306:
Sharma, one by Ghosh and one produced by the Andhra committee of the party. COC, CPI(ML) lacked a unifying theoretical analysis. Rather the members of the party leadership were united by rejection of the two other main lines of the Naxal movement at the time, i.e. those of
Mahadev Mukherjee and Satyanarayan Singh. COC, CPI(ML) disagreed with continuation of Majumdar's line without any modifications (i.e. Mukherjee's position), but it could not digest the programme of Singh calling for economic struggles, mass organisations, united fronts, forest base areas and an outright rejection of the annihilation line.
180:, Sham Chopra and Ram Nath. The Sharma-led group constituted COC, CPI(ML) as a separate party in February 1974, after having established contacts with a number of state committees. COC, CPI(ML) gathered Sharma's group in Punjab, the Andhra Pradesh Committee, Suniti Kumar Ghosh from West Bengal and some party cadres from Uttar Pradesh. COC, CPI(ML) published an organ called
309:
In
October 1975 the three documents were withdrawn and 'Road to Revolution' was adopted as a compromise measure. 'Road to Revolution' argued that the principal contradiction in Indian context stood between feudalism and the broad masses of the people. It argued in favour of armed struggle, but stated
175:
but soon developed differences with the other main leader of the faction, Mahadev
Mukherjee. Sharma began to distance himself from Majumdar's line of annihilation of class enemies and the original CPI(ML) slogan 'China's chairman is our Chairman'. Mukherjee declared Sharma expelled from the party. In
283:
group in Kerala. In
Kashmir the group of R.P. Saraf agreed to join COC, CPI(ML) but rejected the notion of a centralised party at this stage. Rather Saraf demanded that COC, CPI(ML) would solely function as a coordination body for the time being. Likewise the Uttar Pradesh committee asked that COC,
235:
COC, CPI(ML) organised peasants and seized some 1,000 acres. The
Dharmavaram struggle came to an abrupt end when the leader of the movement, Sriramulu, and a number of peasants were killed by landlords. COC, CPI(ML) claimed a role in industrial strikes in Nizamabad Cement Factory, Usha Engineering
305:
COC, CPI(ML) suffered a protracted organisational crisis from the onset of the founding of the party. It failed to re-unite the communist revolutionary movement and formulate a common ideological line for the party. Rather, there were three separate documents issued by different groups, one by
296:
COC, CPI(ML) participated in a meeting organised by
Satyanarayan Singh's CPI(ML). The Unity Committee and UCCRI(ML) also participated. The meeting issued a declaration calling for the formation of an 'anti-fascist united front'. However, the united front never materialised as COC, CPI(ML) and
350:, calling for the unconditional release of 12 000 revolutionary prisoners and restoration of civil liberties. During the anti-Emergency struggle, the Janata Party had promised to release political prisoners. Once in power however, they had back-tracked on that promise.
338:, many political detainees arrested under the Emergency were released. Naxal prisoners, however, did not benefit from this move. On April 9, 1977, Suniti Kumar Ghosh of COC, CPI(ML), Satyanaranyan Singh of CC, CPI(ML), Khokan Majumder of
184:. COC, CPI(ML) sought to unite all groups that had been part of CPI(ML) by the time Majumdar had died in 1972, reaffirming that Majumdar's party was the sole true CPI(ML) (thereby rejecting Satyanaryan Singh's break-away
215:
a squad led by
Kotagiri Venkati was particularly active, conducting nearly 30 robberies in 1974 and a similar number in 1975. The squad disintegrated after the killing of Venkati on June 25, 1976, in Mupparam,
313:
The 'Road to
Revolution' failed to resolve the political crisis in COC, CPI(ML). The Andhra and Bihar committees of COC, CPI(ML) continued to adhere to the line of annihilation of class enemies. Nevertheless,
185:
207:
Whilst the squads of the original CPI(ML) had been virtually dismantled by
January 1974, COC, CPI(ML) reorganised squad actions 1974–1976. COC, CPI(ML) squad activities were largely limited to
264:
172:
54:
284:
CPI(ML) should be open to all
Maoists. Thus COC, CPI(ML) did not agree with the suggestions from Saraf and the UP committee, and these two groups opted not to join the party.
323:
339:
385:
147:. Failing to articulate a common ideological position, COC, CPI(ML) soon suffered internal divisions and splits. Two of the splinter groups of COC, CPI(ML) in
204:. The Andhra committee had five active armed squads and a number of district-level party committees. The squads continued to carry out annihilation actions.
358:
In 1977 a faction led by Ram Nath, gathering the majorities in the Delhi, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh committees of COC, CPI(ML), broke away and formed the
252:(Kandakura area), all ended with limited concessions from landlords. The Andhra committee also began organising some mass organisations such as the
144:
271:
served as the RWA president. RWA members toured Andhra Pradesh and organised mass meetings, accompanied by musical teams from Jana Natya Mandali.
