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7014:"The knights in chain-mail armour have analogies in the Khalchayan reliefs depicting a battle of the Yuezhi against a Saka tribe (probably the Sakaraules). Apart from the chain-mail armour worn by the heavy cavalry of the enemies of the Yuezhi, the other characteristic sign of these warriors is long side-whiskers (...) We think it is possible to identify all these grotesque personages with long side-whiskers as enemies of the Yuezhi and relate them to the Sakaraules (...) Indeed these expressive figures with side-whiskers differ greatly from the tranquil and majestic faces and poses of the Yuezhi depictions."
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2959:. Several of the figures in these paintings have a characteristic appearance, with belted jackets with a unique lapel of their tunic being folded on the right side, a style which became popular under the Hephthalites, the cropped hair, the hair accessories, their distinctive physionomy and their round beardless faces. The figures at Bamiyan must represent the donors and potentates who supported the building of the monumental giant Buddha. These remarkable paintings participate "to the artistic tradition of the Hephthalite ruling classes of
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2672:. Maenchen-Helfen lists a total of six known Hunnish diadems. Hunnic women seem to have worn necklaces and bracelets of mostly imported beads of various materials as well. The later common early medieval practice of decorating jewelry and weapons with gemstones appears to have originated with the Huns. They are also known to have made small mirrors of an originally Chinese type, which often appear to have been intentionally broken when placed into a grave.
2063:
2014:, in a rather conventional, classical style, rather impervious to the Hellenizing innovations occurring at the same time in the Mediterranean world. Of special notice, a huge foot fragment in excellent Hellenistic style was recovered, which is estimated to have belonged to a 5–6 meter tall statue (which had to be seated to fit within the height of the columns supporting the Temple). Since the sandal of the foot fragment bears the symbolic depiction of
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3752:, engaged in trade with Central Asia, often through the intermediary of Sogdian traders. Northern Wei art came under influence of Indian and Central Asian traditions through the mean of these trade routes. This included the influence of Buddhism, which flourished under the Northern dynasties. Numerous Central Asian works of art, especially decorated silverware and jewelry, have been found in the tombs of the
1883:
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1406:
often incorporated in them. Many of the trappings took the form of iron, bronze, and gilt wood animal motifs either applied or suspended from them; and bits had animal-shaped terminal ornaments. Altai-Sayan animals frequently display muscles delineated with dot and comma markings, a formal convention that may have derived from appliqué needlework. Such markings are sometimes included in
5061:, and independently from 1190. Some of the "most iconic" productions of stonepaste vessels can be attributed to the Khwarazmian rulers, after the end of Seljuk domination (the Seljuk Empire itself ended in 1194). In general, it is considered that Mina'i ware was manufactured from the late 12th century and the early 13th century, and dated Mina’i wares range from 1186 to 1224.
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Huns. Although typically described as "bronze cauldrons", the cauldrons are often made of copper, which is generally of poor quality. Maenchen-Helfen lists 19 known finds of
Hunnish cauldrons from all over Central and Eastern Europe and Western Siberia. They come in various shapes, and are sometimes found together with vessels of various other origins.
9893:
place. (...) The whole artistic project was aimed at exalting the royal figure and the magnificence of his court. (...) the main scenes from the northern wall represents the ruler sitting cross-legged on a throne (see Figs 13, 14) (...) It was undoubtedly a private residence of the
Qarakhanid ruler and his family and not a place for solemn receptions.
900:, and parts of modern Mongolia, China and Russia. The art of ancient and medieval Central Asia reflects the rich history of this vast area, home to a huge variety of peoples, religions and ways of life. The artistic remains of the region show a remarkable combinations of influences that exemplify the multicultural nature of Central Asian society. The
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8076:"Tavka (k istorii drevnix tamožennyx sooruženij Uzbekistana). Taškent-Samarkand, Izd. A. Kadyri / Institut Arxeologii A.N. Uzb, 141 p., 68 ill. + 13 pl. couleurs h.-t. (Texte bilingue ouzbek-russe, résumé en anglais). [Tavka (contribution à l'histoire des anciens édifices frontaliers de l'Ouzbékistan)]"
1245:
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In the 90s, arts of the region underwent some significant changes. Institutionally speaking, some fields of arts were regulated by the birth of the art market, some stayed as representatives of official views, while many were sponsored by international organizations. The years of 1990–2000 were times
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to central China and from southern Russia to northern India – have been home to migrating herders who practised mixed economies on the margins of sedentary societies. The prehistoric 'animal style' art of these pastoral nomads not only demonstrates their zoomorphic mythologies and shamanic traditions
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B.F. Manz; W.M. Thackston; D.J. Roxburgh; L. Golombek; L. Komaroff; R.E. Darley-Doran (2007). "Timurids". Encyclopedia of Islam, online edition. "During the
Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of
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of the 6th to 7th centuries in
Samarkand, Uzbekistan offer a rare surviving example of Sogdian art. The paintings, showing scenes of daily life and events such as the arrival of foreign ambassadors, are located within the ruins of aristocratic homes. It is unclear if any of these palatial residences
1405:
Horse reins either had animal designs cut out on them or were studded with wooden ones covered in gold foil. Their tail sheaths were ornamented, as were their headpieces and breast pieces. Some horses were provided with leather or felt masks made to resemble animals, with stag antlers or rams' horns
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society, while the extensive corpus of metal objects point to a sophisticated tradition of metalworking. Wearing large stylised dresses, as well as headdresses that merge with the hair, "Bactrian princesses" embody the ranking goddess, character of the central Asian mythology that plays a regulatory
10023:
The ceramics and monetary finds in the pavilion can be dated to no earlier than to the second half of the twelfth century, and more plausibly towards the end of that century. This is the only pavilion of those excavated that was decorated with paintings, which leave no doubt about the master of the
9892:
The ceramics and monetary finds in the pavilion can be dated to no earlier than to the second half of the twelfth century, and more plausibly towards the end of that century. This is the only pavilion of those excavated that was decorated with paintings, which leave no doubt about the master of the
3174:
red and the smaller one was painted multiple colors. The lower parts of the statues' arms were constructed from the same mud-straw mix supported on wooden armatures. It is believed that the upper parts of their faces were made from great wooden masks or casts. The rows of holes that can be seen in
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between the 4th and 6th century AD. The nomadic nature of Hun society means that they have left very little in the archaeological record. Archaeological finds have produced a large number of cauldrons that have since the work of Paul
Reinecke in 1896 been identified as having been produced by the
4685:
With the rise of Turkic dynasties in
Central Asia, Persian art started to evolve to adapt to the tastes of the new Turkic ruling class: in paintings, the composition of narrative scenes remains unchanged, but nomadic clothing, physical traits and power symbols (such as the bow and arrow) are now
9224:
A gilt silver plate depicting a princely boar hunt, excavated from a tomb near Datong dated to 504 CE, is close to early
Sasanian royal hunting plates in style and technical aspects, but diverges enough to suggest a Bactrian origin dating from the era of the Kushano-Sasanian rule (ca. 275–350
2380:
in northern India, which is characterized by its frontality and martial stance, as he holds firmly his sword and a mace. His heavy coat and riding boots are typically nomadic
Central Asian, and are way too heavy for the warm climate of India. His coat is decorated by hundreds of pearls, which
1397:
fabric (State
Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg). Red and ochre predominate in the carpet, the main design of which is of riders, stags, and griffins. Many of the Pazyryk felt hangings, saddlecloths, and cushions were covered with elaborate designs executed in appliqué feltwork, dyed furs, and
1177:
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at an elevation of 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). Carbon dating of the structural components of the
Buddhas has determined that the smaller 38 m (125 ft) "Eastern Buddha" was built around 570 AD, and the larger 55 m (180 ft) "Western Buddha" was built around 618 AD.
2388:
As the Kushans progressively adapted to life in India, their dress progressively became lighter, and representation less frontal and more natural, although they retained characteristic elements of their nomadic dress, such as the trousers and boots, the heavy tunics, and heavy belts.
1897:
Numerous artefacts and structures were found, particularly in Ai-Khanoum, pointing to a high Hellenistic culture, combined with Eastern influences, starting from the 280–250 BC period. Overall, Aï-Khanoum was an extremely important Greek city (1.5 sq kilometer), characteristic of the
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and may even have been at the origin of its development. Rowland particularly draws attention to the similarity of the ethnic types represented at Khalchayan and in the art of Gandhara, and also in the style of portraiture itself. For example, Rowland find a great proximity between
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consisting in over 236 such temples. Their murals date from the 3rd to the 8th century. The caves of Kizil are the earlier of their type in China, and their model was later adopted in the construction of Buddhist caves further east. Other famous sites nearby are the
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for the establishment of contemporary arts. In the region, many important international exhibitions are taking place, Central Asian art is represented in European and American museums, and the Central Asian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale has been organized since 2005.
1515:
5386:
9728:
4613:, also an Iranian dynasty, became great patrons of art and architecture, as a way to enhance their prestige and to compensate for their humble origins. Through art, they endeavoured to present themselves as the heirs to the pre-Islamic tradition of kingship in Iran.
3537:, Tajikistan. In addition to revealing aspects of their social and political lives, Sogdian art has also been instrumental in aiding historians' understanding of their religious beliefs. For instance, it is clear that Buddhist Sogdians incorporated some of their own
3567:
3491:
10298:"While stonepaste vessels are often attributed to the Seljuq period, some of the most iconic productions in the medium took place after this dynasty lost control over its eastern territories to other Central Asian Turkic groups, such as the Khwarezm-Shahis" in
1261:
2628:
2588:
4955:
4990:
4635:
2411:
10286:
Fitzwilliam Museum: "Mina’i, meaning ‘enamelled’ ware, is one of the glories of Islamic ceramics, and was a speciality of the renowned ceramics centre of Kashan in Iran during the decades of the late 12th and early 13th centuries preceding the Mongol
4885:
2977:
This "Hephthalite period" in art, with the caftans with a triangular collar folded on the right, the particular cropped hairstyle, the crowns with crescents, have been found in many of the areas historically occupied and ruled by the Hephthalites, in
1398:
embroidery. Of exceptional interest are those with animal and human figural compositions, the most notable of which are the repeat design of an investiture scene on a felt hanging and that of a semi-human, semi-bird creature on another (both in the
1653:. In 2001, the discovery of an undisturbed royal Scythian burial-barrow illustrated Scythian animal-style gold that lacks the direct influence of Greek styles. Forty-four pounds of gold weighed down the royal couple in this burial, discovered near
1668:
Ancient influences from Central Asia became identifiable in China following contacts of metropolitan China with nomadic western and northwestern border territories from the 8th century BC. The Chinese adopted the Scythian-style animal art of the
9924:
Peintures murales qui ornaient (...) la résidence privée des derniers souverains qarakhanides de Samarkande (fin du 12ième - début du 13ième siècle (...) le souverain assis, les jambes repliées sur le trône, tient une flèche, symbole du pouvoir
5569:
4857:
6823:
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5255:
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place. (...) The whole artistic project was aimed at exalting the royal figure and the magnificence of his court. (...) It was undoubtedly a private residence of the Qarakhanid ruler and his family and not a place for solemn receptions.
4663:
3236:
3876:
1209:
5563:. The first years of the Soviet regime saw the appearance of modernism, which took inspiration from the Russian avant-garde movement. Until the 1980s, Central Asian arts had developed along with general tendencies of Soviet arts.
2675:
Archaeological finds indicate that the Huns wore gold plaques as ornaments on their clothing, as well as imported glass beads. Ammianus reports that they wore clothes made of linen or the furs of marmots and leggings of goatskin.
2712:
1229:
4722:(840–1212) was recently discovered in Afrasiab, complete with numerous decorative paintings dating to circa 1200. This period of artistic florescence would end in 1212, when the Kara-Khanids in Samarkand were conquered by the
3790:
4585:
5498:
2146:
with a small owl on the back side and other treasures are said to have been discovered at Ai-Khanoum, possibly along with a stone with an inscription, which was not recovered. The artefacts have now been returned to the
4751:
4549:
4398:
2427:
8207:
Eastern Buddha: 549 AD - 579 AD (1 σ range, 68.2% probability) 544 AD - 595 AD (2 σ range, 95.4% probability). Western Buddha: 605 AD - 633 AD (1 σ range, 68.2%) 591 AD - 644 AD (2 σ range, 95.4% probability). in
1906:, remaining one of the major cities at the time when the Greek kings started to occupy parts of India, from 200 to 145 BC. It seems the city was destroyed, never to be rebuilt, about the time of the death of king
1853:
city founded circa 280 BC which continued to flourish during the first 55 years of the Indo-Greek period until its destruction by nomadic invaders in 145 BC, and their coinage, which is often bilingual, combining
7912:"Il'yasov's article references figurines wearing caftans with triangular-shaped collars on the right side. This is believed to be a style of garment that became popular in Central Asia under Hephthalite rule" in
1165:
3162:. The statues consisted of the male Salsal ("light shines through the universe") and the (smaller) female Shamama ("Queen Mother"), as they were called by the locals. The main bodies were hewn directly from the
3472:
8772:(Other than Kizil)... "The nearby site of Kumtura contains over a hundred caves, forty of which contain painted murals or inscriptions. Other cave sites near Kucha include Subashi, Kizilgaha, and Simsim." in
5352:
12494:
5282:
4763:
10577:
the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."
1375:, indicating a flourishing culture at this location that benefited from the many trade routes and caravans of merchants passing through the area. The Pazyryk are considered to have had a war-like life.
2847:
2966:
The paintings related to the Hephthalites have often been grouped under the appellation of "Tokharistan school of art", or the "Hephthalite stage in the History of Central Asia Art". The paintings of
4841:
3016:
2470:
1197:
9173:"Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art", by Michael Gorelik, in: Islamic Arms and Armour, ed. Robert Elgood, London 1979
5410:
3814:
1481:
1818:, were deported to Bactria for refusing to surrender assassins. In addition, Xerxes also settled the "Branchidae" in Bactria; they were the descendants of Greek priests who had once lived near
1571:
10775:
Li, Chunxiang; Li, Hongjie; Cui, Yinqiu; Xie, Chengzhi; Cai, Dawei; Li, Wenying; Mair, Victor H; Xu, Zhi; Zhang, Quanchao; Abuduresule, Idelisi; Jin, Li; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui (December 2010).
5245:, which became a focal point for Timurid art. As with Samarkand, Persian artisans and intellectuals soon established Herat as a center for arts and culture. Soon, many of the Timurids adopted
4779:
12626:
3623:
2697:
28:
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The Buddhas are surrounded by numerous caves and surfaces decorated with paintings. It is thought that the period of florescence was from the 6th to 8th century AD, until the onset of
2805:
4382:
3440:
2360:
is also striking. According to Rowland the Bactrian art of Khalchayan thus survived for several centuries through its influence in the art of Gandhara, thanks to the patronage of the
1053:
being almost exclusively European, it has been suggested that Mal'ta had some kind of cultural and cultic connection with Europe during that time period, but this remains unsettled.
8641:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 14. KABULISTAN AND BACTRIA AT THE TIME OF "KHORASAN TEGIN SHAH""
4525:
5330:
became the capital of the short-lived Shaybanid empire during the reign of Ubaydallah Khan (1533–1540). The khanate reached its greatest extent and influence under its penultimate
8444:
6546:
attributes the destruction of Ai Khanoum to the Yuezhi, rather than to the alternative 'conquerors' and destroyers of the last vestiges of Greek power in Bactria, the Sakas..."
5593:
3252:
10408:
5002:
5083:
3170:. This coating, practically all of which wore away long ago, was painted to enhance the expressions of the faces, hands, and folds of the robes; the larger one was painted
1547:
3077:
denoting nobility and officials; and a figure with radiate crown, both with royal ribbons. Attributed to the Hephthalites, and recently dated to the 5th–6th century AD.
9953:
We cannot exclude the possibility that this action was related to the dramatic events of the year 1212, when Samarqand was taken by the Khwarazmshah Muḥammad b. Tekish.
7948:
After the Destruction of Giant Buddha Statues in Bamiyan (Afghanistan) in 2001: A UNESCO's Emergency Activity for the Recovering and Rehabilitation of Cliff and Niches
4686:
depicted. From the mid-12th century, beauty standards too evolve, with round and serene faces with almond-shaped eyes becoming uniquitous in artistic representations.
8862:
Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols)
3904:
3283:
2122:
A variety of artefacts of Hellenistic style, often with Persian influence, were also excavated at Ai-Khanoum, such as a round medallion plate describing the goddess
669:
5555:, as well as the time period of Soviet administration (1918–1991). Central Asian SSRs declared independence in 1991. In terms of area, it is nearly synonymous with
12501:
6168:
Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia: Proceedings of a conference held at the British Museum, 27-29 October 2017
3460:
2763:
and adjoining parts of Central Asia and South Asia in the 4th and 5th centuries. The Kidarites belonged to a complex of peoples known collectively in India as the
8669:"The globelike crown of the princely donor has parallels in Sasanian coin portraits. Both this donor and the Buddha at the left are adorned with hair ribbons or
2349:
3770:
3860:
1947:
1979:
1443:, recur at Pazyryk but are completely outnumbered by animal motifs. The stag and its relatives figure as prominently as in Altai-Sayan. Combat scenes between
10327:
583:
8116:
1692:
in southern China. Saka warriors could also have served as mercenaries for the various kingdoms of ancient China. Excavations of the prehistoric art of the
8117:"The Winged Crown and the Triple-crescent Crown in the Sogdian Funerary Monuments from China: Their Relation to the Hephthalite Occupation of Central Asia"
2932:
during the 5th to 8th centuries. They existed as an Empire, the "Imperial Hephthalites", and were militarily important from 450 AD, when they defeated the
1251:
Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; 2500–1500; chlorite (dress and headdresses) and limestone (head, hands and a leg); height: 13.33 cm;
8341:
5098:
3426:
started to appear in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin, as Buddhist art was spreading eastward. These Chinese characteristics appear in the art of the
1917:, including a citadel, a Classical theater, a huge palace in Greco-Bactrian architecture, somehow reminiscent of formal Persian palatial architecture, a
5510:
4410:
9669:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 13. THE TURK SHAHIS IN KABULISTAN"
9668:
8640:
5067:
1559:
10552:
Dai Matsui – A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate Discovered at Dunhuang. Aspects of Research into Central Asian Buddhism, 2008, pp. 159–178
4439:, blending Islamic art with Persian culture, during the 9th and 10th centuries. The Iranian dynasties corresponding to the Iranian Intermezzo are the
3220:
8913:
8164:
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and send them to Bactria. Persia subsequently conscripted Greek men from these settlements in Bactria into their military, as did Alexander later.
852:
12798:
9520:
6197:"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"
4619:
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served as the official palace of the rulers of Samarkand. The oldest surviving Sogdian monumental wall murals date to the 5th century and are the
11055:
10718:
Jordana, Xavier (2009). "The warriors of the steppes: osteological evidence of warfare and violence from Pazyryk tumuli in the Mongolian Altai".
2502:
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statues showed Kushan princes in dignified attitudes, while some of the sculptural scenes are thought to depict the Kushans fighting against the
8260:
7730:
1806:
Under Persian rule, many Greeks were deported to Bactria, so that their communities and language became common in the area. During the reign of
1673:(descriptions of animals locked in combat), particularly the rectangular belt-plaques made of gold or bronze, and created their own versions in
10857:
5233:
in the early 15th century, many Persian artistic traits became interwoven with existing Mongol art. Timur made Samarkand one of the centers of
2372:
The Kushans apparently favoured royal portraiture, as can be seen in their coins and their dynastic sculptures. A monumental sculpture of King
2074:
6685:"It has all the hallmarks of a Hellenistic city, with a Greek theatre, gymnasium and some Greek houses with colonnaded courtyards" (Boardman).
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are exceedingly numerous in Pazyryk work; the Pazyryk beasts are locked in such bitter fights that the victim's hindquarters become inverted.
4642:
5025:
4939:
1935:
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8338:. According to earlier sources (Bivar (1969) and Livshits (1969), repeated by the British Museum the seal was dated to the 300-350 CE: in
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6056:. Seattle : Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, in association with University of Washington Press. pp. 21–22.
2486:
1732:
1062:
35:
2970:, of very high quality, also belong to this school of art, and are closely related to other paintings of the Tokharistan school such as
1822:(western Asia Minor) and betrayed the temple to him. Herodotus also records a Persian commander threatening to enslave daughters of the
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12148:
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8453:
6397:
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2193:
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6118:. Seattle : Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, in association with University of Washington Press. p. 91.
3100:
2157:
1703:
Saka influences have been identified as far as Korea and Japan. Various Korean artifacts, such as the royal crowns of the kingdom of
10937:
8562:
7055:
5492:. As a consequence of Russian colonization, European fine arts – painting, sculpture and graphics – have developed in Central Asia.
5225:. After conquering a city, the Timurids commonly spared the lives of the local artisans and deported them to the Timurid capital of
4996:
Princely figure related to the Seljuq sultan or one of his local vassals or successors, Seljuk period, Iran, late 12th–13th century.
3745:
3358:
appear portraits of Royal families, composed of the King, Queen and young Prince. They are accompanied by monks, and men in caftan.
2308:
of the end of the 2nd–1st century BC is probably one of the first known manifestations of Kushan art. It is ultimately derived from
13586:
7916:"Change of suspension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia"
4279:
2791:
called them Kidarites Huns, or "Huns who are Kidarites". The Huna/ Xionite tribes are often linked, albeit controversially, to the
2335:
According to Benjamin Rowland, the styles and ethnic type visible in Kalchayan already anticipate the characteristics of the later
992:
The first modern human occupation in the difficult climates of North and Central Asia is dated to circa 40,000 ago, with the early
2395:
12487:
11237:
9156:
2668:
Both ancient sources and archaeological finds from graves confirm that the Huns wore elaborately decorated golden or gold-plated
2037:
modeled on a wooden frame were often used, a technique which would become widespread in Central Asia and the East, especially in
6479:
After annexation to the Persian empire by Cyrus in the sixth century, Bactria together with Margiana formed the Twelfth Satrapy.
