
3115:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3063:
3050:Double stops
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3019:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2962:
2954:
2925:in place of
2801:
2797:
2771:
2768:Luigi Colani
2752:Michael Bach
2749:
2727:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2689:
2684:
2658:
2638:
2621:
2596:
2571:
2531:
2495:
2475:
2458:carbon fibre
2447:
2435:
2419:
2391:carbon fiber
2388:
2377:Construction
2359:Natalie Haas
2332:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2273:Lucio Amanti
2265:Dave Holland
2234:
2222:Brendon Urie
2170:baroque rock
2122:Clean Bandit
2119:
2063:Apocalyptica
2060:
2053:
2031:
2024:Colosseum II
2017:
2010:
1948:
1943:Ilosaarirock
1941:at the 2009
1939:Apocalyptica
1919:
1913:
1847:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1804:
1800:
1789:Cello Suites
1766:
1757:
1751:
1740:Cello Sonata
1736:César Franck
1734:and piano),
1725:
1717:
1715:
1691:Rachmaninoff
1660:
1648:Aldo Parisot
1638:wrote major
1581:
1575:
1565:
1562:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1471:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1401:
1337:Composed by
1221:
1214:
1196:
1176:
1168:
1165:Jambe de Fer
1142:
1131:Stradivarius
1127:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1054:Andrea Amati
1013:
961:
930:
922:Marion Bauer
894:Edward Elgar
887:
866:, the first
852:include the
850:Romantic era
847:
830:
807:Joseph Haydn
800:
795:
783:
745:
702:, and then A
674:
615:
611:
607:
599:
596:augmentative
563:
556:
554:
505:Figured bass
468:
462:
461:Played by a
460:
358:
286:
284:
264:Sound sample
253:
237:
127:
121:January 2023
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
5484:Jazz violin
5426:Nyckelharpa
5411:Hurdy-gurdy
5315:String trio
5259:Double stop
5162:Fingerboard
5085:Double bass
5055:Bass violin
4968:Instruments
4733:Early Music
4028:Early Music
3434:or "wolfs".
3372:Accessories
3274:size cello
3223: 1700
3027:fingerboard
2937:Spectrogram
2502:tuning pegs
2490:fingerboard
2367:The Beatles
2363:Lindsay Mac
2355:Damien Rice
2253:Abdul Wadud
2239:, bassists
2206:psychedelic
2174:Arcade Fire
2162:OneRepublic
2130:The Auteurs
1971:the Beatles
1882:Tchaikovsky
1852:as well as
1838:Mark Summer
1826:Nomos Alpha
1813:Solo Sonata
1675:Mendelssohn
1632:Villa-Lobos
1532:Tchaikovsky
1527:Don Quixote
1490:Saint-Saëns
1138: 1750
1107: 1660
1077:bass violin
1069:bass violin
1034: 1530
1023: 1500
712:double bass
592:double bass
564:violoncello
529:harpsichord
509:Baroque era
456:treble clef
399:(sometimes
287:violoncello
255:Double bass
204:bass violin
185:chordophone
183:(Composite
171:Violoncello
168:Other names
5549:Categories
5396:Arpeggione
5286:Scordatura
5215:Bow stroke
5202:Techniques
5192:Tuning peg
5182:Sound post
4897:"My Cello"
4813:2023-11-21
4698:October 4,
4693:Nmmusd.org
4660:2008-09-26
4622:2007-10-26
4424:October 4,
4334:October 4,
4282:2021-07-02
4258:2023-09-27
4252:Classic FM
4233:2023-09-27
4227:Classic FM
4208:2021-09-03
4182:October 4,
4153:2023-01-23
4129:2020-07-29
4108:October 4,
4083:2020-07-29
4059:2020-07-29
4009:2019-11-27
3980:2019-11-27
3929:2019-11-27
3896:2019-11-27
3891:id.loc.gov
3821:October 4,
3796:October 4,
3773:References
3589:See also:
3448:Metronomes
3432:wolf tones
3228:Stradivari
3042:, and the
2756:curved bow
2700:brazilwood
2696:pernambuco
2645:sound post
2554:scordatura
2397:top, with
2343:Ben Sollee
2339:folk music
2277:Akua Dixon
2261:Ron Carter
2190:indie rock
2142:Ra Ra Riot
2087:cello rock
2083:Cello Fury
2038:Pink Floyd
2033:Variations
2003:Jack Bruce
1803:, Berio's
1769:cello solo
1758:Pulcinella
1748:Stravinsky
1732:arpeggione
1624:Myaskovsky
1622:, Ligeti,
1600:Penderecki
1557:Kol Nidrei
1435:Orchestral
1404:media help
1228:Modern use
1060:family of
604:diminutive
545:cello rock
452:tenor clef
202:1660 from
181:321.322-71
91:newspapers
5477:Slap bass
5462:Jazz bass
5301:Ensembles
5281:Pizzicato
5274:Bariolage
5264:Fingering
5254:Harmonics
5221:Col legno
5187:Tailpiece
4776:: 39–59.
