167:
project participants, and additional
Synthesis and Education and Outreach activities. Since Sloan Foundation approval was dependent on promises of contributions from additional sources, and projects were encouraged to bring additional resources on board during their operation, the Foundation funds committed were effectively leveraged many times to provide a much more substantial program than would otherwise have been possible. As core infrastructure components, the Foundation also supported the Census' International Scientific Steering Committee and Secretariat, the U.S. National Committee, and an Education and Outreach Network to lift the project's visibility and engage other nations and organizations. The Census was ultimately estimated to have cost US $ 650 million, of which the Sloan Foundation contributed US $ 75 million with the remainder supplied by a large number of participating institutions, countries, and national and international organizations in the form of both direct and in-kind contributions.
379:
chair of the Census has said, "The Census changed our views on how things could be done. We shared our problems and we shared our solutions." In their 2011 review of the Census commissioned by the Alfred P. Sloan
Foundation, David Penman and co-authors wrote: " A fragmented research community: Marine biodiversity researchers had few active coordinated national and international research programs and taxonomic research in particular was underfunded and scattered in disparate organizations... No culture of collaboration and data sharing: Unlike the oceanographic community, marine biology was characterized by small research projects leading to publications but there was little experience or willingness to openly collaborate and share data... No recognized open-access data portal for marine biodiversity data: Unlike the "physical science" oceanographic community, there was no recognized data depository or common standards for sharing marine biodiversity data."
375:
scientists found more than 6,000 marine species potentially new to science and had completed formal descriptions of 1,200 of them up to 2010. Census scientists visited many parts of the global ocean to learn more about species ranging in size from the blue whale to minute zooplankton and microbes (bacteria and viruses); sampled from the world's coldest regions to the warm tropics, from deep-sea hydrothermal vents to coastal ecosystems; tracked the movements of fish and interrogated historical records to learn what the ocean used to be like before the influence of humans; and employed forecasting methods to predict what may happen to ocean life in the future. One of the largest scientific collaborations ever conducted, by 2011 the Census had produced over 3,100 scientific papers and many thousands of other information products, with over 30 million species distribution records freely available via OBIS.
1312:
391:
of life in the ocean in 2010 but it did substantially increase the baselines of knowledge in often underexplored ocean realms. From this knowledge base future research and surveys will add more data that can be shared through web-based services such as OBIS. From this we may be able to derive estimates of population diversity, distribution and abundance for selected groups of organisms or regions and a future compilation of such data will show how far our knowledge has moved from 2010... Undoubtedly much research on marine biodiversity would have been carried out over the last decade without the Census. But it would have lacked the global reach and the access to data and technologies that made the Census unique."
2008:
2305:
2034:
2022:
456:
2559:
27:
442:
125:. Ausubel was instrumental in persuading the Foundation to fund a series of "feasibility workshops" over the period 1997-1998 into how the project might be conducted, one result of these workshops being the broadening of the initial concept from a "Census of the Fishes" into a comprehensive "Census of Marine Life". Results from these workshops, plus associated invited contributions, formed the basis of a special issue of
1640:
89:, the project was successful in generating many times that initial investment in additional support and substantially increased the baselines of knowledge in often underexplored ocean realms, as well as engaging over 2,700 different researchers for the first time in a global collaborative community united in a common goal, and has been described as "one of the largest scientific collaborations ever conducted".
366:. A series of National and Regional Implementation Committees (NRICs) was also established to progress the involvement of particular countries and regions in Census activities. Towards the end of the project, additional teams were created for education and outreach, and mapping and vizualization products, while a "synthesis" group coordinated the final outcomes (publications, etc.).
175:
not leadership that sought out problems to solve – it identified an issue that could not be addressed through conventional national funding mechanisms and could only be approached through a large-scale collaborative endeavour. The Sloan
Foundation saw the opportunity to facilitate new science that would also contribute knowledge for wide societal benefit.