2743:, with the exception that they displayed clean-shaven faces, instead of the beards of the Sasanians, a feature relating them to
2181:
12468:
8932:
Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan
4694:
2893:, thought to represent early Hephthalites. The ruler wears a radiate crown which is comparable to the crown of the king on the
8342:"SOGDIANA, ITS CHRISTIANS AND BYZANTIUM: A STUDY OF ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND EARLY MIDDLE AGES"
1092:(known to the ancient Greeks as the Oxus River), an area covering ancient Bactria. Its sites were discovered and named by the
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9067:
9021:
8870:
8785:
8757:
8189:
7986:
7956:
7897:
7865:
7819:
7792:
7765:
7709:
7566:
7539:
7345:
7300:
6433:
6385:
6277:
6176:
6123:
6061:
5941:
5914:
5750:
3134:
The Buddhist art of Bamiyan covers a period from the early centuries of the Common Era, culminating with the building of the
1913:
Archaeological missions unearthed various structures, some of them perfectly Hellenistic, some other integrating elements of
1748:
7809:
6216:"Belt Plaque with a Bear Hunt. From Russia (Siberia). Gold. 220-180 B.C. The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia"
2138:, a mold representing a bearded and diademed middle-aged man. Various artefacts of daily life are also clearly Hellenistic:
2050:
7782:
7049:
845:
10982:"Tocharian Buddhism in Kucha: Buddhism of Indo-European Centum Speakers in Chinese Turkestan before the 10th Century C.E."
8478:
7915:
6006:
5526:
2090:
939:(3rd and 2nd millennium BC), growing settlements formed part of an extensive network of trade linking Central Asia to the
12423:
11048:
9467:
7334:
Sims, Vice-President Eleanor G.; Sims, Eleanor; Marshak, Boris Ilʹich; Grube, Ernst J.; I, Boris Marshak (January 2002).
1707:, are said to be of "Scythian" design. Similar crowns, brought through contacts with the continent, can also be found in
8405:
8211:
5504:
The Emir of Bukhara and the notables of the city watch how the heads of Russian soldiers are impaled on poles. Samarkand
12418:
11419:
10444:
10070:
10045:
9917:
9860:
9762:
9737:
9710:
8514:
8268:
7738:
7063:
5844:
5298:
3311:
9780:
3386:
Painting of a cowherd listening to a sermon of the Buddha, from the right wall of the main hall. Cave of the Statues.
2718:
A Hunnish oval openwork fibula set with a carnelian and decorated with a geometric pattern of gold wire, 4th century,
2044:
In India, only a few Hellenistic sculptural remains have been found, mainly small items in the excavations of Sirkap.
66:
11829:
10911:
10756:
10337:
10302:"Ceramic Technology in the Seljuq Period: Stonepaste in Syria and Iran in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries"
10016:
9946:
9885:
8994:
8973:
8952:
7608:
6765:
6738:
6706:
6670:
6643:
6616:
6589:
6559:
6361:
6240:
6093:
5187:
Empire. Initially the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan, but by the reign of
4404:
Folio sheet from a Qur'an, found in the sanctuary of Katta Langar, south of Samarkand, first half of the 8th century.
1717:
1382:. There are so far no known sites of settlements associated with the burials, suggesting a purely nomadic lifestyle.
6001:
4698:
Detail of a Kara-Khanid ruler of Samarkand (sitting cross-legged on a throne in the complete reconstructed relief),
1422:. Roundels containing a dot serve the same purpose on the stag and other animal renderings executed by contemporary
1330:(of Iranian origin; c. 6th to 3rd centuries BC) identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans found in the
10928:
7097:
6113:
6051:
5453:
3208:
1999:
1967:
1252:
1236:
8887:
4741:
the once vibrant cities of Bukhara and Samarkand. However, in 1370, Samarkand saw a revival as the capital of the
12428:
11698:
11078:
8147:
5261:
5042:
4579:
platter", from Iran, Samanids dynasty. 9th-10th century. Islamic Art Museum (Museum für Islamische Kunst), Berlin
3801:
3179:
2582:
was influential on Kushan art, and this influence remained active for several centuries in northwest South Asia.
1008:
997:
987:
838:
6937:
6215:
13563:
12463:
12408:
11658:
11041:
6952:
6883:
5861:
5605:
4295:
3854:, circa 560 to 742 AD. Several later Turkic-speaking empires would later develop, founded by unrelated tribes.
3036:
2236:
1579:
8348:
1378:
Other kurgan cemeteries associated with the culture include those of Bashadar, Tuekta, Ulandryk, Polosmak and
12569:
11952:
11414:
10591:
Arjomand, Said Amir (2012). "Patrimonial state". In Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (eds.).
4727:
4170:
923:
From the late second millennium BC until very recently, the grasslands of Central Asia – stretching from the
901:
10981:
9729:
Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania
9676:
8648:
8285:
8006:
7625:
6300:"Glittering Bodies: The Politics of Mortuary Self-Fashioning in Eurasian Nomadic Cultures (700 BCE-200 BCE)"
3697:
3505:(397–439), one of the earliest caves. The crossed ankle figure with a three-disk crown shows influence from
2235:. Various sculptures and friezes are known, representing horse-riding archers, and, significantly, men with
12413:
9667:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.
9640:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.
9495:Археология степной евразии. Искусство кочевников южной сибири и центральной азии. Учебное пособие для вузов
8639:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.
5643:
5397:
4909:(1037–1194 AD) was a high medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qiniq branch of
2151:
after several years in Switzerland by Paul Bucherer-Dietschi, Director of the Swiss Afghanistan Institute.
1929:
columns. Many artifacts are dated to the 2nd century BC, which corresponds to the early Indo-Greek period.
1037:
1031:, and located at the northeastern periphery of Central Asia, created some of the first works of art in the
983:
979:
971:
5171:
and his descendants and successors. At its height in the late 13th century, the khanate extended from the
4651:
1921:(100 × 100m), one of the largest of Antiquity, various temples, a mosaic representing the Macedonian sun,
9188:
5473:
950:, but the varied earlier cultures were influenced by the art of China, Persia and Greece, as well as the
10777:"Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age"
8692:
6977:
Rowland, Benjamin (1971). "Graeco-Bactrian Art and Gandhāra: Khalchayan and the Gandhāra Bodhisattvas".
2328:. The Yuezis are shown with a majestic demeanour, whereas the Sakas are typically represented with side-
1203:
Camel figurine; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; copper alloy; 8.89 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
13613:
13192:
12953:
11678:
9556:
9531:
6140:
5424:
3706:
Many objects suggesting exchanges with Central Asia have been found, especially in Northern Wei tombs.
2595:
2353:
2062:
1918:
1188:
8676:
5728:
1649:
was of a similar styles as other Iranian peoples of the steppes, which is referred to collectively as
996:
of northern Siberia dated to circa 31,000 BCE. By around 21,000 BCE, two main cultures developed: the
13549:
13031:
12965:
12947:
12820:
11914:
11208:
9641:
8985:
A. M. Belenitskii and B. I. Marshak (1981), "Part One: the Paintings of Sogdiana" in Guitty Azarpay,
8964:
A. M. Belenitskii and B. I. Marshak (1981), "Part One: the Paintings of Sogdiana" in Guitty Azarpay,
8943:
A. M. Belenitskii and B. I. Marshak (1981), "Part One: the Paintings of Sogdiana" in Guitty Azarpay,
6380:
tombs of the Kingdom of Silla, in South-East Korea. "Afganistan, les trésors retrouvés", 2006, p282,
5343:
5057:
in 1219, at a time when the Khwarazmian Empire ruled the area, initially under the suzerainty of the
5054:
4368:. Buildings following Islamic standard were built throughout the land, such as the Abbasid mosque of
3987:
3960:
2023:
1049:. Most of these statuettes show stylized clothes. Quite often the face is depicted. The tradition of
993:
619:
305:
169:
8426:
8379:
8232:
7684:
13037:
13034:
13028:
13022:
12992:
12935:
12608:
12361:
11934:
11648:
11638:
11633:
11228:
11218:
11183:
10461:
8537:
6522:
5996:
2523:
1469:
928:
but also their fluidity in incorporating the symbols of sedentary society into their own artworks.
256:
204:
9605:
9057:
7316:
6819:
5404:, built 1417–1421), Tilya-Kori Madrasah (built 1646–1660) and Sher-Dor Madrasah (built 1619–1636).
1838:
ruled the southern part of Central Asia from the 3rd to the 2nd century BC, with their capital at
1156:(dress and headdresses) and limestone (face and neck); height: 17.3 cm, width: 16.1 cm;
13572:
13052:
13019:
12995:
12989:
12974:
12817:
12511:
12458:
12346:
12223:
12128:
11972:
11854:
11263:
11213:
11064:
10820:
10602:
8803:"Archaeological Survey of Kizil: Its Groups of Caves, Districts, Chronology and Buddhist Schools"
7975:
Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. (January 1981).
7886:
Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. (January 1981).
5768:"Re-Making Animal Bodies in the Arts of Early China and North Asia: Perspectives from the Steppe"
4680:
935:– that complex system of trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean. Already in the
749:
452:
410:
343:
10285:
9580:
Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750
9280:
8386:
7857:
The Cambridge World History: Volume 4, A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE
6782:
6376:"appear later, during the 5th and 6th century at the eastern edge of the Asia continent, in the
5587:"Female Muslims- The tsar, beys and khans took your rights away" – Azeri, Baku, 1921 (Mardjani).
5029:
Luster star-shaped tile, showing a sultan surrounded by members of the court, dated 1211–12 CE.
1866:. Apart from Ai-Khanoum, Indo-Greek ruins have been positively identified in few cities such as
966:
13409:
13010:
13001:
12944:
12879:
12864:
12438:
12198:
11223:
11158:
10956:
10506:
Upshur, Jiu-Hwa L.; Terry, Janice J.; Holoka, Jim; Cassar, George H.; Goff, Richard D. (2011).
10436:
8114:
7146:
5869:
5680:
5292:'s sister Gowhartāj is buried. The architecture is a fine example of the Timurid era in Persia.
4711:
4299:
3847:
3078:
2937:
1903:
1327:
1152:
Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC;
1069:
542:
179:
10887:
10507:
9578:
9414:
9387:
9111:
9084:
9011:
8930:
8860:
8775:
8747:
8179:
7855:
7755:
7699:
7664:"The Hephthalite Terracotta // Silk Road Art and Archaeology. Vol. 7. Kamakura, 2001, 187–200"
7598:
7505:
7290:
7258:
6852:
6755:
6696:
6633:
6606:
6579:
6166:
5931:
2880:
2682:
2634:
Terracotta head of a male figure, Kushano-Sasanian period, Gandhara region, 4th–5th century AD
2239:, such as the Kushan prince of Khalchayan (a practice well attested in nomadic Central Asia).
13298:
13289:
12983:
12959:
12814:
12273:
12248:
12158:
11789:
11623:
10473:
9493:
9215:
8504:
8413:
8366:
8219:
8158:
7976:
7946:
7887:
7671:
7556:
7529:
7504:
The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, Michael Maas, Cambridge University Press, 2014
7335:
6728:
6423:
6230:
4699:
4369:
3910:
1379:
1372:
1065:(BMAC, also known as the "Oxus civilization") is the modern archaeological designation for a
797:
634:
10428:
6660:
6085:
2578:
depicting the Sassanid emperors engaged in hunting or administering justice. The example of
2134:, various golden serpentine arm jewellery and earrings, a toilet tray representing a seated
13582:
13295:
12208:
12055:
11590:
11388:
11030:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)
10727:
6401:
5269:
5129:
4913:. At its greatest extent, the Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from western
3561:, a common non-Buddhist image similarly found in the paintings of Samarkand and Panjakent.
2418:
1914:
1811:
1608:
1534:
696:
397:
372:
330:
300:
285:
7757:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
7701:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
7600:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
6899:
1235:
Handled weight; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; chlorite; 25.08 x 19.69 x 4.45 cm;
8:
13304:
13301:
13252:
12956:
12811:
12448:
12382:
12238:
11663:
11653:
11383:
11308:
10941:
10389:
10371:
10353:
10267:
10249:
10184:
9320:"Exotic Goods as Mortuary Display in Sui Dynasty Tombs—A Case Study of Li Jingxun's Tomb"
8075:
7516:
7270:
7168:
7123:
5544:
5452:
Central Asia fell largely under the control of Russia in the 19th century, following the
5445:
5222:
5208:
5192:
5012:
4832:
4719:
3998:
3654:
2795:
who invaded Eastern Europe during a similar period. They are entirely different from the
2543:
2341:
1922:
1419:
1386:
1271:; height: 12 cm, width: 13.3 cm, depth: 4.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
931:
Central Asia has always been a crossroads of cultural exchange, the hub of the so-called
734:
10731:
10635:
Bosworth, C.E. (1968). "The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids".
2029:
Due to the lack of proper stones for sculptural work in the area of Ai-Khanoum, unbaked
1768:
1457:
1183:
Axe with eagle-headed demon & animals; late 3rd millennium-early 2nd millennium BC;
13495:
13292:
12837:
12831:
12603:
12398:
12351:
12218:
12133:
12118:
12075:
12030:
11894:
11683:
11469:
11358:
11318:
11243:
11088:
10917:
10851:
10803:
10776:
10652:
10231:
10204:"The Large Audience: Life-Sized Stucco Figures of Royal Princes from the Seljuq Period"
10166:
9365:
9258:
8822:
8621:
8329:
8139:
7781:
Dignas, Assistant Professor of History Beate; Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (2007).
6994:
6327:
6141:"Fastening the Buckle: A Strand of Xiongnu-Era Narrative in a Recent Kirghiz Epic Poem"
5933:
On the Trail of the Indo-Europeans: From Neolithic Steppe Nomads to Early Civilisations
5795:
5485:
5319:
5305:
5124:
5038:
4804:
4723:
4707:
4436:
4427:
4346:
3843:
3821:
3688:
3135:
3058:
2983:
2956:
2719:
2704:
2336:
2317:
1890:
909:
280:
209:
125:
10868:
The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
10689:
10608:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Present
6869:
5374:
5114:
4345:. This started a period of prosperity, from the 8th to the 14th century, known as the
3557:
show a pairing of a male and female deity with outstretched hands holding a miniature
2421:, made in Bactria and proposed to represent Yuezhis (1st century BC – 1st century AD).
1428:
metalworkers. Animal processions of the Assyro-Achaemenian type also appealed to many
1385:
The remarkable textiles recovered from the Pazyryk burials include the oldest woollen
13522:
13283:
12834:
12748:
12639:
12453:
11562:
11378:
11373:
11273:
11258:
11148:
11143:
11113:
11093:
10966:
10960:
10907:
10872:
10828:
10808:
10752:
10704:
10612:
10513:
10479:
10440:
10429:
10333:
10301:
10223:
10158:
10066:
10041:
10012:
9990:
9969:
9942:
9913:
9881:
9856:
9797:
9789:
9758:
9733:
9706:
9611:
9584:
9499:
9420:
9393:
9357:
9295:
9250:
9194:
9134:
9090:
9063:
9038:
9017:
8990:
8969:
8948:
8907:
8866:
8814:
8781:
8753:
8613:
8510:
8321:
8264:
8185:
8143:
8097:
7982:
7952:
7893:
7861:
7815:
7788:
7761:
7734:
7705:
7604:
7562:
7535:
7341:
7296:
7207:
7059:
6986:
6761:
6734:
6702:
6698:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
6666:
6639:
6635:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
6612:
6585:
6581:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
6555:
6429:
6381:
6357:
6331:
6319:
6273:
6236:
6172:
6119:
6089:
6057:
5937:
5910:
5840:
5817:
5799:
5787:
5746:
5556:
5457:
5362:
5221:
circa 1370. After the Mongol invasions, a new period of prosperity thus started, the
5183:
in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the defunct
4800:
4626:
4532:
4256:
4225:
3542:
3538:
3529:
2912:
2531:
1845:
The main known remains from this period are the ruins and artifacts of their city of
1792:
1320:
1032:
706:
590:
512:
502:
10921:
10606:
8026:
6838:"On the origin of the Kushans with reference to numismatic and anthropological data"
6815:
6811:
3598:
3010:" with similar artistic styles and iconography, under the rule of the Hephthalites.
13519:
13337:
13099:
12533:
12443:
12371:
11992:
11879:
11688:
11673:
11522:
11368:
11328:
11283:
11268:
11028:
Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums
10798:
10788:
10735:
10665:
10644:
10215:
10150:
8605:
8131:
8087:
7644:
7199:
6794:
6311:
6299:
6265:
6029:"Camp and audience scenes in late iron age rock drawings from Khawtsgait, Mongolia"
5779:
5692:
5489:
5335:
5149:
4738:
4480:
4245:
4095:
3978:
3895:
3891:
3839:
3715:
3670:
3633:
3578:
3534:
3195:
2854:
2772:
2740:
2356:. The similarity of the Gandhara Bodhisattva with the portrait of the Kushan ruler
1926:
1925:
leaves and various animals (crabs, dolphins etc...), numerous remains of Classical
1886:
1800:
1616:-style parade armour of a Saka royal, also known as "The Golden Warrior", from the
1595:
1440:
1399:
1371:. Many artifacts and human remains have been found at this location, including the
1097:
1028:
624:
595:
236:
9785:
8609:
8092:
6315:
6079:
5681:"Les représentations portraitistes des donateurs laïcs dans l'imagerie bouddhique"
5575:
Urging peasants to speed up cotton production – Russian and Uzbek, Tashkent, 1920s
2955:
and as donors to the Buddha in the ceiling painting of the 35-meter Buddha at the
1553:
Belt buckle with Europoid types, Mongolia or southern Siberia, 2nd–1st century BC.
13507:
13258:
13133:
12977:
12929:
12826:
12754:
12722:
12593:
12589:
12581:
12558:
12479:
12433:
12376:
12316:
12306:
12268:
12010:
11703:
11502:
11459:
11441:
11278:
11248:
11153:
11128:
11083:
10866:
10698:
9468:"SILK ROAD DRESS IN A CHINESE TOMB: XU XIANXIU AND SIXTH-CENTURY COSMOPOLITANISM"
9007:
7080:
7018:"Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam)"
6915:"Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam)"
6549:
6451:
The Persian Empire: Studies in geography and ethnography of the ancient Near East
5246:
5180:
4879:
Vessel with bull's head spout, Ghaznavid dynasty, late 11th to early 12th century
3554:
3498:
3336:
3319:
3199:
3191:
3143:
2941:
2748:
2309:
1899:
1835:
1796:
1587:
1364:
1338:
1316:
1310:
1306:
527:
507:
440:
199:
184:
142:
110:
10842:
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1959). "The Ethnic Name Hun". In Egerod, Soren (ed.).
9171:
8306:
8257:
Seals, sealings and tokens from Bactria to Gandhara : 4th to 8th century CE
8115:
Kageyama (Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, Kobe, Japan), Etsuko (2007).
7727:
Seals, sealings and tokens from Bactria to Gandhara : 4th to 8th century CE
6464:
3370:
The mural, "Dance of princess Chandraprabha", with frames probably derived from
3330:
Numerous Buddhist caves cover the northern side of the Tarim Basin, such as the
2534:) is a historiographic term used by modern scholars to refer to a branch of the
13489:
13449:
13435:
13105:
12806:
12775:
12393:
12356:
12178:
12113:
11987:
11839:
11824:
11794:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11512:
11363:
11353:
11313:
11098:
10469:
6257:
5837:
La femme des origines : images de la femme dans la préhistoire occidentale
5560:
5465:
5401:
5157:
5089:
5074:
5046:
4981:
4848:
4811:
4757:
Kara-Khanid bands of inscription with running animals, Afrasiab, circa 1200 CE.
4742:
4476:
4435:
power finally waned, and local Iranian dynasties were established, creating an
4267:
4159:
3887:
3867:
3502:
3479:
3451:
3431:
3427:
3344:
3315:
3310:
became a centre for the development of Buddhist art, and a major relay for the
3278:
3139:
3082:
3061:
circa 600 AD (the 38-meter Buddha they decorate is carbon dated to 544–595 AD).
2890:
2661:
2649:
2619:
2224:
1958:
1855:
1850:
1530:
1394:
1153:
1050:
1024:
824:
804:
691:
612:
425:
415:
405:
246:
241:
130:
96:
10739:
10219:
9132:
9036:
6269:
2739:, king of the Kidarites, circa 350–386. The coinage of the Kidarites imitated
2381:
probably symbolize his wealth. His grandiose regnal title is inscribed in the
2287:
13607:
13528:
13474:
13429:
13270:
13228:
13093:
12915:
12882:
12778:
12772:
12658:
12585:
12388:
12341:
12233:
12065:
12050:
11982:
11741:
11507:
11479:
11464:
11424:
11323:
11178:
11163:
11118:
10543:, p. 2.27; and LACMA for differing versions of the boundaries of the khanate.
10227:
10162:
9801:
9361:
9254:
8818:
8617:
8325:
8135:
8101:
7211:
6990:
6323:
5791:
5599:
Poster of 3 different men with the word "friendship" underneath. Central Asia
5481:
5339:
5338:(r. 1557–1598). In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Khanate was ruled by the
5164:
5145:
5058:
4906:
4731:
4536:
4203:
4106:
4073:
4064:
3934:
3851:
3797:
3761:
3735:
3506:
3410:
3340:
3269:
2974:, in the depiction of clothes, and especially in the treatment of the faces.
