41:
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If hypoxia results in coma, the length of unconsciousness is often indicative of long-term damage. In some cases coma can give the brain an opportunity to heal and regenerate, but, in general, the longer a coma, the greater the likelihood that the person will remain in a vegetative state until death.
688:
applied within 6 hours of cerebral hypoxia effectively improves survival and neurological outcome. In adults, however, the evidence is less convincing and the first goal of treatment is to restore oxygen to the brain. The method of restoration depends on the cause of the hypoxia. For mild-to-moderate
209:
Cerebral hypoxia refers to oxygen levels in brain tissue, not blood. Blood oxygenation will usually appear normal in cases of hypemic, ischemic, and hystoxic cerebral hypoxia. Even in hypoxic hypoxia blood measures are only an approximate guide; the oxygen level in the brain tissue will depend on
170:
per minute. Initially the body responds to lowered blood oxygen by redirecting blood to the brain and increasing cerebral blood flow. Blood flow may increase up to twice the normal flow but no more. If the increased blood flow is sufficient to supply the brain's oxygen needs then no symptoms will
358:
and places the patient at increased risk for a major stroke in the future. In a broad study in 1998, more than 11 million people were estimated to have experienced a stroke in the United States. Approximately 770,000 of these strokes were symptomatic and 11 million were first-ever silent MRI
611:– Limited oxygen in the environment causes reduced brain function. Divers, aviators, mountain climbers, and fire fighters are all at risk for this kind of cerebral hypoxia. The term also includes oxygen deprivation due to obstructions in the lungs. Choking, strangulation, the crushing of the
218:
Cerebral hypoxia can be caused by any event that severely interferes with the brain's ability to receive or process oxygen. This event may be internal or external to the body. Mild and moderate forms of cerebral hypoxia may be caused by various diseases that interfere with breathing and
809:
of the brain (left side) typically causes problems with speech and language. Damage to the right side of the brain may interfere with the ability to express emotions or interpret what one sees. Damage on either side can cause paralysis of the opposite side of the body.
125:
are termed "anoxia", which can be hypoxic in origin (reduced oxygen availability) or ischemic in origin (oxygen deprivation due to a disruption in blood flow). Brain injury as a result of oxygen deprivation either due to hypoxic or anoxic mechanisms are generally termed
793:
Mild and moderate cerebral hypoxia may result in seizures and impaired memory going forward. The outcome of severe cerebral hypoxia will depend on the success of damage control, amount of brain tissue deprived of oxygen, and the speed with which oxygen was restored.
406:. Sometimes, even an infant that is still in the womb may exhibit signs of HIE or other hypoxic ischemic injury. Fetal distress being one of the most common signs of HIE or other oxygen-depriving event. Other problems during pregnancy may include
836:
Long-term comas can have a significant impact on a patient's family. Families of coma patients often have idealized images of the outcome based on
Hollywood movie depictions of coma. Adjusting to the realities of ventilators, feeding tubes,
342:, slurred speech, and mental confusion. The symptoms of a TIA typically resolve within 24 hours, unlike a stroke. Brain injury may still occur in a TIA lasting only a few minutes. Having a TIA is a risk factor for eventually having a stroke.
445:
in the mother. Problems after delivery can include severe prematurity, severe lung or heart disease, serious infections, trauma to the brain or skull, congenital malformations of the brain or very low blood pressure in the baby and due to
174:
However, if blood flow cannot be increased or if doubled blood flow does not correct the problem, symptoms of cerebral hypoxia will begin to appear. Mild symptoms include difficulties with complex learning tasks and reductions in
727:
There has long been a debate over whether newborn infants with cerebral hypoxia should be resuscitated with 100% oxygen or normal air. It has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen
2180:
142:) is a condition that occurs when the entire brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply, but the deprivation is not total. While HIE is associated in most cases with oxygen deprivation in the neonate due to
206:, but is generally meaningless in other forms of hypoxia. In hypoxic hypoxia 95–100% saturation is considered normal; 91–94% is considered mild and 86–90% moderate. Anything below 86% is considered severe.
689:
cases of hypoxia, removal of the cause of hypoxia may be sufficient. Inhaled oxygen may also be provided. In severe cases treatment may also involve life support and damage control measures.
1274:"Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council"
785:
In severe cases it is extremely important to act quickly. Brain cells are very sensitive to reduced oxygen levels. Once deprived of oxygen they will begin to die off within five minutes.
2727:
354:
which does not have any outward symptoms, and the patient is typically unaware they have had a stroke. Despite its lack of identifiable symptoms, a silent stroke still causes
2100:
Konig P, et al. (1992). "Psychological counseling of the family of patients with craniocerebral injuries (psychological family counseling of severely ill patients)"".