4669:cite book
4481:. Wiley.
4451:The cello
4371:4 October
4172:Cello.org
3924:0261-3077
3855:4 October
3765:Ütőgardon
3089:sul tasto
3066:col legno
3054:pizzicato
3015:Glissando
3005:Harmonics
2982:A cellist
2958:wolf tone
2897:⋅
2760:John Cage
2745:Sigur Rós
2741:Icelandic
2738:post-rock
2715:horsehair
2665:wood glue
2661:hide glue
2649:diaphragm
2574:tailpiece
2371:Blackbird
2335:bluegrass
2249:Fred Katz
2230:Radiohead
2154:Talk Talk
2126:Aerosmith
2071:Rasputina
2067:Metallica
1979:Yesterday
1945:festival.
1898:Offenbach
1793:Hindemith
1671:Beethoven
1640:concertos
1616:Hindemith
1523:tone poem
1502:Beethoven
1478:orchestra
1462:concertos
1453:principal
1294:Ave Maria
1206:flatwound
984:R & B
801:From the
724:orchestra
555:The name
551:Etymology
493:orchestra
448:bass clef
196:Developed
5533:Category
5472:Big band
5431:Pochette
5249:Arpeggio
5237:Spiccato
5147:Chinrest
5125:Bass bar
5103:Octobass
4989:Pochette
4895:(2007).
4760:Italians
3952:Archived
3703:See also
3559:Cellists
3475:luthiers
3442:overtone
3416:conifers
3074:staccato
3070:spiccato
2948:♯
2942:♯
2832:, where
2783:BACH.Bow
2772:BACH.Bow
2641:bass bar
2550:chromium
2546:titanium
2542:aluminum
2518:rosewood
2480:and the
2462:Yo-Yo Ma
2431:purfling
2289:Tom Cora
2168:and the
2107:Shanghai
1722:Schubert
1620:Honegger
1588:Messiaen
1547:Schelomo
1062:luthiers
1048:and the
920:founder
871:Concerto
864:Concerto
857:Concerto
738:groups.
692:middle C
491:and the
481:concerti
395:), is a
5436:Quinton
5401:Baryton
5292:Vibrato
5242:Tremolo
5232:Portato
5227:Martelé
5098:Violone
5070:Cellone
4711:Sources
3948:YouTube
3674:Soo Bae
3571:cellist
3469:Luthier
3269:⁄
3253:⁄
3239:⁄
3213:⁄
3200:⁄
3190:⁄
3180:⁄
3170:⁄
3160:⁄
3150:⁄
3140:⁄
3131:⁄
3121:⁄
3107:⁄
3001:Vibrato
2789:Physics
2736:". The
2723:Baroque
2669:luthier
2629:f-holes
2587:plastic
2534:strings
2528:Strings
2514:boxwood
2427:F holes
2345:of the
2210:screamo
2134:Nirvana
2099:Siberia
2095:Russian
2069:songs;
2058:album.
2055:Foxtrot
2050:Genesis
1985:" and "
1906:Fratres
1878:Nabucco
1866:Rossini
1821:Xenakis
1817:Figment
1809:Cassadó
1795:'s and
1775:'s six
1711:Britten
1703:Poulenc
1695:Debussy
1663:sonatas
1628:Rodrigo
1592:Jolivet
1572:Britten
1482:Vivaldi
1198:Baroque
1177:a gamba
1167:in his
1161:Bruegel
1123:violone
1119:theorbo
1111:Bologna
1100:strings
1081:violone
1038:violins
1010:History
988:Rihanna
980:hip-hop
815:D major
811:C major
736:chamber
688:octaves
572:Violone
568:violone
561:Italian
547:bands.
537:theorbo
517:bassoon
464:cellist
450:, with
411:of the
401:plucked
341:-ə-lən-
105:scholar
80:"Cello"
5555:Cellos
5421:Lirone
5210:Bowing
5172:Scroll
5157:F-hole
5152:Endpin
5142:Bridge
4976:Violin
4911:
4874:
4848:
4829:
4650:
4593:
4566:
4539:
4512:
4485:
4458:
4396:
4306:
3922:
3455:tempo.
