672:, the SBM conducts laboratory research to support the development and standardization of test methods for measuring the performance of antimicrobial products—including those for biofilm bacteria—and provide statistical services related to EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs Antimicrobial Testing Program. The CBE developed the anti-microbial testing standards adopted in 2018 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The standards are the first to apply specifically to bacterial biofilms. The standards are an outgrowth of research by CBE faculty member Darla Goeres, research professor of regulatory science. The standards provide a certification framework for companies to verify that their products are effective against biofilm bacteria and to label them accordingly, with a statement similar to the "Kills 99.9% of bacteria" found on bottles of bleach and other cleaners. According to CBE biostatistician Al Parker, antimicrobial manufacturers are eager to attain the certification because of growing awareness about bacterial biofilms. Public health entities such as hospitals — which routinely sterilize medical equipment such as surgical devices — are particularly interested, he said. "There's been a paradigm shift," said Parker, whose statistical analysis played a central role in shaping the testing framework.
790:
committee members select coursework appropriate for the student's interests and degree program. Engineering students are encouraged to take microbiology courses; science students are encouraged to take relevant engineering coursework. Graduate students acquire experience by designing and performing research that crosses traditional academic discipline boundaries and has direct impact on current environmental, industrial, and medical issues. Students work on projects that range from fundamental to applied topics. In addition, the CBE's
Industrial Associates program brings students into working relationships with potential employers. Graduate students are encouraged to develop their communication and leadership skills by presenting at research conferences, mentoring undergraduate students, organizing the CBE's seminar series, and assisting with outreach efforts. Since 1990, the CBE has graduated 303 graduate students. And 62 graduate students trained at the CBE, including 33 female, 28 male, and one nonbinary person.
425:. In 2005 Philip S. Stewart, a professor of chemical and biological engineering, was selected to be the third CBE Director. Stewart, who had participated as a CBE faculty member since 1991, was a leading expert on antimicrobials and biofilm control. Under Stewart's tenure, CBE grew in affiliated faculty numbers, industrial membership, the number of testing and industry-sponsored projects, and the participation of undergraduate and graduate students. Matthew Fields became the fourth director of the CBE in 2015. In FY2022, the CBE generated $ 1.2 million by working with companies representing a variety of industry sectors on testing projects. The center is one of 24 self-sustaining Engineering Research Centers in the National Science Foundation program. The CBE was prominently featured in the book
446:
312:
with building a cross-disciplinary research and education program at
Montana State University, as well as increasing U.S. industrial competitiveness in biofilm related technologies. The center's charter mandated that research, education, and technology transfer programs would be fully integrated within the center's program planning. The Industrial Associates program continued to be used as a mechanism for the center to get information from industry about significant biofilm-related problems and collaborate on center research initiatives designed to address biofilm issues. The center's education program recruited students to participate on interdisciplinary research teams and to interact with industry representatives.
24:
301:
354:, the phenomenon of cell-cell signaling and its relation to biofilm structure and subsurface biobarrier technologies to protect water and soils from mining contamination. Industrial interest and membership grew in response to more diversified research topics. By 1996 Industrial Associate membership had grown to 19 diversified members including members representing water treatment, mining, government labs, specialty chemicals, consumer products, and oil/energy companies. In June 1996 the National Science Foundation renewed its commitment to the Center for Biofilm Engineering with a new five year grant of $ 7.6 million.
458:, chemistry and biochemistry, mechanical and industrial engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, and statistics contributes to hypothesis development and experimental design. The center conducts research that includes multiple scales of observation, from molecular to industrial field-scale, with projects that cover both fundamental and applied topics. CBE research teams have been part of numerous groundbreaking advances in biofilm science and technology including:
323:. The center's industrial focus expanded from biofilm control and mitigation to include positive use of biofilm processes to break up soil and water contaminants as well as extracting minerals from low-grade ores. Center projects were designed to span scales of inquiry from fundamental bench-scale to applied field-scale experiments. These projects enabled the continued development of microsensors to measure gradients of gases and pH within biofilm communities,
676:
668:
research group (SBM) focuses on issues of interest to companies developing new products addressing biofilm formation. Researchers develop, refine, and publish quantitative methods for growing, treating, sampling, and analyzing biofilm bacteria. SBM laboratory members work with international standard-setting organizations to secure approval of biofilm methods by the standard-setting community. Under a contract with the
544:. By 2022, CBE authors had published more than 1,331 peer-reviewed papers. More than 20 of the center's biofilm-related images have appeared on the covers of peer-reviewed journals. And since its inception in 2011, users from 40 countries and 50 states have downloaded 3,761 images from the CBE image library.
777:
quality program in
Yellowstone National Park and the Bridger-Teton Wilderness where URE students under Jordan's direction became the first researchers to identify the role of biofilm in the failure of portable water treatment filters used in disaster relief, military, and outdoor recreation applications.