2783:), and may even be considered as identical to the Chionites. The 5th century
2382:
1859:
1823:
1773:
1739:
1522:
1429:
1402:). Clothing, whether of felt, leather, or fur, was also lavishly ornamented.
1001:
913:
819:
659:
647:
522:
464:
435:
430:
385:
348:
224:
194:
164:
76:
10410:
Illustrated Poetry and Epic Images. Persian paintings of the 1330s and 1340s
10154:
7203:
6798:
5696:
4669:
Rosewater bottle, Buyid art, early 12th century, Iran. Freer Gallery of Art.
4555:
Great decorated panel from a Samanid residential complex, 9th-10th century,
13525:
13513:
13481:
13457:
13441:
13438:
13426:
13423:
13420:
13390:
13240:
13198:
13049:
13040:
12962:
12885:
12876:
12766:
12311:
12278:
12258:
12163:
12070:
12025:
12002:
11919:
11814:
11731:
11721:
11613:
11348:
11343:
11333:
11293:
11233:
11198:
11123:
10812:
10793:
8989:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, pp 34–35,
7192:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
6787:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
6543:
5552:
5548:
5469:
5168:
5141:
4930:
4926:
4735:
4500:
4365:
4326:
4310:
4053:
3914:
3781:
3753:
3719:
3649:
3613:. 648-651 AD, Afrasiyab murals, Samarkand. The delegate to the right has a
3348:
3318:
were translated into Chinese by Kuchean monks, the most famous of whom was
3183:
3159:
3125:
3043:
3023:
3007:
2971:
2967:
2952:
2929:
2908:
2796:
2653:
2579:
2148:
2038:
1693:
1650:
1640:
1617:
1368:
1093:
1077:
1073:
1016:
951:
905:
889:
873:
809:
792:
782:
759:
664:
654:
629:
532:
497:
482:
477:
457:
355:
120:
11033:
9696:
9694:
8841:
7098:"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"
4976:, dated 1180–1210 AD. Brass worked in repousse and inlaid with silver and
3933:
ruler named Sri Ranasrikari "The Lord who brings excellence through war" (
3466:
Details from Praṇidhi scene No. 5. Central Asian and Asian Buddhist monks.
3246:
style, in the niche of the 38 meters Buddha, next to the Sun God, Bamiyan.
3158:
The statues represented a later evolution of the classic blended style of
814:
13537:
13534:
13486:
13416:
13359:
13255:
13246:
13201:
13186:
13177:
13171:
13046:
13013:
12971:
12941:
12938:
12905:
12873:
12757:
12403:
12336:
12288:
12253:
12228:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12173:
12168:
12123:
12103:
12095:
11924:
11909:
11859:
11849:
11804:
11761:
11537:
11532:
11497:
11298:
11253:
11193:
7051:
Art History 5th Edition CH 10 Art Of South And Southeast Asia Before 1200
6425:
The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions
6373:
5612:
5289:
5273:
5238:
5234:
5214:
5204:
5188:
5184:
4973:
4910:
4828:
4824:
4488:
4484:
4314:
4042:
4009:
3757:
3523:
3510:
3483:
3423:
3406:
3355:
3331:
3307:
3289:
3273:
3147:
3027:
2995:
2987:
2960:
2948:
2764:
2594:
Kushano-Sasanian footed cup with medallion, 3rd-4th century AD, Bactria,
2509:
2345:
2228:
2019:
1755:
1724:
1436:
1411:
1350:
1184:
1020:
947:
924:
897:
787:
764:
754:
744:
681:
549:
365:
338:
315:
310:
295:
290:
214:
174:
115:
46:
10235:
10203:
9369:
9345:
9262:
9238:
8968:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 13,
8947:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 47,
8826:
8802:
8333:
6998:
5767:
4847:
Ghaznavid portrait of a characteristically Turkic individual, Palace of
13531:
13453:
13396:
13378:
13264:
13261:
13243:
13234:
13225:
13222:
13180:
13168:
13162:
13147:
13114:
13102:
13078:
13057:
13016:
13007:
13004:
12998:
12980:
12950:
12870:
12781:
12688:
12283:
12108:
12040:
12035:
11962:
11944:
11904:
11889:
11869:
11834:
11819:
11781:
11771:
11756:
11746:
11713:
11600:
11527:
11303:
11203:
11133:
10656:
10170:
10138:
9691:
5783:
5420:
5323:
5265:
4922:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
3930:
3883:
2871:
2611:
2462:
2373:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2278:
2248:
2232:
2210:
2011:
1907:
1889:
capital, found at Ai-Khanoum in the citadel by the troops of Commander
1863:
1846:
1839:
1625:
1613:
1448:
1444:
1342:
1334:
1136:
1131:
Fertility goddesses, named "Bactrian princesses", made from limestone,
1085:
1081:
1066:
1046:
936:
917:
893:
885:
881:
877:
869:
701:
600:
561:
537:
492:
487:
472:
380:
360:
189:
135:
84:
80:
11487:
9833:
9815:
8625:
8593:
5326:
from the second quarter of the 16th century to the late 18th century.
3166:
cliffs, but details were modeled in mud mixed with straw, coated with
2550:) during the 3rd and 4th centuries AD at the expense of the declining
2106:
57:
13343:
13327:
13273:
13219:
13189:
13183:
13174:
13159:
13153:
13043:
12986:
12968:
12769:
12667:
12203:
12153:
12085:
12020:
11967:
11957:
11929:
11864:
11809:
11799:
11736:
11726:
11572:
11449:
11409:
11338:
11188:
10465:
10202:
HEIDEMANN, STEFAN; DE LAPÉROUSE, JEAN-FRANÇOIS; PARRY, VICKI (2014).
5517:
5477:
5461:
5358:
5331:
5226:
5172:
5008:
4703:
4560:
4464:
4444:
4373:
4322:
4318:
4150:
4139:
3723:
3610:
3606:
3594:
3371:
3187:
3163:
2933:
2784:
2768:
2756:
2493:
2135:
1815:
1708:
1697:
1538:
1089:
1012:
932:
729:
711:
676:
605:
566:
517:
390:
147:
13445:
10678:
10648:
9441:
9319:
8406:"Dating of the Buddha Statues – AMS 14C Dating of Organic Materials"
8212:"Dating of the Buddha Statues – AMS 14C Dating of Organic Materials"
8052:
7836:
7663:
7227:
7187:
6196:
6028:
5663:
4610:
3482:
towards the Pure Lands. Painting on silk (Library Cave), Late Tang.
3112:
2731:
13375:
13365:
13347:
13237:
13195:
13156:
13150:
13111:
13108:
13075:
13025:
12908:
12763:
12760:
12676:
12673:
12553:
12538:
12263:
12243:
11844:
11668:
11582:
11517:
11288:
10459:
8839:
References BDce-888、889, MIK III 8875, now in the Hermitage Museum.
8307:"Sogdian Sānak, a Manichaean Bishop of the 5th–Early 6th Centuries"
7292:
Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams
7017:
6914:
6232:
Rethinking Prehistoric Central Asia: Shepherds, Farmers, and Nomads
6081:
The World of the Huns: Studies of Their History and Culture, pp.371
5218:
5176:
5119:
4914:
4786:
4770:
4592:
4556:
4516:
4456:
4452:
4440:
4389:
4181:
4084:
3835:
3602:
3581:, and Turkish delegates (right), recognizable by their long plaits.
3402:
3387:
3243:
2999:
2689:
2657:
2615:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2535:
2477:
2267:
2220:
2131:
2006:
face found in the administrative palace. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC
1807:
1780:
1678:
1505:
and Southern Siberia from ancient times. They were in contact with
1502:
1346:
1324:
1268:
1216:
1132:
686:
576:
571:
556:
420:
12740:
12728:
7474:
7462:
7426:
7390:
7378:
6551:
The Yuezhi: Origin, Migration and the Conquest of Northern Bactria
4591:
Example of figural earthenware ceramics from Samanid period. From
4475:
Artistic florescence occurred especially during the period of the
3074:
2947:
The Hepthalites appears in several mural paintings in the area of
2215:
Some traces remain of the presence of the Kushans in the areas of
2041:. In some cases, only the hands and feet would be made in marble.
1829:
1286:
13368:
13276:
13231:
13216:
13210:
13204:
13081:
12899:
12704:
12693:
12664:
12543:
12143:
12138:
12080:
12015:
11899:
11884:
11751:
11628:
11618:
11567:
11173:
8693:"Lost, Stolen, and Damaged Images: The Buddhist Caves of Bamiyan"
8203:
8201:
6422:
Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (2012).
6377:
5625:
5393:
5366:
5327:
5160:
5153:
5133:
4977:
4576:
4540:
4432:
4362:
4358:
4307:
4303:
4234:
4031:
3805:
3777:
3749:
3727:
3669:. 9th-10th century, derived form 8th century material related to
3662:
3658:
3614:
3171:
2928:), sometimes called the "White Huns", were a people who lived in
2817:
2788:
2760:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2539:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2402:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2329:
2216:
2143:
2139:
2126:
on a chariot, in front of a fire altar, and under a depiction of
2115:
2081:
1986:
1954:
1867:
1784:
1658:
1591:
1584:
1526:
1407:
1360:
1331:
1223:, gold and iron; height: 10.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1220:
1042:
739:
447:
251:
219:
154:
8245:
The radiate crown is comparable to the crown of the king on the
6084:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p.
3937:). In this realistic portrait, he wears the Turkic double-lapel
3182:. These works of art are considered as an artistic synthesis of
3073:
Stamp seal with a bearded figure in Sasanian dress, wearing the
1424:
1267:
Beaker with birds on the rim; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC;
1045:
ivory. The figures are about 23,000 years old and stem from the
13492:
13461:
13371:
13340:
13334:
13311:
13213:
13207:
13165:
13069:
12891:
12851:
12716:
12670:
12548:
12045:
11977:
11608:
11542:
11454:
11168:
9133:
Compareti (University of California, Berkeley), Matteo (2015).
9037:
Compareti (University of California, Berkeley), Matteo (2007).
5230:
5050:
5030:
4962:
4918:
4892:
4864:
4815:
4807:
4460:
4448:
4214:
4130:
4119:
4020:
3969:
3938:
3731:
3666:
3629:
3550:
3546:
3447:
3374:
of the 1st century AD. Treasure Cave C (Cave 83). MIK III 8443.
3175:
photographs held wooden pegs that stabilized the outer stucco.
3167:
2979:
2838:
2744:
2736:
2669:
2571:
2274:
2127:
2123:
2111:
2034:
2003:
1882:
1871:
1819:
1689:
1685:
1670:
1621:
1488:
1415:
1355:
1157:
1117:
955:
229:
159:
9521:"Göktürk giyim kuşamının plastik sanatlarda değerlendirilmesi"
8198:
7974:
7885:
7438:
7414:
7402:
7366:
7289:
Sundermann, Werner; Hintze, Almut; Blois, François de (2009).
5989:
3846:
to became the main power in Central Asia from the time of the
2175:
Bracelet with horned female busts. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
2142:, ink wells, tableware. An almost life-sized dark green glass
2022:, the statue is thought to have been a smaller version of the
1565:
Belt Buckle, Mongolia or southern Siberia, 2nd–1st century BC.
1491:
and rider, Pazyryk Kurgan 5, Altai, Southern Russia c. 241 BC.
13432:
13267:
13249:
11874:
11766:
11693:
11643:
11492:
11138:
9557:"THE SILK ROAD CULTURE AND ANCIENT TURKISH WALL PAINTED TOMB"
8053:"The Hephthalite Terracotta // Silk Road Art and Archaeology"
5242:
4969:
4192:
3558:
3293:
3227:
3151:
3003:
2991:
2822:
2812:
1788:
1704:
1654:
1506:
1390:
1121:
1109:
940:
10079:
9442:"Inlaid Rings and East-West Interaction in the Han-Tang Era"
9193:. New Haven : Yale University Press. pp. 293–294.
9089:. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110.
9016:. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110.
5144:
invaded Central Asia in the early 13th century. The unified
2517:
2199:
Imprint from a mold found in Ai-Khanoum. 3rd-2nd century BC.
13120:
12844:
12710:
12699:
12682:
12298:
12060:
11108:
10902:
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity".
10825:
The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture
10539:
See Barnes, Parekh and Hudson, p. 87; Barraclough, p. 127;
9389:
Silk, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road
4965:
4946:
4820:
4596:
4492:
3574:
3006:). This points to a "political and cultural unification of
2792:
2645:
2434:
2325:
2294:
2030:
2015:
1674:
1662:
1646:
1291:
1125:
1076:, dated to c. 2200–1700 BC, located in present-day eastern
10201:
10096:
10094:
5313:
5241:. In the mid 15th century the empire moved its capital to
4706:, circa 1200 CE. It was possibly defaced in 1212 when the
3710:: Model of a Silk Road camel driver, Northern Wei period.
2332:, displaying expressive and sometimes grotesque features.
1171:
Ancient bowl with animals, Bactria, 3rd–2nd millennium BC.
11014:
The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...
8774:
Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (24 November 2013).
7951:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 12–13.
6939:
Greek Art in Central Asia, Afghan – Encyclopaedia Iranica
6783:"Deuxième campagne de fouilles d'Aï Khanoum en Bactriane"
5895:, vol. II (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997), 583.
2703:
Detail of Hunnish gold and garnet bracelet, 5th century,
2385:: "The Great King, King of Kings, Son of God, Kanishka".
1215:
Monstrous male figure; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC;
10768:
Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources
8727:
8293:. Berlin: Berlin Freie Universität. p. 69, item 1).
8287:
THE HEPHTHALITES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
8008:
The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis
7784:
Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals
7072:
6608:
Thundering Zeus : the making of Hellenistic Bactria
5731:. 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica.
5419:(ceremonial hanging); late 1700s; cotton; 92 × 63; from
4421:
10593:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
10505:
10091:
9666:
9639:
9190:
Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources
8638:
7811:
The Fall Of The West: The Death Of The Roman Superpower
7627:
THE Hephthalites: Archeological and Historical Analysis
7354:
7239:
7169:"Panel with the god Zeus/Serapis/Ohrmazd and worshiper"
6338:
6165:
Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (21 January 2021).
4819:
origin, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of
3258:
Western Buddha, Niche, ceiling, east section E1 and E2.
3057:
Probable Hephthalite royal couple in the murals of the
2861:
2297:
warrior, as a defeated enemy of the Yuezhi, Khalchayan.
1696:
civilisation of Yunnan have revealed hunting scenes of
1281:
10935:
10904:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
10683:
Coins, Art and Chronology Ii, Edited by M. Alram et al
10329:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts: Mina'i ware
10106:
8703:
8446:
The Giant Buddhas of Bamiyan. Safeguarding the remains
7486:
7257:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, E. Yarshater
6421:
5970:
4674:
4641:
Gold ewer of the Buyid Period, mentioning Buyid ruler
4357:
Islamic art diffused in Central Asia with the rule of
3325:
2923:
2570:
in 225 AD. The Kushano-Sassanids traded goods such as
2163:
Bronze Herakles statuette. Ai-Khanoum. 2nd century BC.
1501:
Tribes of Europoid type appear to have been active in
946:
The arts of recent centuries are mainly influenced by
10938:"Prehistoric Art - Early Nomads of the Altaic Region"
10118:
9239:"An Iranian Silver Vessel from the Tomb of Feng Hetu"
8886:
Waugh, Daniel (Historian, University of Washington).
8715:
7633:. Berlin: Berlin Freie Universität. pp. 135–136.
7288:
6662:
The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
5342:(Astrakhanids or Toqay Timurids). They were the last
3946:
3866:
Silver artifacts from Khakassia, associated wjth the
3678:
2187:
Stone recipients from Ai-Khanoum. 3rd-2nd century BC.
1509:
and were often described for their foreign features.
10464:; Endicott-West, Elizabeth; Matuszewski, Daniel C.;
8987:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
8966:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
8945:
Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
7978:
Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
7889:
Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
7754:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
7698:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
7333:
6760:. University of California Press. pp. 215–216.
6611:. University of California Press. pp. 135–136.
5480:. It comprised the oasis region to the south of the
3405:
in the lunette over the entrance of Maya Cave, 224,
2056:
Sculpture of an old man. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
1874:, with generally much fewer known artistic remains.
1772:
Persian soldiers (left) fighting against Scythians.
1359:) similar to the tomb mounds of Scythian culture in
8255:Lerner, Judith A.; Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2011).
8254:
7725:Lerner, Judith A.; Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2011).
7724:
7575:
5891:David Testen, "Old Persian and Avestan Phonology",
5859:
1620:, a historical burial site near ex-capital city of
1100:(1976). Bactria was the Greek name for Old Persian
920:culture, are all part of this complicated history.
12509:
9989:, 2nd edition, Bradt Travel Guides Ltd, pp 14–15,
9968:, 2nd edition, Bradt Travel Guides Ltd, pp 12–13,
9779:
9528:Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research
8303:Latest 5th-6th century CE date in Livshits (2000)
8014:(PhD thesis). Free University, Berlin. p. 67.
7981:. University of California Press. pp. 92–93.
7892:. University of California Press. pp. 92–93.
7780:
7450:
7295:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 284, note 14.
7226:
6733:. University of California Press. pp. 43–44.
6730:Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria
6372:Crowns similar to the Scythian ones discovered in
5709:
5539:
1688:, some Saka may also have migrated to the area of
10564:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world
9675:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from
9577:Cosmo, Nicola Di; Maas, Michael (26 April 2018).
9564:The Journal of International Civilization Studies
8925:
8923:
8752:(in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. p. 184.
8647:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from
7337:Peerless Images: Persian Painting and Its Sources
6171:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. pp. 218–219.
4689:
4487:; at its greatest extent encompassing modern-day
4416:Coran from Katta Langar, decorative band (detail)
3730:military official, 438–501) in Xiaozhan village,
3124:The Buddhas of Bamiyan (shown before 2001), were
3026:show the life of the Hephthalite ruling class of
2096:Hellenistic gargoyle. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
13605:
10499:
10453:
9583:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 350–354.
9112:"Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole"
8673:, again borrowed the Sasanian royal regalia" in
6258:"Cultural Authority in the Art of the Scythians"
6115:Traders and raiders on China's northern frontier
6077:
6053:Traders and raiders on China's northern frontier
6027:Atwood, Christopher P.; Andreeva, Petya (2018).
5432:
5213:During the mid-14th century, the Chagatais lost
4352:
4349:, which also affected the arts of Central Asia.
3796:A ewer with Greco-Roman scenes from the tomb of
2010:Various sculptural fragments were also found at
954:that developed among the nomadic peoples of the
10841:
10819:
10512:(5th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 433.
8594:"Bamiyan: Buddhist Cave Temples in Afghanistan"
8563:"From Ruins of Afghan Buddhas, a History Grows"
8483:International Herald Tribune/The New York Times
7592:
7590:
7480:
7468:
7444:
7432:
7420:
7408:
7396:
7384:
7372:
7048:Stokstad, Marilyn; Cothren, Michael W. (2014).
7047:
3597:(central figure, inscription of the neck), and
3417:
2367:
1830:Hellenistic and Greco-Bactrian art (265–145 BC)
10906:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256.
10426:
9700:
8920:
8509:. Motilal Banarsidass publishers. p. 43.
6164:
6026:
3820:Gem-inlaid gold ring of Central Asian design,
3446:Praṇidhi scene, temple 9 (Cave 20), including
2936:, to 560 AD, date of their defeat to combined
2759:, or "Kidara Huns", were a dynasty that ruled
2610:Possible Kushano-Sasanian plate, excavated in
2242:
12495:
11049:
10766:Levi, Scott Cameron; Sela, Ron, eds. (2010).
10555:
9985:Sophie Ibbotson and Max Lovell-Hoare (2016),
9964:Sophie Ibbotson and Max Lovell-Hoare (2016),
8591:
8479:"Afghans consider rebuilding Bamiyan Buddhas"
8057:Journal of the Institute of Silk Road Studies
7753:
7697:
7596:
7185:
5629:Uzbekistan, Bukhara, Spices and silk festival
5041:was the last Turco-Persian Empire before the
3138:in the 6th-century AD. monumental statues of
2821:) appears to the right of the standing king.
2480:, seated) and attendants, Bactria, 74–258 AD.
2312:, and possibly from the art of the cities of
1941:Ai- Khanoum mosaic (central detail in color).
846:
10679:"The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.pdf"
10284:Komaroff, 4; Michelsen and Olafsdotter, 76;
10136:
9912:. Paris: Louvre Editions. pp. 221–222.
9732:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–7.
9343:
8912:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8773:
8438:
8436:
8261:Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
8163:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8050:
8027:"THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS"
7731:Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
7597:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996).
7587:
5104:Mina'i Lobed bowl, early 13th century, Iran.
3748:(389–589 AD) of China, ruled by the nomadic
2231:(a monumental temple), and in the palace of
2114:pulled by lions, a votive sacrifice and the
1112:), in what is now northern Afghanistan, and
12802:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
11063:
10864:
9610:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 185–186.
9419:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 154.
9344:CARPINO, ALEXANDRA; JAMES, JEAN M. (1989).
9086:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith
9013:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith
8780:. Princeton University Press. p. 438.
8181:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
7860:. Cambridge University Press. p. 484.
7807:
7645:"DelbarjīnELBARJĪN – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
6344:
5904:
5862:"Female Figurines of the Upper Paleolithic"
5822:The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
5740:
5020:
4388:Decorated niche from the Abbasid mosque of
3882:Warrior statue; 8th–10th century; from the
3150:, 130 kilometres (81 mi) northwest of
2799:, who replaced them about a century later.