423:
5.0. Ocean in Google Earth contains a layer devoted to the Census of Marine Life that allows users to follow scientists from the Census on expeditions and see marine life and features found during the Census. A partnership with the French film company Galatée Films resulted in the production of the
390:
The Census, by any statistical measure, was a great success. The large number of scientific papers published and still to be published by Census participants, alone, would be sufficient. Instead the Census has achieved truly global science in biology. It did not profess to provide a complete Census
174:
The Census had its inception in a visionary leader (Grassle) who was able to convince a small group of colleagues of the need for such a project and find a like-minded individual (Ausubel) who saw the opportunity for the Sloan
Foundation to take a key role in bring the Census to fruition. This was
378:
As well as its tangible scientific legacy, the Census was instrumental in building a global community of researchers, many of whom had never collaborated before until they were brought together under the auspices of the Census, and a new approach to collaborative research. As Ian Poiner, outgoing
374:
During its lifespan, the Census involved some 2,700 scientists from more 80 countries who spent 9,000 days at sea participating in more than 540 census-badged expeditions, as well as uncounted nearshore sampling events. In addition to many thousands of records of previously known species, Census
166:
As a general method of working, project proposals would be debated within the
Scientific Steering Committee and, if recommended for funding, a formal submission would be made to the Sloan Foundation for funding to support the Principal Investigators (PIs) and a Project Coordinator, meetings of
151:" (HMAP), would provide the initial activities of the Census, to be followed by an additional series of field programs in 2005-2007, culminating in an analysis and integration phase in 2008-2010. During the operation of the Census, an additional non-field project was added, the
198:
The largest component of the Census involved investigating what currently lives in the world's oceans through 14 field projects. Each sampled the biota in one of six realms of the global oceans using a range of technologies. These projects were as follows:
894:
Penman, David, Pearce, Andrew and Morton, Missy. 2011. The Census of Marine Life: Review of
Lessons Learned. Report to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, New York, June 2011. Landcare Research, New Zealand, Contract Report: LC 271. Available at
146:
magazine, 2 June. Meanwhile, an
International Scientific Steering Committee was formed in 1999, which by 2001 envisaged "about half a dozen pilot programs" for the period 2002-2004 which, along with OBIS and another project called
591:
Entwisle, Amy. 2011. "What Lies
Beneath" Interview with Jesse Ausubel, Co-Founder, Census of Marine Life. Imagine Magazine, Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth, January 2011; retrieved from phe.rockefeller.edu website (July 25
908:
McIntyre, Alasdair D. (editor). 2010. Life in the World’s Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and
Abundance. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 384 pp. - A summary of findings and discoveries by the 17 Census projects
671:
Grassle, J.F. 2000. The Ocean
Biogeographic Information System (OBIS): an on-line, worldwide atlas for accessing, modeling and mapping marine biological data in a multidimensional geographic context.
121:
and was at that time unaware that Ausubel was also a program manager at the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, funders of a number of other large scale "public good" science-based projects such as the
685:
518:
1471:
2895:
1963:
2548:
869:
Ausubel, Jesse H., Crist, Darlene Trew & Waggoner, Paul E. (eds). 2010. First Census of Marine Life 2010: Highlights of a Decade of Discovery. Census of Marine Life.
602:
Grassle, Fred. 2010. Introduction. Pp. ix-xi in McIntyre, Alistair D. (editor). Life in the World's Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance. chapter available at
137:(OBIS) which would serve to collate existing knowledge about the distribution of organisms in the ocean and form the information management component of the Census.
916:
2289:
1466:
915:
Knowlton, Nancy. 2010. Citizens of the Sea: Wondrous Creatures from the Census of Marine Life. National Geographic, 216 pp. - Portraits of about 100 species
73:
was a 10-year, US $ 650 million scientific initiative, involving a global network of researchers in more than 80 nations, engaged to assess and explain the
241:
910:
637:"Ausubel, Jesse H. 1999. "The Census of the Fishes: An Update." Draft document available from Census of Marine Life website (retrieved 25 July 2018)"
2070:
140:
The Census began in a formal sense with the announcement in May 2000 of eight grants totaling about 4 million US$ to create OBIS, as reported in
2905:
2531:
1496:
2578:
606:
988:
810:
2681:
2526:
1336:
501:
The Census was the largest, but not the only commitment of Sloan funds to "big science" in that decade; from information on its website
1081:
252:
263:
1311:
2653:
883:
Snelgrove, Paul V. R. 2010. Discoveries of the Census of Marine Life: Making Ocean Life Count. Cambridge University Press, 270 pp.
