269:. In addition, cerebral angiography allows certain treatments to be performed immediately, based on its findings. In recent decades, cerebral angiography has so assumed a therapeutic connotation thanks to the elaboration of endovascular therapeutic techniques. Embolization (a minimally invasive surgical technique) over time has played an increasingly significant role in the multimodal treatment of cerebral MAVs, facilitating subsequent microsurgical or radiosurgical treatment. Another type of treatment possible by angiography (if the images reveal an aneurysm) is the introduction of metal coils through the catheter already in place and maneuvered to the site of aneurysm; over time these coils encourage formation of
131:
481:(RFA) is the preferred site of access. If RFA access is not optimal, then brachial artery access is chosen. Either a micropuncture system or an 18G access needle can be used with or without ultrasound guidance. There are four types of catheters that can be used: angled vertebral catheter for usual cases, Judkins right coronary catheter (Terumo) for tourtous vessels, Simmons's catheter and Mani's head hunter catheter (Terumo) for extremely tortous vessels. A 5Fr sheath is also placed within and flushed with heparinised saline to prevent clotting around the sheath. In terms of guidewire, Terumo hydrophilic Glidewire 0.035 inches can be used.
25:
611:(ICU) monitoring. The puncture should be immobilised (to prevent movement) for 24 hours post puncture. Neurological examination should be performed and new neurological deficit should be documented. Significant neurological changes should be evaluated with MRI scan or a repeat cerebral angiography to rule out acute stroke or vessel dissection. Painkiller should be administered if there is any puncture site pain.
511:. After the catheter is in position, guidewire is removed slowly with heparinised saline dripping into the catheter at the same time to prevent air embolism. Prior to contrast injection, backflow of the catheter should be established to ensure there is no wedging, dissection, or intracatheter clotting. During the catheterisation of
539:
of the main branches of the aortic arch. The catheter of choice to cannulate this area is pigtail catheter with multiple side holes. Contrast injection rate of 20 to 25ml/sec is given with total volume of 40 to 50 ml of contrast. The frame rate of fluoroscopy is 4 to 6 frames per second. The image is
594:
Any activation of primary collateral system (ACOM and PCOM arteries) or secondary collateral system (pial-pial and leptomeningeal-dural) in case of occlusion of internal carotid artery should also be documented. Leptomeningeal collaterals or pial collaterals are the small arterial connections that
1251:
Mouchtouris, Nikolaos; Al Saiegh, Fadi; Sweid, Ahmad; Amllay, Abdelaziz; Tjoumakaris, Stavropoula; Gooch, Reid; Rosenwasser, Robert; Jabbour, Pascal M. (November 2019). "Transradial Access for Newly Food and Drug
Administration–Approved Devices for Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms: A
623:
in 2.5% of the cases. There is also the risk of stroke with permanent neurological defect in 0.1% of the cases and may lead to death in 0.06%. Rarely, 0.3 to 1% of the cases experience cortical blindness from 3 minutes to 12 hours after the procedure. It is a condition where those affected
639:, atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, frequent transient ischemic attacks, age more than 55 years, and poorly controlled diabetes. Besides, longer procedures, increased in number of catheter exchanges, and the use of larger size of catheters also increases the risk of complications.
543:
To image the vessels of the neck such as common carotid, internal and external carotid arteries, AP, lateral, and 45 degrees bilateral oblique positions are taken. Contrast injection rate is 3 to 4 ml/sec with total volume of 7 to 9 ml. The frame rate of fluoroscopy is 3 to 4 frames/sec.
551:
should be superimposed at the mid or lower orbits when taking the AP/Towne's view. Contrast injection rate is 6 to 7 ml/sec with total volume of contrast at 10 ml. The frame rate of fluoroscopy is 2 to 4 frames/sec. Neck extension can help to navigate into tortous cerival part of the
387:(MRA) has been used widely in evaluation of intracranial disease, cerebral angiography provides higher resolution on the conditions of blood vessel lumens and vasculature. Cerebral angiography is also the standard of detecting intracranial aneurysm and evaluating the feasibility of
582:
To image the posterior circulation, such as vertebral and basilar arteries, AP, Towne's view, lateral projections near the back of the head and upper part of the neck is taken. In this case, petrous bone should be projected at the bottom or below the orbits to visualise the
576:(ACOM), and MCA bifurcations. Lateral view is useful to visualise the PCOM while submentovertical view is useful to project ACOM above the nasal cavity, thus making it easier to access the anatomy of ACOM. Transorbital oblique view is useful to access the MCA anatomy.