2730:
Hentzer, Morten; Wu, Hong; Anderson, Jens Bo; Riedel, Kathrin; Rasmussen, Thomas B.; Bagge, Niels; Kumar, Naresh; Schembri, Mark A.; Song, Zhijun; Kristoffersen, Peter; Manefield, Mike; Costerton, John W.; Molin, Søren; Eberl, Leo; Steinberg, Peter; Kjelleberg, Staffan; Høiby, Niels; Givskov, Michael
780:
Undergraduate students are hired as undergraduate research assistants and work in CBE laboratories as members of research teams on interdisciplinary biofilm projects. CBE undergraduates are encouraged to acquire competence in laboratory skills, experimental design and group communication. Since 1990,
776:
The Center for
Biofilm Engineering's Undergraduate Research Experience (URE) was founded by Director J.W. (Bill) Costerton and Ryan Jordan in the late 1990s. PhD candidate (and subsequent Senior Research Engineer at the CBE) Jordan directed the CBE's first URE students as part of a backcountry water
658:
The center's standing in the international research community and its encouragement of collaboration regularly attracts visiting students and faculty from numerous institutions in the U.S. and foreign countries. Since 1990, 343 visiting researchers from more than 30 countries and 38 U.S. states spent
311:
In 1989, the IPA applied to the NSF for
Engineering Research Center status, which was granted in April 1990. The Center for Interfacial Microbial Process Engineering was established as one of three national Engineering Research Centers out of 48 applicants. As an ERC, the new organization was charged
254:
The center originated as the
Institute for Chemical and Biological Process Analysis (IPA) in 1983. In 1990, the center became a national ERC as the Center for Interfacial Microbial Process Engineering based on a $ 7.2 million grant from the NSF. In 1993 the center assumed its current name—Center for
2780:
He, Qiang; He, Zhili; Joyner, Dominique C.; Joachimiak, Marcin; Price, Morgan N.; Yang, Zamin K.; Yen, Huei-Che Bill; Hemme, Christopher L.; Chen, Wenqiong; Fields, Matthew M.; Stahl, David A.; Keasling, Jay D.; Keller, Martin; Arkin, Adam P.; Hazen, Terry C.; Wall, Judy D.; Zhou, Jizhong (November
667:
The center's
Industrial Associates program provides access to center information, expertise, training and other benefits for a yearly subscription fee. The program was started in 1983 with the creation of the Institute for Chemical and Biological Process Analysis. CBE's Standardized Biofilm Methods
420:
The NSF ERC program was designed to create institutional centers that would be self-sufficient within ten years. The Center for
Biofilm Engineering at Montana State University started planning for self-sufficiency in 1998 through the establishment of a Self-sufficiency Task Force at the university.
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Graduate students pursue their degree in a discipline offered through one of the science, agriculture, or engineering departments at
Montana State University while they conduct their research in CBE laboratories. Student graduate committees are typically interdisciplinary. The student and graduate
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participate in collaborative, interdisciplinary research at the center. Students work under the guidance of multidisciplinary faculty to solve problems associated with biofilms in medical, industrial, and environmental contexts. Faculty and students from the following MSU departments and programs
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in 1983 within the
Montana State University College of Engineering. Bill Characklis was its first director. The IPA provided the foundation for eventual Engineering Research Center status in several ways. The IPA conducted fundamental research, development, and testing for industry and government
698:
Member companies have represented several industrial categories including energy/petroleum, chemicals/specialty chemicals, household/consumer products, medical/healthcare, testing laboratories, government laboratories, water, pulp and paper, and mining. Members range from large
453:
The center's biofilm research program was established in the 1980s with a focus on environmental bioengineering, interdisciplinary investigation, and industrial participation. Faculty expertise from civil/environmental engineering, mathematics, microbiology, chemical and
781:
1,254 undergraduates from 15 disciplines have worked on laboratory biofilm projects under the direction of CBE-affiliated faculty members. During the academic year 2021-22, 59 undergraduates trained at the CBE, including 39 females and 20 males.
421:
The center achieved self-sufficiency in 2001 and continues to be funded in part through federal and private grants with continued emphasis on providing value to the Industrial Associates, and support from Montana State University and the
292:
agencies and it pursued biofilm projects that crossed traditional scientific discipline boundaries. The IPA established an Industrial Associates membership program and by 1989 the program had 12 participating members.