136:
864:
322:
elections. As of 1976 the Andhra committee broke away from COC, CPI(ML). Kondapalli Seetharamaiah would later merge his faction to create the
167:
member of the original CPI(ML), Jagjit Singh Sohal ("Sharma"), began to distance himself from the line of the late CPI(ML) general secretary
369:
group. In 1979 what remained of Sharma's COC, CPI(ML) suffered yet another split, as some party leaders in Punjab rejected his support for
359:
223:
In some parts of Andhra Pradesh COC, CPI(ML) mobilised agitations against landlords and moneylenders. COC, CPI(ML) sought to mobilise the
859:
231:
forest, although this effort was unsuccessful as no organisation was built amongst the local population. In Dharmavaram taluq,
854:
832:
776:
703:
676:
643:
581:
515:
441:
310:
that mass organisation struggles were also valid and that methods of struggle would be determined from local dynamics.
104:
808:
749:
152:
362:. Suniti Kumar Ghosh broke away from COC, CPI(ML) and continued to run a small faction also named COC, CPI(ML).
549:
335:
74:
237:
197:
556:. Central Reorganization Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). pp. 137–138.
470:
196:
The strongest group that had joined COC, CPI(ML) was the Andhra committee under the leadership of
668:
635:
507:
163:
The emergence of COC, CPI(ML) began in 1973 as the erstwhile secretary of the Punjab branch and
263:
COC, CPI(ML) managed to obtain support from intellectuals, writers and poets, organised in the
253:
66:
822:
693:
431:
365:
The secretary of the Punjab committee of COC, CPI(ML), Sham Chopra, broke away and joined the
766:
553:
Towards a New Phase of Spring Thunder: Evaluation of the CPI(ML) in Its Historical Background
297:
UCCRI(ML) denounced the declaration. Soon thereafter COC, CPI(ML) started to disintegrate.
257:
8:
374:
661:
628:
500:
232:
177:
109:
550:
Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). Central Reorganization Committee (1982).
828:
804:
772:
745:
699:
672:
639:
577:
511:
437:
293:
249:
217:
164:
99:
268:
245:
79:
739:
720:
571:
551:
380:
In 1982 M. Appalasuri's COC, CPI(ML) faction merged with Bhowani Roy Chowdhury's
241:
128:
158:
212:
168:
148:
140:
741:
From left extremism to electoral politics: Naxalite participation in elections
848:
800:
465:
370:
366:
347:
315:
236:
and other locations. COC, CPI(ML) organised agricultural workers' strikes in
318:, one of three members of the Andhra committee, called for participation in
61:
33:
176:
October 1973 Sharma formed a new Central Committee consisting of himself,
381:
121:
Central Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
26:
Central Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
737:
796:
725:
343:
319:
208:
228:
300:
143:
group led by Mahadev Mukherjee and the anti-Majumdar group led by
224:
721:
Revolutionary Violence. A Study of the Maoist Movement in India
201:
55:
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee)
159:
Split between Mukherjee and Sharma, emergence of COC, CPI(ML)
132:
433:
Insurrection to Agitation: The Naxalite Movement in Punjab
139:. COC, CPI(ML) occupied a middle position between the pro-
691:
695:
Strategies for Countering Non State Actors in South Asia
324:
Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) People's War
731:
386:
Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Party Unity
135:, one of the main splinter factions of the original
824:
Countering Insurgencies in India: An Insider's View
738:Partha Nath Mukherji; Prafulla Chakrabarti (1983).
660:
627:
499:
329:
429:
287:
846:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
384:-based CPI(ML) Unity Organisation, forming the
301:'Road to Revolution' and splits in COC, CPI(ML)
279:Another group that joined COC, CPI(ML) was the
200:. As of 1974 the Andhra committee was based in
764:
692:Maj Gen PJS Sandhu (Retd) (14 December 2011).
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
569:
565:
563:
658:
625:
497:
171:. Sharma had emerged as the secretary of the
820:
814:
524:
425:
423:
421:
360:Communist League of India (Marxist-Leninist)
758:
652:
590:
560:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
137:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
471:Naxalism Today; At an Ideological Deadend
685:
353:
827:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 212.
728:: Sterling Publishers, 1977. p. xxv–xxvi
698:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 107.
476:
398:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
436:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 139–140.
847:
346:signed a memorandum to Prime Minister
865:Political parties established in 1974
771:. Taylor & Francis. p. 66.
765:Ranjit Bhushan (25 September 2015).
570:Ranjit Bhushan (25 September 2015).
450:
191:
151:are predecessors of the present-day
13:
860:Defunct communist parties in India
634:. Gian Publishing House. pp.
506:. Gian Publishing House. pp.
14:
876:
821:E M Rammohun (29 December 2011).
667:. Gian Publishing House. p.
265:Revolutionary Writers Association
153:Communist Party of India (Maoist)
785:
330:Appeal for release of prisoners
274:
173:pro-Majumdar faction of CPI(ML)
793:The Naxalite Movement in India
712:
288:Failed attempt at united front
1:
391:
855:1974 establishments in India
7:
10:
881:
430:Paramjit S. Judge (1992).
768:Maoism in India and Nepal
663:Maoists in Andhra Pradesh
630:Maoists in Andhra Pradesh
573:Maoism in India and Nepal
502:Maoists in Andhra Pradesh
95:
85:
73:
60:
50:
42:
32:
23:
576:. Taylor & Francis.