559:
At the level of carotid bifurcation, AP and oblique images are taken. At the cavernous (C4) and ophthalmic segments (C6) of the internal carotid artery, Caldwell and lateral views are taken. At the supraclinoid segment (C5-clinoid, C6-ophthalmic, and C7-bifurcation to
300:
assessment tool is nowadays obsolete as modern non-invasive diagnostic methods are available to image many kinds of primary intracranial abnormalities directly. It is still widely used however for evaluating various types of vascular pathologies within the skull.
672:, which was replaced by the current method of threading a catheter from a distant artery due to common complications caused by trauma to the artery at the puncture site in the neck (particularly hematomas of the neck, with possible compromission of the airway).
469:
can be used if the subject is restless or painful. The subject is then lie down on supine position with arm at the sides. Uncooperative subjects may have their forehead tapped to reduce motion. The subject is advised to stay as still as possible especially when
1322:
Takata M, Fukuda H, Kinosada M, Miyake K, Murao K (September 2017). "Use of Simple Neck
Extension to Improve Guiding Catheter Accessibility in Tortuous Cervical Internal Carotid Artery for Endovascular Embolization of Intracranial Aneurysm: A Technical Note".
402:
Before the procedure, focused history and neurological examination is performed, available imaging, and blood parameters are reviewed. When reviewing imaging, arch anatomy and variants are evaluated to select suitable catheters to assess the vessels.
427:. Informed consent regarding the risks of the procedure is taken. Anticoagulants are withheld if possible. Fasting is required 6 hours before the procedure and insulin requirement is reduced by half for those diabetics who are fasting. Bilateral
1300:
309:
Cerebral angiography is used for diagnosis but may be followed by treatment procedures in the same setting. Cerebral angiography is used to image various intracranial (within the head) or extracranial (outside the head) diseases.
647:
In 1896, E. Haschek and O.T. Lindenthal in Vienna, Austria, reported angiography of blood vessels by taking a series of X-rays after injecting a mixture of petroleum, quicklime, and mercuric sulfide into the hand of a cadaver.
291:
in the mid-1970s, cerebral angiographies were frequently employed as a tool to infer the existence and location of certain kinds of lesions and hematomas by looking for secondary vascular displacement caused by the
502:
is the main technique of imaging the cerebral blood vessels. Catheter should be advanced over the guidewire. Rotating the catheter during advancement is also helpful. Roadmap (superimposing previous image on live
1402:
1296:
496:
blood from the catheter. Then, a second heparinised saline syringe is used to flush the catheter. "Wet connect" is the technique that connects syringe to a sheath without air bubbles within.
2322:
1358:
Kim SU, Sung JH, Lee DH, Yi HJ, Lee HJ, Yang JH, Lee IW (May 2019). "Feasibility of Using Neck
Extension to Overcome a Difficult Aortic Arch and Gain Access to the Carotid Artery".
587:
and its branches in AP/Towne's view. The rate of injection is 3 to 5 ml/sec, for a total of 8ml. The fluoroscope will be catching images at a rate of 2 to 4 frames per second.
591:(PCA) can be seen in AP view. The left vertebral artery is easier to cannulate than the right vertebral because of the straightforward anatomy of the left vertebral artery.
547:
To image the anterior cerebral circulation such as internal and external carotid arteries and its branches, AP, Towne's and lateral views are taken. The petrous part of the
391:. Performing a cerebral angiogram by gaining access through the femoral artery or radial artery is feasible in order to treat cerebral aneurysms with a number of devices
2315:
1438:"Leptomeningeal collateral activation indicates severely impaired cerebrovascular reserve capacity in patients with symptomatic unilateral carotid artery occlusion"
474:
images are taken. The subject is also advised to avoid swallowing when images of neck are taken. These measures are taken to reduce motion artifact in the images.
1410:
2308:
1722:
Taha MM, Sakaida H, Asakura F, Maeda M, Toma N, Sano T, et al. (October 2007). "Access site complications with carotid angioplasty and stenting".
515:, extra care should be taken to prevent vessel dissection or vasospasm. Delayed or incomplete contrast washout may indicate vasospasm or dissection.