357:
In 1996 the national profile of the CBE and biofilm research was on the rise. Numerous scientific and mass media publications began to address biofilm technology in earnest. An article in the September 1996 issue of
134:
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To establish new Center for Interfacial Microbial Process Engineering; work will focus on biofouling and biocorrosion, bioremediation, and biohydrometallurgy. $ 7.2 million from NSF to Montana State University,
516:
2108:
James, Garth A.; Swogger, Ellen; Wolcott, Randall; Pulcini, Elinor deLancey; Seocr, Patrick; Sestrich, Jennifer; Costerton, John W.; Stewart, Philip S. (February 2008). "Biofilms in chronic wounds".
279:
to study the processes and effects of microbial growth at interfaces He established a cross-disciplinary environmental biotechnology institute to address the needs of industry in the areas of
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Hwang, Chiachi; Wu, Weimin; Gentry, Terry J.; Carley, Jack; Corbin, Gail A.; Carroll, Sue L.; Watson, David B.; Jardine, Phil M.; Zhou, Jizhong; Criddle, Craig S.; Fields, Matthew W. (2009).
362:, entitled "Biofilms Invade Microbiology" featured the work and history of the Center for Biofilm Engineering. Other magazines and newspapers featuring biofilms and CBE research included
2612:
DePas, William H.; Hufnagel, David A.; Lee, John S.; Blanco, Luz P.; Bernstein, Hans C.; Fisher, Steve T.; James, Garth A.; Stewart, Philip S.; Chapman, Matthew R. (February 12, 2003).
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222:(NSF). The CBE integrates faculty from multiple university departments to lead multidisciplinary research teams—including graduate and undergraduate students—to advance fundamental
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Fields, Matthew W.; Hise, Adam; Lohman, Egan J.; Bell, Tisza; Gardner, Rob D.; Corredor, Luisa; Moll, Karen; Peyton, Brent M.; Characklis, Gregory W.; Gerlach, Robin (June 2014).
687:(FDA) to co-sponsor a one-day workshop on biofilms. The resulting workshop, "Biofilms, Medical Devices and Anti-Biofilm Technology: Challenges and Opportunities," was held on the
2663:
Christner, Brent C.; Cai, Rongman; Morris, Cindy E.; McCarter, Kevin S.; Foreman, Christine M.; Skidmore, Mark L.; Montross, Scott N.; Sands, David C. (December 2, 2008).
2571:
Ehrlich, Garth D.; Veeh, Richard; Wang, Xue; Costerton, J. William; Hayes, Jay D.; Hu, Fen Ze; Daigle, Bernie J.; Ehrlich, Miles D.; Post, J. Christopher (April 3, 2002).
695:, titled "Anti-Biofilm Technologies: Pathways to Productivity" was held to continue fostering scientific dialog between U.S. government agencies, industry and academia.
335:
In 1992, two years after its establishment, the center's first director, Bill Characklis, died. Montana State University signaled its commitment to the center by hiring
1776:"Contributions of antibiotic penetration, oxygen limitation, and low metabolic activity to tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to ciprofloxacin and tobramycin"
3168:
3456:
226:
knowledge, develop beneficial uses for microbial biofilms, and find solutions to industrially relevant biofilm problems. The center tackles biofilm issues including
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Under Costerton's direction the center continued to fulfill its charter and began expanding its scope of inquiry. Costerton encouraged exploration of the
3436:
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3016:
3204:
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The provision of $ 7.2 million in grants from the NSF during the first five years enabled the expansion of center research into new areas, notably
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887:
2926:
Hall-Stoodley, Luanne; Costerton, John W.; Stoodley, Paul (February 2004). "Bacterial biofilms: From the environment to infectious disease".
3317:
3078:
3342:
2665:"Geographic, seasonal, and precipitation chemistry influence on the abundance and activity of biological ice nucleators in rain and snow"
406:(May 28, 2002). In 2001 Costerton and CBE Deputy Director Philip S. Stewart authored a biofilm article "Battling Biofilms" published in
3362:
3431:
3352:
3337:
3104:
2153:"Sources and resources: Importance of nutrients, resource allocation, and ecology in microalgal cultivation for lipid accumulation"
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Davies, David G.; Parsek, Matthew R.; Pearson, James P.; Iglewski, Barbara H.; Costerton, J.W.; Greenberg, E.P. (April 10, 1998).
977:
3492:
3384:
3270:
2351:
Mah, Thien-Fah; O'Toole, George A.; Pellock, Brett; Pitts, Betsey; Stewart, Philip S.; Walker, Graham C. (November 20, 2003).
1719:
Mah, Thien Fah; Pitts, Betsey; Pellock, Brett; Walker, Graham C.; Stewart, Philip S.; O'Toole, George A. (November 20, 2003).
1242:"Regulation of the alginate biosynthesis gene algC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during biofilm development in continuous culture"
3312:
1297:
James, Garth A.; Warwood, Bryan K.; Cunningham Alfred B.; Sturman, Paul J.; Hiebert, Randall; Costerton J.W. (May 24, 1995).