2814:
1486:
1271:
636:
325:
134:
481:
896:
2536:
2063:
1501:
281:
230:
148:
118:
81:. The world's first comprehensive Census of Marine Life — past, present, and future — was released in 2010 in
2711:
2588:
1599:
1461:
152:
513:, and $ 18 million to the ethics of Synthetic Biology. Funding to the Census may be eventually surpassed by that to the
545:
878:
2910:
2643:
2638:
1491:
958:
888:
874:
708:"The Census of Marine Life: Progress and Prospects – The Rockefeller University – Program for the Human Environment"
2119:
1126:
981:
292:
2840:
2696:
2056:
707:
570:
219:
622:
3033:
2174:
1953:
2809:
2799:
2706:
2204:
3043:
3023:
2880:
2789:
2284:
2239:
1973:
1958:
347:
336:
2294:
836:
1968:
974:
2835:
2724:
1276:
475:
399:
in recognition of its decade of international ocean research spanning multiple scientific disciplines.
396:
106:
86:
729:
623:"Census of Marine Life: Feasibility workshops. Census of Marine Life website (retrieved 25 July 2018)"
2989:
2984:
2961:
2870:
2701:
2676:
1584:
1478:
933:
2875:
2608:
2583:
2254:
2229:
2037:
1830:
1825:
1121:
514:
122:
730:
The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation: Completed programs: Census of Marine Life. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
3018:
2966:
2628:
2521:
2199:
2154:
2139:
1738:
1549:
1443:
1171:
1161:
603:
430:
which was released in 2009, featuring film of over 200 species at more than 50 global locations.
2890:
2750:
2423:
1564:
1554:
1256:
1241:
814:
208:
102:
2304:
3028:
2774:
2648:
2169:
1983:
1910:
1845:
1710:
1685:
1544:
1291:
1071:
314:
303:
109:, the idea for a "Census of Marine Life" originated in conversations between himself and Dr.
670:
411:
in creating pages for marine species, and supplied marine material for DNA barcoding in the
2633:
2613:
2573:
2543:
2490:
1718:
1680:
1011:
510:
408:
156:
110:
8:
2794:
2784:
2717:
2686:
2671:
2498:
2494:
2458:
2214:
2184:
1940:
1594:
1403:
1361:
1131:
1091:
897:
https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/uploads/public/researchpubs/MarineLifeCensusReview.pdf
837:"Google Earth adds insight into Earth's oceans | Environment | guardian.co.uk"
653:
2979:
2755:
2598:
2378:
1860:
1855:
1723:
1665:
1559:
1408:
1326:
1211:
1191:
1101:
1044:
447:
114:
590:
354:
These field projects were complemented by the three non-field Census projects, namely
2860:
2845:
2328:
2249:
2179:
2124:
2109:
2093:
1870:
1748:
1695:
1614:
1281:
1246:
1186:
1146:
1116:
1086:
997:
884:
870:
689:
521:), however that program has existed over a considerably longer period (1992-current).