2344:from Khalchayan, and the head of Gandharan
83:(2nd century BC), and funerary statue from
12502:
12488:
11056:
11042:
10856:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10774:
9838:Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art
9820:Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art
9607:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
9518:
9059:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
8587:
8585:
8583:
8124:Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology
7944:
7787:. Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
6428:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
5092:with horserider, early 13th century, Iran.
4643:Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar ibn Mu'izz al-Dawla
3744:From the 4th to the 6th centuries AD, the
3573:Afrasyab Chinese Embassy (left), carrying
3128:to 544–595 AD and 591–644 AD respectively.
3090:
2417:Figures in the embroidered carpets of the
1877:
1432:tribesmen and are featured in their arts.
853:
839:
12367:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
10901:
10802:
10792:
10478:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 57.
10332:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006.
10009:Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life
10000:
9939:Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life
9878:Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life
9576:
9554:
9392:. Univ of California Press. p. 174.
9385:
9381:
9379:
9082:
9006:
8433:
8403:
8209:
8184:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 141–142.
8091:
7945:Margottini, Claudio (20 September 2013).
7881:
7879:
7877:
7834:
7558:The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia
7531:The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia
7245:
7224:
7015:
6912:
6665:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 7.
6213:
6194:
5734:
4891:Ghaznavid sculpted architecture, marble,
4863:Ghaznavid sculpted architecture, marble,
2518:Kushano-Sasanian art (3rd–4th century AD)
2223:. Archaeological structures are known in
1803:, forming the twelfth satrapy of Persia.
1791:for a time, and were then annexed to the
10955:
10865:Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000).
10844:Studia Serica Bernhard Karlgren dedicata
10765:
10663:
10634:
10625:
10601:
10590:
10139:"Le Palais ghaznévide de Lashkari Bazar"
10124:
10112:
10100:
10085:
10060:
10035:
9701:Allegranzi, Viola; Aube, Sandra (2022).
9339:
9337:
8592:Higuchi, Takayasu; Barnes, Gina (1995).
8452:. ICOMOS. pp. 18–19. Archived from
8304:
8283:
8024:
8004:
8000:
7998:
7970:
7968:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7913:
7853:
7623:
7492:
7360:
7144:
7121:
7095:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7035:
6757:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
6722:
6720:
6718:
6701:. Pearson Education India. p. 375.
6658:
6638:. Pearson Education India. p. 374.
6584:. Pearson Education India. p. 373.
6573:
6571:
6547:
6448:
6297:
6255:
6195:Francfort, Henri-Paul (1 January 2020).
6111:
6107:
6105:
6049:
5929:
5765:
5624:
5436:
5113:
5024:
4794:
4693:
3277:
2730:
2204:
2105:
1998:
1881:
1767:
1607:
1285:
1108:) (named for its capital Bactra, modern
965:
13580:
12622:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
12214:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
11104:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
10717:
10685:. Coins, Art and Chronology II: 91–146.
10561:
10416:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
10406:
10065:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 231.
10040:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 234.
9855:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 222.
9757:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 178.
9705:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 181.
9491:
9465:
9416:China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD
9346:"Commentary on the Li Xian Silver Ewer"
9169:
8852:
8800:
8674:
8580:
8470:
7837:"From the Kushans to the Western Turks"
7228:"From the Kushans to the Western Turks"
7186:Marshak, Boris; Grenet, Frantz (2006).
6976:
6835:
6780:
6356:"Les Saces", Iaroslav Lebedynsky, p.73
5983:
5472:territories, and was administered as a
5314:Khanate of Bukhara and Khanate of Khiva
5195:no longer obeyed the emperor's orders.
3142:carved into the side of a cliff in the
2538:Persians who established their rule in
1973:Sun dial within two sculpted lion feet.
1810:, the inhabitants of the Greek city of
1487:Decorated tapestry with seated goddess
1063:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
36:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
13606:
13518:
13471:
13406:
13346:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II)
12638:
12600:
12566:
12469:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
10979:
10940:. The Hermitage Museum. Archived from
10696:
10509:Cengage Advantage Books: World History
9907:
9903:
9901:
9660:
9603:
9376:
9313:
9311:
9300:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
9236:
9109:
9062:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 243.
9055:
8733:
8721:
8709:
8632:
8554:
8502:
8442:
8297:
8177:
8171:
8073:
8018:
7874:
7554:
7527:
6935:
6753:
6112:So, Jenny F.; Bunker, Emma C. (1995).
6050:So, Jenny F.; Bunker, Emma C. (1995).
5853:
5665:Galleries and Works of the MIHO MUSEUM
5620:
5237:and remained a subject of interest to
5198:
4900:
4148:
4137:
4128:
4029:
4018:
4007:
3996:
3985:
3958:
2320:. At Khalchayan, rows of in-the-round
1400:State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
1041:. These figures consist most often of
13569:
13546:
13504:
13387:
13356:
13324:
13308:
13280:
13130:
13118:
13090:
12926:
12896:
12889:
12849:
12842:
12738:
12708:
12697:
12680:
12648:
12620:
12618:
12483:
11037:
10676:
10643:. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 33–44.
10006:
9936:
9875:
9850:
9777:
9752:
9725:
9512:
9439:
9334:
9135:"Ancient Iranian Decorative Textiles"
8859:Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019).
8397:
7995:
7965:
7933:
7847:
7581:
7340:. Yale University Press. p. 13.
7032:
7010:
7008:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6747:
6715:
6694:
6688:
6631:
6625:
6577:
6568:
6228:
6138:
6102:
5834:
5811:
5809:
5678:
5559:, the name for the region during the
4479:(819–999). The empire was centred in
4470:
4422:Iranian Intermezzo (9–10th centuries)
4265:
4212:
4201:
4190:
4157:
4117:
4104:
4093:
4082:
4071:
4062:
4051:
4040:
3976:
3967:
3190:from India, with influences from the
2526:(also called "Kushanshas" KΟÞANΟ ÞAΟ
2476:Painting of a Kushan ruler (probably
2130:, a fully preserved bronze statue of
1496:
1051:Upper Paleolithic portable statuettes
13516:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili
10885:
10677:Cribb, Joe (2010). Alram, M. (ed.).
9570:
9548:
9412:
9186:
9116:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales
8879:
8858:
8777:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
8560:
8476:
7747:
7498:
7147:"We Drank Soma, We Became Immortal…"
7078:
6953:Also a Saka according to this source
6774:
6726:
6604:
5957:
5930:Haarmann, Harald (26 January 2021).
5723:
5721:
5460:(1867–1917) was the western part of
5163:. that comprised the lands ruled by
4657:Buyid silk in pseudo-Sasanian style.
4604:
4329:that today includes all or parts of
4254:
4232:
4223:
4168:
3657:plate with decoration of a besieged
3022:The banquet scenes in the murals of
2862:Hephthalite art (4th–6th century AD)
1989:, a type only known from Ai-Khanoum.
1763:
1700:horsemen in Central Asian clothing.
1282:Pazyrik culture (6th–3rd century BC)
1276:
1140:role, pacifying the untamed forces.
961:
12424:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
10746:
10308:. Metropolitan Museum of Art (2021)
10299:
10011:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 115–120.
9898:
9880:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 114–115.
9604:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
9597:
9308:
9076:
9056:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
8685:
8339:
8067:
7661:
7637:
7456:
7251:
6936:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
6829:
5815:
5661:
5484:, but not the protectorates of the
5053:, in the decades leading up to the
4718:A palatial structure dating to the
4675:Turkic dynasties (9–13th centuries)
4243:
4179:
3941:. Late 7th to early 8th century AD.
3718:plate with hunting scene, from the
3326:Indian and Central Asian influences
2461:Kushan men in caftan and boots, at
2350:the Gandharan head of a Bodhisattva
1116:was the Greek name for the Persian
876:, in areas corresponding to modern
13:
13139:
12797:
12739:
12570:Chronology of the Neolithic period
12419:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
11420:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
10888:"Ice Mummies: Siberian Ice Maiden"
10827:. University of California Press.
10063:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
10038:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
9910:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
9853:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
9755:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
9703:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
9630:Göbl 1967, 254; Vondrovec tyre 254
9519:ALTINKILIÇ, Dr. Arzu Emel (2020).
9498:(in Russian). Litres. p. 50.
9386:Whitfield, Susan (13 March 2018).
9317:
9213:
8561:Gall, Carlotta (6 December 2006).
8477:Gall, Carlotta (5 December 2006).
8387:"Stamp-seal; bezel British Museum"
7510:
7022:Proceedings of the British Academy
7005:
6957:
6919:Proceedings of the British Academy
6885:KHALCHAYAN – Encyclopaedia Iranica
6214:Ollermann, Hans (22 August 2019).
5806:
5109:
3947:Islamic Golden Age in Central Asia
3804:, 569 AD. It was probably made in
3679:Central Asian art in ancient China
3312:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2951:, especially in banquet scenes at
2342:the famous head of a Yuezhi prince
1537:notes that the statuette displays
14:
13625:
13144:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
11830:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
11021:
10720:Journal of Archaeological Science
9648:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
8885:
8745:
7854:Benjamin, Craig (16 April 2015).
7555:Bakker, Hans T. (12 March 2020).
7528:Bakker, Hans T. (12 March 2020).
7188:"Une peinture kouchane sur toile"
6465:"BACTRIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
6398:"金冠塚古墳 – Sgkohun.world.coocan.jp"
6298:Andreeva, Petya V. (2021-10-28).
5718:
5703:
3106:Smaller 38-meter "Eastern" Buddha
2554:. They captured the provinces of
1684:Following their expulsion by the
1080:, northern Afghanistan, southern
1035:period, with objects such as the
13581:
12727:
12625:
11008:
10688:
10570:
10546:
10533:
10420:
10400:
10382:
10364:
10346:
10320:
10292:
10278:
10260:
10242:
10195:
10177:
10130:
10054:
10029:
9979:
9958:
9930:
9869:
9844:
9826:
9808:
9788:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
9771:
9746:
9719:
9633:
9624:
9485:
9459:
9433:
9406:
9269:
9230:
9207:
9180:
9163:
9149:
9126:
9103:
9049:
9030:
9000:
8979:
8958:
8937:
8833:
8794:
8766:
8739:
8663:
8530:
8496:
8277:
8239:
8108:
8044:
7906:
6868:
6818:. German story with photographs
5860:Karen Diane Jennett (May 2008).
5710:Tamara Talbot Rice (July 2011).
5604:
5592:
5580:
5568:
5525:
5509:
5497:
5454:Russian conquest of Central Asia
5409:
5385:
5373:
5351:
5297:
5281:
5254:
5097:
5082:
5066:
5001:
4989:
4954:
4938:
4884:
4872:
4856:
4840:
4778:
4762:
4750:
4662:
4650:
4634:
4618:
4584:
4568:
4548:
4524:
4409:
4397:
4381:
3953:
3922:
3903:
3875:
3859:
3813:
3789:
3769:
3696:
3687:
3640:
3622:
3586:
3566:
3490:
3471:
3459:
3439:
3395:
3379:
3363:
3251:
3235:
3219:
3207:
3118:Larger 55-meter "Western" Buddha
3111:
3099:
3066:
3050:
3035:
3015:
2879:
2870:
2846:
2830:
2816:
2804:
2711:
2696:
2681:
2627:
2603:
2587:
2501:
2485:
2469:
2454:
2426:
2410:
2394:
2286:
2266:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2089:
2080:Frieze of a naked man wearing a
2073:
2061:
2049:
1978:
1966:
1946:
1934:
1747:
1731:
1716:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1514:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1260:
1253:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
1244:
1237:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
1228:
1208:
1196:
1176:
1164:
1145:
65:
56:
27:
13587:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East
12429:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
11699:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
10936:State Hermitage Museum (2007).
10846:. Copenhagen. pp. 223–238.
10475:The Modernization of Inner Asia
9039:"The Chinese Scene at Afrāsyāb"
8178:Higham, Charles (14 May 2014).
7828:
7801:
7774:
7718:
7691:
7655:
7617:
7548:
7521:
7327:
7309:
7281:
7263:
7218:
7179:
7161:
7138:
7115:
7089:
6946:
6929:
6906:
6892:
6876:
6805:
6679:
6652:
6598:
6536:
6511:
6502:
6493:
6484:
6457:
6442:
6415:
6390:
6366:
6350:
6291:
6256:Jacobson, Esther (1995-01-01),
6249:
6222:
6207:
6188:
6158:
6132:
6078:Maenchen,-Helfen, Otto (1973).
6070:
6043:
6033:Archaeological Research in Asia
6020:
5976:
5963:
5950:
5923:
5898:
5885:
5839:. Belin-Herscher. p. 113.
5540:Soviet Central Asia (1918–1991)
5262:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
5229:. After the Timurids conquered
5043:Mongol invasion of Central Asia
1002:Afontova Gora-Oshurkovo culture
943:Valley, Mesopotamia and Egypt.
13564:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
12464:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
12409:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
10959:(1996). Heather, Peter (ed.).
10611:. Princeton University Press.
10431:The Caucasus – An Introduction
9941:. Leiden: Brill. p. 120.
9796:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
9642:"The Countenance of the other"
9350:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
9243:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
8681:. New York, Crown. p. 88.
8314:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
8074:Grenet, Frantz (15 May 2004).
6002:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
5893:Phonologies of Asia and Africa
5828:
5766:Andreeva, Petya (2022-07-14).
5759:
5672:
5655:
4945:Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar in
4690:Kara-Khanid Khanate (840-1212)
4325:(Syr Darya) rivers, a part of
4296:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
3517:
3285:Cave of the Ring-Bearing Doves
3263:
1521:Bronze plaque of a man of the
1435:Certain geometric designs and
1418:animal representations of the
1393:silk, and two pieces of woven
1389:known, the oldest embroidered
1:
11415:Silk Road transmission of art
10980:Walter, Mariko Namba (1998).
10630:. Edinburgh University Press.
10595:. Princeton University Press.
10137:Schlumberger, Daniel (1952).
9492:Худяков, Юлий (15 May 2022).
8610:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980308
8443:Petzet, Michael, ed. (2009).
8404:Blänsdorf, Catharina (2015).
8210:Blänsdorf, Catharina (2015).
8093:10.4000/abstractairanica.4213
8051:Il'yasov, Jangar Ya. (2001).
7175:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
7145:Polosmak, Natalia V. (2010).
7124:"History Embroidered in Wool"
7122:Polosmak, Natalia V. (2012).
6316:10.1080/1362704x.2021.1991133
5824:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5649:
5433:Russian Turkestan (1867–1917)
4353:Arab period (7–8th centuries)
4284:
3829:
3306:From the 3rd century AD, the
3297:
3242:Probable King of Bamiyan, in
2512:, with central Buddha figure.
2508:Buddhist pillar capital from
2118:. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
2084:. Ai-Khanoum, 2nd century BC.
1629:
1295:
1056:
902:Silk Road transmission of art
39:
12414:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
10700:The Silk Road: a new history
10390:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
10372:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
10354:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
10268:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
10250:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
10185:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
9781:"Būyid art and architecture"
9440:Otani, Ikue (January 2015).
9237:HARPER, PRUDENCE O. (1990).
8929:von Le Coq, Albert. (1913).
7835:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2021).
7808:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009).
7603:. UNESCO. pp. 119–120.
7271:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
7225:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2021).
7096:Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2012).
6851:(Autumn): 32. Archived from
6183:Inv. nr.Si. 1727- 1/69, 1/70
5936:. marixverlag. p. 196.
5644:Architecture of Central Asia
4298:was the 7th and 8th century
3418:Interaction with Chinese art
3214:Buddha, Cave 404 in Bamiyan.
2924:
2853:Two Kidarite princes on the
2726:
2433:Kushan worshiper with deity
2405:(1–30 AD), from his coinage.
2368:Bactria (1st–3rd century AD)
2237:artificially deformed skulls
2101:
2068:Close-up of the same statue.
1994:
1349:. The mummies are buried in
1011:culture, centered around at
984:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
7:
10823:(1973). Knight, Max (ed.).
10770:. Indiana University Press.
10703:. Oxford University Press.
10061:Collinet, Anabelle (2022).
10036:Collinet, Anabelle (2022).
9530:: 1101–1110. Archived from
6845:Oriental Numismatic Society
5971:State Hermitage Museum 2007
5905:Fortenberry, Diane (2017).
5741:Fortenberry, Diane (2017).
5637:
5551:formerly controlled by the
5392:The Registan and its three
5361:memorial complex, built by
5077:, early 13th century, Iran.
3661:, by Sogdian artists under
3632:, with an elongated skull,
3478:Bodhisattva leading a lady
2277:prince (Khalchayan palace,
2243:Khalchayan (1st century BC)
1128:, in today's Turkmenistan.
1124:, the capital of which was
10:
13630:
13374:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman
12631:
12580:(Eastern migration of the
12579:
10583:
9413:Watt, James C. Y. (2004).
9318:Wu, Mandy Jui-man (2004).
8865:. BRILL. pp. 651 ff.
8801:Vignato, Giuseppe (2006).
8675:Rowland, Benjamin (1975).
8503:Morgan, Kenneth W (1956).
8284:KURBANOV, AYDOGDY (2010).
8249:Yabghu of the Hephthalites
8025:Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014).
8005:Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2010).
7624:KURBANOV, AYDOGDY (2010).
6659:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2007).
6453:. F. Steiner. p. 344.
5818:"Mal'ta (ca. 20,000 B.C.)"
5679:Tarzi, Zémaryalaï (2009).
5668:. Miho Museum. p. 45.
5425:Indianapolis Museum of Art
5202:
4789:(Samarkand), 11th century.
4773:(Samarkand), 11th century.
4678:
4425:
3541:into their version of the
3521:
3267:
2916:
2897:Yabghu of the Hephthalites
2596:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2354:Philadelphia Museum of Art
2246:
2208:
1638:
1304:
1189:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1135:and clay reflect agrarian
977:
13560:
13550:Muslim conquest of Persia
13501:
13468:
13403:
13384:
13353:
13321:
13127:
13087:
13066:
13063:
13056:
12861:
12790:
12735:
12655:
12602:
12576:
12564:
12552:
12547:
12518:
12329:
12297:
12094:
12001:
11943:
11915:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
11780:
11712:
11599:
11581:
11478:
11440:
11433:
11397:
11071:
10740:10.1016/j.jas.2009.01.008
10407:Carboni, Stefano (1994).
10220:10.1163/22118993-00311P03
9778:Blair, Sheila S. (2009).
9466:Lingley, Kate A. (2014).
9170:Gorelik, Michael (1979).
9083:Whitfield, Susan (2004).
8526:– via Google Books.
7914:Kageyama, Etsuko (2016).
7085:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
7016:Abdullaev, Kazim (2007).
6913:Abdullaev, Kazim (2007).
6836:Fedorov, Michael (2004).
6519:"Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom"
6270:10.1163/9789004491519_007
6264:, BRILL, pp. 65–80,
6235:. Routledge. p. 72.
5727:Encyclopædia Britannica,
5547:refers to the section of
5055:Mongol invasion of Persia
2741:Sasanian imperial coinage
2024:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
1439:, such as the circle and
1038:Venus figurines of Mal'ta
980:Venus figurines of Mal'ta
972:Venus figurines of Mal'ta
12362:Mogao Christian painting
11935:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
11649:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
11639:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
11001:
10965:. Blackwell Publishers.
10821:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J.
10697:Hansen, Valerie (2012).
10603:Beckwith, Christopher I.
10562:Marozzi, Justin (2004).
8305:LIVSHITS, V. A. (2000).
8136:10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.302540
7841:King of the Seven Climes
7561:. Barkhuis. p. 10.
7534:. Barkhuis. p. 17.
7233:King of the Seven Climes
7082:India under the Kushāṇas
7079:Puri, Baij Nath (1965).
6727:Holt, Frank Lee (1999).
6605:Holt, Frank Lee (1999).
6548:Benjamin, Craig (2007).
6449:Herzfeld, Ernst (1968).
6262:The Art of the Scythians
5835:Cohen, Claudine (2003).
5322:was a state centered on
5049:were mainly produced in
5021:Khwarazmians (1077–1231)
4625:Medallion of Buyid amir
4392:, Samarkand, 750-825 CE.
2837:Silver bowl, showing an
2524:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
2348:, giving the example of
2256:Kushan art at Khalchayan
1603:
1363:. The type site are the
34:Female statuette of the
13573:Second Turkic Khaganate
12459:Saksanokhur gold buckle
12347:Hephthalite silver bowl
12224:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
11264:Second Turkic Khaganate
11065:History of Central Asia
10871:. Thames & Hudson.
10664:Bosworth, C.E. (2006).
10628:The Ghaznavids:994–1040
10626:Bosworth, C.E. (1963).
10541:Historical Maps on File
10427:Frederik Coene (2009).
10155:10.3406/syria.1952.4789
9908:Frantz, Grenet (2022).
9216:"Encyclopaedia Iranica"
9110:Grenet, Frantz (2004).
8894:. Washington University
8678:The art of Central Asia
7760:. UNESCO. p. 177.
7704:. UNESCO. p. 183.
7204:10.3406/crai.2006.87101
6799:10.3406/crai.1967.12124
6754:Thapar, Romila (2004).
6695:Singh, Upinder (2008).
6632:Singh, Upinder (2008).
6578:Singh, Upinder (2008).
6345:Mallory & Mair 2000
6229:Chang, Claudia (2017).
6007:Encyclopædia Britannica
5909:. Phaidon. p. 66.
5745:. Phaidon. p. 66.