340:Unity Committee, CPI(ML)
292:In 1975, in response to
198:Kondapalli Seetharamaiah
744:. Manohar. p. 48.
336:1977 Lok Sabha election
16:Communist party faction
659:Shantha Sinha (1989).
626:Shantha Sinha (1989).
498:Shantha Sinha (1989).
354:Further disintegration
254:Radical Students Union
67:Radical Students Union
718:Mohanty, Manoranjan.
258:Radical Youth League
240:(Ankusapuram area),
375:Three Worlds Theory
342:and Apurba Roy of
238:Hyderabad district
233:Anantapur district
178:Suniti Kumar Ghosh
145:Satyanarayan Singh
834:978-93-81411-66-7
778:978-1-317-41232-8
705:978-93-82573-44-9
678:978-81-212-0252-7
645:978-81-212-0252-7
583:978-1-317-41232-8
517:978-81-212-0252-7
443:978-81-7154-527-8
373:in China and the
250:Nalgonda district
218:Warangal district
192:In Andhra Pradesh
165:Central Committee
118:
117:
105:Political parties
100:Politics of India
69:in Andhra Pradesh
872:
839:
838:
818:
812:
791:Singh, Prakash,
789:
783:
782:
762:
756:
755:
735:
729:
716:
710:
709:
689:
683:
682:
666:
656:
650:
649:
633:
623:
588:
587:
567:
558:
557:
547:
522:
521:
505:
495:
474:
463:
448:
447:
427:
246:Nellore district
80:Marxism-Leninism
21:
20:
880:
879:
875:
874:
873:
871:
870:
869:
845:
844:
843:
842:
835:
819:
815:
790:
786:
779:
763:
759:
752:
736:
732:
717:
713:
706:
690:
686:
679:
657:
653:
646:
624:
591:
584:
568:
561:
548:
525:
518:
496:
477:
464:
451:
444:
428:
399:
394:
356:
332:
303:
290:
277:
242:Ongole district
194:
161:
129:communist party
114:
51:Split from
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
878:
868:
867:
862:
857:
841:
840:
833:
813:
801:Rupa & Co.
784:
777:
757:
750:
730:
711:
704:
684:
677:
651:
644:
589:
582:
559:
523:
516:
475:
466:Karat, Prakash
449:
442:
396:
395:
393:
390:
355:
352:
331:
328:
302:
299:
289:
286:
276:
273:
227:population in
213:Medak district
193:
190:
169:Charu Majumdar
160:
157:
149:Andhra Pradesh
141:Charu Majumdar
116:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
64:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
36:
30:
29:
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
877:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
850:
836:
830:
826:
825:
817:
810:
809:81-7167-294-9
806:
802:
798:
794:
788:
780:
774:
770:
769:
761:
753:
751:9780836410969
747:
743:
742:
734:
727:
723:
722:
715:
707:
701:
697:
696:
688:
680:
674:
670:
665:
664:
655:
647:
641:
637:
632:
631:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
585:
579:
575:
574:
566:
564:
555:
554:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
519:
513:
509:
504:
503:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
473:
472:
467:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
445:
439:
435:
434:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
397:
389:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
371:Deng Xiaoping
368:
367:T. Nagi Reddy
363:
361:
351:
349:
348:Morarji Desai
345:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
317:
316:M. Appalasuri
311:
307:
298:
295:
294:the Emergency
285:
282:
272:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
189:
187:
183:
179:
174:
170:
166:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:(abbreviated
122:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
68:
65:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
46:February 1974
45:
41:
37:
35:
31:
22:
19:
823:
816:
792:
787:
767:
760:
740:
733:
719:
714:
694:
687:
662:
654:
629:
572:
552:
501:
469:
432:
379:
364:
357:
333:
312:
308:
304:
291:
280:
278:
275:Other states
262:
222:
206:
195:
181:
162:
125:COC, CPI(ML)
124:
120:
119:
89:
62:Student wing
18:
382:West Bengal
86:Publication
849:Categories
392:References
334:After the
182:Liberation
90:Liberation
811:, p. 129.
797:New Delhi
726:New Delhi
344:UCCRI(ML)
320:Lok Sabha
281:Mass Line
209:Telangana
110:Elections
803:, 1999,
229:Godavari
127:) was a
75:Ideology
269:Sri Sri
267:(RWA).
225:Adivasi
186:CPI(ML)
43:Founded
831:
807:
775:
748:
702:
675:
642:
638:–251.
580:
514:
510:–247.
440:
202:Nagpur
38:Sharma
34:Leader
211:. In
133:India
829:ISBN
805:ISBN
773:ISBN
746:ISBN
700:ISBN
673:ISBN
640:ISBN
578:ISBN
512:ISBN
438:ISBN
256:and
248:and
669:266
636:250
508:246
188:).
131:in
851::
799::
795:.
724:.
671:.
592:^
562:^
526:^
478:^
468:.
452:^
400:^
388:.
377:.
326:.
260:.
244:,
220:.
155:.
837:.
781:.
754:.
708:.
681:.
648:.
586:.
520:.
446:.
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