3113:
3108:
3125:
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1913:
1209:
1714:
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576:(embolic stroke). Focal cerebral ischemia constitutes a large majority of the clinical cases in stroke pathology with the infarct usually occurring in the
1790:
Davis, PG; Tan, A; O'Donnell, CPF; Schulze, A (2004). "Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100% oxygen or air: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1890:
743:
Brain damage can occur both during and after oxygen deprivation. During oxygen deprivation, cells die due to an increasing acidity in the brain tissue (
774:
levels, and hemodilution (thinning of the blood) coupled with drug-induced hypertension are some treatment techniques currently under investigation.
338:
paralysis (opposite side of body from affected brain hemisphere), or sudden weakness or numbness. A TIA may cause sudden dimming or loss of vision,
2472:
418:, congenital fetal infections, substance/alcohol use, severe fetal anemia, cardiac disease, lung malformations, or problems with blood flow to the
899:
767:
685:
983:
Robinson, LR; Micklesen, PJ; Tirschwell, DL; Lew, HL (Mar 2003). "Predictive value of somatosensory evoked potentials for awakening from coma".
375:. The risk of silent stroke increases with age but may also affect younger adults. Women appear to be at increased risk for silent stroke, with
2467:
797:
If cerebral hypoxia was localized to a specific part of the brain, brain damage will be localized to that region. A general consequence may be
560:– A stroke occurring in a localized area that can either be acute or transient. This may be due to a variety of medical conditions such as an
1133:
318:(AHA/ASA) refined the definition of transient ischemic attack. TIA is now defined as a transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by
1601:
Pressman B. D.; Tourje E. J.; Thompson J. R. (Sep 1987). "An early CT sign of ischemic infarction: increased density in a cerebral artery".
740:
and others led to new international guidelines on newborn resuscitation in 2010, recommending the use of normal air instead of 100% oxygen.
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102:. There are four categories of cerebral hypoxia; they are, in order of increasing severity: diffuse cerebral hypoxia (DCH), focal cerebral
1656:
3206:
3779:
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813:
The effects of certain kinds of severe generalized hypoxias may take time to develop. For example, the long-term effects of serious
537:
Cerebral hypoxia is typically grouped into four categories depending on the severity and location of the brain's oxygen deprivation:
179:. If oxygen deprivation continues, cognitive disturbances, and decreased motor control will result. The skin may also appear bluish (
1129:
3085:
2262:
1841:"Hydrogen peroxide production in leukocytes during cerebral hypoxia and reoxygenation with 100% or 21% oxygen in newborn piglets"
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A deep coma will interfere with the body's breathing reflexes even after the initial cause of hypoxia has been dealt with;
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Even if the patient wakes up, brain damage is likely to be significant enough to prevent a return to normal functioning.
1354:
Leary M. C.; Saver J. L. (2003). "Annual incidence of first silent stroke in the United States: a preliminary estimate".
1237:
Ferro J. M.; et al. (Dec 1996). "Diagnosis of transient ischemic attack by the nonneurologist: A validation study".
625:– Reduced brain function is caused by inadequate oxygen in the blood despite adequate environmental oxygen. Anemia and
202:
Objective measurements of the severity of cerebral hypoxia depend on the cause. Blood oxygen saturation may be used for
3147:
3080:
2635:
1568:
Gardiner M, Eisen S, Murphy C. Training in paediatrics: the essential curriculum. Oxford
University Press, Oxford 2009.
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516:
244:
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1440:""Silent stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke". The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group"
1213:
2850:
2653:
1125:
1026:
Geraghty M. C.; Torbey M. T. (2006). "Neuroimaging and serologic markers of neurologic injury after cardiac arrest".
1692:
1315:"Silent stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group"
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1931:
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Jacobs, Susan E; Berg, Marie; Hunt, Rod; Tarnow-Mordi, William O; Inder, Terrie E; Davis, Peter G (2013-01-31).
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build up. When oxygen enters the tissue these materials interact with oxygen to create high levels of oxidants.
451:
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Details of the mechanism of damage from cerebral hypoxia, along with anoxic depolarization, can be found here:
319:
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may be difficult. Treatment decisions often involve complex ethical choices and can strain family dynamics.
220:
122:
895:"Hypoxia induces apoptosis via two independent pathways in Jurkat cells: differential regulation by glucose"
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3694:
3399:
3132:
2506:
1704:
This website provides hypoxia related safety tips for aviators working for the United States Navy aviators.
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330:. The symptoms of a TIA can resolve within a few minutes, unlike a stroke. TIAs share the same underlying
3789:
3784:
3511:
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may all be tried in an effort to get the heart to resume pumping. Severe cerebral hypoxia can also cause
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as strokes; a disruption of cerebral blood flow. TIAs and strokes present with the same symptoms such as
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Wijdicks E. F. M.; Wijdicks C. A. (2006). "The portrayal of coma in contemporary motion pictures".
1399:"Prevalence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study"
817:
poisoning usually may take several weeks to appear. Recent research suggests this may be due to an
255:
20:
635:( or "stagnant hypoxia") – Reduced brain oxygen is caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain.