1155:"Comparison of High-Resolution MR Imaging and Digital Subtraction Angiography for the Characterization and Diagnosis of Intracranial Artery Disease"
161:
1567:
Kaufmann TJ, Kallmes DF (June 2008). "Diagnostic cerebral angiography: archaic and complication-prone or here to stay for another 80 years?".
1932:
809:
Negoro M, Miyachi S, Hattori T, Okamoto T, Fukui K, Fukasaku KA, et al. (November 1999). "The selection and result of AVM treatment".
666:
Prior to the 1970s the typical technique involved a needle puncture directly into the carotid artery, as depicted in the 1973 horror film
350:
2738:
1528:"MR findings of cortical blindness following cerebral angiography: is this entity related to posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy?"
852:
Söderman M, Andersson T, Karlsson B, Wallace MC, Edner G (June 2003). "Management of patients with brain arteriovenous malformations".
394:
Certain conditions such as contrast allergy, renal insufficiency, and coagulation disorders are contraindicated in this procedure.
258:
are taken as the contrast agent spreads through the brain's arterial system, then a second series as it reaches the venous system.
89:
1649:
Ross IB, Luzardo GD (February 2006). "Direct access to the carotid circulation by cut down for endovascular neuro-interventions".
2652:
61:
1822:
1699:
785:
713:
42:
68:
1691:
373:
2130:
334:
2657:
2125:
619:
The most common complication is groin haematoma which occurs in 4% of those affected. Neurologic complications such as
75:
2764:
2733:
2284:
1925:
603:
Manual compression or percutaneous closure device can be used to stop the bleeding from common femoral artery. Groin
108:
215:
which provides images of blood vessels in and around the brain, thereby allowing detection of abnormalities such as
2595:
2449:
2628:
2188:
1889:
1879:
499:
492:, "double flush" and "wet connect" techniques are used. In "double flush" technique, a saline syringe is used to
380:
262:
57:
357:, and to obtain haemodynamics of cerebral blood flow such as cross flow, circulation time, and collateral flow.
2779:
2213:
1884:
561:
384:
266:
130:
46:
655:, a Portuguese physician and politician, in 1927. He performed this procedure on six patients. Two developed
573:
2300:
1954:
632:
movement. The condition can sometimes be accompanied by headaches, mental state changes, and memory losses.
2486:
2094:
1918:
507:
image) is used to advance catheters or guidewires before any vessel bifurcation can help to prevent vessel
2501:
338:
1899:
284:
261:
For some applications, cerebral angiography may yield better images than less invasive methods such as
216:
887:
Briganti F, Leone G, Panagiotopoulos K, Marseglia M, Mariniello G, Napoli M, Caranci F (August 2013).
2366:
1963:
1815:
620:
588:
361:
318:
288:
768:
Valavanis A, YaĹźargil MG (1998). "The
Endovascular Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations".
2720:
2254:
2208:
636:
565:
314:
168:
936:
Leeds NE, Kieffer SA (November 2000). "Evolution of diagnostic neuroradiology from 1904 to 1999".
730:
82:
2534:
2259:
2203:
1894:
1849:
1603:
553:
365:
35:
1757:
Palmer FJ (March 1975). "Carotid angiography by direct needle puncture:an obsolete technique?".
1204:"Cost-effectiveness of CTA, MRA and DSA in patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage"
2693:
2662:
2336:
2238:
2115:
2023:
1991:
1869:
625:
569:
293:
2774:
2769:
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1864:
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532:
528:
322:
247:
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652:
2647:
2585:
1808:
1602:
Nii K, Kazekawa K, Onizuka M, Aikawa H, Tsutsumi M, Tomokiyo M, et al. (August 2006).
656:
508:
404:
388:
228:
1604:"Direct carotid puncture for the endovascular treatment of anterior circulation aneurysms"
8:
2643:
2409:
2152:
2147:
2099:
1202:
Sailer AM, Grutters JP, Wildberger JE, Hofman PA, Wilmink JT, van Zwam WH (August 2013).
668:
629:
608:
1042:
Neelakantan S, Samant R, Prasad J, Reddy BN, Reddy P, Das BB, et al. (April 2019).