5697:10.3406/ktema.2009.1754
5288:Akhangan's tomb, where
5264:in Hazrat-e Turkestan,
4681:Turco-Persian tradition
4317:, the land between the
3091:Buddhist art of Bamiyan
2767:, and in Europe as the
2639:
1878:Architecture in Bactria
1088:, centred on the upper
1000:and slightly later the
13410:First Turkic Khaganate
13145:
12865:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
12803:
12744:
12554:Trans-Jaxartes steppes
12439:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
12199:Alexandria Prophthasia
11224:First Turkic Khaganate
11159:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
10794:10.1186/1741-7007-8-15
10747:Kim, Hyun Jin (2015).
10149:(3/4): 263 & 267.
9794:Encyclopaedia of Islam
9726:Vacca, Alison (2017).
9446:中国北方及蒙古、貝加爾、西伯利亜地区古代文化
9187:Sims, Eleanor (2002).
8506:The Path of the Buddha
8421:Cite journal requires
8374:Cite journal requires
8227:Cite journal requires
7679:Cite journal requires
7317:"Plate British Museum"
7287:For the precise date:
6781:Bernard, Paul (1967).
6139:Prior, Daniel (2016).
5870:Texas State University
5630:
5516:Russian troops taking
5449:
5396:. From left to right:
5137:
5034:
5015:, dated 1187 CE, Iran.
4925:in the east, and from
4728:Khwarezmia was invaded
4715:
3848:First Turkic Khaganate
3776:Gilt silver bowl from
3303:
3200:country of Tokharistan
3079:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
2938:First Turkic Khaganate
2752:
2119:
2007:
1904:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1894:
1777:
1754:Crown from Tomb VI of
1723:"Kings with dragons",
1636:
1583:, with characteristic
1328:archaeological culture
1302:
1187:; length: 15 cm;
1154:chlorite mineral group
1070:archaeological culture
975:
275:Art of the Middle East
87:(8th–10th century AD).
13143:
12801:
12743:
12249:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
11624:Karsakpay inscription
11079:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
10929:registration required
10670:Encyclopaedia Iranica
10435:. Routledge. p.
9753:Rante, Rocco (2022).
8697:huntingtonarchive.org
8347:: 167. Archived from
7649:www.iranicaonline.org
6979:Archives of Asian Art
6900:"View in real colors"
6469:www.iranicaonline.org
5816:Tedesco, Laura Anne.
5628:
5440:
5344:Genghisid descendants
5334:ruler, the scholarly
5148:was succeeded by the
5117:
5028:
4795:Ghaznavids (977–1186)
4697:
4535:, the burial site of
3911:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
3281:
2734:
2496:, 2nd–4th century AD.
2205:Yuezhi and Kushan art
2109:
2002:
1961:" design, Ai-Khanoum.
1885:
1771:
1738:Battle scenes on the
1611:
1373:Siberian Ice Princess
1289:
988:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
969:
398:Art of Southeast Asia
105:Periods and movements
12512:Ancient Central Asia
12056:Kutlug Timur Minaret
11591:Noin-Ula burial site
11389:Chinese Central Asia
10989:Sino-Platonic Papers
10922:10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8
10101:Levi & Sela 2010
10007:Karev, Yury (2013).
9937:Karev, Yury (2013).
9876:Karev, Yury (2013).
9851:Karev, Yuri (2022).
9673:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
9646:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
9324:Sino-Platonic Papers
8892:depts.washington.edu
8842:"俄立艾爾米塔什博物館藏克孜爾石窟壁畫"
8645:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
8538:"booklet web E.indd"
8340:Naymark, Aleksandr.
7517:Encyclopedia Iranica
7481:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
7469:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
7445:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
7433:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
7421:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
7409:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
7397:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
7385:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
7373:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
7054:. Pearson. pp.
6554:. Isd. p. 180.
6490:Herodotus, 4.200–204
5478:governor-generalship
5270:Timurid architecture
4895:, 12–13th century AD
4714:took over Samarkand.
4283:Main Asian polities
4280:class=notpageimage|
3617:design on his dress.
3553:bronze plaques on a
2542:and in northwestern
2419:Noin-Ula burial site
1915:Persian architecture
1910:around 145 BC.
1535:Otto Maenchen-Helfen
1529:. 3–1st century BC,
1525:, later held by the
1475:Pazyryk saddlecloth.
13253:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
12449:Siberian Ice Maiden
12239:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
11654:Petrovka settlement
11384:Soviet Central Asia
11309:Great Seljuq Empire
10732:2009JArSc..36.1319J
9679:on October 27, 2020
8651:on January 25, 2021
8259:. Wien: Verlag der
7729:. Wien: Verlag der
7483:, pp. 354–356.
7471:, pp. 352–354.
7435:, pp. 299–306.
7387:, pp. 321–322.
6888:. p. Figure 1.
6201:Journal des Savants
5621:Contemporary period
5545:Soviet Central Asia
5533:They Attack Unaware
5446:Vasily Vereshchagin
5442:Kazakh in a fur hat
5223:Timurid Renaissance
5209:Timurid Renaissance
5199:Timurid Renaissance
5193:Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq
5045:. Finely decorated
5013:Abu Zayd al-Kashani
4901:Seljuks (1037–1194)
4833:Indian subcontinent
4720:Kara-Khanid Khanate
4645:, 966-977 CE, Iran.
3655:Nestorian Christian
2544:Indian subcontinent
2401:Early Kushan ruler
1420:ancient Middle East
1387:knotted-pile carpet
584:Art of the Americas
323:Art of Central Asia
13496:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
13146:
12804:
12793:Hellenistic Period
12745:
12604:Afanasievo culture
12399:Buddhas of Bamiyan
12352:Chilek silver bowl
12219:Buddhas of Bamiyan
11895:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
11684:Talapty Settlement
11470:Filippovka kurgans
11359:Khanate of Bukhara
11319:Khwarazmian Empire
11244:Ikhshids of Sogdia
11089:Afanasievo culture
10470:Waldron, Arthur N.
10300:Rugiadi, Martina.
10088:, p. 410-411.
9834:"Rosewater bottle"
9784:. In Fleet, Kate;
9555:Narantsatsral, D.
9157:"Hermitage Museum"
8746:阮, 荣春 (May 2015).
8567:The New York Times
8391:The British Museum
8263:. pp. 35–36.
7399:, p. 307-318.
7321:The British Museum
7151:SCIENCE First Hand
7128:SCIENCE First Hand
5784:10.1017/eac.2022.7
5729:Central Asian Arts
5631:
5486:Emirate of Bukhara
5450:
5398:Ulugh Beg Madrasah
5320:Khanate of Bukhara
5306:Bibi Khanym Mosque
5140:The Mongols under
5138:
5039:Khwarezmian Empire
5035:
4835:from 977 to 1186.
4831:and the northwest
4716:
4712:Muḥammad b. Tekish
4708:Khwarazmian Empire
4599:, 10th century CE.
4471:Samanids (819–999)
4437:Iranian Intermezzo
4428:Iranian Intermezzo
4376:circa 750–825 CE.
4347:Islamic Golden Age
3844:Hephthalite Empire
3822:tomb of Xu Xianxiu
3784:tomb (439-534 AD).
3746:Northern dynasties
3530:Afrasiab paintings
3304:
3288:(Cave 123) at the
3146:valley of central
3136:Buddhas of Bamiyan
3059:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2957:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2753:
2720:Walters Art Museum
2705:Walters Art Museum
2492:Buddhist mural in
2376:has been found in
2120:
2008:
1957:with Hellenistic "
1895:
1778:
1637:
1497:Art of the steppes
1303:
1290:Horseman, Pazyryk
976:
974:, circa 21,000 BCE
916:and more recently
910:Greco-Buddhist art
210:Post-Impressionism
13614:Central Asian art
13601:
13600:
13596:
13595:
13592:
13591:
13523:Irbis Bolun Cabgu
13284:Kushano-Sasanians
12749:Achaemenid Empire
12640:Andronovo Culture
12477:
12476:
12454:Ai-Khanoum plaque
12325:
12324:
12129:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
11405:Central Asian art
11379:Russian Turkestan
11374:Chinese Turkestan
11274:Abbasid Caliphate
11238:Anxi Protectorate
11184:Kushano-Sasanians
11149:Macedonian Empire
11144:Achaemenid Empire
11114:Andronovo culture
11094:Sintashta culture
10972:978-0-631-15899-8
10878:978-0-500-05101-6
10834:978-0-520-01596-8
10710:978-0-195-15931-8
10618:978-0-691-15034-5
10519:978-1-133-38707-7
10485:978-1-315-48899-8
10460:Black, Cyril E.;
10394:www.metmuseum.org
10376:www.metmuseum.org
10358:www.metmuseum.org
10306:www.metmuseum.org
10272:www.metmuseum.org
10254:www.metmuseum.org
9995:978-1-78477-017-4
9974:978-1-78477-017-4
9617:978-1-83860-868-2
9590:978-1-108-54810-6
9505:978-5-04-141329-3
9426:978-1-58839-126-1
9399:978-0-520-95766-4
9220:iranicaonline.org
9200:978-0-300-09038-3
9096:978-1-932476-13-2
9069:978-1-83860-868-2
9023:978-1-932476-13-2
8872:978-90-04-39186-4
8787:978-1-4008-4805-8
8759:978-7-5314-6376-4
8736:, pp. 21–17.
8598:World Archaeology
8191:978-1-4381-0996-1
8080:Abstracta Iranica
7988:978-0-520-03765-6
7958:978-3-642-30051-6
7899:978-0-520-03765-6
7867:978-1-316-29830-5
7821:978-0-297-85760-0
7794:978-0-521-84925-8
7767:978-92-3-103211-0
7711:978-92-3-103211-0
7662:Ilyasov, Jangar.
7568:978-94-93194-00-7
7541:978-94-93194-00-7
7347:978-0-300-09038-3
7302:978-3-447-05937-4
7275:www.metmuseum.org
7173:www.metmuseum.org
6435:978-1-107-01652-1
6386:978-2-7118-5218-5
6279:978-90-04-49151-9
6178:978-1-78969-648-6
6125:978-0-295-97473-6
6063:978-0-295-97473-6
5943:978-3-8438-0656-5
5916:978-0-7148-7502-6
5752:978-0-7148-7502-6
5662:Inagaki, Hajime.
5557:Russian Turkestan
5458:Russian Turkestan
5363:Muhammad Shaybani
5346:to rule Bukhara.
5132:, 1341, probably
4867:, 12th century AD
4801:Ghaznavid dynasty
4605:Buyids (932–1062)
4533:Samanid Mausoleum
4491:, large parts of
4227:ABBASID CALIPHATE
3917:, 7th century CE.
3593:Ambassadors from
3543:Buddhist Pantheon
3501:in cave 275 from
3422:The influence of
3301: 430–530 AD
3198:, as well as the
3180:Islamic invasions
2922:
2449:, 3rd century AD.
2260:
1893:, 2nd century BC.
1824:revolting Ionians
1793:Achaemenid Empire
1764:Achaemenid period
1742:. 1st century AD.
1657:, capital of the
1633: 400–200 BC
1277:Scythian cultures
1033:Upper Paleolithic
962:Upper Paleolithic
866:Central Asian art
863:
862:
373:Art of South Asia
21:Central Asian art
13621:
13585:
13399:Kun-khi Ghadfar
13229:Bahram VI Chobin
13100:Kujula Kadphises
12731:
12629:
12525:
12524:
12521:
12520:
12504:
12497:
12490:
12481:
12480:
12444:Seal of Khingila
12372:Penjikent murals
11993:Kalai Kafirnigan
11880:Koi Krylgan Kala
11689:Turkistan (city)
11674:Steppe Geoglyphs
11438:
11437:
11369:Khanate of Khiva
11329:Chagatai Khanate
11284:Saffarid dynasty
11269:Uyghur Khaganate
11058:
11051:
11044:
11035:
11034:
11015:
11012:
10996:
10986:
10976:
10952:
10950:
10949:
10932:
10925:
10898:
10896:
10895:
10882:
10861:
10855:
10847:
10838:
10816:
10806:
10796:
10771:
10762:
10743:
10726:(7): 1319–1327.
10714:
10693:
10692:
10686:
10673:
10660:
10631:
10622:
10596:
10578:
10574:
10568:
10567:
10566:. HarperCollins.
10559:
10553:
10550:
10544:
10537:
10531:
10530:
10528:
10526:
10503:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10492:
10457:
10451:
10450:
10434:
10424:
10418:
10417:
10415:
10404:
10398:
10397:
10386:
10380:
10379:
10368:
10362:
10361:
10350:
10344:
10343:
10324:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10313:
10296:
10290:
10282:
10276:
10275:
10264:
10258:
10257:
10246:
10240:
10239:
10199:
10193:
10192:
10181:
10175:
10174:
10134:
10128:
10122:
10116:
10110:
10104:
10098:
10089:
10083:
10077:
10076:
10058:
10052:
10051:
10033:
10027:
10026:
10004:
9998:
9983:
9977:
9962:
9956:
9955:
9934:
9928:
9927:
9905:
9896:
9895:
9873:
9867:
9866:
9848:
9842:
9841:
9830:
9824:
9823:
9812:
9806:
9805:
9783:
9775:
9769:
9768:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9723:
9717:
9716:
9698:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9664:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9653:
9637:
9631:
9628:
9622:
9621:
9601:
9595:
9594:
9574:
9568:
9567:
9561:
9552:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9542:
9536:
9525:
9516:
9510:
9509:
9489:
9483:
9482:
9472:
9463:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9437:
9431:
9430:
9410:
9404:
9403:
9383:
9374:
9373:
9341:
9332:
9331:
9315:
9306:
9305:
9299:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9279:. Archived from
9273:
9267:
9266:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9211:
9205:
9204:
9184:
9178:
9177:
9176:. Robert Elgood.
9167:
9161:
9160:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9130:
9124:
9123:
9107:
9101:
9100:
9080:
9074:
9073:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9008:Whitfield, Susan
9004:
8998:
8983:
8977:
8962:
8956:
8941:
8935:
8927:
8918:
8917:
8911:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8837:
8831:
8830:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8770:
8764:
8763:
8749:佛教艺术经典第三卷佛教建筑的演进
8743:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8713:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8689:
8683:
8682:
8667:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8636:
8630:
8629:
8589:
8578:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8542:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8500:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8458:
8451:
8440:
8431:
8430:
8424:
8419:
8417:
8409:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8383:
8377:
8372:
8370:
8362:
8360:
8359:
8353:
8346:
8337:
8311:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8243:
8237:
8236:
8230:
8225:
8223:
8215:
8205:
8196:
8195:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8162:
8154:
8152:
8146:. Archived from
8121:
8112:
8106:
8105:
8095:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8063:. Kamakura: 187.
8048:
8042:
8041:
8031:
8022:
8016:
8015:
8013:
8002:
7993:
7992:
7972:
7963:
7962:
7942:
7931:
7930:
7920:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7883:
7872:
7871:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7832:
7826:
7825:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7751:
7745:
7744:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7682:
7677:
7675:
7667:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7594:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7525:
7519:
7514:
7508:
7502:
7496:
7490:
7484:
7478:
7472:
7466:
7460:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7418:
7412:
7406:
7400:
7394:
7388:
7382:
7376:
7370:
7364:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7230:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7102:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7045:
7030:
7029:
7012:
7003:
7002:
6974:
6955:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6857:
6842:
6833:
6827:
6812:Source, BBC News
6809:
6803:
6802:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6724:
6713:
6712:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6575:
6566:
6565:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6521:. Archived from
6515:
6509:
6506:
6500:
6497:
6491:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6475:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6400:. Archived from
6394:
6388:
6370:
6364:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6109:
6100:
6099:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
5993:
5987:
5980:
5974:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5902:
5896:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5873:. pp. 32–34
5866:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5813:
5804:
5803:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5738:
5732:
5725:
5716:
5715:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5659:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5572:
5529:
5513:
5501:
5490:Khanate of Khiva
5413:
5389:
5377:
5355:
5336:Abdullah Khan II
5301:
5285:
5258:
5167:, second son of
5150:Chagatai Khanate
5101:
5086:
5070:
5005:
4993:
4961:Seljuk-era art:
4958:
4942:
4888:
4876:
4860:
4844:
4785:Bowl with bird.
4782:
4769:Bowl with bird.
4766:
4754:
4726:. Soon however,
4666:
4654:
4638:
4622:
4588:
4572:
4552:
4528:
4413:
4401:
4385:
4321:(Amu Darya) and
4289:
4286:
4274:
4272:
4263:
4261:
4252:
4250:
4241:
4239:
4230:
4228:
4221:
4219:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4186:
4177:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4155:
4153:
4146:
4144:
4135:
4133:
4126:
4124:
4115:
4113:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4089:
4080:
4078:
4069:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4049:
4047:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4014:
4005:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3981:
3980:UYGHUR KHAGANATE
3974:
3972:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3926:
3907:
3896:Sankt Petersburg
3879:
3863:
3842:and overran the
3840:Rouran Khaganate
3817:
3793:
3773:
3716:Kushano-Sasanian
3700:
3691:
3644:
3634:Penjikent murals
3626:
3590:
3579:silkworm cocoons
3577:and a string of
3570:
3535:Penjikent murals
3494:
3475:
3463:
3443:
3399:
3383:
3367:
3302:
3299:
3255:
3239:
3223:
3211:
3196:Byzantine Empire
3115:
3103:
3070:
3054:
3039:
3019:
2927:
2921:romanized:
2920:
2918:
2883:
2874:
2855:Hephthalite bowl
2850:
2834:
2820:
2808:
2715:
2700:
2685:
2631:
2607:
2591:
2505:
2489:
2473:
2458:
2430:
2414:
2398:
2290:
2270:
2259:(1st century BC)
2258:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2110:Plate depicting
2093:
2077:
2065:
2053:
1982:
1970:
1950:
1938:
1858:with the Indian
1801:sixth century BC
1787:belonged to the
1751:
1735:
1720:
1634:
1631:
1596:Hermitage Museum
1574:
1562:
1550:
1518:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1300:
1297:
1264:
1248:
1232:
1212:
1200:
1180:
1168:
1149:
1098:Viktor Sarianidi
1029:Southern Siberia
855:
848:
841:
331:Art of East Asia
93:
92:
69:
60:
44:
41:
31:
13629:
13628:
13624:
13623:
13622:
13620:
13619:
13618:
13604:
13603:
13602:
13597:
13575:
13566:
13552:
13512:
13510:
13508:Tokhara Yabghus
13485:
13480:(vassal of the
13479:
13477:
13414:
13412:
13395:
13393:
13364:
13362:
13332:
13330:
13316:
13314:
13288:
13286:
13259:Farrukh Hormizd
13138:
13136:
13134:Sasanian Empire
13098:
13096:
13074:
13072:
12954:Mithridates III
12934:
12932:
12930:Parthian Empire
12918:
12912:
12911:
12904:
12902:
12869:
12867:
12827:Seleucid Empire
12823:
12796:
12794:
12753:
12751:
12726:
12723:Pazyryk Culture
12720:
12714:
12703:
12692:
12686:
12663:
12661:
12624:
12609:Proto-Tocharian
12606:
12592:,as far as the
12590:Eurasian Steppe
12582:Yamnaya culture
12559:Altai Mountains
12529:
12514:
12508:
12478:
12473:
12434:Afrasiab murals
12377:Sampul tapestry
12321:
12317:Shahr-e Sukhteh
12307:Bandian complex
12293:
12269:Musalla Complex
12149:Tapa-i Kafariha
12090:
12011:Cave of Dzhebel
11997:
11939:
11776:
11708:
11704:Araltobe kurgan
11595:
11577:
11503:Kizilgaha caves
11474:
11460:Pazyryk burials
11442:Southern Russia
11429:
11393:
11279:Tahirid dynasty
11249:Tokhara Yabghus
11154:Seleucid Empire
11129:Pazyryk culture
11084:Yamnaya culture
11067:
11062:
11024:
11019:
11018:
11013:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10984:
10973:
10957:Thompson, E. A.
10947:
10945:
10926:
10914:
10893:
10891:
10879:
10849:
10848:
10835:
10759:
10711:
10687:
10649:10.2307/4299599
10619:
10586:
10581:
10575:
10571:
10560:
10556:
10551:
10547:
10538:
10534:
10524:
10522:
10520:
10504:
10500:
10490:
10488:
10486:
10458:
10454:
10447:
10425:
10421:
10413:
10405:
10401:
10388:
10387:
10383:
10370:
10369:
10365:
10352:
10351:
10347:
10340:
10326:
10325:
10321:
10311:
10309:
10297:
10293:
10283:
10279:
10266:
10265:
10261:
10248:
10247:
10243:
10200:
10196:
10183:
10182:
10178:
10135:
10131:
10123:
10119:
10111:
10107:
10099:
10092:
10084:
10080:
10073:
10059:
10055:
10048:
10034:
10030:
10019:
10005:
10001:
9984:
9980:
9963:
9959:
9949:
9935:
9931:
9920:
9906:
9899:
9888:
9874:
9870:
9863:
9849:
9845:
9832:
9831:
9827:
9814:
9813:
9809:
9790:Rowson, Everett
9776:
9772:
9765:
9751:
9747:
9740:
9724:
9720:
9713:
9699:
9692:
9682:
9680:
9665:
9661:
9651:
9649:
9638:
9634:
9629:
9625:
9618:
9602:
9598:
9591:
9575:
9571:
9559:
9553:
9549:
9540:
9538:
9534:
9523:
9517:
9513:
9506:
9490:
9486:
9470:
9464:
9460:
9450:
9448:
9438:
9434:
9427:
9411:
9407:
9400:
9384:
9377:
9342:
9335:
9316:
9309:
9293:
9292:
9286:
9284:
9277:"Archived copy"
9275:
9274:
9270:
9235:
9231:
9212:
9208:
9201:
9185:
9181:
9168:
9164:
9155:
9154:
9150:
9131:
9127:
9108:
9104:
9097:
9081:
9077:
9070:
9054:
9050:
9035:
9031:
9024:
9005:
9001:
8984:
8980:
8963:
8959:
8942:
8938:
8928:
8921:
8905:
8904:
8897:
8895:
8884:
8880:
8873:
8857:
8853:
8840:
8838:
8834:
8799:
8795:
8788:
8771:
8767:
8760:
8744:
8740:
8732:
8728:
8720:
8716:
8712:, pp. 5–9.