1507:
3482:
3175:
3148:"Public Workshop – Biofilms, Medical Devices and Anti-Biofilm Technology – Challenges and Opportunities, February 20, 2014"
1578:
669:
3522:
3507:
347:, as Director of Research for the center. In 1993 the center's name was changed to Center for Biofilm Engineering (CBE).
2832:"Bacterial community succession during in situ uranium bioremediation: Spatial similarities along controlled flow paths"
1370:
490:, and biofilm structure and function. CBE research has been published in high-profile peer-reviewed journals including:
305:
3235:
2024:"A statistical analysis of the effect of substrate utilization and shear stress on the kinetics of biofilm detachment"
3487:
3307:
3263:
1774:
Walters, Marshall C. III; Roe, Frank; Bugnicourt, Amandine; Franklin, Michael J.; Stewart, Philip S. (January 2003).
1482:
851:
202:) is an interdisciplinary research, education, and technology transfer institution located on the central campus of
3441:
3147:
3053:
1038:
Strategic Plan of the Institute for Biological and Chemical Process Analysis (Report). February 1989. p. 50.
23:
1019:
Brochure: "Montana State University introduces The Institute for Biological and Chemical Process Analysis." 1983
3347:
287:
and biofilm technology. The Institute for Chemical and Biological Process Analysis (IPA) was chartered by the
1415:
Sternberg, Steve (May 17, 1998). "The tooth of the matter: Dental infections implicated in other illnesses".
463:
3020:
1028:
Report: "Strategic Plan of the Institute for Biological and Chemical Process Analysis." February 1989, p 50.
3211:
684:
267:
as a professor in civil (environmental) and chemical engineering. He assembled a multidisciplinary team of
215:
2259:"Kinetic investigation of microbial souring in porous media using microbial consortia from oil reservoirs"
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445:
923:
Potera, Carol (September 27, 1996). "Biofilms Invade Microbiology-Linking Microbiology and Engineering".
688:
683:
In 2013 CBE Director Phil Stewart and CBE Industrial Coordinator Paul Sturman worked to partner with the
534:
219:
2783:"Impact of elevated nitrate on sulfate-reducing bacteria: A comparative study of Desulfovibrio vulgaris"
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641:
300:
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2107:
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to elucidate physiological activity of community organisms and modeling to predict biofilm behavior.
288:
1296:
1193:"Mechanism of the electrical enhancement of the efficacy of antibiotics in killing biofilm bacteria"
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3302:
3286:
203:
39:
1950:
Mitchell, A.; Phillips, A.; Kaszuba, J.; Hollis, W.; Cunningham, A.; Gerlach, R. (February 2009).
64:
Advance the basic knowledge, technology and education required to understand, control and exploit
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1823:
1191:
Costerton J.William; Ellis, Brian; Lam, Kan; Johnson, Frank; Khoury, Antoine E. (December 1994).
715:
540:
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1325:
Center for Biofilm Engineering Year Seven Report and Renewal Proposal, February 1997; Table 9.3.
1134:
255:
Biofilm Engineering. The original grants expired in 2001 and the center became self-sufficient.
3125:
2350:
711:
692:
601:
Water systems (drinking water quality, premise plumbing, water treatment, distribution systems)
455:
3502:
3446:
3327:
2968:
2611:
809:
340:
336:
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2202:"Ennoblement of stainless steel by the manganese-depositing bacterium Leptothrix discophora"
2982:
2843:
2794:
2676:
2529:
2466:
2364:
2213:
1924:
1861:
1732:
1675:
1616:
1253:
574:
567:
2068:
1718:
8:
1911:
Alfred B. Cunningham; Wllllam G. Characklls; Felsal Abedeen; David Crawford (July 1991).
1845:
1135:
Jones, Warren L.; Dockery, Jack D.; Vogel, Curtis R.; Sturman, Paul J. (April 25, 1993).
556:
408:
284:
235:
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2970:
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Seymour, Joseph D.; Gage, Justin P.; Codd, Sarah L.; Gerlach, Robin (November 5, 2004).
2880:
2847:
2798:
2779:
2680:
2573:"Mucosal biofilm formation on middle-ear mucosa in the chinchilla model of otitis media"
2533:
2517:
2470:
2454:
2407:
2368:
2352:
2305:
2258:
2217:
2070:
2023:
1984:
1928:
1912:
1865:
1849:
1736:
1720:
1679:
1620:
1257:
1136:
1089:
1050:
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2908:
2729:
2707:
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2613:
2545:
2498:
2482:
2435:
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2333:
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2234:
2201:
2177:
2152:
2133:
2051:
1893:
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1756:
1463:
1447:
1391:
1164:
1117:
1070:
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956:
940:
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320:
3210:(Report). MSU Center for Biofilm Engineering. 2014. pp. 16, 19–23. Archived from
2757:
2732:
2423:
2150:
1800:
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1628:
1274:
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1217:
1192:
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Wentland, Eric J.; Stewart, Philip S.; Huang, Ching-Tsan; McFeters, Gordon A. (1996).