693:
2728:
2496:
2425:
1770:
1620:
1544:
1503:
1486:
1462:
1437:
1409:. Brachiocephalic and Vertebral Arteriography: Technical Considerations. Archived from
1383:
1277:
1228:
1203:
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1154:
1130:
1105:
1073:
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due to leaking of contrast material around the carotid artery, one developed temporary
493:
330:
147:
865:
746:
2332:
2142:
2085:
1774:
1739:
1695:
1666:
1625:
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918:
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826:
791:
781:
750:
709:
270:
156:
1387:
965:
838:
663:, and another died due to thromboembolism to the anterior circulation of the brain.
2677:
2563:
2003:
1949:
1941:
1854:
1766:
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1658:
1615:
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1539:
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140:
136:
188:
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2171:
2137:
2081:
1971:
1874:
1735:
1662:
1153:
Lee NJ, Chung MS, Jung SC, Kim HS, Choi CG, Kim SJ, et al. (December 2016).
889:"Endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms using the hydrocoil embolic system"
436:
174:
777:
705:
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join the terminal branches of ACAs, MCAs, and PCAs on the surface of the brain.
2522:
2434:
2157:
2061:
2038:
2015:
1986:
1371:
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904:
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2028:
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Sebök M, Niftrik CH, Lohaus N, Esposito G, Amki ME, Winklhofer S, Wegener S,
1069:
548:
440:
1106:"Basic neuroangiography: review of technique and perioperative patient care"
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830:
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The anatomy of external carotid artery is access via AP and lateral views.
504:
489:
424:
342:
1778:
754:
564:(PCOM) segments), AP view is used to access the terminal branches such as
2667:
2573:
2529:
2414:
2404:
2381:
2353:
2233:
2198:
2180:
2066:
1981:
1976:
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524:
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408:
277:
212:
182:
16:
Angiography that produces images of blood vessels in and around the brain
1580:
198:
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2361:
2279:
2225:
2071:
1527:
1433:
1403:"Brachiocephalic and Vertebral Arteriography: Technical Considerations"
1297:"Brachiocephalic and Vertebral Arteriography: Technical Considerations"
1170:
572:(MCA) while oblique view (25 to 35 degrees) is used to access the ACA,
462:
448:
416:
346:
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232:
224:
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369:
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24:
2555:
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1998:
1910:
1044:"Digital Subtraction Neuroangiography: What a Resident Should Know"
485:
466:
444:
296:
related to these medical conditions. This use of angiography as an
276:
In some jurisdictions, cerebral angiography is required to confirm
239:
220:
660:
536:
851:
635:
Some risk factors of complications are if the subject is having
540:
taken in with the x-ray tube in left anterior oblique position.
443:
access) are prepared. Neurological status of the patient before
2048:
1250:
535:). If such abnormality is present, it results it difficulty in
412:
326:
1800:
1201:
523:
Cervical arch angiogram is taken if there is any suspicion of
283:
Prior to the advent of modern neuroimaging techniques such as
428:
1041:
2052:
808:
527:
narrowing, or any anatomical variants such as bovine arch (
1526:
Saigal G, Bhatia R, Bhatia S, Wakhloo AK (February 2004).
1431:
1321:
1525:
337:(for Spetzler-Martin grading and plan for intervention),
223:. It was pioneered in 1927 by the Portuguese neurologist
1601:
1721:
419:
is assessed to rule out renal dysfunction. Meanwhile,
1487:"Leptomeningeal collaterals in acute ischemic stroke"
246:) and threaded through the circulatory system to the
1037:
1035:
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1031:
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1027:
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1021:
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1017:
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1007:
1005:
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1001:
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411:in subject's body, and to rule out the presence of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1048:Journal of Clinical Interventional Radiology ISVIR
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
1299:. Cardiovascular Learning Network. Archived from
767:
2756:
1683:
1491:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Neurology
770:Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery
691:
1962:
1566:
1152:
972:
687:
685:
1104:Ahn SH, Prince EA, Dubel GJ (September 2013).
1103:
2316:
1926:
1816:
1442:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
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1089:
1087:
929:
700:. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 99–131.
692:Harrigan, Mark R.; Deveikis, John P. (2013).
372:(nose bleeding) and plan for embolisation of
273:at the site, strengthening the vessel walls.
