Central Bank of Ireland

46: 1350: 1420: 502:'s currencies, it would have provided stability for 75% of Ireland's external trade, but Britain, which still accounted for 50% of Ireland's external trade, decided to stay out of the EMS. Despite this, on 15 December 1978, it was announced that Ireland would participate in the EMS. Countries were given the option of either a 2.25% or 6% margin of fluctuation within the EMS' Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), and Ireland took the narrower margin. The EMS started on 13 March 1979, and towards the end of the month the Pound Sterling started to gain in value against the EMS currencies because of rising oil prices, and by 30 March the Pound Sterling breached the upper fluctuation band limit of the 1516:) to avoid Irish taxes, attracts further non-domestic credit. It has been shown that smaller countries with a high proportion of non–domestic capital are prone to severe credit cycles. To resolve this imbalance in the 2007–2012 Irish financial crisis, Irish private-sector debt was transferred to Irish public-sector debt. The result is that Ireland is now one of the EU–28's most leveraged countries on a private and public sector basis (when measured GNI or per-Capita measures, to limit the distortion by Irish GDP). This means that the Irish State will not be able to bail out its banking system again for a considerable time. 1470: 1273: 754:

measures since the crisis. Governor Philip Lane said, "The report describes a failure to identify risks to financial stability and recognizes the lack of an overall European framework to deal with the financial and fiscal crises. Many of the issues identified by the Inquiry relating to the Central Bank have been substantially addressed or continue to be addressed through measures including significant institutional reform, additional powers, the promotion of a culture of challenge and the implementation of the model of assertive risk-based supervision underpinned by a credible threat of enforcement."

564:, producing over a billion coins, weighing about 5,000 tons, with a value of €230 million before the introduction into circulation of the euro coins in January 2002. Production of euro banknotes began in June 2000, with 300 million notes worth €4 billion being produced in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 euros. Euro banknotes produced for the Central Bank are identified by having the serial number beginning with the letter T. The Bank did not initially issue €200 or €500 notes but has since begun to do so. 1200:

3.5 times income). A limited number of exemptions to these are available to Irish banks for both of these rules on an annual basis. Additionally, the Irish Government introduced a Help To Buy scheme, which allows first-time buyers to receive 5% of the cost price of a house as an income tax rebate – which loosened the LTI requirements further for eligible first-time buyers. The Irish financial crisis showed the small and unusual nature of Ireland's economy (e.g. where a small number of U.S. corporates are

5867: 4706: 37: 1131: 872: 825: 573: 1544: 5369: 5877: 5655: 405: 714:, said that his decision in 2001 to create a new financial regulator was one of the main reasons for the collapse of the Irish banking sector and "if I had a chance again I wouldn't do it". Ahern said: "The banks were irresponsible. But the Central Bank and the Financial Regulator seemed happy. They were never into us saying – ever – 'Listen, we must put legislation and control on the banks'. That never happened." 3735: 1454:, when global conditions weaken and the demand for Irish office space falls, the drop in Irish commercial valuations is more extreme than other markets. When this occurs in-sync with a global repricing of Irish credit, from a realisation of the level of artificial distortion in Irish economic data, the effects are further amplified. This risk was highlighted in 2014 when the Central Bank consulted the 1089: 1187:) of the Irish banking system, a number of non–Irish senior executives were placed in the Central Bank of Ireland, including the Board of the Bank. However, by 2017, almost all these non–Irish executives had departed the Central Bank, and some have publicised concerns about the Central Bank's tendency to push aside risk-management in pursuit of political and Government objectives. 526:. By late 1980 the Irish Pound had fallen in value to less than 80 British pence, and Irish inflation was higher than British. Economic policy in Ireland was inconsistent with a "hard currency" policy, and the Irish Pound also failed to hold its value against the central rate of the Deutschmark, although it did appreciate in value against some of the other EMS currencies. 2914: 3024: 684:. This was a compromise between those who favoured a fully independent regulator and those who believed the Central Bank should maintain full control of regulation of the financial services industry. This division of the Bank authorised and regulated all financial institutions (including insurance undertakings, collective investment funds and 2874: 287:, the Finance Minister was authorised to issue coins of silver, nickel, and bronze of the same denominations as the British coins already in circulation – however, the Irish silver coins were to contain 75% silver as compared to the 50% silver coins issued by Britain at the time. These coins entered circulation on 12 December 1928. 3256: 3042: 1166:, when global markets are stressed, several of these issues can occur simultaneously (i.e. they are not independent risks), to amplify the seriousness of the situation. While the pre-crisis Central Bank of Ireland was judged to fail on all these criticisms, the Irish State had the financial resources to 628:"watered down" economic warnings about the property bubble in the run-up to the crash, blocked internal communication reaching board level due to the political interests, and "rigorously" concealed data from the relevant external supervisors on the large exposures of Irish banks to individual developers. 1199:

era was typified by large, interest-only mortgages, at high levels of loan-to-income values. After the 2011 bailout, the Central Bank introduced macro–prudential controls on mortgage lending both in terms of loan-to-value (a cap of 80% and 90% depending on circumstances), and loan-to-income (a cap of

753:

Subsequent to the parliamentary inquiry into the domestic banking crisis the organization said that the actions taken by the Central Bank combined with legislative reform and an overhaul of international regulation have enabled the organization to deliver effective supervision and financial stability

646:

The Central Bank annual report, published three months before the Irish State unconditionally guaranteed the deposits of Irish-owned banks, said: "The banks have negligible exposure to the sub-prime sector and they remain relatively healthy by the standard measures of capital, profitability and asset

631:

In November 2007, they stated: "The Irish banking system continues to be well-placed to withstand adverse economic and sectoral developments in the short to medium term. The underlying fundamentals of the residential market continue to appear strong and the current trend in monthly price developments

622:

officials expressed concerns in 2006 that Central Bank stress tests were "not stressful enough". The management ignored warnings from its own financial stability unit, according to one former staff member, whose evidence to the parliamentary inquiry was questioned by a number of other staff members,

385:

of fixed exchange rates broke down, and in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis inflation in Britain increased dramatically, and economic theory would suggest that a smaller economy whose currency is pegged to a larger one will suffer the larger economy's inflation rate. At the same time moves to create a

1170:

the Irish banking system (Ireland was almost debt-free before the crisis). Post the 2011–bailout, the Irish State has a debt-to-GNI* ratio of over 100%, and will not be able to withstand such a material failing by the Central Bank of Ireland again. A recurrence would place the Irish banking system,

699:

Under the 2003 arrangements, the Central Bank provided the Financial Regulator with services. The Regulator's industry panel, which provided the Regulator with feedback on its charges and policies said in April 2007 that they had "major concerns with the quality and cost of the services" provided to

390:

and the transfer in 1968 of the commercial banks' Pound Sterling assets to the Central Bank made it possible to contemplate a break in the link. In the mid to late 1970s, opinion within the bank was moving toward breaking the link with the Pound Sterling and devaluing the Irish currency in order to

1519:

During the 2008–2012 global credit crisis, reports showed Ireland's combined public and private sector credit as being the highest in the OECD (some reports added in IFSC SPV credit producing higher, but misleading, figures). In this regard, the Central Bank now tracks private and public credit in

725:

Following the banking collapse of 2008 and 2009, the Government re-unified the organisation under a Central Bank of Ireland Commission to replace the board structures of the Central Bank and the Financial Services Regulatory Authority which became effective on 1 October 2010. The name "Central Bank

380:

The 1970s was a decade of change, which began with the decimalisation of the currency which came into effect on 15 February 1971, when the decimal coinage was released into circulation (although 5p, 10p, and 50p coins were released a few years earlier, as they had exact equivalents in old currency

365:

Such was the proliferation of small industrial banks and hire purchase firms in the late 1960s, the 1971 Central Bank Act introduced significantly enhanced authorisation and supervision standards. In the inevitable consolidation in the marketplace, in 1976 a liquidator was appointed to Irish Trust

661:

The European Commission in a November 2010 review of the financial crisis said: "Some national supervisory authorities failed dramatically. We know that in Ireland there was almost no supervision of the large banks." Two months later, the President of the EU Commission in an angry exchange in the

361:

The mid-1960s saw the Bank take over the normal day-to-day operations of exchange control from the Department of Finance. The Central Bank broadened its activities over the decades, but it remained in effect a currency board until the 1970s. Economist Patrick Honohan evaluates the success of the

627:

about the scale of bank loans to property speculators and developers leading to key information being suppressed. It was reported that it sought to gag a prominent economist from talking about the fragile state of the nation's banks in relation the Irish branch of Northern Rock. The Central Bank

3162:

The willingness to brush dirt under the carpet to support the financial sector, and an equating of these policies with patriotism (sometimes known in Ireland as the Green Jersey agenda,) contributed to the remarkable regulatory laxity with massive impacts in other nations (as well as in Ireland

703:

The operations of the Financial Regulator were severely criticised in a report marked "strictly confidential and not for publication", as being poor value for money. The report stated that there were too few specialist staff, compared with its peers. There were also serious shortcomings in the

757:

In early 2015 the Central Bank introduced macro-prudential mortgage regulations to increase the resilience of the banking and household sectors to the property market and to reduce the risk of bank credit and house price spirals from developing in the future. These measures are to be reviewed

732:

said "returning the key powers of regulation to the Central Bank will be useless unless there is a fundamental change in the culture of the organisation. This does not require a complete change of personnel, but a change of key personnel." There can be no denying that the spinning off of the

2735:), his response was that this was very unpatriotic and he should wear the green jersey. That was the former Minister's response to the fact there is a major loophole, whether intentional or unintentional, in our tax code that has allowed large companies to continue to use the double Irish . 654:, the Central Bank maintained it had no powers to intervene in the market. Yet, the Central Bank had the power to issue directives to the Financial Regulator if it thought it was conducting its business in a way that was contrary to overall Central Bank policy aims. None were issued. 3550:

ESRB: Nonetheless, if not subject to adequate macro- and micro-prudential regulation, this activity could grow rapidly and introduce new sources of financial stability risk. It could also raise the financial system's vulnerability to runs, contagion, excessive credit growth and

721:

he discovered when he started his job the previous January and "it is clear to me we need to undertake a fundamental overhaul of the regulatory model for financial services in Ireland." He also said that there was a "critical absence of intellectual firepower within his staff".

517:

The initial experience of the EMS was disappointing. It had been expected that the Irish Pound would appreciate in value against the Pound Sterling, and hence reduce inflation in Ireland, but in practice, Sterling appreciated considerably in value thanks to its status as a

704:

crucial supervisory area. and the report was particularly critical of the regulator's senior management structure, concluding that a clear management and oversight framework, which ensures that issues are escalated through the organisation, was "not fully in place".

657:

The regulator's processes and reports, and the findings of external scrutineers, any of which should have raised red flags, failed to do so. As a result, they did not see the enormity of the risks being taken by the banks and the calamity that was to overwhelm them.

3367:

Eurostat's structural business statistics give a range of measures of the business economy broken down by the controlling country of the enterprises. Here is the Gross Operating Surplus generated in Ireland in 2015 for the countries with figures reported by

362:

movement from a currency board to the central bank as follows: 'in contrast to many other post-colonial cases, (the currency board's) demise was not followed by a rapid depreciation and slide into semi-permanent high inflation and lack of convertibility.

2842:

A former Anglo Irish Bank director has told the trial of four senior bankers accused of conspiring to mislead investors that there was a "green jersey agenda" which involved banks working together to help each other out during the financial turmoil of

2901:

We heard a lot about the "green jersey" agenda during the Anglo trial, which finished during the week. It is the name given to the drive to protect the financial system as the crisis hit, taking in the government, Civil Service, regulators, banks and

745:

formally took supervisory control over the biggest banks in Europe, including those in Ireland. While banking supervision staff in the Central Bank of Ireland remained, a pan-European approach to how banks were supervised was introduced, known as

3464:

They'll do this by making commercial property investment, mainly by large foreign landlords, entirely tax-free. This will drive up commercial rents, suppress residential development, put Irish banks at risk, and deprive the State of much-needed

1520:

Ireland in its quarterly bulletins. Private credit is tracked on a credit-to-income ratio, while public sector credit is tracked on a debt-to-GNI* ratio. In addition, as part of the post-crisis reforms, the independent statutory body, the

246:, where the public may exchange non-current Irish coinage and currency (both pre- and post-decimalization) for Euros, as well as high value Euro banknotes and "mutilated" currency. It also operates from premises at nearby Spencer Dock. The 1368:

Exaggerated credit cycles are a documented feature of tax havens as global capital markets misprice the "headline" debt-to-GDP in benign times, only to reprice aggressively in less benign times, leading to a credit crisis (discussed in

271:

in 1922, the new state's trade was overwhelmingly with the United Kingdom (98% of Irish exports and 80% of imports in 1924), so the introduction of an independent currency was a low priority. British banknotes (British Treasury notes,

2860:

Lawyers for the accused argued during the trial that their motivation in authorizing the deal was the "green jersey" agenda, the financial regulator's request for Irish banks to support one another as the financial crisis

1435:, mean that its commercial property market is prone to overinflating. This effect is amplified because the Irish State enables foreign investors to pay no taxes on Irish commercial property via the Central Bank regulated 3627: 836:

The Central Bank of Ireland's mandate calls on it to contribute to the well-being of the people of Ireland and more widely in Europe by performing statutory responsibilities which cover a wide range, including :

666:, with a vehemence that shocked his audience, said that "the problems of Ireland were created by the irresponsible financial behaviour of some Irish institutions, and by the lack of supervision in the Irish market." 3578:

So, if you think about a lot of technology companies that are housed in Ireland and have massive operations there, they're not going to maybe need those in the same way, and those can be relocated back to the

2321: 1503:

and the tendency to commercial and residential property bubbles has led to periods when Ireland's economy was over-leveraged and reliant on foreign capital. The ability of foreign capital to use Ireland's

529:

Eventually, the EMS settled down (notwithstanding a crisis in 1992 when the Irish Pound was devalued by 10%), and Irish inflation was the same or lower than Britain's inflation rate from 1987 onwards.

4422: 2468: 1966: 3663: 2750: 639:

bankruptcy in September 2008; they then suffered acute liquidity pressures which had to be met by Central Bank support, including emergency lending. Management abuses were also revealed at

506:

and the Irish currency could no longer track the Pound Sterling. After over 50 years, the parity of the Irish and British currencies was broken, and the Irish currency became known as the

785:, to recommend new economic statistics to the CSO, that would better represent the Irish economy (given the escalating distortions in GDP and GNP). The result was the introduction of " 2555: 45: 381:

units). Decimalisation would have provided an ideal opportunity to break the link with the Pound Sterling, but there was not much demand for this at that time. In 1972 however, the

1226:

services firms market Ireland as a "light-touch" regulatory regime. The Central Bank itself was paying rent to a US distressed debt-landlord who was using a Central Bank-regulated

1217: 553:

by 70% of those voting in a referendum on 18 June 1992). This envisaged the start of monetary union on 1 January 1999 and the introduction of notes and coins on 1 January 2002.

541:

of 1950. The first blueprint for how to go about implementing the currency, the Werner Report of 1970 was not proceeded with, but the ultimate aim was always kept in mind. The

1110: 5636: 2151: 1997: 2071: 5614: 2572: 2329: 5545: 1808: 1381:

Ireland has, more or less, stopped using GDP to measure its own economy. And on current trends , the eurozone taken as a whole may need to consider something similar.

979: 650:

The next annual report had little to say about how and why the Irish banking system collapsed. Although there were four Central Bank directors on the board of the

242:, Dublin from 1979 until 2017. Its offices at Iveagh Court and College Green also closed down at the same time. Since March 2017, its headquarters are located on 5943: 1436: 3239: 3078: 1361: 3785: 1021: 965: 3060: 2809: 5540: 3006: 923: 3527: 3455: 3336: 3131: 2646: 2403: 1693: 618:

indicated that while the Central Bank agreed that Irish property was overvalued it was fearful of precipitating a crash by "putting a number on it". Senior

614:

The Central Bank noted in November 2005 that an overvaluation existed of 40% to 60% in the Irish residential property market. Minutes of a meeting with the

5993: 4429: 3955: 3114:"Tax-free funds once favoured by 'vultures' fall €55bn: Regulator attributes decline to the decision of funds to exit their so-called 'section 110 status'" 2472: 1974: 1238:, which was how the abuses above were uncovered. In June 2018, the Central Bank reported that distressed debt funds switched €55 billion, or 25% of Irish 2133: 1450:

Irish banks are the main lending institutions to Irish commercial property, and thus most exposed to material price distortions. As was seen in the Irish

5299: 1852: 1213: 1432: 1321: 1201: 993: 1462:

vehicle. While the Central Bank agreed with the ESRB in 2014, it changed its mind in 2018, and decided to materially expand the L–QIAIFs vehicle (see

5629: 2823: 2698: 1741: 5894: 2932: 5038: 2511: 3180: 1834: 1223: 1305: 2606: 2404:"Minister for Finance Brian Lenihan TD announces major reform of the institutional structures for regulation of financial services in Ireland" 1482: 1332:

At this point, multinational profit shifting doesn't just distort Ireland's balance of payments; it constitutes Ireland’s balance of payments.