184:
The Census consisted of three major component themes organized around the questions:
141:
3038:
2941:
2745:
2740:
2448:
2368:
2164:
2149:
2144:
1978:
1670:
1574:
1526:
1438:
1331:
1029:
879:
http://www.coml.org/pressreleases/census2010/PDF/Highlights-2010-Report-Low-Res.pdf
130:
117:, in 1996. Grassle had been urged to talk with Ausubel by former colleagues at the
98:
2946:
2804:
2593:
2383:
2338:
2323:
2224:
1948:
1915:
1776:
1728:
1604:
1579:
1388:
1341:
1266:
1111:
1096:
610:
506:
412:
155:(FMAP), which concentrated on forecasting the future of life in the oceans using
2936:
2865:
2779:
2428:
2408:
2388:
2363:
2313:
2244:
2234:
2194:
2134:
2097:
1812:
1766:
1761:
1733:
1700:
1569:
1428:
1356:
1346:
1196:
1141:
1059:
1054:
1049:
2485:
952:
3012:
2956:
2951:
2855:
2618:
2516:
2486:
2373:
2358:
2343:
2219:
2026:
1920:
1885:
1786:
1781:
1756:
1286:
1251:
1226:
1076:
1039:
461:
426:
26:
519:
The Sloan Foundation’s 25-year partnership with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
2438:
2353:
2333:
2279:
2189:
2159:
2012:
1791:
1771:
1675:
1413:
1296:
1216:
1176:
1166:
1136:
420:
74:
686:
Malakoff, David. 2000. "Grants Kick Off Ambitious Count of All Ocean Life"
2691:
2603:
2453:
2433:
2418:
2403:
2398:
2348:
2129:
2048:
1925:
1900:
1895:
1865:
1648:
1624:
1589:
1398:
1301:
1221:
1181:
1034:
469:
78:
101:, Senior Research Associate of the Program for the Human Environment of
2915:
2623:
2413:
2393:
1905:
1840:
1629:
1609:
1393:
1366:
1151:
1064:
811:"Expo '90 Foundation: International Cosmos Prize: The Prizewinner 2011"
160:
2558:
2021:
455:
170:
In a retrospective review in 2011, David Penman and co-authors wrote:
2885:
2850:
2463:
2443:
1930:
1835:
1619:
1383:
1376:
1351:
1261:
966:
947:
2735:
2269:
2259:
2209:
1880:
1690:
1236:
1231:
1156:
948:
PLOS (Public Library of Science) Collections: Census of Marine Life
2931:
2900:
2830:
2730:
2264:
2079:
1890:
1850:
1820:
1798:
1418:
1206:
1106:
540:
538:
1639:
1009:
1875:
1201:
416:
82:
604:
http://comlmaps.org/mcintyre/forward/introduction-fred-grassel
535:
943:
Census of Marine Life Mapping and Visualization project page
546:"2010 Census of Marine Life News Release, 23 September 2010"
1371:
1433:
1423:
2092:
505:, the Foundation also provided US $ 11.5 million to the
502:
942:
928:
61:
478: – American philanthropic nonprofit organization
437:
395:
In 2011, the Census Steering Committee received the
242:
Biogeography of Deep-Water Chemosynthetic Ecosystems
113:, an oceanographer and benthic ecology professor at
509:project, an initial grant of $ 2.5 million to the
129:magazine in 1999; later that year, a workshop in
3010:
953:Census of Marine Life: Investigating Marine Life
2906:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation
2532:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
702:
700:
16:10 year international marine biological program
2064:
1272:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
982:
697:
2682:List of commercially important fish species
2527:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
1337:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
2078:
2071:
2057:
989:
975:
571:"Census of Marine Life Launches in London"
253:Census of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life
85:. Initially supported by funding from the
472: – Organisms that live in salt water
264:Global Census of Marine Life on Seamounts
2654:Regional fishery management organisation
654:"Volume 12 Issue 03 | Oceanography"
568:
419:and Census of Marine Life partnered on
326:International Census of Marine Microbes
3011:
996:
891:(paperback), 9781107000131 (hardback).
484: – Online marine biology database
135:Ocean Biogeographic Information System
2484:
2091:
2052:
1525:
1524:
1008:
970:
934:Paul Snelgrove: A census of the ocean
482:Ocean Biodiversity Information System
2537:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
282:Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project
231:Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystem Project
149:History of Marine Animal Populations
119:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
2712:Future of Marine Animal Populations
2589:Fishery Resources Monitoring System
2579:Monitoring control and surveillance
1600:Oceanic physical-biological process
1462:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
959:Census of Marine Life news releases
834:
153:Future of Marine Animal Populations
13:
902:
92:
14:
3055:
2911:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
2644:National Marine Fisheries Service
2639:European Fisheries Control Agency
922:
800:Penman et al., 2011, pages 60-61.
179:
77:, distribution, and abundance of
2557:
2303:
2120:Population dynamics of fisheries
2033:
2032:
2020:
2006:
1638:
1310:
1127:Colored dissolved organic matter
517:(US $ 60 million to 2017, refer
454:
440:
293:Natural Geography in Shore Areas
25:
2841:Aquaculture Stewardship Council
2697:Environmental impact of fishing
1472:Latin America and the Caribbean
929:Census of Marine Life home page
863:
850:
828:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
755:
743:
734:
723:
714:
495:
402:
382:As summarizing remarks, Penman
273:(Continental Margin Ecosystems)
220:Census of Antarctic Marine Life
2815:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2175:Otolith microchemical analysis
1954:Ecological values of mangroves
1497:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
782:Penman et al., 2011, page iii.