242:is inserted into a large artery (such as the
1715:
1677:
1642:
1595:
1478:
1425:
1357:
1195:
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935:
731:"The retrospectoscope. Egas Moniz 1874-1955"
682:
651:Cerebral angiography was first described by
1684:Harrigan MR, Deveikis JP (April 20, 2009).
1648:
1484:
880:
845:
802:
761:
2739:National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
2323:
2309:
1933:
1919:
1823:
1809:
1084:
129:
1619:
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1502:
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407:is reviewed to ensure adequate amount of
313:Intracranial diseases are: non-traumatic
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1608:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
1532:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
1159:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
728:
624:experienced loss of vision with normal
598:
2757:
1756:
1569:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
2304:
1914:
1804:
1692:Springer Science & Business Media
518:
1940:
1110:Seminars in Interventional Radiology
374:juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2131:Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
335:cerebral arteriovenous malformation
13:
2126:Isolated organ perfusion technique
1771:10.1111/j.1440-1673.1975.tb01915.x
1485:Tariq N, Khatri R (October 2008).
950:10.1148/radiology.217.2.r00nv45309
772:. Vol. 24. pp. 131–214.
435:access) and left arm/forearm (for
14:
2791:
1789:
747:10.1148/radiographics.5.6.3916824
694:"Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography"
531:shares a common origin with left
364:, rupture of the carotid artery,
2596:Intervertebral disc annuloplasty
2450:Intracranial pressure monitoring
1400:
1294:
614:
23:
2189:Digital subtraction angiography
1890:Digital subtraction angiography
1880:Computed tomography angiography
1830:
1750:
1560:
1519:
1394:
1351:
1315:
1288:
1244:
500:Digital subtraction angiography
381:computed tomography angiography
263:computed tomography angiography
34:needs additional citations for
2214:Magnetic resonance angiography
1885:Magnetic resonance angiography
1436:, Fierstra J (November 2021).
722:
562:posterior communicating artery
385:Magnetic resonance angiography
267:magnetic resonance angiography
1:
2734:Mini–mental state examination
2285:Ankle–brachial pressure index
1657:(2): 207–11, discussion 211.
866:10.1016/S0720-048X(03)00091-3
854:European Journal of Radiology
811:Interventional Neuroradiology
729:Tondreau RL (November 1985).
675:
574:anterior communicating artery
488:(either due to blood clot or
135:Cerebral angiogram showing a
2487:Multiple subpial transection
2095:Endovascular aneurysm repair
1736:10.1016/j.surneu.2006.11.036
1663:10.1016/j.surneu.2005.06.023
397:
7:
2502:Anterior temporal lobectomy
1407:HMP Global Learning Network
778:10.1007/978-3-7091-6504-1_4
706:10.1007/978-1-61779-946-4_2
607:should be monitored during
360:Extracranial diseases are:
351:cavernous sinus haemangioma
339:dural arteriovenous fistula
217:arteriovenous malformations
10:
2796:
1900:Carbon dioxide angiography
1372:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.12.216
1337:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.023
1266:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.07.149
905:10.1177/197140091302600407
893:The Neuroradiology Journal
823:10.1177/15910199990050S130
642:
254:is injected. A series of
235:for use in the procedure.