8708:
8704:
8691:
8690:
8686:
8668:
8664:
8654:
8652:
8637:
8633:
8590:
8581:
8571:
8569:
8559:
8555:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8536:
8535:
8531:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8501:
8497:
8487:
8485:
8475:
8471:
8462:
8460:
8456:
8449:
8441:
8434:
8422:
8420:
8411:
8410:
8402:
8398:
8385:
8375:
8373:
8364:
8363:
8357:
8355:
8351:
8344:
8309:
8302:
8298:
8290:
8282:
8278:
8271:
8244:
8240:
8228:
8226:
8217:
8216:
8206:
8199:
8192:
8176:
8172:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8119:
8113:
8109:
8072:
8068:
8049:
8045:
8029:
8023:
8019:
8011:
8003:
7996:
7989:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7943:
7934:
7918:
7911:
7907:
7900:
7884:
7875:
7868:
7852:
7848:
7833:
7829:
7822:
7806:
7802:
7795:
7779:
7775:
7768:
7752:
7748:
7741:
7723:
7719:
7712:
7696:
7692:
7680:
7678:
7669:
7668:
7660:
7656:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7630:
7622:
7618:
7611:
7595:
7588:
7580:
7576:
7569:
7553:
7549:
7542:
7526:
7522:
7515:
7511:
7503:
7499:
7491:
7487:
7479:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7455:
7451:
7443:
7439:
7431:
7427:
7419:
7415:
7407:
7403:
7395:
7391:
7383:
7379:
7371:
7367:
7363:, pp. 6–7.
7359:
7355:
7348:
7332:
7328:
7315:
7314:
7310:
7303:
7286:
7282:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7256:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7223:
7219:
7184:
7180:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7143:
7139:
7120:
7116:
7100:
7094:
7090:
7077:
7073:
7066:
7046:
7033:
7013:
7006:
6975:
6958:
6951:
6947:
6934:
6930:
6911:
6907:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6867:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6840:
6834:
6830:
6816:Another article
6810:
6806:
6779:
6775:
6768:
6752:
6748:
6741:
6725:
6716:
6709:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6680:
6673:
6657:
6653:
6646:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6603:
6599:
6592:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6541:
6537:
6528:
6526:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6507:
6503:
6499:Strabo, 11.11.4
6498:
6494:
6489:
6485:
6473:
6471:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6447:
6443:
6436:
6420:
6416:
6407:
6405:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6371:
6367:
6355:
6351:
6343:
6339:
6296:
6292:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6254:
6250:
6243:
6227:
6223:
6212:
6208:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6163:
6159:
6143:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6048:
6044:
6025:
6021:
6011:
6009:
5997:"Altaic Tribes"
5995:
5994:
5990:
5981:
5977:
5968:
5964:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5903:
5899:
5890:
5886:
5876:
5874:
5864:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5833:
5829:
5814:
5807:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5739:
5735:
5726:
5719:
5708:
5704:
5677:
5673:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5640:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5600:
5597:
5588:
5585:
5576:
5573:
5542:
5535:
5530:
5521:
5514:
5505:
5502:
5435:
5428:
5414:
5405:
5390:
5381:
5378:
5369:
5356:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5293:
5286:
5277:
5259:
5247:Persian culture
5211:
5203:Main articles:
5201:
5181:Altai Mountains
5125:Mu'nis al-ahrar
5112:
5110:Mongol invasion
5105:
5102:
5093:
5087:
5078:
5071:
5047:Mina'i ceramics
5023:
5016:
5011:bowl signed by
5006:
4997:
4994:
4985:
4959:
4950:
4949:, Turkmenistan.
4943:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4880:
4877:
4868:
4861:
4852:
4845:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4774:
4767:
4758:
4755:
4692:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4667:
4658:
4655:
4646:
4639:
4630:
4623:
4607:
4600:
4589:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4553:
4544:
4543:, 10th century.
4529:
4473:
4430:
4424:
4417:
4414:
4405:
4402:
4393:
4386:
4355:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4173:Paleo-Siberians
4171:
4169:
4167:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3949:
3942:
3927:
3918:
3908:
3899:
3880:
3871:
3864:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3809:
3794:
3785:
3774:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3692:
3681:
3674:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3591:
3582:
3571:
3555:Buddhist temple
3539:Iranian deities
3526:
3520:
3513:
3499:Maitreya Buddha
3495:
3486:
3476:
3467:
3464:
3455:
3444:
3420:
3413:
3400:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3368:
3337:Kizilgaha caves
3328:
3300:
3276:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3247:
3240:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3212:
3192:Sasanian Empire
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3093:
3086:
3071:
3062:
3055:
3046:
3042:Banquet scene,
3040:
3031:
3020:
2942:Sasanian Empire
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2842:
2835:
2826:
2809:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2623:
2608:
2599:
2592:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2431:
2422:
2415:
2406:
2399:
2370:
2337:Art of Gandhara
2310:Hellenistic art
2302:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2188:
2185:
2176:
2173:
2164:
2161:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2066:
2057:
2054:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1971:
1962:
1951:
1942:
1939:
1900:Seleucid Empire
1880:
1836:Greco-Bactrians
1832:
1797:Cyrus the Great
1766:
1759:
1752:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1645:The art of the
1643:
1632:
1606:
1599:
1588:horse trappings
1575:
1566:
1563:
1554:
1551:
1542:
1519:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1473:
1464:
1461:
1365:Pazyryk burials
1339:Altay Mountains
1317:Pazyryk culture
1313:
1311:Pazyryk burials
1307:Pazyryk culture
1298:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1233:
1224:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1192:
1191:(New York City)
1181:
1172:
1169:
1160:
1150:
1059:
990:
964:
859:
830:
829:
778:
770:
769:
725:
717:
716:
650:
640:
639:
468:
401:
376:
334:
326:
277:
272:
264:
263:
185:Pre-Raphaelites
106:
91:
90:
89:
88:
79:statuette from
72:
71:
70:
62:
61:
52:
51:
50:
42:
32:
23:
22:
12:
11:
5:
13627:
13617:
13616:
13599:
13598:
13594:
13593:
13590:
13589:
13578:
13577:
13571:
13568:
13562:
13559:
13555:
13554:
13548:
13545:
13541:
13540:
13517:
13506:
13503:
13502:625 CE–651 CE
13499:
13498:
13490:Heshana Khagan
13473:
13470:
13469:560 CE–625 CE
13466:
13465:
13450:Empress Ashina
13436:Ishbara Qaghan
13408:
13405:
13404:560 CE–651 CE
13401:
13400:
13389:
13386:
13385:440 CE–560 CE
13382:
13381:
13358:
13355:
13354:370 CE–540 CE
13351:
13350:
13326:
13323:
13322:320 CE–467 CE
13319:
13318:
13310:
13307:
13282:
13279:
13132:
13129:
13125:
13124:
13117:
13106:Vima Kadphises
13092:
13089:
13085:
13084:
13068:
13065:
13064:141 BCE–30 CE
13061:
13060:
13055:
13032:Parthamaspates
12966:Mithridates IV
12948:Mithridates II
12928:
12925:
12921:
12920:
12914:
12898:
12895:
12888:
12863:
12860:
12856:
12855:
12848:
12841:
12807:Argead dynasty
12792:
12789:
12785:
12784:
12776:Artaxerxes III
12747:
12737:
12733:
12732:
12717:Arzhan culture
12707:
12696:
12679:
12657:
12654:
12650:
12649:
12647:
12643:
12642:
12637:
12636:2000–1900 BCE
12633:
12632:
12630:
12619:
12617:
12616:2400–2000 BCE
12613:
12612:
12601:
12598:
12597:
12578:
12577:3500–2500 BCE
12574:
12573:
12565:
12562:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12519:
12516:
12515:
12507:
12506:
12499:
12492:
12484:
12475:
12474:
12472:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12394:Bimaran Casket
12391:
12386:
12383:Sogdian Daēnās
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12357:Gardez Ganesha
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12333:
12331:
12327:
12326:
12323:
12322:
12320:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12303:
12301:
12295:
12294:
12292:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12179:Takht-e Rostam
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12114:Dilberjin Tepe
12111:
12106:
12100:
12098:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12007:
12005:
11999:
11998:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11988:Takht-i Sangin
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11949:
11947:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11840:Guldursun-Kala
11837:
11832:
11827:
11825:Dalverzin Tepe
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11795:Akchakhan-Kala
11792:
11786:
11784:
11778:
11777:
11775:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11718:
11716:
11710:
11709:
11707:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11605:
11603:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11593:
11587:
11585:
11579:
11578:
11576:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11553:Dunhuang Caves
11550:
11548:Bezeklik Caves
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11513:Subashi Temple
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11490:
11484:
11482:
11476:
11475:
11473:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11446:
11444:
11435:
11431:
11430:
11428:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11401:
11399:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11364:Durrani Empire
11361:
11356:
11354:Timurid Empire
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11099:Vakhsh culture
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11075:
11073:
11069:
11068:
11061:
11060:
11053:
11046:
11038:
11032:
11031:
11023:
11022:External links
11020:
11017:
11016:
11006:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10997:
10977:
10971:
10953:
10933:
10912:
10899:
10883:
10877:
10862:
10839:
10833:
10817:
10772:
10763:
10757:
10744:
10715:
10709:
10694:
10674:
10661:
10632:
10623:
10617:
10598:
10597:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10579:
10569:
10554:
10545:
10532:
10518:
10498:
10484:
10452:
10446:978-1135203023
10445:
10419:
10399:
10381:
10363:
10345:
10338:
10319:
10291:
10277:
10259:
10241:
10194:
10176:
10129:
10117:
10105:
10090:
10078:
10072:978-8412527858
10071:
10053:
10047:978-8412527858
10046:
10028:
10017:
9999:
9978:
9957:
9947:
9929:
9919:978-8412527858
9918:
9897:
9886:
9868:
9862:978-8412527858
9861:
9843:
9825:
9807:
9786:Krämer, Gudrun
9770:
9764:978-8412527858
9763:
9745:
9739:978-1107188518
9738:
9718:
9712:978-8412527858
9711:
9690:
9659:
9632:
9623:
9616:
9596:
9589:
9569:
9547:
9511:
9504:
9484:
9458:
9432:
9425:
9405:
9398:
9375:
9333:
9307:
9268:
9229:
9206:
9199:
9179:
9162:
9148:
9125:
9102:
9095:
9075:
9068:
9048:
9029:
9022:
8999:
8978:
8957:
8936:
8919:
8878:
8871:
8851:
8832:
8813:(4): 359–416.
8793:
8786:
8765:
8758:
8738:
8726:
8714:
8702:
8684:
8662:
8631:
8579:
8553:
8529:
8516:978-8120800304
8515:
8495:
8469:
8432:
8423:|journal=
8396:
8376:|journal=
8296:
8276:
8270:978-3700168973
8269:
8238:
8229:|journal=
8197:
8190:
8170:
8153:on 2020-11-11.
8107:
8066:
8043:
8017:
7994:
7987:
7964:
7957:
7932:
7905:
7898:
7873:
7866:
7846:
7827:
7820:
7800:
7793:
7773:
7766:
7746:
7740:978-3700168973
7739:
7733:. p. 36.
7717:
7710:
7690:
7681:|journal=
7654:
7636:
7616:
7609:
7586:
7574:
7567:
7547:
7540:
7520:
7509:
7497:
7485:
7473:
7461:
7459:, p. 170.
7449:
7447:, p. 357.
7437:
7425:
7423:, p. 297.
7413:
7411:, p. 323.
7401:
7389:
7377:
7375:, p. 306.
7365:
7353:
7346:
7326:
7308:
7301:
7280:
7262:
7250:
7246:Rezakhani 2017
7238:
7217:
7198:(2): 947–963.
7178:
7160:
7137:
7114:
7088:
7071:
7065:978-0205873470
7064:
7031:
7004:
6956:
6945:
6928:
6905:
6891:
6875:
6828:
6804:
6793:(2): 306–324.
6773:
6766:
6746:
6739:
6714:
6707:
6687:
6678:
6671:
6651:
6644:
6624:
6617:
6597:
6590:
6567:
6560:
6535:
6510:
6501:
6492:
6483:
6456:
6441:
6434:
6414:
6389:
6365:
6349:
6337:
6310:(2): 175–204.
6304:Fashion Theory
6290:
6278:
6248:
6241:
6221:
6206:
6187:
6177:
6157:
6131:
6124:
6101:
6094:
6069:
6062:
6042:
6019:
5988:
5975:
5962:
5949:
5942:
5922:
5915:
5907:THE ART MUSEUM
5897:
5884:
5852:
5846:978-2733503362
5845:
5827:
5805:
5758:
5751:
5743:THE ART MUSEUM
5733:
5717:
5702:
5671:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5639:
5636:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5611:Emblem of the
5610:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5567:
5561:Russian Empire
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5524:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5496:
5466:Russian Empire
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5415:
5408:
5406:
5391:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5372:
5370:
5357:
5350:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5278:
5260:
5253:
5249:as their own.
5200:
5197:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5007:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4982:British Museum
4960:
4953:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4933:in the south.
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4871:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4853:
4849:Lashkari Bazar
4846:
4839:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4749:
4743:Timurid Empire
4734:and its ruler
4691:
4688:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4649:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4631:
4627:'Adud al-Dawla
4624:
4617:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4590:
4583:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4565:
4554:
4547:
4545:
4530:
4523:
4477:Samanid Empire
4472:
4469:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4396:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4354:
4351:
4278:
4277:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3909:
3902:
3900:
3881:
3874:
3872:
3868:Yenisei Kyrgyz
3865:
3858:
3838:destroyed the
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3775:
3768:
3705:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3646:
3639:
3637:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3592:
3585:
3583:
3572:
3565:
3522:Main article:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3503:Northern Liang
3496:
3489:
3487:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3458:
3456:
3452:Bezeklik Caves
3445:
3438:
3432:Dunhuang Caves
3428:Bezeklik Caves
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3345:Subashi Temple
3327:
3324:
3316:Buddhist texts
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3232:
3230:on his chariot
3225:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3206:
3140:Gautama Buddha
3123:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3083:British Museum
3072:
3065:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3032:
3021:
3014:
2891:Dilberjin Tepe
2888:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2810:
2803:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2680:
2662:Eastern Europe
2650:nomadic people
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2620:British Museum
2618:, 350–400 AD.
2609:
2602:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2369:
2366:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2247:Main article:
2244:
2241:
2225:Takht-I-Sangin
2209:Main article:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2048:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1959:Flame palmette
1953:Architectural
1952:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1879:
1876:
1851:Greco-Bactrian
1831:
1828:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1758:(female owner)
1753:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1594:, 280–180 BC.
1576:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1531:British Museum
1520:
1513:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1463:Pazyryk carpet
1462:
1455:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1144:
1104:(from native *
1096:archaeologist
1058:
1055:
1025:Irkutsk Oblast
1009:Mal'ta culture
998:Mal'ta culture
963:
960:
861:
860:
858:
857:
850:
843:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
801:
800:
790:
785:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
673:
672:
667:
657:
651:
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
613:Art of Oceania
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
444:
443:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
394:
393:
388:
383:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
352:
351:
346:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
234:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
151:
150:
140:
139:
138:
133:
128:
126:Pre-Romanesque
118:
113:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
97:History of art
77:Greco-Bactrian
74:
73:
64:
63:
55:
54:
53:
43: 2000 BC
33:
26:
25:
24:
20:
19:
18:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13626:
13615:
13612:
13611:
13609:
13588:
13584:
13579:
13576:
13574:
13567:
13565:
13557:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13543:
13542:
13539:
13536:
13533:
13530:
13529:Ishbara Tolis
13527:
13524:
13521:
13515:
13511:
13509:
13500:
13497:
13494:
13491:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13476:
13475:Western Turks
13467:
13463:
13459:
13455:
13451:
13447:
13443:
13440:
13437:
13434:
13431:
13430:Taspar Qaghan
13428:
13425:
13422:
13418:
13413:
13411:
13402:
13398:
13394:
13392:
13383:
13380:
13377:
13373:
13370:
13367:
13363:
13361:
13352:
13349:
13345:
13342:
13339:
13336:
13331:
13329:
13320:
13315:
13313:
13306:
13303:
13300:
13297:
13294:
13291:
13287:
13285:
13278:
13275:
13272:
13271:Yazdegerd III
13269:
13266:
13263:
13260:
13257:
13254:
13251:
13248:
13245:
13242:
13239:
13236:
13233:
13230:
13227:
13224:
13221:
13218:
13215:
13212:
13209:
13206:
13203:
13200:
13197:
13194:
13191:
13188:
13185:
13182:
13179:
13176:
13173:
13170:
13167:
13164:
13161:
13158:
13155:
13152:
13149:
13142:
13137:
13135:
13126:
13123:
13122:
13116:
13113:
13110:
13107:
13104:
13101:
13097:
13095:
13094:Kushan Empire
13086:
13083:
13080:
13077:
13073:
13071:
13062:
13059:
13054:
13051:
13048:
13045:
13042:
13039:
13038:Mithridates V
13036:
13035:Sinatruces II
13033:
13030:
13029:Vologases III
13027:
13024:
13023:Artabanus III
13021:
13018:
13015:
13012:
13009:
13006:
13003:
13000:
12997:
12994:
12993:Tiridates III
12991:
12988:
12985:
12982:
12979:
12976:
12973:
12970:
12967:
12964:
12961:
12958:
12955:
12952:
12949:
12946:
12943:
12940:
12937:
12936:Mithridates I
12933:
12931:
12923:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12916:Hunnic tribes
12910:
12907:
12903:
12901:
12894:
12893:
12887:
12884:
12883:Euthydemus II
12881:
12878:
12875:
12872:
12868:
12866:
12858:
12857:
12854:
12853:
12847:
12846:
12840:
12839:
12836:
12833:
12829:
12828:
12822:
12819:
12816:
12813:
12809:
12808:
12800:
12795:
12787:
12786:
12783:
12780:
12779:Artaxerxes IV
12777:
12774:
12773:Artaxerxes II
12771:
12768:
12765:
12762:
12759:
12756:
12752:
12750:
12742:
12734:
12730:
12724:
12718:
12713:
12712:
12706:
12702:
12701:
12695:
12691:
12690:
12685:
12684:
12678:
12675:
12672:
12669:
12666:
12662:
12660:
12659:Median Empire
12652:
12651:
12646:2000–900 BCE
12645:
12644:
12641:
12635:
12634:
12628:
12623:
12615:
12614:
12610:
12605:
12599:
12595:
12591:
12587:
12586:Pontic steppe
12583:
12575:
12572:
12571:
12568:Preceded by:
12563:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12527:
12526:
12523:
12522:
12517:
12513:
12505:
12500:
12498:
12493:
12491:
12486:
12485:
12482:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12389:Oxus Treasure
12387:
12385:
12384:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12342:Orlat plaques
12340:
12338:
12335:
12334:
12332:
12328:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12304:
12302:
12300:
12296:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12234:Dasht-e Nawar
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12101:
12099:
12097:
12093:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12066:Monjukli Depe
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12051:Konye-Urgench
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12008:
12006:
12004:
12000:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11983:Takht-i Kuwad
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11950:
11948:
11946:
11942:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11787:
11785:
11783:
11779:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11742:Koshoy Korgon
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11719:
11717:
11715:
11711:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11606:
11604:
11602:
11598:
11592:
11589:
11588:
11586:
11584:
11580:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11508:Kumtura Caves
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11485:
11483:
11481:
11480:Western China
11477:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11465:Salbyk kurgan
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11455:Arzhan kurgan
11453:
11451:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11443:
11439:
11436:
11432:
11426:
11425:Serindian art
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11396:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11324:Mongol Empire
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11314:Ghurid Empire
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11239:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11229:Western Turks
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11179:Kushan Empire
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11164:Guiyi Circuit
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11139:Median Empire
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11119:Tagar culture
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11076:
11074:
11070:
11066:
11059:
11054:
11052:
11047:
11045:
11040:
11039:
11036:
11029:
11026:
11025:
11011:
11007:
10994:
10990:
10983:
10978:
10974:
10968:
10964:
10963:
10958:
10954:
10944:on 2007-06-22
10943:
10939:
10934:
10930:
10923:
10919:
10915:
10913:9781474400305
10909:
10905:
10900:
10889:
10886:NOVA (2007).
10884:
10880:
10874:
10870:
10869:
10863:
10859:
10853:
10845:
10840:
10836:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10818:
10814:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10778:
10773:
10769:
10764:
10760:
10758:9781138841758
10754:
10751:. Routledge.