1051:"Dissolved oxygen and pH microelectrode measurements at water-immersed metal surfaces"
343:, as executive director and James Bryers, a professor of biochemical engineering from
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2943:
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2812:
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2712:
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2594:
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2325:
2278:
2239:
2182:
2125:
2121:
2090:
2043:
2004:
1885:
1805:
1748:
1701:
1687:
1632:
1559:
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1344:
1306:
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, Manhattan, KS.
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1222:
1190:
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1109:
1090:"Spatial variations in growth rate within Klebsiella pneumoniae colonies and biofilm"
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504:
467:
376:
258:
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2439:
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2225:
2137:
2055:
1467:
1168:
1121:
1074:
2990:
2955:
2935:
2912:
2892:
2851:
2802:
2752:
2744:
2702:
2684:
2635:
2625:
2584:
2537:
2502:
2474:
2455:"The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm"
2419:
2392:
2372:
2317:
2270:
2229:
2221:
2199:
2172:
2164:
2117:
2082:
2035:
1996:
1963:
1952:"Microbially enhanced carbonate mineralization and the geologic containment of CO2"
1932:
1897:
1869:
1850:"The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm"
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1968:
1951:
1873:
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804:
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Environmental technologies (bioremediation, wetlands, biomineralization, mining,
563:
475:
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published in 2020 by the NSF and the American Society for Engineering Education.
344:
264:
243:
2086:
1515:
2515:
1586:
1430:
Potera, Carol (March 19, 1999). "Forging a link between biofilms and disease".
510:
479:
459:
316:
272:
231:
227:
29:
Montana State University's Barnard Hall, home of Center for Biofilm Engineering
2733:"Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence by quorum sensing inhibitors"
2168:
2069:
Buckingham-Meyer, Kelli; Goeres, Darla M.; Hamilton, Martin A. (August 2007).
1664:"Direct measurement of chlorine penetration into biofilms during disinfection"
1137:"Diffusion and reaction within porous packing media: A phenomenological model"
691:
on February 20, 2014. A follow-up CBE-hosted meeting on February 11, 2015, in
3476:
2589:
2572:
1983:
Klapper I, Rupp CJ, Cargo R, Purevdorj B, and Stoodley P (November 5, 2002).
1949:
1348:
652:
647:
471:
392:
364:
351:
150:
136:
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659:
from several weeks to a year or more studying biofilms in CBE laboratories.
3255:
3239:
3002:
2947:
2904:
2865:
2816:
2766:
2748:
2716:
2649:
2598:
2557:
2431:
2384:
2329:
2282:
2243:
2186:
2129:
2094:
2047:
2008:
1985:"A viscoelastic fluid description of bacterial biofilm material properties"
1809:
1752:
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1563:
1459:
1208:
1160:
837:
Report on Research 1990, Montana State University (Report). pp. 10–11.
386:
370:
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2831:
2807:
2782:
2494:
2353:"A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance"
2321:
2274:
2039:
1889:
1721:"A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance"
1705:
1283:
1226:
1152:
1113:
952:
3405:
2306:"Effects of biofilm structures on oxygen distribution and mass transport"
1607:
Costerton, J.W.; Stewart, Philip S. (July 1, 2001). "Battling Biofilms".
700:
2896:
2698:
2376:
1936:
1744:
2939:
2549:
2486:
2200:
Dickinson, W.H.; Caccavo, F.; Olesen, B.; Lewandowski, Z. (July 1997).
1881:
1662:
de Beer, Dirk; Srinivasan, Rohini; Stewart, Philip S. (December 1994).
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1395:
944:
627:
617:
588:
498:
483:
324:
280:
2878:
2000:
1105:
1066:
675:
3410:
2971:"Anomalous fluid transport in porous media induced by biofilm growth"
1554:
1537:
635:
609:
427:
263:
In 1979 W.G. (Bill) Characklis came to Montana State University from
239:
3169:"Agenda: Anti-Biofilm Technologies: Pathways to Product Development"
2516:
Costerton, J.W.; Stewart Philip S.; Greenberg, E.P. (May 21, 1999).
1387:
1002:"Center for Interfacial Microbial Process Engineering Newsletter".
581:
552:
268:
547:
Applied research topics addressed by the center in 2022 included:
259:
Institute for Chemical and Biological Process Analysis (1979–1990)
3400:
3105:"MSU biofilms research helps set standards for everyday products"
2614:"Iron induces bimodal population development by Escherichia coli"
2405:
1913:"Influence of biofilm accumulation on porous media hydrodynamics"
1606:
1579:"Culprit in ear infections is a 'biofilm' that protects bacteria"
623:
422:
276:
223:
179:
117:
65:
1649:
Center for Biofilm Engineering Final Report. February 2001. p15.