769:("CSO"), the Governor of the Central Bank chaired a cross economic steering group (Economic Statistics Review Group, or "ESRG") including the 6003: 5593: 4972: 4817: 3680: 2432: 2351: 681: 2778: 2529: 5622: 5603: 5588: 4742: 3113: 1409:

On a Gross Public Debt-Per-Capita basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at over $ 62,686 per capita, exceeds every other OECD country, except Japan.

2443: 5644: 4807: 4802: 1349: 3609: 2837: 2195: 1888: 545:

endorsed by the Madrid Summit of June 1989 envisaged a three-stage process to monetary union, and this was given legal authority by the

4228: 3778: 3697: 5973: 5948: 3277: 2222: 3591: 305:

by a Currency Commission which would keep British government securities, Pounds Sterling cash, and gold to keep a 1–1 relationship.

5560: 4938: 4237: 3948: 3739: 1423:

Comparison of the sales price as multiple of the cost of build, for a prime office in Dublin, with other eurozone countries (2016).

426: 2155: 1524:, also reports on Irish leverage (public and private) and its sustainability. It is still common to see other State bodies (e.g. 5978: 5405: 5246: 5241: 5087: 2795: 1481:, which fundamentally reduces the attractiveness of Ireland to U.S. multinationals, and could see Ireland lose its status as the 1419: 1235: 3645: 3477: 3441: 1179:

In 2016, several Irish bank CEOs testified to being asked by senior officials of the Central Bank during 2007–2011 to follow a "

5598: 5583: 5433: 4514: 1870: 1640: 774: 680:

In 2003 a new separate division of the Central Bank, with its own chairman, chief executive, and board, was established as the

624: 3097:"Central Bank of Ireland publishes notice of intention to amend the requirements for Loan Origination Qualifying Investor AIF" 227:

in accordance with the Central Bank Act 1971, which can be seen in legislative terms as completing the long transition from a

5998: 5550: 5195: 5163: 4827: 3771: 3425: 2732: 1135: 2892: 2377: 2023: 4822: 4792: 4131: 3222: 1557: 3322: 1906: 5221: 4415: 3941: 3149: 2971: 1525: 1183:" in obfuscating the facts of Ireland's deteriorating banking system. After the 2011–bailout by the EU–ECB–IMF (e.g. the 778: 766: 3240:"Zucman:Corporations Push Profits Into Corporate Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Gabrial Zucman Study Says" 3185:"The Irish authorities knew exactly what was going on, long before the international community finally blew the whistle. 1626: 5963: 5834: 5428: 4962: 4843: 4766: 4026: 1567: 1360:(i.e. profits), by the controlling country of the company (note: a material part of the Irish figure is also from U.S. 635:

After the bubble burst, Irish banks faced mounting losses which exposed them to a collapse of confidence following the

2671: 2592: 2296: 5555: 5304: 4361: 3358: 1443:

in particular). The ratio of the value of prime office in Dublin, to its cost-of-build, is the second-largest in the

1139: 452: 3545: 2872:

Judge ruled that it would not be right or practical to try to stop the Jury hearing about the "green jersey agenda".

434: 5933: 5847: 4735: 4006: 1577: 1494: 1398:

The issues post-leprechaun economics, and "Modified GNI", are captured on page 34 of the OECD 2018 Ireland survey:

1277: 829: 235: 4468: 3513: 2411: 1697: 1276:

Apple's Q1 2015 Irish "quasi-inversion" of its $ 300 billion international IP is the largest recorded individual

782: 2988: 1267: 223:

The Central Bank of Ireland was founded on 1 February 1943, and since 1 January 1972 has been the banker of the

5938: 5459: 5309: 4967: 4371: 4221: 4082: 4031: 3996: 3567: 3301: 2137: 2107: 1451: 1374: 1259: 1239: 1163: 1159: 909: 786: 609: 430: 213: 2855: 1247: 5756: 5329: 5097: 4615: 4170: 3354: 1582: 1521: 1478: 1007: 770: 675: 651: 498:

The Irish government had to decide whether or not to participate in the EMS. If the EMS had included all the

141: 3628:"Ireland's colossal level of indebtedness leaves any new government with precious little room for manoeuvre" 3096: 2950: 2269: 5464: 4797: 4787: 4478: 3902: 1455: 1390: 1373:). In 2017, the Central Bank of Ireland responded to this issue, post-leprehaun economics, by introducing 1341: 747: 217: 1939: 5530: 5398: 5372: 5291: 4994: 4870: 4771: 4728: 4691: 4509: 3841: 3714: 1234:

vehicle to give the tax benefits as Section 110 SPVs but without requiring public accounts for the Irish

499: 474: 1406:

On a Gross Public Debt-to-GNI* basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at 116.5% is more serious, but not alarming;

337:, although the organisation did not at that time acquire many of the characteristics of a central bank: 5741: 4999: 4600: 4087: 3917: 3408: 2045: 1513: 3380: 2494: 790: 647:

quality. This has been confirmed by the stress testing exercises we have carried out with the banks".

5983: 5958: 5766: 5438: 5354: 4812: 4686: 4625: 4458: 4214: 4107: 1509: 491:, a basket of the Community's currencies used to determine exchange rates, and the forerunner of the 477:

institutions were invited to consider how to create such a zone. At the following Council meeting in

3200: 5988: 5852: 5817: 5681: 4893: 4665: 4535: 4112: 3912: 3816: 3302:"CRISIS RECOVERY IN A COUNTRY WITH A HIGH PRESENCE OF FOREIGN-OWNED COMPANIES: The Case of Ireland" 3261:

New Gabriel Zucman study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean

3132:"The capture of tax haven Ireland: "the bankers, hedge funds got virtually everything they wanted"" 1370: 482: 415: 3308: 2769: 2723: 5812: 5807: 5792: 5190: 5092: 5004: 4660: 4655: 4640: 4376: 4097: 4056: 4036: 3851: 3806: 3572: 3362: 1658: 1587: 1143: 550: 419: 357:

Ireland's external monetary reserves were largely held as external assets of the commercial banks

2248:"Wednesday Newspaper Review – Irish Business News and International Stories – – October 7, 2009" 2247: 2170: 1469: 1230:

structure to avoid all Irish taxes. In February 2018, the Central Bank expanded the little-used

5968: 5870: 5691: 5686: 5391: 5349: 5158: 5105: 4977: 4709: 4545: 4540: 4117: 4102: 4092: 2957: 1592: 487: 3278:"What Do We Know About Base Erosion and Profit Shifting? A Review of the Empirical Literature" 5880: 5842: 5802: 5751: 5746: 5578: 5510: 5505: 5334: 5185: 5133: 5112: 4946: 4650: 4610: 4605: 4530: 4336: 4253: 4046: 4041: 4021: 3861: 3281: 2495:"Ireland's biggest banks are getting a new regulator today and here's how it's going to work" 1597: 1309: 1272: 888: 884: 742: 733:

Financial Regulator from the functions of the Central Bank in 2003, was an outright failure.

224: 632:

does not imply a sharp correction. The central scenario, therefore, is for a soft landing."

366:

Bank Ltd after Central Bank investigations and in 1982 Merchant Banking Ltd also collapsed.

178:

The Central Bank of Ireland still exists but many functions have been taken over by the ECB.