694:, vol. 288, no. 5471, p. 1575.
679:
664:
646:
629:
615:
596:
584:
562:
407:The Census partnered with the
133:addressed the formation of an
1:
2810:European Environmental Agency
2800:Grey nurse shark conservation
2707:Destructive fishing practices
2205:Pop-up satellite archival tag
773:Penman et al., pages vii, ix.
569:Konkiel, Stacy (2010-10-07).
551:. coml.org. 23 September 2010
528:
194:What will live in the oceans?
191:What does live in the oceans?
188:What has lived in the oceans?
2790:Marine conservation activism
2240:Climate change and fisheries
1974:Marine conservation activism
1959:Fisheries and climate change
791:Penman et al., 2011, page 1.
348:Tagging of Pacific Predators
337:Census of Marine Zooplankton
105:and science advisor to the
7:
1969:Human impact on marine life
1846:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
1082:Aquatic population dynamics
740:Penman et al., pages 16-17.
433:
386:, writing in 2011, stated:
369:
10:
3060:
2836:Marine Stewardship Council
2629:EU Common Fisheries Policy
476:Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
397:International Cosmos Prize
107:Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
87:Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
2990:Glossary of fishery terms
2985:Index of fishing articles
2975:
2924:
2823:
2767:
2702:Fishing down the food web
2677:Maximum sustainable yield
2664:
2566:
2555:
2509:
2505:
2480:
2312:
2301:
2235:Match/mismatch hypothesis
2108:
2104:
2087:
2000:
1939:
1811:
1747:
1709:
1656:
1647:
1636:
1585:Marine primary production
1537:
1533:
1520:
1479:List of marine ecoregions
1454:
1319:
1308:
1022:
1018:
1004:
57:
49:
41:
33:
24:
2876:Save Our Seas Foundation
2609:Individual fishing quota
2584:Vessel monitoring system
2230:Hydrographic containment
1831:Coastal biogeomorphology
1826:Marine coastal ecosystem
835:Jha, Alok (2009-02-02).
515:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
488:
123:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
2522:Exclusive economic zone
2200:GIS and aquatic science
2155:Standard weight in fish
1739:Paradox of the plankton
1550:Diel vertical migration
1444:Freshwater swamp forest
1162:GIS and aquatic science
1010:General components and
917:Publisher's information
911:Publisher's information
856:Snelgrove, pages 76-77.
720:Penman et al., page 21.
2751:Turtle excluder device
2424:Shoaling and schooling
1565:Large marine ecosystem
1257:Shoaling and schooling
393:
209:Arctic Ocean Diversity
177:
103:Rockefeller University
3034:Ecology organizations
2775:Marine protected area
2649:Regional fishery body
2275:Census of Marine Life
2170:Catch per unit effort
1984:Marine protected area
1911:Salt pannes and pools
1686:Marine larval ecology
1661:Census of Marine Life
1545:Deep scattering layer
1502:San Francisco Estuary
1467:Africa and Madagascar
1292:Underwater camouflage
1072:Aquatic biomonitoring
1012:freshwater ecosystems
503:https://www.sloan.org
388:
315:Gulf of Maine Program
309:Regional Ecosystems:
304:Census of Coral Reefs
276:Continental Shelves:
269:Continental Margins:
172:
71:Census of Marine Life
53:Oceanography research
20:Census of Marine Life
2614:Minimum landing size
2574:Fisheries management
2549:Magnuson–Stevens Act
2544:Fisheries Convention
2295:Fisheries scientists
1719:Marine bacteriophage
1681:Marine invertebrates
752:, rear cover listing
511:Encyclopedia of Life
409:Encyclopedia of Life
111:J. Frederick Grassle
3044:Biological censuses
3024:Fisheries databases
2891:Defying Ocean's End
2795:Salmon conservation