330:
296:
Center for Interfacial Microbial Process Engineering (1990–1993)
162:
Engineering and Physical Sciences Bldg, Montana State University
2071:"Comparative evaluation of biofilm disinfectant efficacy tests"
1299:"Evaluation of subsurface biobarrier formation and persistence"
1048:
3174:. Montana State University. February 20, 2014. Archived from
2518:"Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections"
2303:
893:. National Science Foundation. April 15, 1990. Archived from
846:
844:
3395:
3390:
1843:
632:
Mathematical modeling of microbial processes and activities
595:
1982:
1181:
Center for Biofilm Engineering News, 1993 April;1(1):1-3.
841:
719:
participated in the center's research from 2011 to 2022.
594:
Standardized methods (product claims, regulatory issues,
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University and college laboratories in the United States
1239:
703:
international corporations to small start-up companies.
238:
through cross-disciplinary research and education among
3047:
MSU Center for Biofilm Engineering 25 years and growing
2879:
Stewart, Philip S.; Franklin, Michael J. (March 2008).
1049:
Lewandowski Z, Lee W, Characklis WG, Little BJ (1989).
1576:
2406:
Stewart, Philip S.; Costerton, J.W. (July 14, 2001).
2304:
De Beer D, Stoodley P, Roe F, Lewandowski Z (1994).
551:
Biofilm control strategies (antimicrobial efficacy,
428:
Agents of Change: NSF's Engineering Research Centers
212:
Center for Interfacial Microbial Process Engineering
102:
Center for Interfacial Microbial Process Engineering
743:
Directed Interdisciplinary Studies (Honors College)
3437:Jake Jabs College of Business and Entrepreneurship
3079:"CBE faculty member honored by ASTM International"
2256:
1508:"'Slimy, horrible biofilms' pervade everyday life"
1369:
3474:
2021:
1535:
1414:
3452:The Graduate School at Montana State University
3102:
2408:"Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms"
1848:, Costerton JW, Greenberg EP (April 10, 1998).
1505:
3126:"FDA to hold forum on anti-biofilm technology"
1480:
210:. The center was founded in April 1990 as the
3271:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3052:(Report). 2014. pp. 1–24. Archived from
1429:
1371:"Material Gives Bacterial Films the Heave-Ho"
1334:
972:
970:
922:
679:CBE Industrial Associates as of Nov. 1, 2021.
591:, microbial corrosion, product contamination)
331:Center for Biofilm Engineering (1993–present)
3318:Great Falls College Montana State University
3285:
478:, detachment, standardized biofilm methods,
1367:
749:Land Resources & Environmental Sciences
415:
3278:
3264:
3238:. Montana State University. Archived from
3192:
3081:. Montana State University. Archived from
3019:. Montana State University. Archived from
1015:
1013:
980:. Montana State University. Archived from
967:
22:
3432:Honors College (Montana State University)
3076:
3041:
3039:
3037:
2881:"Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms"
2855:
2806:
2756:
2706:
2688:
2639:
2629:
2588:
2233:
2176:
1967:
1904:
1826:. Engineering Research Center Association
1824:"ERC Graduated Centers (self-sustaining)"
1799:
1695:
1657:
1655:
1553:
1273:
1240:Davies, D.G.; Geesey, G.G. (March 1995).
1216:
882:
880:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
580:Health/medical biofilms (chronic wounds,
2257:Chen CI, Reinsel MA, Mueller RF (1994).
918:
916:
914:
771:
674:
644:studies of the effect of biofilm on flow
605:Other research topics in 2022 included:
444:
299:
3128:. States News Service. January 24, 2014
1577:Delude, Cathryn Delude (May 28, 2002).
1010:
758:Mechanical & Industrial Engineering
339:, a professor of microbiology from the
3475:
3034:
2206:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2157:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
1668:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1652:
1536:Chicurel, Marina (November 16, 2000).
1246:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
877:
821:
3259:
1780:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1481:Licking, Ellen (September 12, 1999).
1197:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
911:
737:Civil & Environmental Engineering
3205:2014 CBE APPENDIX, CBE Annual Report
1917:Environmental Science and Technology
706:
670:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
662:
3103:Becker, Michael (August 22, 2008).
1506:Boyd, Robert S. (January 7, 2000).
1483:"Getting a grip on bacterial slime"
784:
731:Chemical and Biological Engineering
440:
13:
1844:Davies DG, Parsek MR, Pearson JP,
1512:Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service
587:Industrial systems and processes (
393:Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service
368:(cover article, August 31, 1996),
14:
3534:
2022:Peyton BM, Characklis WG (1993).