5520: 5339: 5324: 5205: 5069: 4987: 3892: 3846: 2089: 1313: 1263: 1202:

80% of Irish tax, 25% of Irish labour, 25 of top 50 Irish firms, and 57% of Irish value-add

880: 762: 728: 718: 577: 382: 3394: 1280:

action in history, and almost double the 2016 blocked $ 160 billion Pfizer–Allergan Irish

8: 5953: 5797: 5696: 5454: 5117: 4858: 4848: 4645: 4550: 4326: 4066: 4051: 3991: 3922: 3907: 3273: 3157: 2915:"Former Regulator says Irish politicians mindless of IFSC risks in "green jersey" agenda" 1770:

Currency Board or Central Bank: Lessons from the Irish pound's link with Sterling 1928–79

1281: 1180: 663: 330: 205: 123: 2933:"Help to Buy (HTB) Part 15-04-46 Section 477C of the Taxes Consolidation Act (TCA) 1997" 1820: 1477:

The longer-term risks of Irish commercial property were further increased with the U.S.

1447:, and only exceeded by Paris. Irish office rents are close to London City office rents. 5200: 5064: 5059: 4982: 4918: 4386: 4274: 4149: 4144: 4139: 3876: 3163:

itself) as global financial firms sought an escape from financial regulation in Dublin.

2322:"Bertie Ahern: 'I don't consider myself a romantic person, maybe that was the problem'" 1907:"Joint Committee of Inquiry into the Banking Crisis. Witness Statement of Frank Browne" 1428: 1293: 1099: 201: 1473:

Comparison of the sales price of Dublin prime office with other EU–28 countries (2016)

1403:

On a Gross Public Debt-to-GDP basis, Ireland's 2015 figure at 78.8% is not of concern;

809:

for the release of records. The archives can be accessed by means of the Banks online

354:

the conditions for influencing credit through open-market operations did not yet exist

5876: 5822: 5761: 5736: 5236: 5173: 5143: 5138: 5054: 4670: 4620: 4595: 4346: 4061: 3421: 1204:), led to foreign banks rapidly withdrawing capital from Ireland in times of stress. 619: 546: 523: 4396: 2838:"Irish banks were "pulling on the green jersey" during financial crisis, trial told" 2731:: It was interesting that when Matt Carthy put that to the Minister's predecessor ( 2469:"I'd rely on astrologer Fergus more than Central Bank chief – Dan White, Columnists" 875:

The main entrance to the Central Bank of Ireland's former head office on Dame Street

717:

In April 2010, the new Financial Regulator, outlined his shock at the poor level of

276:

notes), and notes issued by Irish trading banks circulated (but only the first were

5771: 5711: 5535: 5344: 5256: 5251: 5178: 5168: 4908: 4630: 4570: 4366: 4331: 4206: 4190: 4175: 4154: 3897: 3821: 3763: 3481: 3244:

Such profit shifting leads to a total annual revenue loss of $ 200 billion globally

3153: 3135: 1562: 1325: 1063: 937: 640: 466: 268: 112: 465:

At this time, however, an alternative option became available. In April 1978, the

5706: 5701: 5490: 5485: 5276: 4898: 4853: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4453: 4279: 3986: 1680: 1184: 1103: 1035: 636: 557: 348: 273: 247: 243: 173: 148: 102: 62: 19: 5731: 5716: 5654: 5649: 5500: 5022: 4875: 4590: 4575: 4499: 4473: 4463: 4195: 4185: 3871: 3856: 3563: 3214: 2728: 1768: 1218:

Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF) § Abuses of QIAIFs

1049: 951: 511: 320: 314: 302: 228: 189: 36: 1853:"Central Bank 'ignored my warnings' before economic crash – ESRI's FitzGerald" 1787: 5927: 5909: 5896: 5776: 5726: 5495: 5469: 5148: 4923: 4913: 4635: 4585: 4504: 4494: 4407: 4381: 4356: 4284: 3933: 3826: 3350: 3176: 793:. 2016 Modified GNI* is 70% of 2016 GDP (or 2016 GDP is 143% of 2016 GNI*). 685: 538: 519: 503: 478: 3349: 2607:"Press Release - Central Bank of Ireland opens archives for public research" 1532:) present the distorted, and misleading, Debt-to-GDP data in their reports. 5645: 5414: 5314: 4438: 4351: 4245: 3218: 2675: 1549: 1317: 1196: 1151: 806: 711: 277: 3495: 871: 824: 696:). (There was no entity named "Financial Services Authority of Ireland".) 254:

is the currency manufacture, warehouse and distribution site of the bank.

5319: 4903: 4391: 4180: 3976: 3866: 3836: 3337:"Piercing the Veil, FINANCE & DEVELOPMENT, JUNE 2018, VOL. 55, NO. 2" 1572: 1529: 1386: 1337: 1308:

countries, excluding natural resource countries, are all tax havens (see

810: 556:

The Central Bank began production of euro coins in September 1999 in the

507: 375: 239: 209: 2352:"Watchdog tells of shock at lax levels of enforcement – Irish, Business" 1719: 1130: 344:

it had no statutory power to restrict credit, though it could promote it

216:, and since 2014 has been Ireland's national competent authority within 5671: 5271: 5153: 4341: 4300: 3213: 3025:"A third of Ireland's shadow banking subject to little or no oversight" 2810:"CSO paints a very different picture of Irish economy with new measure" 2751:"Ireland : Lessons from Its Recovery from the Bank-Sovereign Loop" 2072:"Admissions about lack of banking experience in regulator are shocking" 1297: 572: 470: 262: 197: 2647:"Central Bank says average net wealth surges past €162,000 per person" 5231: 4720: 3831: 3257:"Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics" 1505: 708: 669: 561: 369: 341:

it was not given custody of the cash reserves of the commercial banks

251: 5281: 3478:"Finance Bill Could Turn Commercial Property Bubble into next Crash" 2587: 2585: 1821:"Bank officials in 2006 said stress tests were not stressful enough" 522:

and to the tight monetary policies of the new British government of

404: 5665: 5226: 4305: 3079:"Central Bank landlord a vulture fund paying no Irish tax, says SF" 1998:"Fixing the Government is now more important than fixing our banks" 1444: 862:

the recovery and resolution of distressed financial services firms.

816:

The bank releases data on the changing wealth of Irish households.

802: 301:

was created, which was to be maintained at parity with the British

2948: 2620: 1871:"Claim that Central Bank sought to gag economist on Northern Rock" 1620: 1344:, "Tax Avoidance and the Irish Balance of Payments", 25 April 2018 856:

payment, settlement and currency systems operations and oversight;

5261: 4755: 4751: 4310: 3758: 3646:"Net National debt now €44000 per head, 2nd highest in the World" 2875:"Anglo verdict: Prosecution wanted 'green jersey' agenda removed" 2582: 1929:

Central Bank of Ireland- Financial Stability Report November 2007

1459: 1243: 1231: 1167: 688:) in Ireland. The "Central Bank of Ireland" was formally renamed 549:

of 1992 (enacted into Irish law as the Eleventh Amendment to the

5383: 1377:(or GNI*), as a more appropriate measure for Ireland's economy. 813:

and consulted in the Bank's North Wall Quay premises in Dublin.

473:

decided to create a "zone of monetary stability" in Europe, and

394: 3754: 3734: 3681:"Debt levels remain high following the crisis June FAR Slide 7" 2672:"Maurice O'Connell: Present Governor of Ireland's Central Bank" 1835:"Central Bank aware of property bubble from 2004 – ex-employee" 1158:

Recurrent criticisms were made both before and after the Irish

387: 67: 3150:"How Ireland became a tax haven and offshore financial centre" 2770:"Irish government debt four times pre-crisis level, NTMA says" 2699:"New Central Bank governor faces bulging in-tray on first day" 859:

the provision of economic advice and financial statistics; and

5266: 3747: 2512:"What will the new Central Bank mortgage regime mean to you?" 1214:

Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) § Abuses

3181:"'Nobody believes Ireland is not a tax haven' - UN official" 3061:"IMF queries lawyers and bankers on hundreds of IFSC boards" 2856:"Ireland jails three top bankers over 2008 banking meltdown" 2824:"New economic Leprechaun on loose as rate of growth plunges" 1967:"I'd rely on astrologer Fergus more than Central Bank chief" 1458:("ESRB") after lobbying by IFSC tax-law firms to expand the 758:

annually, with the first report published in November 2016.