2785:Marine conservation
2725:The End of the Line
2718:The Sunken Billions
2687:Sustainable seafood
2672:Sustainable fishery
2285:Fisheries databases
2215:Age class structure
2185:Fisheries acoustics
1595:Ocean fertilization
1404:Trophic state index
1362:Lake stratification
1092:Aquatic respiration
573:. everyone.plos.org
21:
2980:Outline of fishing
2599:Fisheries observer
2250:Aquatic ecosystems
1861:Intertidal wetland
1856:Intertidal ecology
1724:Marine prokaryotes
1666:Deep-sea community
1560:Iron fertilization
1483:Specific examples
1409:Upland and lowland
1327:Freshwater biology
1192:Microbial food web
1102:Aquatic toxicology
1045:Aquatic adaptation
998:Aquatic ecosystems
955:(educational site)
839:. London: Guardian
609:2018-07-26 at the
448:Marine life portal
225:Mid-Ocean Ridges:
115:Rutgers University
79:life in the oceans
19:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2962:Threatened sharks
2861:Ocean Conservancy
2846:Friend of the Sea
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2384:Lobster fisheries
2329:Diversity of fish
2125:Shifting baseline
2094:Fisheries science
2046:
2045:
2027:Oceans portal
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1871:Hydrothermal vent
1807:
1806:
1696:Seashore wildlife
1527:Marine ecosystems
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1282:Thermal pollution
1247:Ramsar Convention
1187:Microbial ecology
1147:Fisheries science
1087:Aquatic predation
236:Vents and Seeps:
214:Antarctic Ocean:
67:
66:
3051:
2942:Marine pollution
2746:Cetacean bycatch
2741:Incidental catch
2561:
2507:
2506:
2482:
2481:
2449:Humboldt current
2307:
2225:Trophic cascades
2165:Data storage tag
2150:Fish measurement
2145:Stock assessment
2106:
2105:
2089:
2088:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2015:
2013:Lakes portal
2011:
2010:
2009:
1979:Marine pollution
1671:Deep-water coral
1654:
1653:
1642:
1575:Marine chemistry
1535:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1439:Freshwater marsh
1332:Freshwater biome
1314:
1030:Acoustic ecology
1020:
1019:
1006:
1005:
991:
984:
977:
968:
967:
857:
854:
848:
847:
845:
844:
832:
826:
825:
823:
822:
813:. Archived from
807:
801:
798:
792:
789:
783:
780:
774:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
738:
732:
727:
721:
718:
712:
711:
704:
695:
683:
677:
668:
662:
661:
650:
644:
643:
641:
633:
627:
626:
619:
613:
600:
594:
588:
582:
581:
579:
578:
566:
560:
559:
557:
556:
550:
542:
522:
499:
464:
459:
458:
450:
445:
444:
443:
247:Abyssal Plains:
131:Washington, D.C.
29:
22:
18:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2994:
2971:
2967:Threatened rays
2947:Mercury in fish
2920:
2819:
2805:Shark sanctuary
2763:
2660:
2594:Catch reporting
2562:
2553:
2501:
2468:
2374:Krill fisheries
2339:Coral reef fish
2324:Ocean fisheries
2315:
2308:
2299:
2140:Condition index
2111:
2100:
2083:
2077:
2047:
2042:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1988:
1949:Coral bleaching
1935:
1916:Seagrass meadow
1813:Marine habitats
1803:
1777:Coral reef fish
1743:
1729:Marine protists
1705:
1643:
1634:
1605:Ocean turbidity
1580:Marine food web
1529:
1508:
1450:
1389:River ecosystem
1342:Freshwater fish
1315:
1306:
1112:Bioluminescence
1097:Aquatic science
1014:
1000:
995:
964:
925:
905:
903:Further reading
877:. Available at
866:
861:
860:
855:
851:
842:
840:
833:
829:
820:
818:
809:
808:
804:
799:
795:
790:
786:
781:
777:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
739:
735:
728:
724:
719:
715:
706:
705:
698:
684:
680:
675:13(3), pp. 5-7.