1629:10.1038/scientificamerican0701-74
1335:Coghlan, Andy (August 31, 1996).
767:Modern Languages & Literature
685:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3442:Montana State University Library
3303:Montana State University–Bozeman
2122:10.1111/j.1524-475x.2007.00321.x
1989:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
1688:10.1128/AEM.60.12.4339-4344.1994
1141:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
3228:
3161:
3140:
3118:
3096:
3070:
3009:
2962:
2919:
2872:
2823:
2773:
2723:
2656:
2605:
2564:
2509:
2446:
2399:
2344:
2297:
2250:
2226:10.1128/AEM.63.7.2502-2506.1997
2193:
2144:
2101:
2062:
2015:
1976:
1943:
1837:
1816:
1767:
1712:
1643:
1600:
1570:
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1474:
1423:
1408:
1361:
1328:
1319:
1290:
1233:
1184:
1175:
1128:
1081:
1042:
764:Microbiology & Cell Biology
726:Cell Biology & Neuroscience
3493:1990 establishments in Montana
3427:Center for Biofilm Engineering
2075:Journal of Microbiolic Methods
1368:Wu, Corinna (April 26, 1997).
1031:
1022:
995:
196:Center for Biofilm Engineering
17:Center for Biofilm Engineering
1:
3457:Trout and Salmonid Collection
2995:10.1103/physrevlett.93.198103
2542:10.1126/science.284.5418.1318
2424:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05321-1
2110:Wound Repair and Regeneration
1792:10.1128/aac.47.1.317-323.2003
1444:10.1126/science.283.5409.1837
1266:10.1128/AEM.61.3.860-867.1995
937:10.1126/science.273.5283.1795
761:Microbiology & Immunology
464:permeability (earth sciences)
2479:10.1126/science.280.5361.295
1969:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.109
1874:10.1126/science.280.5361.295
852:"Environment/Ecology Grants"
734:Chemistry & Biochemistry
562:Energy solutions (biofuels,
449:Anaerobic experiment station
216:Engineering Research Centers
7:
3483:National Science Foundation
2928:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2885:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2087:10.1016/j.mimet.2007.04.010
1538:"Slime Busters, number 408"
862:(24): 25. December 10, 1990
793:
535:Nature Reviews Microbiology
435:
306:confocal microscope systems
220:National Science Foundation
10:
3539:
3523:Environmental microbiology
3508:Environmental soil science
3077:Griffin K (Nov 22, 2013).
642:Magnetic resonance imaging
249:
3419:
3376:
3326:
3295:
2169:10.1007/s00253-014-5694-7
614:Yellowstone National Park
488:sulfate-reducing bacteria
174:
128:
106:
98:
72:
60:
45:
35:
21:
3488:Montana State University
3462:Yellowstone Public Radio
3288:Montana State University
3236:"CBE Graduate Education"
2590:10.1001/jama.287.13.1710
815:
584:infections, oral health)
559:, disinfectant efficacy)
416:Self-sufficiency (2001–)
400:(November 16, 2000) and
289:Montana Board of Regents
204:Montana State University
49:April 15, 1990
40:Montana State University
3017:"Research Cover Images"
2975:Physical Review Letters
2690:10.1073/pnas.0809816105
2631:10.1073/pnas.1218703110
541:Physical Review Letters
486:, microbial corrosion,
3150:. Federal Register Web
1209:10.1128/aac.38.12.2803
1094:Biotechnology Progress
978:"CBE Research Program"
716:undergraduate students
693:College Park, Maryland
680:
456:biological engineering
450:
390:(September 12, 1999),
374:(April 26, 1997), the
308:
214:with a grant from the
151:45.66583°N 111.04639°W
91:William G. Characklis
3447:Museum of the Rockies
2857:10.1038/ismej.2008.77
2808:10.1038/ismej.2010.59
2322:10.1002/bit.260431118
2275:10.1002/bit.260440302
2040:10.1002/bit.260410707
1153:10.1002/bit.260411005
810:Phototrophic biofilms
772:Undergraduate studies
755:Mathematical Sciences
678:
448:
341:University of Calgary
337:J.W. (Bill) Costerton
303:
218:(ERC) program of the
2749:10.1093/emboj/cdg366
689:FDA White Oak campus
612:communities in hot (
598:methods development)
575:carbon sequestration
568:microbial fuel cells
156:45.66583; -111.04639
2987:2004PhRvL..93s8103S
2897:10.1038/nrmicro1838
2848:2009ISMEJ...3...47H
2799:2010ISMEJ...4.1386H
2681:2008PNAS..10518854C
2675:(48): 18854–18859.
2534:1999Sci...284.1318C
2528:(5418): 1318–1322.