10750:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10716:
10712:
10706:
10702:
10701:
10695:
10691:
10684:
10680:
10675:
10671:
10667:
10662:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10633:
10629:
10624:
10620:
10614:
10610:
10609:
10604:
10600:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10588:
10573:
10565:
10558:
10549:
10542:
10536:
10521:
10515:
10511:
10510:
10502:
10487:
10481:
10477:
10476:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10462:Dupree, Louis
10456:
10448:
10442:
10438:
10433:
10432:
10423:
10412:
10411:
10403:
10395:
10391:
10385:
10377:
10373:
10367:
10359:
10355:
10349:
10341:
10339:9780195189483
10335:
10331:
10330:
10323:
10307:
10303:
10295:
10288:
10281:
10273:
10269:
10263:
10255:
10251:
10245:
10237:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10198:
10190:
10189:metmuseum.org
10186:
10180:
10172:
10168:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10152:
10148:
10144:
10140:
10133:
10126:
10125:Bosworth 2006
10121:
10114:
10113:Bosworth 1963
10109:
10103:, p. 83.
10102:
10097:
10095:
10087:
10086:Arjomand 2012
10082:
10074:
10068:
10064:
10057:
10049:
10043:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10020:
10018:9789004257009
10014:
10010:
10003:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9982:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9961:
9954:
9950:
9948:9789004257009
9944:
9940:
9933:
9926:
9921:
9915:
9911:
9904:
9902:
9894:
9889:
9887:9789004257009
9883:
9879:
9872:
9864:
9858:
9854:
9847:
9839:
9835:
9829:
9821:
9817:
9811:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9782:
9774:
9766:
9760:
9756:
9749:
9741:
9735:
9731:
9730:
9722:
9714:
9708:
9704:
9697:
9695:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9663:
9647:
9643:
9636:
9627:
9619:
9613:
9609:
9608:
9600:
9592:
9586:
9582:
9581:
9573:
9565:
9558:
9551:
9537:on 2020-10-24
9533:
9529:
9522:
9515:
9507:
9501:
9497:
9496:
9488:
9480:
9476:
9475:The Silk Road
9469:
9462:
9447:
9443:
9436:
9428:
9422:
9418:
9417:
9409:
9401:
9395:
9391:
9390:
9382:
9380:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9340:
9338:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9314:
9312:
9303:
9297:
9283:on 2023-03-26
9282:
9278:
9272:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9233:
9226:
9221:
9217:
9214:Carter, M.L.
9210:
9202:
9196:
9192:
9191:
9183:
9175:
9174:
9166:
9158:
9152:
9144:
9140:
9139:The Silk Road
9136:
9129:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9106:
9098:
9092:
9088:
9087:
9079:
9071:
9065:
9061:
9060:
9052:
9044:
9040:
9033:
9025:
9019:
9015:
9014:
9009:
9003:
8996:
8995:0-520-03765-0
8992:
8988:
8982:
8975:
8974:0-520-03765-0
8971:
8967:
8961:
8954:
8953:0-520-03765-0
8950:
8946:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8926:
8924:
8915:
8909:
8893:
8889:
8882:
8874:
8868:
8864:
8863:
8855:
8848:(in Chinese).
8847:
8843:
8836:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8807:East and West
8804:
8797:
8789:
8783:
8779:
8778:
8769:
8761:
8755:
8751:
8750:
8742:
8735:
8734:Walter (1998)
8730:
8724:, p. 66.
8723:
8722:Hansen (2012)
8718:
8711:
8710:Walter (1998)
8706:
8698:
8694:
8688:
8680:
8679:
8672:
8666:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8635:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8568:
8564:
8557:
8539:
8533:
8518:
8512:
8508:
8507:
8499:
8484:
8480:
8473:
8459:on 2023-02-04
8455:
8448:
8447:
8439:
8437:
8428:
8415:
8407:
8400:
8392:
8388:
8381:
8368:
8354:on 2021-02-27
8350:
8343:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8308:
8300:
8289:
8288:
8280:
8272:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8252:
8250:
8242:
8234:
8221:
8213:
8204:
8202:
8193:
8187:
8183:
8182:
8174:
8166:
8160:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8118:
8111:
8103:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8085:
8082:(in French).
8081:
8077:
8070:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8047:
8039:
8035:
8028:
8021:
8010:
8009:
8001:
7999:
7990:
7984:
7980:
7979:
7971:
7969:
7960:
7954:
7950:
7949:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7928:
7924:
7917:
7909:
7901:
7895:
7891:
7890:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7869:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7850:
7842:
7838:
7831:
7823:
7817:
7813:
7812:
7804:
7796:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7777:
7769:
7763:
7759:
7758:
7750:
7742:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7721:
7713:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7694:
7686:
7673:
7665:
7658:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7629:
7628:
7620:
7612:
7610:9789231032110
7606:
7602:
7601:
7593:
7591:
7584:, p. 91.
7583:
7578:
7570:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7551:
7543:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7524:
7518:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7495:, p. 47.
7494:
7493:Thompson 1996
7489:
7482:
7477:
7470:
7465:
7458:
7453:
7446:
7441:
7434:
7429:
7422:
7417:
7410:
7405:
7398:
7393:
7386:
7381:
7374:
7369:
7362:
7361:Thompson 1996
7357:
7349:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7330:
7322:
7318:
7312:
7304:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7284:
7276:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:, p. 72.
7247:
7242:
7234:
7229:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7182:
7174:
7170:
7164:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7118:
7110:
7106:
7105:The Silk Road
7099:
7092:
7084:
7083:
7075:
7067:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7011:
7009:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6954:
6949:
6941:
6940:
6932:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6909:
6901:
6895:
6887:
6886:
6879:
6871:
6858:on 2019-10-06
6854:
6850:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6822:(translation
6821:
6817:
6813:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6777:
6769:
6767:9780520242258
6763:
6759:
6758:
6750:
6742:
6740:9780520920095
6736:
6732:
6731:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6710:
6708:9788131716779
6704:
6700:
6699:
6691:
6682:
6674:
6672:9781588392244
6668:
6664:
6663:
6655:
6647:
6645:9788131716779
6641:
6637:
6636:
6628:
6620:
6618:9780520920095
6614:
6610:
6609:
6601:
6593:
6591:9788131716779
6587:
6583:
6582:
6574:
6572:
6563:
6561:9782503524290
6557:
6553:
6552:
6545:
6539:
6525:on 2020-12-23
6524:
6520:
6514:
6508:Herodotus 6.9
6505:
6496:
6487:
6480:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6452:
6445:
6437:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6418:
6404:on 2011-07-22
6403:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6362:2-87772-337-2
6359:
6353:
6346:
6341:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6281:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6252:
6244:
6242:9781351701587
6238:
6234:
6233:
6225:
6217:
6210:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6161:
6153:
6149:
6148:The Silk Road
6142:
6135:
6127:
6121:
6117:
6116:
6108:
6106:
6097:
6095:9780520015968
6091:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6073:
6065:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6023:
6008:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5985:
5979:
5972:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5926:
5918:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5888:
5872:
5871:
5863:
5856:
5848:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5810:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5754:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5713:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5667:
5666:
5658:
5654:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5635:
5627:
5614:
5607:
5602:
5595:
5590:
5583:
5578:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5534:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5507:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5482:Kazakh Steppe
5479:
5475:
5471:
5470:Central Asian
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5447:
5444:(1867–1868),
5443:
5439:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5383:
5380:Imamkuli-khan
5376:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:Janid dynasty
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5272:consisted of
5271:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5175:south of the
5174:
5170:
5166:
5165:Chagatai Khan
5162:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5146:Mongol Empire
5143:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5122:court scene.
5121:
5116:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:Seljuk Empire
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5027:
5014:
5010:
5004:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4907:Seljuk Empire
4894:
4887:
4882:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4788:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4732:Mongol Empire
4730:by the early
4729:
4725:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4687:
4682:
4665:
4660:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4537:Ismail Samani
4534:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4412:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4281:
4273:
4262:
4251:
4240:
4229:
4220:
4218:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4196:
4187:
4185:
4176:
4174:
4165:
4163:
4154:
4145:
4134:
4125:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4101:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4079:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4048:
4037:
4026:
4015:
4004:
3993:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3956:
3940:
3936:
3935:Brahmi script
3932:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:Western Turks
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:Northern Zhou
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:Northern Zhou
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3736:Shanxi Museum
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3690:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3412:
3411:Dahlem Museum
3408:
3404:
3398:
3393:
3390:: 406-425 AD.
3389:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3341:Kumtura Caves
3338:
3333:
3323:
3322:(344–412/5).
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3282:The Buddhist
3280:
3275:
3271:
3270:Serindian art
3254:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3114:
3102:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2882:
2873:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:who lived in
2651:
2647:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:(present day
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:Brahmi script
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2296:
2289:
2280:
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2195:
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2159:
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2137:
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2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2092:
2087:
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2071:
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2059:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:and then the
1901:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:Brahmi script
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1774:Cylinder seal
1770:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1740:Orlat plaques
1734:
1729:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1713:
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1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:Ordos Plateau
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1430:Central Asian
1427:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1396:
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1388:
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1352:
1348:
1344:
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1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1299: 300 BC
1293:
1288:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1222:
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1199:
1194:
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1186:
1179:
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1142:
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1138:
1134:
1129:
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1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
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1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
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1071:
1068:
1064:
1054:
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1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
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1005:
1003:
999:
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989:
985:
981:
973:
968:
959:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
929:
926:
921:
919:
915:
914:Serindian art
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
856:
851:
849:
844:
842:
837:
836:
834:
833:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
799:
796:
795:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
774:
773:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
721:
720:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
649:
644:
643:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
615:
614:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Pre-Columbian
589:
588:
587:
586:
585:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
552:
551:
550:Art of Africa
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
467:
466:
465:Art of Europe
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
400:
399:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
377:
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
335:
333:
332:
327:
325:
324:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
306:South Arabian
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
276:
268:
267:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
247:Conceptualism
245:
243:
240:
239:
238:
235:
231:
228:
226:
225:Expressionism
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
195:Impressionism
193:
192:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
165:Neoclassicism
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
149:
146:
145:
144:
141:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
102:
101:
98:
95:
94:
86:
82:
78:
68:
59:
48:
37:
30:
16:
13570:
13561:
13558:673–751 CE
13547:
13544:651–673 CE
13526:Duolu Qaghan
13514:Tardush Shad
13505:
13482:Tang dynasty
13472:
13458:Yangsu Tegin
13442:Tulan Qaghan
13439:Bagha Qaghan
13433:Ashina Anluo
13427:Muqan Qaghan
13424:Issik Qaghan
13421:Bumin Qaghan
13407:
13391:Hephthalites
13388:
13357:
13325:
13309:
13281:
13241:Ardashir III
13199:Yazdegerd II
13131:
13119:
13091:
13067:
13053:Artabanus IV
13050:Vologases VI
13041:Vologases IV
13020:Vologases II
12996:Artabanus II
12990:Artabanus II
12975:Tiridates II
12963:Phraates III
12927:
12924:160–141 BCE
12913:
12897:
12890:
12886:Antimachus I
12877:Euthydemus I
12862:
12859:256–160 BCE
12850:
12843:
12838:Antiochus II
12825:
12824:
12818:Alexander II
12805:
12791:
12788:331–256 BCE
12767:Artaxerxes I
12746:
12736:539–331 BCE
12709:
12698:
12687:
12681:
12656:
12653:626–539 BCE
12588:through the
12567:
12528:Territories/
12381:
12312:Mount Khajeh
12279:Qala-i-Jangi
12259:Khair Khaneh
12164:Khair Khaneh
12071:Namazga-Tepe
12026:Anau culture
12003:Turkmenistan
11920:Tavka Kurgan
11815:Balalyk Tepe
11732:Burana Tower
11722:Aigyr-Zhal 2
11614:Issyk kurgan
11404:
11349:Kart dynasty
11344:Sufi dynasty
11334:Golden Horde
11259:Oghuz Yabgus
11234:Tang dynasty
11199:Hephthalites
11124:Uyuk culture
11010:
10992:
10988:
10961:
10946:. Retrieved
10942:the original
10903:
10892:. Retrieved
10890:. PBS - NOVA
10867:
10843:
10824:
10784:
10780:
10767:
10748:
10723:
10719:
10699:
10682:
10669:
10666:"Ghaznavids"
10640:
10636:
10627:
10607:
10592:
10572:
10563:
10557:
10548:
10540:
10535:
10523:. Retrieved
10508:
10501:
10489:. Retrieved
10474:
10455:
10430:
10422:
10409:
10402:
10393:
10384:
10375:
10366:
10357:
10348:
10328:
10322:
10310:. Retrieved
10305:
10294:
10280:
10271:
10262:
10253:
10244:
10211:
10207:
10197:
10188:
10179:
10146:
10142:
10132:
10120:
10115:, p. 4.
10108:
10081:
10062:
10056:
10037:
10031:
10022:
10008:
10002:
9986:
9981:
9965:
9960:
9952:
9938:
9932:
9923:
9909:
9891:
9877:
9871:
9852:
9846:
9837:
9828:
9819:
9810:
9793:
9773:
9754:
9748:
9727:
9721:
9702:
9681:. Retrieved
9677:the original
9672:
9662:
9650:. Retrieved
9645:
9635:
9626:
9606:
9599:
9579:
9572:
9563:
9550:
9539:. Retrieved
9532:the original
9527:
9514:
9494:
9487:
9478:
9474:
9461:
9449:. Retrieved
9445:
9435:
9415:
9408:
9388:
9353:
9349:
9327:
9323:
9285:. Retrieved
9281:the original
9271:
9246:
9242:
9232:
9223:
9219:
9209:
9189:
9182:
9172:
9165:
9151:
9142:
9138:
9128:
9119:
9115:
9105:
9085:
9078:
9058:
9051:
9042:
9032:
9012:
9002:
8986:
8981:
8965:
8960:
8944:
8939:
8931:
8896:. Retrieved
8891:
8881:
8861:
8854:
8846:www.sohu.com
8845:
8835:
8810:
8806:
8796:
8776:
8768:
8748:
8741:
8729:
8717:
8705:
8696:
8687:
8677:
8670:
8665:
8653:. Retrieved
8649:the original
8644:
8634:
8601:
8597:
8570:. Retrieved
8566:
8556:
8544:. Retrieved
8532:
8520:. Retrieved
8505:
8498:
8486:. Retrieved
8482:
8472:
8461:. Retrieved
8454:the original
8445:
8414:cite journal
8399:
8390:
8367:cite journal
8356:. Retrieved
8349:the original
8317:
8313:
8299:
8286:
8279:
8256:
8246:
8241:
8220:cite journal
8180:
8173:
8159:cite journal
8148:the original
8127:
8123:
8110:
8083:
8079:
8069:
8060:
8056:
8046:
8037:
8033:
8020:
8007:
7977:
7947:
7926:
7922:
7908:
7888:
7856:
7849:
7840:
7830:
7810:
7803:
7783:
7776:
7756:
7749:
7726:
7720:
7700:
7693:
7672:cite journal
7657:
7648:
7639:
7626:
7619:
7599:
7577:
7557:
7550:
7530:
7523:
7512:
7500:
7488:
7476:
7464:
7452:
7440:
7428:
7416:
7404:
7392:
7380:
7368:
7356:
7336:
7329:
7320:
7311:
7291:
7283:
7274:
7265:
7253:
7241:
7232:
7220:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7172:
7163:
7154:
7150:
7140:
7131:
7127:
7117:
7108:
7104:
7091:
7081:
7074:
7050:
7025:
7021:
6982:
6978:
6948:
6938:
6931:
6922:
6918:
6908:
6894:
6884:
6878:
6860:. Retrieved
6853:the original
6848:
6844:
6831:
6807:
6790:
6786:
6776:
6756:
6749:
6729:
6697:
6690:
6681:
6661:
6654:
6634:
6627:
6607:
6600:
6580:
6550:
6544:Bopearachchi
6538:
6527:. Retrieved
6523:the original
6513:
6504:
6495:
6486:
6478:
6472:. Retrieved
6468:
6459:
6450:
6444:
6424:
6417:
6406:. Retrieved
6402:the original
6392:
6368:
6352:
6340:
6307:
6303:
6293:
6283:, retrieved
6261:
6251:
6231:
6224:
6209:
6200:
6190:
6182:
6167:
6160:
6151:
6147:
6134:
6114:
6080:
6072:
6052:
6045:
6036:
6032:
6022:
6010:. Retrieved
6000:
5991:
5984:Jordana 2009
5978:
5965:
5952:
5932:
5925:
5906:
5900:
5892:
5887:
5875:. Retrieved
5868:
5855:
5836:
5830:
5821:
5775:
5771:
5761:
5742:
5736:
5711:
5705:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5664:
5657:
5632:
5553:Soviet Union
5549:Central Asia
5543:
5532:
5451:
5448:(1842–1904).
5441:
5416:
5365:circa 1510,
5317:
5308:, Samarkand.
5212:
5169:Genghis Khan
5142:Genghis Khan
5139:
5130:frontispiece
5123:
5036:
4931:Persian Gulf
4927:Central Asia
4904:
4814:
4798:
4736:Genghis Khan
4717:
4684:
4629:(r.936–983).
4608:
4501:Turkmenistan
4474:
4431:
4356:
4327:Central Asia
4293:
4216:
4205:
4194:
4183:
4172:
4161:
4121:
4108:
4097:
4086:
4075:
3833:
3782:Northern Wei
3754:Northern Wei
3743:
3720:Northern Wei
3711:
3707:
3650:Anikova dish
3648:
3527:
3421:
3353:
3349:Simsim caves
3329:
3305:
3284:
3184:Buddhist art
3177:
3160:Gandhara art
3157:
3133:
3126:carbon-dated
3044:Balalyk Tepe
3024:Balalyk Tepe
3008:Central Asia
2976:
2972:Balalyk tepe
2968:Tavka Kurgan
2965:
2953:Balalyk tepe
2946:
2930:Central Asia
2909:Hephthalites
2906:
2894:
2889:Murals from
2797:Hephthalites
2780:
2776:
2754:
2747:rather than
2735:Portrait of
2674:
2667:
2654:Central Asia
2643:
2580:Sassanid art
2528:Koshano Shao
2527:
2521:
2387:
2371:
2346:Bodhisattvas
2334:
2303:
2214:
2149:Kabul Museum
2121:
2043:
2039:Buddhist art
2028:
2009:
1912:
1896:
1844:
1833:
1805:
1779:
1702:
1683:
1667:
1661:republic of
1651:Scythian art
1644:
1641:Scythian art
1618:Issyk kurgan
1578:
1500:
1434:
1423:
1404:
1384:
1377:
1369:Ukok Plateau
1354:
1351:long barrows
1314:
1130:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1084:and western
1078:Turkmenistan
1074:Central Asia
1060:
1036:
1017:Angara River
1006:
994:Yana culture
991:
952:Animal style
945:
930:
922:
906:Scythian art
890:Turkmenistan
874:Central Asia
865:
864:
793:Art movement
760:Graphic arts
750:Architecture
625:Cook Islands
611:
610:
582:
581:
548:
547:
463:
462:
396:
395:
371:
370:
329:
328:
322:
321:
320:
281:Mesopotamian
274:
237:Contemporary
15:
13538:Ashina Helu
13535:Irbis Seguy
13520:Külüg Sibir
13487:Niri Qaghan
13417:Ashina Tuwu
13360:Alchon Huns
13256:Azarmidokht
13247:Khosrow III
13202:Hormizd III
13187:Yazdegerd I
13178:Ardashir II
13172:Adur Narseh
13128:224–350 CE
13088:30 –224 CE
13047:Vologases V
13014:Vardanes II
13011:Vologases I
13002:Gotarzes II
12972:Phraates IV
12942:Hyspaosines
12906:Modu Chanyu
12880:Demetrius I
12874:Diodotus II
12835:Antiochus I
12812:Alexander I
12404:Kabul hoard
12337:Sokh snakes
12289:Surkh Kotal
12254:Haji Piyada
12229:Darra-e Kur
12194:Yemshi Tepe
12189:Tillya Tepe
12184:Tepe Fullol
12174:Tepe Narenj
12169:Tapa Sardar
12159:Fondukistan
12124:Tapa Shotor
12104:Tepe Fullol
12096:Afghanistan
11925:Toprak-Kala
11910:Shahrukhiya
11860:Kampir Tepe
11850:Itchan Kala
11805:Ancient Pap
11762:Shakh Fazil
11634:Krasnyi Yar
11538:Mogao Caves
11498:Kizil Caves
11434:Archaeology
11299:Farighunids
11254:Turk Shahis
11194:Alchon Huns
10781:BMC Biology
10525:20 November
10491:20 November
9043:Eurasiatica
8898:30 December
8253:seal. See:
6374:Tillia Tepe
6012:December 5,
5778:: 413–465.
5772:Early China
5712:Visual Arts
5613:Turkmen SSR
5464:within the
5290:Gawhar Shad
5274:Persian art
5239:Ibn Khaldun
5235:Islamic art
5215:Transoxania
5205:Timurid art
5189:Kublai Khan
5185:Qara Khitai
5090:Mina'i Bowl
5075:Mina'i ware
4974:Afghanistan
4911:Oghuz Turks
4829:Transoxiana
4825:Afghanistan
4810:dynasty of
4724:Kwarazmians
4511:, parts of
4489:Afghanistan
4485:Transoxiana
4315:Transoxiana
3758:Northern Qi
3524:Sogdian art
3518:Sogdian art
3511:Mogao Caves
3484:Mogao Caves
3450:merchants.
3424:Chinese art
3407:Kizil Caves
3356:Kizil Caves
3332:Kizil Caves
3308:Tarim Basin
3290:Kizil Caves
3274:Kizil Caves
3264:Tarim Basin
3148:Afghanistan
3028:Tokharistan
2996:Tarim Basin
2988:Afghanistan
2961:Tukharistan
2949:Tokharistan
2510:Surkh Kotal
2304:The art of
2229:Surkh Kotal
2020:thunderbolt
1776:impression.