3422:Endpin
3412:tapped
3409:resins
3195:, and
3078:Legato
3032:weight
2624:bridge
2578:endpin
2538:catgut
2488:. The
2482:scroll
2478:pegbox
2423:bridge
2407:willow
2403:poplar
2395:spruce
2198:Canada
2180:, The
1910:Boulez
1858:sextet
1831:Kottos
1819:s and
1781:Kodály
1762:Bartók
1760:) and
1709:, and
1707:Carter
1683:Brahms
1679:Chopin
1636:Walton
1608:Barber
1604:Arnold
1598:, and
1510:Brahms
1363:Élégie
1153:violin
1042:violas
859:, the
752:Suites
716:endpin
690:below
677:fifths
636:Tuning
624:vitula
608:-cello
588:violin
580:violin
454:, and
442:. The
244:violin
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
18:Cellos
5489:Rosin
5445:Other
5117:Parts
5047:Cello
5019:Viola
4899:. In
4867:Cello
4365:(PDF)
4354:(PDF)
4148:(PDF)
3452:tempo
3438:Mutes
3414:from
3405:Rosin
3234:of a
3095:Sizes
3040:speed
3036:angle
2743:band
2719:Rosin
2591:steel
2583:ebony
2522:ebony
2510:Ebony
2486:maple
2438:ebony
2399:maple
2192:band
2172:band
2150:James
2138:Oasis
2111:China
2105:from
2007:Cream
1997:" by
1874:Verdi
1862:trios
1797:Ysaÿe
1699:Fauré
1687:Grieg
1667:piano
1612:Glass
1596:Berio
1552:Bruch
1542:Bloch
1486:Haydn
1157:viola
1121:, or
1115:organ
1073:Orfeo
1058:Amati
1050:rebec
992:Ne-Yo
968:disco
742:Works
708:viola
686:(two
616:viola
557:cello
535:, or
525:organ
444:viola
437:and A
417:tuned
397:bowed
359:cello
248:viola
144:Cello
112:JSTOR
98:books
5499:Viol
5135:Frog
4909:ISBN
4872:ISBN
4846:ISBN
4827:ISBN
4700:2016
4675:link
4648:ISBN
4591:ISBN
4564:ISBN
4537:ISBN
4510:ISBN
4483:ISBN
4456:ISBN
4426:2016
4394:ISBN
4373:2016
4336:2016
4304:ISBN
4184:2016
4110:2016
3920:ISSN
3857:2016
3823:2016
3798:2016
3577:and
3391:mute
2989:neck
2945:–A–F
2692:bows
2655:Glue
2622:The
2576:and
2572:The
2548:and
2496:The
2464:and
2425:and
2337:and
2291:and
2243:and
2237:jazz
2214:folk
2115:pipa
2091:Bond
1993:". "
1981:", "
1975:Cher
1973:and
1967:rock
1965:and
1902:Pärt
1829:and
1654:and
1634:and
1550:and
1494:Lalo
1468:Solo
1202:frog
1155:and
1014:The
990:and
982:and
976:rock
974:and
951:and
912:and
829:. A
813:and
786:and
762:and
658:Play
612:Viol
600:-one
576:viol
533:lute
485:bass
475:and
473:with
390:CHEL
343:CHEL
285:The
84:news
5167:Nut
5130:Bow
4778:doi
4774:109
4741:doi
4203:NPR
4036:doi
3630:in
3603:'s
2951:–D.
2698:or
2675:Bow
2589:or
2516:or
2498:nut
2405:or
2373:".
2369:' "
2235:In
2048:of
2009:'s
1963:pop
1904:'s
1884:'s
1876:'s
1868:'s
1860:or
1783:'s
1750:'s
1738:'s
1724:'s
1574:'s
1554:'s
1544:'s
1534:'s
1504:'s
1365:by
1220:'s
1210:gut
1129:by
1109:in
972:pop
904:'s
896:'s
877:by
809:in
794:'s
698:, D
570:".
543:to
515:or
495:'s
467:or
433:, D
429:, G
419:in
407:)
405:hit
392:-oh
345:-oh
189:bow
67:by
5551::
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4799:22
4797:.
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4667:{{
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3246:27
3220:c.
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3192:10
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2603:c.
2544:,
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2287:,
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