231:, who also helped develop
2721:Clinical prediction rules
2719:
2686:
2614:
2572:
2554:
2510:
2458:
2423:
2389:
2380:
2367:Decompressive craniectomy
2352:
2343:
2272:
2247:
2224:
2179:
2170:
2108:
2080:
2047:
2014:
1948:
1840:
1454:10.1177/0271678X211024373
1220:10.1007/s13244-013-0264-6
621:transient ischemic attack
589:Posterior cerebral artery
368:, cervical spine trauma,
362:Subclavian steal syndrome
345:of brain tumours such as
319:intracerebral haemorrhage
195:
181:
167:
155:
128:
123:
2765:Projectional radiography
2255:Intravascular ultrasound
2209:Radionuclide angiography
637:subarachnoid haemorrhage
566:anterior cerebral artery
423:is assessed to rule out
315:subarachnoid haemorrhage
2535:Amygdalohippocampectomy
2260:Carotid ultrasonography
2204:Fluorescein angiography
1895:Fluorescein angiography
1850:Cardiac catheterization
554:internal carotid artery
366:carotid artery stenosis
304:
2694:Electroencephalography
2663:Magnetoencephalography
2337:central nervous system
2239:Impedance phlebography
2116:Cardiopulmonary bypass
2024:Ambulatory phlebectomy
1992:Carotid endarterectomy
1870:CT pulmonary angiogram
1759:Australasian Radiology
1122:10.1055/s-0033-1353474
1061:10.1055/s-0039-1681979
626:pupillary light reflex
570:middle cerebral artery
454:Sedation drug such as
58:"Cerebral angiography"
2780:Portuguese inventions
2639:Pneumoencephalography
2480:Bilateral cingulotomy
2445:Suboccipital puncture
1865:Pulmonary angiography
1208:Insights into Imaging
533:common carotid artery
529:brachiocephalic trunk
323:intracranial aneurysm
137:transverse projection
2648:Transcranial Doppler
2634:Cerebral angiography
2586:Spinal decompression
2194:Cerebral angiography
1955:Endovascular surgery
1860:Cerebral angiography
1796:Cerebral Angiography
599:Post-procedural care
405:Complete blood count
389:endovascular coiling
229:University of Lisbon
209:Cerebral angiography
124:Cerebral angiography
43:improve this article
2644:Echoencephalography
2410:Thalamic stimulator
2153:Seldinger technique
2148:First rib resection
2100:Open aortic surgery
1581:10.2214/AJR.07.3522
817:(Suppl 1): 167–70.
630:extraocular muscles
609:intensive care unit
2729:Glasgow Coma Scale
2497:Corpus callosotomy
2426:Ventricular system
1724:Surgical Neurology
1651:Surgical Neurology
1360:World Neurosurgery
1325:World Neurosurgery
1254:World Neurosurgery
1171:10.3174/ajnr.A4950
519:Radiographic views
376:before operation.
331:cerebral vasospasm
148:posterior cerebral
2752:
2751:
2550:
2549:
2298:
2297:
2268:
2267:
2166:
2165:
2143:Revascularization
1908:
1907:
1701:978-1-60327-125-7
1448:(11): 3039–3051.
1413:on 15 August 2023
1252:Technical Note".
1165:(12): 2245–2250.
787:978-3-7091-7339-8
715:978-1-61779-945-7
657:Horner's syndrome
271:connective tissue
206:
205:
119:
118:
111:
93:
2787:
2678:Microneurography
2564:Meningeal biopsy
2463:
2428:
2398:
2387:
2386:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2273:Other diagnostic
2177:
2176:
2004:Carotid stenting
1964:Arterial disease
1960:
1959:
1942:Vascular surgery
1935:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1855:Microangiography
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1783:
1782:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1623:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1303:on 30 April 2022
1292:
1286:
1285:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1101:
1082:
1081:
1063:
1039:
970:
969:
933:
927:
926:
916:
884:
878:
877:
849:
843:
842:
806:
800:
799:
765:
759:
758:
726:
720:
719:
689:
513:vertebral artery
421:prothrombin time
317:, non-traumatic
199:edit on Wikidata
191:
177:
133:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2715:
2711:Polysomnography
2699:Lumbar puncture
2682:
2610:
2568:
2546:
2518:Pituitary gland
2506:
2492:Hemispherectomy
2459:
2454:
2440:Ventriculostomy
2424:
2419:
2396:globus pallidus
2390:
2376:
2348:
2339:
2329:
2299:
2294:
2264:
2243:
2220:
2172:Medical imaging
2162:
2138:Vascular access
2104:
2082:Aortic aneurysm
2076:
2043:
2010:
1972:Vascular bypass
1953:
1944:
1939:
1909:
1904:
1875:Cholangiography
1836:
1829:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1755:
1751:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1682:
1678:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1600:
1596:
1565:
1561:
1524:
1520:
1483:
1479:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1356:
1352:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1293:
1289:
1249:
1245:
1200:
1196:
1151:
1147:
1102:
1085:
1040:
973:
934:
930:
885:
881:
850:
846:
807:
803:
788:
766:
762:
727:
723:
716:
690:
683:
678:
645:
617:
601:
521:
437:brachial artery
400:
307:
202:
187:
173:
151:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:Hypophysectomy
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Cerebral shunt
2431:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2335:involving the
2328:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2158:Vascular snare
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:Venous cutdown
2058:
2056:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2039:Vein stripping
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2016:Venous disease
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1987:Endarterectomy
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1790:External links
1788:
1785:
1784:
1749:
1714:
1700:
1694:. p. 88.