321:

Foundation of the Central Bank to decimalization (1942–1971)

4863: 3417: 3007:"More than €100bn in Russian Money funneled through Dublin" 1440: 1301: 1227: 1147: 615: 492: 5546:

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

2444:"Move to rules-based system will need a change in culture" 1296:", was the world's largest tax haven. In common with all 1889:"Central Bank 'watered down' warnings of property bubble" 1776:. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. p. 2. 1292:

Research in June 2018 confirmed that Ireland, already a "

162: 2977:. Professor Jim Stewart Cillian Doyle. 27 February 2018. 2949:

Professor Jim Stewart; Cillian Doyle (12 January 2017).

1683:, established in 1783, had been the government's banker. 1162:, of the Central Bank of Ireland. As seen in the Irish 690:

Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland

537:

The idea of a single European currency goes back to the

3323:"How tax havens turn economic statistics into nonsense" 3174: 1742:"Irish central bank sells old premises for €67 million" 726:

of Ireland" was restored. A July 2009 editorial in the

3698:"Section 1.2.2 Recent Fiscal Context June FAR Page 14" 3043:"Ireland is world's fourth-largest shadow banking hub" 2951:"'Section 110' Companies: A Success story for Ireland" 2530:"Central Bank to review mortgage rules, says governor" 329:

which came into effect on 1 February 1943 renamed the

176:

remained the government's banker until 1 January 1972.

5541:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

3528:"Tax breaks for commercial property will fuel bubble" 3456:"Tax breaks for commercial property will fuel bubble" 2410:. Department of Finance. 18 June 2009. Archived from 2223:"Report exposes Financial Regulator's 'shortcomings'" 1694:"1980 – Central Bank of Ireland, Dame Street, Dublin" 1312:). This was shown dramatically in July 2016 during " 1268:

Corporate haven § GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy

1246:. Such actions have been highlighted as those of a " 4236: 3793: 2972:"Ireland, Global Finance and the Russian Connection" 2790: 2788: 1539: 263:

From Currency Commission to Central Bank (1920–1942)

4294:

Other commercial banks & financial institutions

3272: 2989:"How Russian Firms Funnelled €100bn through Dublin" 2171:"Financial Regulator is questioned by own advisers" 485:were outlined, including the creation of the ECU – 3610:"Why do the Irish still owe more than the Greeks?" 2768: 2506: 2504: 1304:flows from tax management activities. The top–10 1171:and the Irish State, into creditor restructuring. 670:Separation of regulation – The Financial Regulator 370:Decimalization to European integration (1971–1978) 172:Even after establishment of the Central Bank, the 3201:"Tax Avoidance and the Irish Balance of Payments" 2785: 2196:"Watchdog blasted in its own confidential report" 1393:, "Ireland exports its Leprechaun", 25 April 2018 481:, Germany in June 1978 the basic features of the 5925: 3592:"Who owes more money - the Irish or the Greeks?" 3381:"Report of the Economic Statistics Review Group" 2796:"42% of Europe's banking crisis paid by Ireland" 2556:"REPORT OF THE ECONOMIC STATISTICS REVIEW GROUP" 1190: 643:, which had to be nationalised in January 2009. 308:From 1928 to 1979, the UK and Ireland were in a 3546:"Loan Origination QIAIFs-Central Bank Consults" 2501: 1622:The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks 1242:, out of Section 110 SPVs, and presumably into 796: 5944:Government agencies of the Republic of Ireland 4437: 3963: 3568:"Breaking Down the New U.S. Corporate Tax Law" 3562: 3203:. Council on Foreign Relations. 25 April 2018. 2893:"The green jersey merchants haven't gone away" 2220: 1414: 1300:, Ireland's economic data is distorted by the 5630: 5594:Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean 5399: 4973:Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment 4736: 4423: 4222: 3949: 3779: 3664:"Quarterly Statistical Release November 2017" 3383:. Central Statistics Office. 4 February 2017. 3299: 2726:. House of the Oireachtas. 23 November 2017. 2724:"Dáil Éireann debate - Thursday, 23 Nov 2017" 2674:. Moyvane.com. 1 January 2002. Archived from 2578:. Central Statistics Office. 4 February 2017. 879:The Governor of the Bank is appointed by the 830:Central Bank of Ireland headquarters building 682:Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority 395:The EMS and movement toward a single currency 280:) and British coins remained in circulation. 18:Not to be confused with the commercial bank, 5604:Central banks and currencies of the Americas 5589:Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific 3397:. Council on Foreign Relations. 11 May 2018. 1788:"More euro in circulation than Irish pounds" 1500: 5994:Financial regulatory authorities of Ireland 3720:. Irish Fiscal Advisory Council. June 2014. 3703:. Irish Fiscal Advisory Council. June 2017. 3686:. Irish Fiscal Advisory Council. June 2017. 3339:. IMF Finance & Development. June 2018. 3217:; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). 2561:. Central Statistics Office. December 2016. 1748:. Central Banking Newsdesk. 17 January 2017 1463: 433:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 309: 5637: 5623: 5406: 5392: 4743: 4729: 4430: 4416: 4320:Defunct banks & financial institutions 4229: 4215: 3956: 3942: 3786: 3772: 1495:Irish Fiscal Advisory Council § Focus 1488: 1364:who are U.S.–controlled). Eurostat (2015). 1322:EU tax-investigation into Apple in Ireland 1253: 567: 44: 35: 3669:. Central Bank of Ireland. November 2017. 3548:. Dillon Eustace Law Firm. 14 July 2014. 3102:. Dillon Eustace Law Firm. February 2018. 2840:. Courts News Ireland. 10 February 2016. 2762: 2760: 1614: 1612: 1207: 453:Learn how and when to remove this message 5561:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 4939:Strategic Banking Corporation of Ireland 2745: 2743: 2270:"Report critical of Financial Regulator" 1468: 1418: 1348: 1271: 1222:In 2017, it was shown that brochures of 1129: 870: 823: 571: 391:limit inflationary effects from abroad. 5247:Irish Co-operative Organisation Society 5242:Irish Agricultural Organisation Society 3195: 3193: 3142: 2621:"Central Bank Archive | Home page" 2378:"Regulator lacking top-level graduates" 2168: 1766: 1618: 1134:In 2016, former Irish Finance Minister 5926: 5599:Central banks and currencies of Europe 5584:Central banks and currencies of Africa 5434:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 4750: 3715:"Future Implications of the Debt Rule" 3638: 3307:. IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute, 3295: 3293: 3291: 2781:from the original on 10 December 2022. 2766: 2757: 2716: 2297:"Ahern admits to part in Irish crisis" 2294: 2046:"Ahern admits to part in Irish crisis" 2021: 1995: 1609: 1320:BEPS tool, as agreed under an ongoing 1316:" affair when Apple re-structured its 1174: 736: 625:Economic and Social Research Institute 5618: 5551:International Development Association 5387: 4724: 4411: 4210: 3937: 3767: 3242:. Wall Street Journal. 10 June 2018. 3232: 2866: 2740: 1964: 1720:"Central Bank of Ireland, Contact Us" 1146:" when told of a new Irish corporate 6004:European Single Resolution Mechanism 3434: 3401: 3329: 3315: 3223:National Bureau of Economic Research 3190: 3017: 2981: 2964: 2942: 2816: 2802: 2573:"ESRG Presentation and CSO Response" 1558:Banknotes of the Republic of Ireland 1433:handful of major U.S. multinationals 1150:tax tool to replace the prohibited “ 1082: 431:adding citations to reliable sources 398: 231:to a fully functional central bank. 5222:Aurivo Co-operative Society Limited 3556: 3442:"National debt now €44000 per head" 3288: 3249: 3207: 3053: 2696: 2593:"Leprechaun-proofing economic data" 2328:. 20 September 2009. Archived from 1823:. Irish Examiner. 12 February 2015. 1661:. Irishstatutebook.ie. 28 July 1971 819: 700:the Regulator by the Central Bank. 532: 13: 5429:Bank for International Settlements 5039:Regions by Human Development Index 3516:. Stephen Donnelly. November 2016. 3266: 2826:. Irish Independent. 15 July 2017. 1568:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 805:to the public in 2017 operating a 14: 6015: 5556:International Finance Corporation 5413: 3727: 3514:"Commercial office bubble rising" 3444:. Irish Independent. 7 July 2017. 2497:. thejournal.ie. 4 November 2014. 2221:Brian O’Mahony (8 October 2009). 5974:Financial regulatory authorities 5949:European System of Central Banks 5875: 5866: 5865: 5848:European System of Central Banks 5653: 5368: 5367: 4705: 4704: 4238:Banks of the Republic of Ireland 3794:Irish State and Public buildings 3733: 3707: 3690: 3673: 3656: 3496:"The commercial property bubble" 3395:"Ireland Exports its Leprechaun" 3219:"The Missing Profits of Nations" 2767:Boland, Vincent (10 July 2017). 2644: 2295:Murray, John (15 October 2009). 2169:McBride, Louise (1 April 2007). 2152:"How to start a bank in Ireland" 2022:Curran, Richard (26 July 2009). 1996:Keenan, Brendan (23 July 2009). 1940:"John Hurley: Last of the breed" 1627:Technische Universität Darmstadt 1578:Irish modified GNI (or GNI star) 1542: 1087: 403: 351:remained the government's banker 236:Central Bank of Ireland building 212:. It is also the country's main 4469:Bank of the Republic (Colombia) 3620: 3602: 3584: 3538: 3520: 3506: 3488: 3470: 3448: 3387: 3373: 3359:"Who shifts profits to Ireland" 3343: 3168: 3124: 3106: 3089: 3071: 3035: 2999: 2925: 2907: 2885: 2848: 2830: 2690: 2664: 2638: 2613: 2599: 2565: 2548: 2522: 2487: 2461: 2436: 2426: 2396: 2370: 2344: 2314: 2288: 2262: 2240: 2214: 2188: 2162: 2144: 2134:"Our Approach to Authorisation" 2126: 2100: 2082: 2064: 2038: 2015: 1989: 1958: 1932: 1923: 1899: 1881: 1863: 1845: 1827: 1813: 1802: 208:from 1943 to 1998, issuing the 5979:1943 establishments in Ireland 5460:Contractionary monetary policy 4372:Leeds Building Society Ireland 4268:The Big Three commercial banks 3300:Heike Joebges (January 2017). 3225:, Working Papers. p. 31. 1780: 1760: 1734: 1712: 1686: 1673: 1651: 1633: 1501:§ Distorted economic data 1483:major U.S. corporate tax haven 1375:Modified gross national income 1288:(Council on Foreign Relations) 1260:Modified gross national income 1113:and remove irrelevant content. 853:regulatory policy development; 765:affair, on the request of the 610:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 294:, a new unit of currency, the 214:financial regulatory authority 1: 5757:Oesterreichische Nationalbank 5330:Banknotes of Northern Ireland 4616:Oesterreichische Nationalbank 4171:Banknotes of Northern Ireland 3355:Irish Fiscal Advisory Council 3259:. Irish Times. 13 June 2018. 1603: 1583:Irish Fiscal Advisory Council 1522:Irish Fiscal Advisory Council 1479:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 1464:§ Light-touch regulation 1310:GDP-per-capita and tax havens 1191:Mortgage controls post crisis 1111:relocate relevant information 1078: 761:In response to the July 2016 676:Financial Regulator (Ireland) 196:) is the Irish member of the 5999:European Banking Supervision 5465:Expansionary monetary policy 4808:Companies on Euronext Dublin 4479:Central Reserve Bank of Peru 3903:The Old Custom House, Dublin 3227:Appendix Table 2: Tax Havens 2812:. Irish Times. 15 July 2017. 2595:. RTE News. 4 February 2017. 1456:European Systemic Risk Board 1391:Council on Foreign Relations 1342:Council on Foreign Relations 1286:Brad Setser & Cole Frank 1106:on an aspect of the subject. 866: 850:supervision and enforcement; 832:on Dame Street, Dublin City. 801:The Central Bank opened its 797:Historical archives and data 781:, leading academics and the 748:European Banking Supervision 218:European Banking Supervision 7: 5531:International Monetary Fund 5305:Post-2008 economic downturn 4772:Economy of Northern Ireland 4692:Reserve Bank of New Zealand 4510:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 2938:. Revenue Commission. 2017. 2471:. Herald.ie. Archived from 1965:White, Dan (15 July 2009). 1809:Figure 3. Irish yield curve 1790:. RTÉ News. 11 January 2002 1696:. Archiseek. Archived from 1535: 1415:Commercial property bubbles 1354:Dominance of U.S. companies 500:European Economic Community 475:European Economic Community 267:On the independence of the 10: 6020: 5742:Central Bank of Luxembourg 5000:Department for the Economy 4930:Ireland state owned Banks: 4601:Central Bank of Luxembourg 3964:Irish currency and coinage 3420:. March 2018. p. 34. 