669:
665:
652:
651:
647:
639:
635:
634:
630:
621:
620:
616:
611:Wayback Machine
601:
597:
589:
585:
576:
574:
567:
563:
554:
552:
548:
544:
543:
536:
531:
526:
525:
507:Barcode of Life
500:
496:
491:
460:
453:
446:
441:
439:
436:
413:Barcode of Life
405:
372:
342:Top Predators:
182:
95:
93:Project history
17:
12:
11:
5:
3057:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:Marine biology
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2937:Fish slaughter
2934:
2928:
2926:
2925:Related issues
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Ocean Outcomes
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Marine reserve
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2665:Sustainability
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2495:sustainability
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Marine habitat
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:Shrimp fishery
2386:
2381:
2379:Kelp fisheries
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Crab fisheries
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Marine biology
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:Coded wire tag
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:Fish mortality
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2098:wild fisheries
2085:
2084:
2082:science topics
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2016:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1767:Saltwater fish
1764:
1762:Marine reptile
1759:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1734:Marine viruses
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1711:Microorganisms
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1701:Wild fisheries
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:Thorson's rule
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1570:Marine biology
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:Brackish marsh
1426:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1357:Lake ecosystem
1354:
1349:
1347:Hyporheic zone
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1197:Microbial loop
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1142:Eutrophication
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:Cascade effect
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1050:Aquatic animal
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1002:
1001:
994:
993:
986:
979:
971:
962:
961:
956:
950:
945:
940:
931:
924:
923:External links
921:
920:
919:
913:
904:
901:
900:
899:
892:
881:
865:
862:
859:
858:
849:
827:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
754:
742:
733:
722:
713:
696:
678:
663:
645:
628:
614:
595:
583:
561:
533:
532:
530:
527:
524:
523:
493:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
479:
473:
466:
465:
451:
435:
432:
404:
401:
371:
368:
352:
351:
340:
329:
318:
307:
296:
285:
274:
267:
256:
245:
234:
223:
212:
203:Arctic Ocean:
196:
195:
192:
189:
181:
180:Census program
178:
94:
91:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3056:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Shark finning
2955:
2953:
2952:Shark culling
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Sea Around Us
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Seafood Watch
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2757:Shrimp-Turtle
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Pulse fishing
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Fisheries law
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:Fisheries law
2483:
2479:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Eel fisheries
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Cod fisheries
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Demersal fish
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Trophic level
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2039:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Sponge ground
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Marine biomes
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Demersal fish
1785:
1783:
1782:Deep-sea fish
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Marine mammal
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Trophic level
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Sediment trap
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:Phytoplankton
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:Aquatic plant
1075:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Anoxic waters
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
987:
985:
980:
978:
973:
972:
969:
965:
960:
957:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
918:
914:
912:
907:
906:
898:
893:
890:
889:9780521165129
886:
882:
880:
876:
875:9781450731027
872:
868:
867:
853:
838:
831:
817:on 2015-02-15
816:
812:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
763:
762:Highlights...
758:
751:
750:Highlights...
746:
737:
731:
726:
717:
709:
703:
701:
693:
692:
687:
682:
676:
674:
667:
659:
655:
649:
638:
632:
624:
618:
612:
608:
605:
599:
593:
587:
572:
565:
547:
541:
539:
534:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
498:
494:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
467:
463:
462:Oceans portal
457:
452:
449:
438:
431:
429:
428:
422:
418:
414:
410:
400:
398:
392:
387:
385:
380:
376:
367:
365:
361:
357:
349:
345:
341:
338:
334:
331:Zooplankton:
330:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
298:Coral Reefs:
297:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
201:
200:
193:
190:
187:
186:
185:
176:
171:
168:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
144:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:Jesse Ausubel
97:According to
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3029:Biogeography
2768:Conservation
2756:
2723:
2716:
2499:conservation
2454:Algal blooms
2439:Water column
2354:Pelagic fish
2334:Coastal fish
2280:OSTM/Jason-2
2274:
2255:Bioeconomics
2190:Acoustic tag
2160:Fish counter
1941:Conservation
1792:Pelagic fish
1772:Coastal fish
1676:Marine fungi
1660:
1414:Water garden
1297:Water column
1242:Productivity
1217:Pelagic zone
1177:Macrobenthos
1167:Hydrobiology
1137:Ecohydrology
963:
936:
864:Bibliography
852:
841:. Retrieved
830:
819:. Retrieved
815:the original
805:
796:
787:
778:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
736:
725:
716:
690:
681:
673:Oceanography
672:
666:
657:
648:
631:
617:
598:
586:
575:. Retrieved
564:
553:. Retrieved
497:
425:
421:Google Earth
406:
403:Partnerships
394:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
363:
359:
355:
353:
343:
332:
321:
310:
299:
288:
287:Near Shore:
277:
270:
259:
248:
237:
226:
215:
204:
197:
183:
173:
169:
165:
142:
139:
127:Oceanography
126:
96:
70:
68:
34:Abbreviation
2692:Overfishing
2604:Catch share
2434:Marine snow
2419:Sardine run
2404:Fish screen
2399:Fish ladder
2349:Forage fish
1926:Sponge reef
1901:Rocky shore
1896:Oyster reef
1866:Kelp forest
1749:Vertebrates
1649:Marine life
1625:Viral shunt
1590:Marine snow
1492:Maharashtra
1399:Stream pool
1302:Zooplankton
1222:Photic zone
1182:Meiobenthos
1035:Algal bloom
470:Marine life
258:Seamounts:
3013:Categories
2916:Greenpeace
2624:Slot limit
2567:Management
2491:management
2459:Dead zones
2414:Salmon run
2394:Eel ladder
2290:Institutes
2130:Fish stock
1906:Salt marsh
1841:Coral reef
1630:Whale fall
1610:Photophore
1487:Everglades
1455:Ecoregions
1394:Stream bed
1367:Macrophyte
1320:Freshwater
1152:Food chain
1065:Water bird
843:2009-03-23
821:2018-07-27
577:2023-01-23
555:2018-07-25
529:References
320:Microbes:
161:simulation
2886:WorldFish
2851:SeaChoice
2464:Fish kill
2444:Upwelling
2409:Migration
2316:fisheries
2110:Fisheries
1931:Tide pool
1836:Cold seep
1620:Upwelling
1384:Rheotaxis
1377:Fish pond
1352:Limnology
1277:Substrate
1262:Siltation
1132:Dead zone
415:project.
75:diversity
42:Formation
2896:HERMIONE
2824:Advocacy
2736:Discards
2270:FishBase
2260:EconMult
2210:EcoSCOPE
2038:Category
1964:HERMIONE
1881:Mangrove
1691:Seagrass
1237:Pleuston
1232:Plankton
1212:Particle
1157:Food web
607:Archived
434:See also
370:Outcomes
157:modeling
62:coml.org
3039:Zoology
2932:CalCOFI
2901:PROFISH
2831:FishAct
2731:Bycatch
2265:Ecopath
2180:Biomass
2112:science
2080:Fishery
1891:Mudflat
1851:Estuary
1821:Bay mud
1799:Seabird
1555:f-ratio
1538:General
1419:Wetland
1207:Neuston
1172:Hypoxia
1117:Biomass
1107:Benthos
1023:General
939:, 2010.
691:Science
658:tos.org
271:COMARGE
260:CenSeam
249:CeDAMar
227:MAR-ECO
163:tools.
143:Science
58:Website
50:Purpose
2871:Oceana
2634:EU MLS
1876:Lagoon
1202:Nekton
1060:Mammal
1055:Insect
887:
873:
427:Oceans
417:Google
384:et al.
300:CReefs
289:NaGISA
83:London
1267:Spawn
764:, p.3
640:(PDF)
592:2018)
549:(PDF)
489:Notes
424:film
333:CMarZ
322:ICoMM
238:ChEss
205:ArcOD
2759:case
2497:and
2314:Wild
2096:and
1372:Pond
885:ISBN
871:ISBN
364:OBIS
362:and
360:FMAP
356:HMAP
344:TOPP
311:GoMA
278:POST
216:CAML
159:and
69:The
45:2000
37:CoML
2510:Law
1434:Fen
1424:Bog
937:TED
3015::
2493:,
2489:,
699:^
688:,
656:.
537:^
358:,
2072:e
2065:t
2058:v
990:e
983:t
976:v
846:.
824:.
710:.
660:.
642:.
625:.
580:.
558:.
350:)
346:(
339:)
335:(
328:)
324:(
317:)
313:(
306:)
302:(
295:)
291:(
284:)
280:(
266:)
262:(
255:)
251:(
244:)
240:(
233:)
229:(
222:)
218:(
211:)
207:(
147:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