1676:
1641:
1594:
1559:
1538:(2): 252–256.
1518:
1477:
1424:
1393:
1350:
1314:
1287:
1243:
1214:(4): 499–507.
1194:
1145:
1083:
1054:(1): 044–052.
971:
928:
879:
860:(3): 195–205.
844:
801:
786:
760:
721:
714:
680:
679:
677:
674:
644:
641:
616:
613:
600:
597:
585:basilar artery
520:
517:
479:femoral artery
433:femoral artery
399:
396:
306:
303:
252:contrast agent
248:carotid artery
244:femoral artery
204:
203:
196:
193:
192:
185:
179:
178:
171:
165:
164:
159:
153:
152:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2792:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:Psychosurgery
2468:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Sclerotherapy
2032:
2030:
2029:Laser surgery
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1614:(7): 1502–4.
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:(6): 1435–7.
1574:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:: e110–e116.
1365:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:(3): 225–33.
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:(2): 309–18.
943:
939:
932:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
797:
793:
789:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:Radiographics
732:
725:
717:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
681:
673:
671:
670:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
640:
638:
633:
631:
628:, and normal
627:
622:
615:Complications
612:
610:
606:
596:
592:
590:
586:
580:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
557:
555:
550:
549:temporal bone
545:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
516:
514:
510:
506:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
477:Right common
475:
473:
468:
464:
460:
457:
452:
451:is recorded.
450:
446:
442:
441:radial artery
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
395:
392:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
302:
299:
295:
290:
286:
281:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:is a form of
210:
200:
194:
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
170:
166:
163:
160:
158:
154:
149:
145:
142:
138:
132:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
99:December 2009
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2775:Neuroimaging
2770:Neurosurgery
2744:CHADS2 score
2704:CSF tap test
2633:
2624:Neuroimaging
2578:spinal canal
2542:Brain biopsy
2372:Cranioplasty
2346:Neurosurgery
2290:Toe pressure
2193:
2121:Cardioplegia
1859:
1831:
1765:(1): 26–31.
1762:
1758:
1752:
1730:(4): 431–7.
1727:
1723:
1717:
1707:February 23,
1705:. Retrieved
1686:
1679:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1611:
1607:
1597:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1445:
1441:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1406:
1396:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1290:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1113:
1109:
1051:
1047:
941:
937:
931:
899:(4): 420–7.
896:
892:
882:
857:
853:
847:
814:
810:
804:
769:
763:
741:(6): 994–7.
738:
734:
724:
697:
669:The Exorcist
667:
665:
650:
646:
634:
618:
602:
593:
581:
578:
558:
546:
542:
522:
505:fluoroscopic
498:
490:air embolism
483:
476:
453:
425:coagulopathy
401:
393:
378:
359:
343:embolisation
312:
308:
297:
282:
275:
260:
238:Typically a
237:
208:
207:
150:circulation.
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2668:Myelography
2574:Spinal cord
2530:Hippocampus
2415:Pallidotomy
2405:Thalamotomy
2234:Portography
2199:Aortography
2181:Angiography
2067:Arteriotomy
1982:Atherectomy
1977:Angioplasty
1845:Angiography
1833:Angiography
1497:(4): 91–5.
1401:Amin, Ali.
1331:: 529–533.
537:cannulation
525:aortic arch
484:To prevent
472:fluoroscopy
456:intravenous
409:haemoglobin
294:mass effect
278:brain death
256:radiographs
213:angiography
183:MedlinePlus
2759:Categories
2687:Diagnostic
2591:Discectomy
2362:Craniotomy
2333:procedures
2331:Tests and
2280:Angioscopy
2248:Ultrasound
2226:Venography
2086:dissection
2072:Phlebotomy
1635:2018-03-20
1417:13 October
676:References
653:Egas Moniz
509:dissection
463:painkiller
449:anesthesia
417:creatinine
383:(CTA) and
347:meningioma
250:, where a
233:thorotrast
225:Egas Moniz
69:newspapers
2673:Wada test
2658:Brain PET
2653:Brain MRI
2606:Rhizotomy
2601:Cordotomy
1282:198984348
1078:196034315
1070:2456-4869
938:Radiology
605:haematoma
459:midazolam
398:Technique
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