1679:Previously the commercial 1492: 1257: 1211: 673: 607: 373: 257: 17: 5964:Banks established in 1943 5861: 5831: 5785: 5767:National Bank of Slovakia 5663: 5571: 5519: 5478: 5447: 5439:Financial Stability Board 5421: 5363: 5290: 5214: 5126: 5078: 5047: 5031: 5015: 4955: 4886: 4836: 4780: 4762: 4700: 4687:Reserve Bank of Australia 4679: 4626:National Bank of Slovakia 4523: 4487: 4459:Central Bank of Argentina 4446: 4319: 4293: 4267: 4244: 4163: 4130: 4075: 4014: 4005: 3969: 3885: 3842:General Post Office (GPO) 3799: 2858:. Reuters. 29 July 2016. 1767:Honohan, Patrick (1994). 1722:. Central Bank of Ireland 1431:", and its exposure to a 767:Central Statistics Office 194:Banc Ceannais na hÉireann 171: 157: 137: 129: 120:Central bank of 119: 108: 97: 79: 52: 43: 34: 30:Banc Ceannais na hÉireann 5853:European Investment Bank 5818:National Bank of Romania 5682:National Bank of Belgium 5310:Post-2008 banking crisis 5032:Development demographics 4666:National Bank of Romania 4536:National Bank of Belgium 3410:OECD Ireland Survey 2018 2993:The Sunday Business Post 2175:The Sunday Business Post 2108:"Mad as hell at Ireland" 1875:The Sunday Business Post 1659:"Central Bank Act, 1971" 483:European Monetary System 5934:Central Bank of Ireland 5813:National Bank of Poland 5808:Hungarian National Bank 5793:Bulgarian National Bank 5722:Central Bank of Ireland 5005:Invest Northern Ireland 4837:Currency & taxation 4661:National Bank of Poland 4656:Hungarian National Bank 4641:Bulgarian National Bank 4581:Central Bank of Ireland 4377:Nationwide UK (Ireland) 4258:Central Bank of Ireland 3918:Under Secretary's Lodge 3908:Chief Secretary's Lodge 3852:Green Street Courthouse 3812:Central Bank of Ireland 3755:Central Bank of Ireland 3740:Central Bank of Ireland 3573:Harvard Business Review 3363:University College Cork 3361:. Economic Incentives, 3325:. Quartz. 11 June 2018. 2753:. IMF. 23 October 2015. 2625:archives.centralbank.ie 1645:ECB Banking Supervision 1489:Control of total credit 1427:Ireland's status as a " 1371:tax haven credit cycles 1358:Gross Operating Surplus 1254:Distorted economic data 1144:put on the green jersey 791:Report Site of the ESRG 741:On 4 November 2014 the 568:Domestic banking crisis 551:Constitution of Ireland 335:Central Bank of Ireland 290:Under the terms of the 283:Under the terms of the 186:Central Bank of Ireland 133:0.74 billion USD (2017) 28:Central Bank of Ireland 5692:Central Bank of Cyprus 5687:Croatian National Bank 4546:Central Bank of Cyprus 4541:Croatian National Bank 4515:Central Bank of Turkey 2958:Trinity College Dublin 2026:. Sunday Business Post 1641:"National supervisors" 1593:Ireland as a tax haven 1474: 1424: 1396: 1365: 1347: 1289: 1208:Light-touch regulation 1155: 876: 833: 605: 488:European Currency Unit 310: 193: 115:(since September 2019) 85:; 81 years ago 5939:Regulation in Ireland 5843:European Central Bank 5803:Danmarks Nationalbank 5752:De Nederlandsche Bank 5747:Central Bank of Malta 5579:List of central banks 5511:Sovereign wealth fund 5506:Open market operation 5335:Anglo-Irish trade war 4651:Danmarks Nationalbank 4611:De Nederlandsche Bank 4606:Central Bank of Malta 4531:European Central Bank 4254:European Central Bank 3484:T.D. 6 November 2016. 3309:Hans-Böckler-Stiftung 3282:University of Chicago 2382:The Irish Independent 2356:The Irish Independent 2326:The Irish Independent 2200:The Irish Independent 2112:The Irish Independent 1619:Weidner, Jan (2017). 1598:List of central banks 1514:Debt–based BEPS tools 1472: 1422: 1379: 1352: 1330: 1275: 1133: 889:Government of Ireland 885:constitutional advice 874: 827: 783:Department of Finance 743:European Central Bank 576:Ireland bond prices, 575: 374:Further information: 327:Central Bank Act 1942 234:Its head office, the 225:Government of Ireland 152:(Government's banker) 5325:Banknotes of Ireland 4988:Croke Park Agreement 4968:Minister for Finance 3997:Minister for Finance 3847:Government Buildings 3742:at Wikimedia Commons 3566:(26 December 2017). 3179:(13 February 2015). 3160:. 11 November 2015. 3067:. 30 September 2016. 1841:. 23 September 2015. 1314:leprechaun economics 1264:Leprechaun economics 966:Charles Henry Murray 881:President of Ireland 847:consumer protection; 844:financial stability; 763:leprechaun economics 729:Sunday Business Post 719:financial regulation 578:Inverted yield curve 427:improve this section 383:Bretton Woods system 83:1 February 1943 5906: / 5798:Czech National Bank 5697:Deutsche Bundesbank 5455:Capital requirement 4859:Currency Commission 4646:Czech National Bank 4551:Deutsche Bundesbank 4067:Barnyard Collection 3992:Currency Commission 3502:. 24 November 2016. 3462:. 6 November 2016. 3274:Dhammika Dharmapala 3158:Tax Justice Network 2475:on 4 September 2012 2140:on 10 January 2011. 2090:"Continental shift" 1977:on 4 September 2012 1859:. 11 February 2015. 1647:. 29 December 2022. 1588:Green Jersey Agenda 1510:IP–based BEPS tools 1324:, into a new Irish 1282:corporate inversion 1181:green jersey agenda 1175:Green jersey agenda 1100:a different subject 924:James J. McElligott 737:Post crisis reforms 664:European Parliament 652:Financial Regulator 331:Currency Commission 142:Currency Commission 31: 5910:53.3477°N 6.2349°W 4983:July Jobs Stimulus 4919:Allied Irish Banks 4828:Supermarket chains 4767:Economy of Ireland 3807:Áras an Uachtaráin 3534:. 6 November 2016. 2798:. 16 January 2013. 2518:. 28 January 2015. 2096:. 4 November 2010. 1893:The Irish Examiner 1877:. 11 October 2015. 1746:centralbanking.com 1700:on 1 December 2010 1475: 1425: 1366: 1356:: Irish corporate 1290: 1250:" by tax-experts. 1156: 980:Tomás F. Ó Cofaigh 877: 834: 606: 591: 10 year bond 585: 15 year bond 299:(Free State Pound) 202:monetary authority 145:(currency control) 59:New Wapping Street 27: 5889: 5888: 5823:Sveriges Riksbank 5762:Banco de Portugal 5737:Bank of Lithuania 5675: 5612: 5611: 5381: 5380: 5237:Dublin Food Co-op 5102:Business schools 4823:Restaurant chains 4793:Largest companies 4718: 4717: 4671:Sveriges Riksbank 4621:Banco de Portugal 4596:Bank of Lithuania 4405: 4404: 4204: 4203: 4126: 4125: 3931: 3930: 3872:Registry of Deeds 3738:Media related to 3650:Irish Independent 3632:Irish Independent 3532:Irish Independent 3460:Irish Independent 3427:978-92-64-29177-5 3085:. 28 August 2016. 2276:. 14 October 2009 2114:. 22 January 2011 2052:. 15 October 2009 2002:Irish Independent 1944:Irish Independent 1128: 1127: 1076: 1075: 1008:Maurice O'Connell 620:Allied Irish Bank 603: 3 year bond 597: 5 year bond 547:Maastricht Treaty 524:Margaret Thatcher 463: 462: 455: 292:Currency Act 1927 238:, was located on 200:and had been the 182: 181: 153: 146: 6011: 5984:Dublin Docklands 5959:Banks of Ireland 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5915:53.3477; -6.2349 5911: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5879: 5869: 5868: 5786:Outside Eurozone 5772:Bank of Slovenia 5712:Banque de France 5670:(Members of the 5669: 5658: 5657: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5536:World Bank Group 5408: 5401: 5394: 5385: 5384: 5371: 5370: 5257:Londis (Ireland) 5252:Lakeland Dairies 4995:Northern Ireland 4909:First Trust Bank 4871:Northern Ireland 4745: 4738: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4708: 4707: 4631:Bank of Slovenia 4571:Banque de France 4432: 4425: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4387:Rabobank Ireland 4367:KBC Bank Ireland 4362:Irish Nationwide 4332:Anglo Irish Bank 4231: 4224: 4217: 4208: 4207: 4191:Irish euro coins 4176:Coins of Ireland 4155:Ploughman series 4012: 4011: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3913:Parliament House 3898:Chichester House 3817:Collins Barracks 3788: 3781: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3751: 3750: 3748:Official website 3737: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3634:. 16 April 2016. 3624: 3618: 3617: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551:pro-cyclicality. 3542: 3536: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3482:Stephen Donnelly 3474: 3468: 3467: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3415: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3357:(18 June 2018). 3347: 3341: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3297: 3286: 3285: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3154:Nicholas Shaxson 3146: 3140: 3139: 3136:Nicholas Shaxson 3128: 3122: 3121: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2955: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2899:. 11 July 2016. 2889: 2883: 2882: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2772: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2609:. 1 August 2017. 2603: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2536:. 8 January 2016 2526: 2520: 2519: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2332:on 3 August 2012 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2202:. 7 October 2009 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2154:. Archived from 2148: 2142: 2141: 2136:. Archived from 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2024:"The inquisitor" 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1973:. Archived from 1962: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1946:. 