2471:1998Sci...280..295D
2377:10.1038/nature02122
2369:2003Natur.426..306M
2218:1997ApEnM..63.2502D
1937:10.1021/es00019a013
1929:1991EnST...25.1305C
1866:1998Sci...280..295D
1745:10.1038/nature02122
1737:2003Natur.426..306M
1680:1994ApEnM..60.4339D
1621:2001SciAm.285a..74C
1609:Scientific American
1589:on October 18, 2016
1518:on October 18, 2016
1438:(5409): 1837–1839.
1258:1995ApEnM..61..860D
931:(5283): 1795–1796.
557:bioactive compounds
409:Scientific American
396:(January 7, 2000),
285:microbial corrosion
236:microbial corrosion
146: /
18:
3343:Women's basketball
3107:. MSU News Service
2940:10.1038/nrmicro821
2731:(August 1, 2003).
888:"Original Charter"
800:Biofilm prevention
681:
451:
384:(March 19, 1999),
352:bioelectric effect
321:biohydrometallurgy
309:
86:John W. Costerton
81:Philip S. Stewart
76:Matthew W. Fields
36:Parent institution
16:
3518:Biological matter
3470:
3469:
3358:Worthington Arena
2743:(15): 3803–3815.
2583:(13): 1710–1715.
2465:(5361): 295–298.
2418:(9276): 135–138.
2363:(6964): 306–310.
2316:(11): 1131–1138.
2310:Biotechnol Bioeng
2263:Biotechnol Bioeng
2163:(11): 4805–4816.
2028:Biotechnol Bioeng
2001:10.1002/bit.10376
1860:(5361): 295–298.
1731:(6964): 306–310.
1674:(12): 4339–4344.
1548:(6810): 284–286.
1417:Chicago Sun-Times
1203:(12): 2803–2809.
1106:10.1021/bp9600243
1067:10.5006/1.3577838
752:Material Sciences
707:Education program
663:Industry programs
468:biomineralization
377:Chicago Sun-Times
192:
191:
3530:
3513:Membrane biology
3363:Football rivalry
3338:Men's basketball
3330:
3289:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3250:
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3247:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:on April 2, 2015
3180:
3173:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
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3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:on March 2, 2015
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2836:The ISME Journal
2827:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2787:The ISME Journal
2777:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2737:The EMBO Journal
2727:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2692:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2624:(7): 2629–2634.
2609:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2513:
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2450:
2444:
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2342:
2341:
2301:
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2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2212:(7): 2502–2506.
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2180:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1962:(1): 3245–3252.
1947:
1941:
1940:
1923:(7): 1305–1311.
1908:
1902:
1901:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1813:
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1771:
1765:
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1710:
1709:
1699:
1659:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1585:. Archived from
1583:The Boston Globe
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1555:10.1038/35042737
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1514:. Archived from
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1412:
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999:
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909:
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905:
900:on April 2, 2015
899:
892:
884:
875:
874:
868:
867:
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839:
838:
834:
785:Graduate studies
740:Computer Science
638:systems analysis
441:Research program
423:State of Montana
403:The Boston Globe
380:(May 17, 1998),
208:Bozeman, Montana
188:
185:
183:
181:
170:
169:
167:
166:
165:
163:
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1956:Energy Procedia
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1500:
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1475:
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1388:10.2307/4018488
1366:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1343:(2045): 32–36.
1333:
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1320:
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1301:
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805:Biofilm factory
796:
787:
774:
709:
665:
564:coalbed methane
476:viscoelasticity
443:
438:
418:
412:(July 1, 2001)
345:Duke University
333:
298:
273:microbiologists
265:Rice University
261:
252:
244:microbiologists
178:
161:
159:
155:
153:
149:
148:
145:
140:
137:
135:
133:
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3393:
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840:
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630:
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620:) environments
603:
602:
599:
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585:
578:
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560:
480:chronic wounds
460:quorum sensing
442:
439:
437:
434:
417:
414:
332:
329:
317:bioremediation
297:
294:
260:
257:
251:
248:
246:and industry.
232:bioremediation
228:chronic wounds
190:
189:
176:
172:
171:
130:
126:
125:
122:
116:
110:
108:
104:
103:
100:
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3274:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3242:on 2015-04-02
3241:
3237:
3231:
3217:on 2015-09-21
3213:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3149:
3143:
3127:
3121:
3106:
3099:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3059:on 2015-04-02
3055:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3023:on 2015-04-02
3022:
3018:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
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3296:Affiliates
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3221:2015-02-27
3185:2015-02-27
3154:2015-02-27
3132:20 January
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1312:2015-03-06
988:2015-02-27
904:2015-02-27
866:2015-02-27
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484:algae fuel
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224:biofilm
175:Website
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