1756:Tillya Tepe
1725:Tillia Tepe
1590:, Southern
1580:Boar hunter
1437:sun symbols
1414:, and even
1412:Achaemenian
1345:and nearby
1185:gilt silver
1021:Lake Baikal
970:One of the
948:Islamic art
925:Caspian Sea
898:Afghanistan
872:created in
788:Art history
765:Digital art
755:Photography
745:Calligraphy
528:Anglo-Saxon
508:Hellenistic
453:Singaporean
215:Art Nouveau
175:Romanticism
143:Renaissance
111:Prehistoric
47:Miho Museum
13532:Yukuk Shad
13454:Apa Qaghan
13397:Akhshunwar
13379:Mihirakula
13317:Wanunkhur
13299:Hormizd II
13290:Ardashir I
13265:Khosrow IV
13262:Hormizd VI
13244:Shahrbaraz
13235:Khosrow II
13226:Khosrow II
13223:Hormizd IV
13181:Shapur III
13169:Hormizd II
13163:Bahram III
13148:Ardashir I
13115:Vasudeva I
13109:Kanishka I
13103:Vima Takto
13079:Sapadbizes
13058:Eucratides
13017:Pacorus II
13008:Vonones II
13005:Meherdates
12999:Vardanes I
12984:Orodes III
12981:Phraates V
12960:Sinatruces
12871:Diodotus I
12832:Seleucus I
12782:Darius III
12689:Massagetae
12510:Rulers of
12284:Rag-i-Bibi
12109:Ai-Khanoum
12041:Gonur Depe
12036:Dev-Kesken
11973:Kafir-kala
11963:Ajina tepe
11945:Tajikistan
11905:Sarmishsay
11890:Kyzyl-Kala
11870:Khalchayan
11855:Kafir-kala
11835:Fayaz Tepe
11820:Burchmulla
11782:Uzbekistan
11772:Tash Rabat
11747:Manas Ordo
11714:Kyrgyzstan
11601:Kazakhstan
11304:Ghaznavids
11209:Ustrushana
11204:Tocharians
11134:Massagetae
10948:2007-07-31
10894:2007-07-31
10466:Naby, Eden
10312:1 February
10287:invasions"
9987:Uzbekistan
9966:Uzbekistan
9925:(Fig.171).
9541:2022-06-02
9451:9 February
9287:2022-06-02
8604:(2): 299.
8463:2021-02-16
8358:2021-02-15
7666:: 187–197.
7582:Cribb 2010
6862:2021-02-15
6529:2021-02-15
6474:2019-08-07
6408:2010-12-14
6285:2024-01-03
5691:(1): 290.
5650:References
5421:Uzbekistan
5324:Uzbekistan
5304:Façade of
5266:Kazakhstan
5158:Turkicized
5156:and later
5073:Horsemen,
4923:Hindu Kush
4827:, much of
4805:Persianate
4679:See also:
4513:Kazakhstan
4509:Kyrgyzstan
4505:Uzbekistan
4497:Tajikistan
4426:See also:
4343:Kyrgyzstan
4339:Kazakhstan
4335:Tajikistan
4331:Uzbekistan
4288: 800
3991:PRATIHARAS
3931:Turk Shahi
3884:Kosh-Agach
3830:Turkic art
3667:Semirechye
3665:dominion,
3605:) to king
3549:, Sogdian
3497:Figure of
3320:Kumārajīva
3268:See also:
2787:historian
2771:(from the
2688:A Hunnish
2612:Rawalpindi
2572:silverware
2463:Fayaz Tepe
2374:Kanishka I
2322:terracotta
2314:Ai-Khanoum
2306:Khalchayan
2293:Head of a
2279:Uzbekistan
2273:Head of a
2249:Khalchayan
2233:Khalchayan
2211:Kushan art
2012:Ai-Khanoum
1927:Corinthian
1908:Eucratides
1887:Corinthian
1864:Kharoshthi
1847:Ai-Khanoum
1840:Ai-Khanoum
1639:See also:
1626:Kazakhstan
1614:cataphract
1449:herbivores
1445:carnivores
1343:Kazakhstan
1335:permafrost
1305:See also:
1294:artifact,
1137:Bronze Age
1086:Tajikistan
1082:Uzbekistan
1067:Bronze Age
1057:Bronze Age
1047:Gravettian
978:See also:
937:Bronze Age
918:Persianate
894:Tajikistan
886:Uzbekistan
882:Kazakhstan
878:Kyrgyzstan
870:visual art
825:Naturalist
805:Figurative
724:Techniques
692:Manichaean
670:Protestant
620:Australian
416:Vietnamese
406:Indonesian
311:Phoenician
257:Minimalism
242:Postmodern
205:Decorative
170:Revivalism
131:Romanesque
85:Kosh-Agach
81:Ai-Khanoum
13344:Grumbates
13328:Kidarites
13296:Hormizd I
13274:Peroz III
13220:Khosrow I
13190:Shapur IV
13184:Bahram IV
13175:Shapur II
13160:Bahram II
13154:Hormizd I
13044:Osroes II
12987:Vonones I
12969:Orodes II
12945:Artabanus
12821:Antigonus
12770:Darius II
12668:Phraortes
12584:from the
12330:Artifacts
12204:Aq Kupruk
12154:Mes Aynak
12086:Ulug Depe
12021:Altyndepe
11968:Cyropolis
11958:Penjikent
11930:Varakhsha
11865:Kara Tepe
11810:Ayaz-Kala
11800:Akhsikath
11790:Afrasiyab
11737:Issyk-Kul
11727:Balasagun
11573:Beshbalik
11450:Sintashta
11410:Silk Road
11339:Ilkhanate
11294:Ma'munids
11189:Kidarites
10852:cite book
10787:(1): 15.
10228:0732-2992
10214:: 35–71.
10163:0039-7946
9802:1873-9830
9362:0890-4464
9356:: 71–75.
9255:0890-4464
9249:: 51–59.
9122:: Fig. D.
8819:0012-8376
8618:0043-8243
8572:6 January
8546:9 October
8326:0890-4464
8144:130640638
8102:0240-8910
8034:Tyragetia
7814:. Orion.
7212:0065-0536
6991:0066-6637
6985:: 29–35.
6332:240162003
6324:1362-704X
5958:NOVA 2007
5800:252909244
5792:0362-5028
5714:. Oxford.
5518:Samarkand
5462:Turkestan
5394:madrasahs
5359:Chor-Bakr
5332:Shaybanid
5227:Samarkand
5173:Amu Darya
4739:destroyed
4704:Samarkand
4561:Samarkand
4465:Sallarids
4445:Saffarids
4374:Samarkand
4300:conquests
4247:BYZANTINE
4238:KHAGANATE
4152:SRIVIJAYA
3929:An early
3898:, Russia)
3892:Hermitage
3824:, 571 AD.
3724:Feng Hetu
3671:Penjikent
3611:Samarkand
3607:Varkhuman
3595:Chaganian
3372:Roman art
3188:Gupta art
3164:sandstone
2990:), or in
2934:Kidarites
2811:Kidarite
2785:Byzantine
2769:Chionites
2757:Kidarites
2727:Kidarites
2566:from the
2494:Kara Tepe
2136:Aphrodite
2102:Artefacts
1995:Sculpture
1955:antefixae
1919:gymnasium
1816:Cyrenaica
1709:Kofun era
1698:Caucasoid
1541:features.
1539:Caucasoid
1337:, in the
1090:Amu Darya
1015:, at the
933:Silk Road
820:Narrative
730:Sculpture
660:Christian
648:Religions
523:Byzantine
436:Cambodian
431:Malaysian
386:Bhutanese
344:Hong Kong
200:Symbolism
148:Mannerism
13608:Category
13484:657–742)
13376:Toramana
13366:Khingila
13348:Goboziko
13305:Varahran
13302:Peroz II
13238:Kavad II
13196:Bahram V
13157:Bahram I
13151:Shapur I
13112:Huvishka
13076:Arseiles
13026:Osroes I
12957:Orodes I
12951:Gotarzes
12939:Phraates
12909:Laoshang
12761:Darius I
12758:Cambyses
12677:Astyages
12674:Cyaxares
12596:region)
12539:Margiana
12534:Khorasan
12264:Mundigak
12244:Firozkoh
12134:Shotorak
11953:Bunjikat
11845:Hazorasp
11669:Shilikty
11659:Boralday
11583:Mongolia
11518:Dunhuang
11289:Samanids
11219:Farghana
11072:Polities
10962:The Huns
10813:20163704
10749:The Huns
10605:(2009).
10472:(1991).
10236:44657297
10208:Muqarnas
9792:(eds.).
9683:July 16,
9652:July 16,
9370:24048167
9296:cite web
9263:24048350
9010:(2004).
8908:cite web
8827:29757697
8655:July 16,
8334:24049013
7506:p.284 ff
7457:Kim 2015
7259:p.209 ff
6999:20111029
6925:: 87–98.
5638:See also
5488:and the
5219:Timurids
5177:Aral Sea
5120:Ilkhanid
4917:and the
4915:Anatolia
4787:Afrasiab
4771:Afrasiab
4700:Afrasiab
4593:Nishapur
4557:Afrasiab
4517:Pakistan
4481:Khorasan
4457:Ziyarids
4453:Samanids
4441:Tahirids
4390:Afrasiab
4370:Afrasiab
4323:Jaxartes
4184:Samoyeds
4087:Jurchens
4000:RASHTRA-
3989:GURJARA-
3886:region (
3850:and the
3836:Gokturks
3800:general
3726:(封和突, a
3722:tomb of
3603:Tashkent
3601:(modern
3403:Maitreya
3388:14C date
3296:, built
3244:Sasanian
3226:Sun-God
3194:and the
3000:Xinjiang
2998:(modern
2986:(modern
2944:forces.
2913:Bactrian
2841:horseman
2815:symbol (
2751:lineage.
2690:cauldron
2658:Caucasus
2616:Pakistan
2576:textiles
2564:Gandhara
2556:Sogdiana
2548:Pakistan
2536:Sasanian
2532:Bactrian
2478:Huvishka
2221:Sogdiana
2140:sundials
2132:Herakles
1923:acanthus
1808:Darius I
1781:Margiana
1679:steatite
1659:Siberian
1503:Mongolia
1416:Urartian
1408:Assyrian
1347:Mongolia
1332:Siberian
1325:Iron Age
1323:nomadic
1321:Scythian
1269:electrum
1217:chlorite
1133:chlorite
1114:Margiana
810:Funerary
783:Abstract
735:Painting
665:Catholic
655:Buddhist
630:Hawaiian
533:Ottonian
498:Scythian
483:Etruscan
478:Cycladic
458:Bruneian
411:Filipino
356:Japanese
286:Egyptian
121:Medieval
13369:Javukha
13333:Yosada
13293:Peroz I
13277:Narsieh
13232:Vistahm
13217:Kavad I
13211:Kavad I
13205:Peroz I
13193:Khosrow
13082:Heraios
12900:Xiongnu
12705:Skunkha
12694:Tomyris
12665:Deioces
12544:Bactria
12209:Asqalan
12144:Bimaran
12139:Paitava
12081:Togolok
12016:Abiward
11900:Poykent
11885:Koktepe
11752:Navekat
11629:Kerderi
11619:Jankent
11568:Kashgar
11543:Tumshuq
11488:Bulayïq
11398:Culture
11214:Khuttal
11174:Xiongnu
10804:2838831
10728:Bibcode
10657:4299599
10584:Sources
10171:4390312
8888:"Kizil"
8488:8 March
6378:tumulus
6076:Helfen-
5520:in 1868
5402:Timurid
5367:Bukhara
5328:Bukhara
5217:to the
5179:to the
5161:khanate
5134:Isfahan
5128:, left
5118:Mongol
5033:, Iran.
4978:bitumen
4929:to the
4921:to the
4577:Simurgh
4541:Bukhara
4433:Abbasid
4363:Abbasid
4359:Umayyad
4308:Abbasid
4304:Umayyad
4269:TIBETAN
4217:Shatuos
4206:Tanguts
4162:Kyrgyzs
4076:Khitans
4057:DYNASTY
3915:Göktürk
3913:mural,
3870:people.
3806:Bactria
3802:Li Xian
3778:Bactria
3760:or the
3750:Xianbei
3728:Xianbei
3659:Jericho
3615:Simurgh
3547:Zhetysu
3448:Sogdian
3430:or the
3354:In the
3347:or the
3172:carmine
2994:in the
2984:Bamiyan
2925:Ebodalo
2917:ηβοδαλο
2789:Priscus
2773:Iranian
2761:Bactria
2749:Iranian
2670:diadems
2648:were a
2622:124093.
2568:Kushans
2560:Bactria
2552:Kushans
2540:Bactria
2447:Bactria
2443:Ohrmazd
2439:Serapis
2403:Heraios
2378:Mathura
2362:Kushans
2358:Heraios
2352:in the
2330:wiskers
2217:Bactria
2144:phallus
2116:Sun God
2082:chlamys
1987:antefix
1985:Winged
1891:Massoud
1868:Barikot
1785:Bactria
1711:Japan.
1671:steppes
1592:Siberia
1585:Xiongnu
1527:Xiongnu
1441:rosette
1395:Persian
1391:Chinese
1367:of the
1361:Ukraine
1356:kurgans
1221:calcite
1118:satrapy
1102:Bāxtriš
1043:mammoth
1019:, near
956:steppes
740:Pottery
682:Islamic
513:Iberian
426:Myanmar
366:Tibetan
339:Chinese
316:Ottoman
301:Arabian
296:Persian
291:Hittite
271:Regions
220:Fauvism
180:Realism
155:Baroque
116:Ancient
13493:Sheguy
13462:Tamgan
13446:Istämi
13372:Mehama
13341:Kidara
13335:Kirada
13312:Kangju
13214:Jamasp
13208:Balash
13166:Narseh
13070:Yuezhi
12892:Yuezhi
12852:Yuezhi
12815:Philip
12764:Xerxes
12671:Madyes
12549:Sogdia
12274:Nagara
12046:Jeitun
11978:Sarazm
11664:Sawran
11609:Begash
11563:Khotan
11558:Loulan
11169:Yuezhi
10969:
10920:
10910:
10875:
10831:
10811:
10801:
10755:
10707:
10655:
10615:
10516:
10482:
10443:
10336:
10234:
10226:
10169:
10161:
10069:
10044:
10015:
9993:
9972:
9945:
9916:
9884:
9859:
9816:"Ewer"
9800:
9761:
9736:
9709:
9614:
9587:
9502:
9423:
9396:
9368:
9360:
9261:
9253:
9197:
9093:
9066:
9020:
8993:
8972:
8951:
8869:
8825:
8817:
8784:
8756:
8626:125086
8624:
8616:
8522:2 June
8513:
8332:
8324:
8320:: 48.
8267:
8188:
8142:
8130:: 12.
8100:
8040:: 322.
7985:
7955:
7929:: 200.
7923:ZINBUN
7896:
7864:
7843:: 208.
7818:
7791:
7764:
7737:
7708:
7607:
7565:
7538:
7344:
7299:
7235:: 204.
7210:
7062:
7058:–308.
6997:
6989:
6764:
6737:
6705:
6669:
6642:
6615:
6588:
6558:
6432:
6384:
6360:
6330:
6322:
6276:
6239:
6175:
6154:: 191.
6122:
6092:
6060:
5940:
5913:
5877:26 May
5843:
5798:
5790:
5749:
5417:Suzani
5231:Persia
5154:Mongol
5051:Kashan
5031:Kashan
5009:Mina'i
4963:Ghurid
4919:Levant
4893:Ghazni
4865:Ghazni
4816:mamluk
4812:Turkic
4808:Muslim
4803:was a
4611:Būyids
4461:Buyids
4449:Sajids
4341:, and
4271:EMPIRE
4260:YABGUS
4258:OGHUZ-
4249:EMPIRE
4236:KHAZAR
4195:Kimeks
4141:DVARA-
4132:CHENLA
4122:Tatars
4111:YABGHU
4109:KARLUK
4098:Tungus
4046:SHAHIS
4013:EMPIRE
3939:caftan
3756:, the
3732:Datong
3663:Karluk
3630:Rostam
3551:gilded
3507:Kushan
3339:, the
3168:stucco
3144:Bamyan
2980:Sogdia
2839:Alchon
2775:names
2745:Altaic
2737:Kidara
2660:, and
2656:, the
2275:Yuezhi
2128:Helios
2124:Cybele
2112:Cybele
2035:stucco
2004:Stucco
1872:Taxila
1820:Didyma
1690:Yunnan
1686:Yuezhi
1622:Almaty
1489:Tabiti
1158:Louvre
1106:Bāxçiš
1094:Soviet
1013:Mal'ta
986:, and
702:Taoist
635:Papuan
601:Muisca
562:Yoruba
538:Viking
493:Celtic
488:Dacian
473:Minoan
381:Indian
361:Korean
349:Taiwan
230:Cubism
190:Modern
160:Rococo
136:Gothic
13338:Peroz
13268:Boran
13250:Boran
12755:Cyrus
12594:Altai
12530:dates
12119:Hadda
11875:Khiva
11767:Suyab
11757:Özgön
11694:Urpek
11679:Sumbe
11644:Otrar
11533:Rawak
11523:Miran
11493:Kucha
11002:Notes
10985:(PDF)
10918:JSTOR
10653:JSTOR
10414:(PDF)
10232:JSTOR
10167:JSTOR
10143:Syria
9560:(PDF)
9535:(PDF)
9524:(PDF)
9471:(PDF)
9366:JSTOR
9259:JSTOR
9145:: 38.
8823:JSTOR
8671:kusti
8622:JSTOR
8541:(PDF)
8457:(PDF)
8450:(PDF)
8352:(PDF)
8345:(PDF)
8330:JSTOR
8310:(PDF)
8291:(PDF)
8151:(PDF)
8140:S2CID
8120:(PDF)
8030:(PDF)
8012:(PDF)
7919:(PDF)
7631:(PDF)
7157:(N2).
7134:(N1).
7101:(PDF)
7028:: 89.
6995:JSTOR
6856:(PDF)
6841:(PDF)
6328:S2CID
6203:: 37.
6144:(PDF)
5865:(PDF)
5796:S2CID
5685:KTEMA
5243:Herat
4970:Herat
4968:from
4710:shah
4539:, in
4366:Arabs
4313:, of
4311:Arabs
4302:, by
4066:SILLA
4022:CHAM-
4002:KUTAS
3888:Altai
3712:Right
3599:Chach
3559:camel
3545:. At
3509:art.
3480:donor
3294:Kucha
3292:near
3228:Surya
3152:Kabul
3075:kulāf
3004:China
2992:Kucha
2901:seal.
2825:mint.
2823:Balkh
2813:tamga
2326:Sakas
1856:Greek
1814:, in
1812:Barca
1789:Medes
1705:Silla
1655:Kyzyl
1604:Sakas
1507:China
1380:Berel
1319:is a
1255:(USA)
1239:(USA)
1122:Margu
1110:Balkh
941:Indus
815:Naïve
777:Types
712:Vodun
707:Vodou
677:Hindu
606:Inuit
567:Benin
518:Roman
503:Greek
441:Khmer
391:Newar
13121:Saka
12978:Musa
12845:Saka
12711:Saka
12700:Saka
12683:Saka
12299:Iran
12076:Nisa
12061:Merv
12031:Anau
11528:Niya
11109:Saka
10967:ISBN
10908:ISBN
10873:ISBN
10858:link
10829:ISBN
10809:PMID
10753:ISBN
10705:ISBN
10637:Iran
10613:ISBN
10527:2016
10514:ISBN
10493:2016
10480:ISBN
10441:ISBN
10334:ISBN
10314:2023
10224:ISSN
10159:ISSN
10067:ISBN
10042:ISBN
10013:ISBN
9991:ISBN
9970:ISBN
9943:ISBN
9914:ISBN
9882:ISBN
9857:ISBN
9798:ISSN
9759:ISBN
9734:ISBN
9707:ISBN
9685:2017
9654:2017
9612:ISBN
9585:ISBN
9500:ISBN
9481:: 2.
9453:2021
9421:ISBN
9394:ISBN
9358:ISSN
9302:link
9251:ISSN
9195:ISBN
9091:ISBN
9064:ISBN
9018:ISBN
8991:ISBN
8970:ISBN
8949:ISBN
8914:link
8900:2020
8867:ISBN
8815:ISSN
8782:ISBN
8754:ISBN
8657:2017
8614:ISSN
8574:2008
8548:2013
8524:2009
8511:ISBN
8490:2014
8427:help
8380:help
8322:ISSN
8265:ISBN
8233:help
8186:ISBN
8165:link
8098:ISSN
8038:VIII
7983:ISBN
7953:ISBN
7894:ISBN
7862:ISBN
7816:ISBN
7789:ISBN
7762:ISBN
7735:ISBN
7706:ISBN
7685:help
7605:ISBN
7563:ISBN
7536:ISBN
7342:ISBN
7297:ISBN
7208:ISSN
7060:ISBN
6987:ISSN
6824:here
6820:here
6762:ISBN
6735:ISBN
6703:ISBN
6667:ISBN
6640:ISBN
6613:ISBN
6586:ISBN
6556:ISBN
6430:ISBN
6382:ISBN
6358:ISBN
6320:ISSN
6274:ISBN
6237:ISBN
6173:ISBN
6120:ISBN
6090:ISBN
6058:ISBN
6039:: 4.
6014:2016
5938:ISBN
5911:ISBN
5879:2016
5841:ISBN
5788:ISSN
5747:ISBN
5474:krai
5427:(US)
5318:The
5207:and
5152:, a
5037:The
4966:Ewer
4947:Merv
4905:The
4821:Iran
4799:The
4609:The
4597:Iran
4531:The
4515:and
4493:Iran
4483:and
4463:and
4361:and
4319:Oxus
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