3 October 2009 1936: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1857:Breaking News.ie 1849: 1843: 1842: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1690: 1684: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1616: 1563:Coins of Ireland 1552: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1394: 1345: 1340:and Cole Frank, 1326:CAIA arrangement 1138:, told an Irish 1123: 1120: 1114: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1069: 1064:Gabriel Makhlouf 1055: 1041: 1027: 1013: 999: 994:Maurice F. Doyle 985: 971: 957: 943: 938:Maurice Moynihan 929: 915: 901: 894: 893: 841:price stability; 820:Responsibilities 641:Anglo Irish Bank 602: 596: 590: 584: 560:(Irish Mint) in 533:Towards the Euro 510:(or Punt in the 467:European Council 458: 451: 447: 444: 438: 407: 399: 386:money market in 313: 285:Coinage Act 1926 269:Irish Free State 250:(Irish Mint) at 167: 164: 151: 144: 113:Gabriel Makhlouf 93: 91: 86: 48: 39: 32: 26: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6008: 5989:Primary dealers 5924: 5923: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5885: 5857: 5835:EU institutions 5833: 5832:Banking-related 5827: 5781: 5707:Bank of Finland 5702:Bank of Estonia 5668: 5659: 5652: 5643: 5613: 5608: 5567: 5522: 5515: 5486:Capital control 5474: 5443: 5417: 5412: 5382: 5377: 5359: 5286: 5277:The Urban Co-op 5210: 5122: 5080: 5074: 5060:Belfast economy 5043: 5027: 5011: 4951: 4899:Bank of Ireland 4882: 4854:Currency Centre 4832: 4776: 4758: 4749: 4719: 4714: 4696: 4675: 4566:Bank of Finland 4561:Bank of England 4556:Bank of Estonia 4519: 4483: 4454:Federal Reserve 4442: 4436: 4406: 4401: 4347:Halifax Ireland 4315: 4289: 4280:Bank of Ireland 4263: 4240: 4235: 4205: 4200: 4159: 4122: 4071: 4001: 3987:Currency Centre 3965: 3962: 3932: 3927: 3881: 3877:Steward's Lodge 3795: 3792: 3746: 3745: 3730: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3616:. 7 March 2017. 3614:The Irish Times 3608: 3607: 3603: 3596:The Irish Times 3590: 3589: 3585: 3561: 3557: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3304: 3298: 3289: 3271: 3267: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3183:. Irish Times. 3173: 3169: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3120:. 28 June 2018. 3118:The Irish Times 3112: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3083:The Irish Times 3077: 3076: 3072: 3065:The Irish Times 3059: 3058: 3054: 3047:The Irish Times 3041: 3040: 3036: 3029:The Irish Times 3023: 3022: 3018: 3013:. 4 March 2018. 3011:The Irish Times 3005: 3004: 3000: 2995:. 4 March 2018. 2987: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2921:. 5 March 2018. 2919:The Irish Times 2913: 2912: 2908: 2897:The Irish Times 2891: 2890: 2886: 2879:The Irish Times 2873: 2871: 2867: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2775:Financial Times 2765: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2703:The Irish Times 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2678:on 5 March 2010 2670: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2651:The Irish Times 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2534:The Irish Times 2528: 2527: 2523: 2516:The Irish Times 2510: 2509: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2414:on 19 July 2011 2402: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2384:. 18 April 2010 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2358:. 15 April 2010 2350: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2301:Financial Times 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2274:The Irish Times 2268: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2167: 2163: 2158:on 4 June 2009. 2150: 2149: 2145: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2078:. 11 June 2015. 2076:The Irish Times 2070: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2050:Financial Times 2044: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1895:. 11 June 2015. 1887: 1886: 1882: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1839:The Irish Times 1833: 1832: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1681:Bank of Ireland 1678: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1617: 1610: 1606: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1497: 1491: 1429:major tax haven 1417: 1412: 1395: 1385: 1346: 1336: 1294:major tax haven 1287: 1285: 1270: 1256: 1220: 1210: 1193: 1185:European troika 1177: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1108: 1092: 1088: 1081: 1067: 1066: 1053: 1052: 1039: 1038: 1036:Patrick Honohan 1025: 1024: 1011: 1010: 997: 996: 983: 982: 969: 968: 955: 954: 941: 940: 927: 926: 913: 912: 904:Term of office 899: 898: 869: 822: 799: 739: 678: 672: 637:Lehman Brothers 612: 604: 600: 598: 594: 592: 588: 586: 582: 570: 558:Currency Centre 535: 459: 448: 442: 439: 424: 408: 397: 378: 372: 349:Bank of Ireland 323: 274:Bank of England 265: 260: 248:Currency Centre 244:North Wall Quay 177: 174:Bank of Ireland 161: 149:Bank of Ireland 147: 103:state ownership 89: 87: 84: 75: 63:North Wall Quay 29: 23: 20:Bank of Ireland 12: 11: 5: 6017: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5881:European Union 5873: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5732:Bank of Latvia 5729: 5724: 5719: 5717:Bank of Greece 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5661: 5660: 5650:European Union 5642: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5501:Money creation 5498: 5496:Interest rates 5493: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5479:Implementation 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5098:Businesspeople 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5055:Dublin economy 5051: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5023:United Ireland 5019: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4876:Pound sterling 4868: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4748: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4591:Bank of Latvia 4588: 4583: 4578: 4576:Bank of Greece 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4500:Bank of Israel 4497: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4474:Bank of Mexico 4471: 4466: 4464:Bank of Canada 4461: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4435: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4397:Sinn Féin Bank 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4250: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4234: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4196:Percy Metcalfe 4193: 4188: 4186:Euro banknotes 4183: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4018: 4016: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3857:Leinster House 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3729: 3728:External links 3726: 3724: 3723: 3706: 3689: 3672: 3655: 3652:. 7 July 2017. 3637: 3619: 3601: 3598:. 4 June 2015. 3583: 3564:Mihir A. Desai 3555: 3537: 3519: 3505: 3487: 3469: 3447: 3433: 3426: 3400: 3386: 3372: 3342: 3328: 3314: 3287: 3265: 3248: 3231: 3215:Gabriel Zucman 3206: 3189: 3167: 3141: 3123: 3105: 3088: 3070: 3052: 3049:. 10 May 2017. 3034: 3031:. 10 May 2017. 3016: 2998: 2980: 2963: 2941: 2924: 2906: 2884: 2881:. 9 June 2016. 2865: 2847: 2829: 2815: 2801: 2784: 2756: 2739: 2733:Michael Noonan 2729:Pearse Doherty 2715: 2697:Brennan, Joe. 2689: 2663: 2637: 2612: 2598: 2581: 2564: 2547: 2521: 2500: 2486: 2460: 2448:Independent.ie 2435: 2425: 2408:Press Releases 2395: 2369: 2343: 2313: 2287: 2261: 2239: 2227:Irish Examiner 2213: 2187: 2161: 2143: 2125: 2099: 2081: 2063: 2037: 2014: 1988: 1971:Evening Herald 1957: 1931: 1922: 1898: 1880: 1862: 1844: 1826: 1812: 1801: 1779: 1759: 1733: 1711: 1685: 1672: 1650: 1632: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1537: 1534: 1490: 1487: 1452:banking crisis 1416: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1383: 1362:tax inversions 1334: 1306:GDP-per-capita 1255: 1252: 1248:captured state 1209: 1206: 1192: 1189: 1176: 1173: 1164:banking crisis 1160:banking crisis 1136:Michael Noonan 1126: 1125: 1098:may relate to 1095: 1093: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1050:Philip R. Lane 1046: 1045: 1042: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1004: 1003: 1000: 990: 989: 986: 976: 975: 972: 962: 961: 958: 952:T. K. Whitaker 948: 947: 944: 934: 933: 930: 920: 919: 916: 910:Joseph Brennan 906: 905: 902: 868: 865: 864: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 821: 818: 798: 795: 738: 735: 674:Main article: 671: 668: 608:Main article: 599: 593: 587: 581: 569: 566: 534: 531: 512:Irish language 461: 460: 411: 409: 402: 396: 393: 371: 368: 359: 358: 355: 352: 345: 342: 322: 319: 315:currency union 303:Pound Sterling 296:Saorstát Pound 264: 261: 259: 256: 229:currency board 180: 179: 169: 168: 159: 155: 154: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 110: 106: 105: 99: 95: 94: 81: 77: 76: 74: 73: 70: 65: 60: 56: 54: 50: 49: 41: 40: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6016: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:Central banks 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5922: 5919: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5871:Central banks 5864: 5863: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5777:Bank of Spain 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Bank of Italy 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5646:Central banks 5640: 5635: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5521:Bretton Woods 5518: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Discount rate 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5470:Basel Accords 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5415:Central banks 5409: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5374: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215:Co-operatives 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4945: 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May 2013. 2708:2 September 2540:27 December 1573:Irish pound 1530:IDA Ireland 1387:Brad Setser 1338:Brad Setser 1328:BEPS tool. 1022:John Hurley 1012:(1936–2019) 998:(1932–2009) 984:(1921–2015) 970:(1917–2008) 956:(1916–2017) 942:(1902–1999) 928:(1890–1974) 914:(1887–1963) 828:The former 811:finding aid 508:Irish pound 469:meeting in 376:Decimal Day 240:Dame Street 210:Irish pound 163:centralbank 138:Preceded by 80:Established 5954:Eurosystem 5928:Categories 5898:53°20′52″N 5672:Eurosystem 5345:Loan funds 5272:Quay Co-op 5186:Healthcare 5113:Demography 5081:and labour 4947:Insolvency 4818:Newspapers 4342:Depfa Bank 4098:Five pence 4057:Half crown 4037:Threepence 3175:Professor 1752:18 January 1625:(Thesis). 1604:References 1493:See also: 1298:tax havens 1258:See also: 1212:See also: 1195:The Irish 1079:Criticisms 1058:2015–2019 1044:2009–2015 1030:2002–2009 1016:1994–2002 1002:1987–1994 988:1981–1987 974:1976–1981 960:1969–1976 946:1960–1969 932:1953–1960 918:1943–1953 471:Copenhagen 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