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Montgomery V, et al. (2002). "The effect of severe traumatic brain injury on the family".
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801:. The long-term effects will depend on the purpose of that portion of the brain. Damage to the
779:
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1962:
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1196:. Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems (2004). Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
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may cause stagnant hypoxia. Ischemic hypoxia can also be created by pressure on the brain.
3846:
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554:– A mild to moderate impairment of brain function due to low oxygen levels in the blood.
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944:"Increased neurogenesis after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in humans is age related"
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671:– Oxygen is present in brain tissue but cannot be metabolized by the brain tissue.
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1905:
Richmond, T. S. (May 1997). "Cerebral
Resuscitation after Global Brain Ischemia",
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levels showing a possible reduction in the overall systemic inflammatory process.
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Cerebral hypoxia can also be classified by the cause of the reduced brain oxygen:
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Techniques for preventing damage to brain cells are an area of ongoing research.
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721:
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261:
Severe cerebral hypoxia and anoxia is usually caused by traumatic events such as
203:
192:
457:
The severity of a neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury may be assessed using
3873:
3723:
3586:
3546:
3481:
3442:
3353:
2923:
2872:
2700:
2409:
2286:
1063:"Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: pathophysiology, neuropathology and mechanisms"
869:
842:
838:
648:
640:
594:– A "stroke", caused by complete oxygen deprivation due to an interference in
458:
426:
278:
251:
147:
2249:
1930:
Orozco-Gutierrez A, Rojas-Cerda L, Estrada RM, Gil-Rosales C (December 2010).
1530:"Child abuse by suffocation: A cause of apparent life-threatening events Info"
1250:
1039:
960:
943:
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For newborn infants starved of oxygen during birth there is now evidence that
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2012:
1929:
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771:
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335:
294:
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437:, excessive bleeding from the placenta, abnormal fetal position such as the
3882:
3794:
3609:
3299:
3242:
2445:
2315:
2298:
2148:
2078:
1987:"Long-Term Effects of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Are an Autoimmune Reaction"
1947:
1868:
1813:
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is the only evidence-supported therapy, but antioxidant drugs, control of
696:
may be required. Additionally, severe cerebral hypoxia causes an elevated
476:
Floppiness, or unreactive to sights or sounds, or more tense and agitated.
3947:
3343:
2404:
2365:
2307:
2230:
2037:
1981:
1588:
1181:"The Maryland Medical Protocols for Emergency Medical Services Providers"
1151:
709:
447:
442:
323:
196:
166:
The brain requires approximately 3.3 ml of oxygen per 100 g of
95:
2172:
1600:
231:
can cause some degree of diffuse cerebral hypoxia. Other causes include
3863:
3853:
3814:
3758:
3751:
3581:
2515:
2385:
1932:"Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of asphyxia in two newborn infants"
1792:
1578:
818:
697:
360:
1367:
3617:
3358:
3294:
3250:
3233:
3228:
2625:
2576:
2564:
2547:
2479:
2206:
403:
115:
183:) and heart rate increases. Continued oxygen deprivation results in
3831:
3433:
3370:
3304:
3255:
3100:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
2805:
2797:
2763:
2617:
2520:
1659:. Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust. 1999-08-01. Archived from
1483:"What You Need To Know About Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)"
1191:
874:
798:
752:
744:
717:
713:
569:
561:
419:
331:
266:
258:, and intense exercise at high altitudes prior to acclimatization.
236:
184:
180:
103:
75:
2211:
1506:
2284:
573:
339:
262:
210:
how the body deals with the reduced oxygen content of the blood.
158:
146:, it can occur in all age groups, and is often a complication of
398:
Hypoxic-anoxic events may affect the fetus at various stages of
98:; when the brain is completely deprived of oxygen, it is called
3224:
2844:
2585:
2552:
2056:
826:
822:
636:
616:
434:
364:
351:
228:
224:
111:
91:
982:
778:
is being evaluated with the reduction in total and myocardial
1114:
1920:
at the
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses website.
1834:
1789:
1735:"Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy"
720:, which put the patient at risk of self-injury, and various
700:, and in extreme cases the heart may tire and stop pumping.
540:
3600:
619:
exacerbations may also lead to symptoms of hypoxic hypoxia.
372:
188:
1732:
1025:
821:
response caused by carbon monoxide-induced changes in the
110:, and global cerebral ischemia. Prolonged hypoxia induces
701:
466:
462:
1891:
Norwegian paediatrician honoured by
University of Athens
488:
Weak breathing, no breathing at all, or rapid breathing.
1210:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1353:
1100:
1098:
1060:
3214:
2162:
724:
drugs may need to be administered before treatment.
473:
Low Apgar scores, <5 at 5 minutes and 10 minutes.
310:(TIA), is often referred to as a "mini-stroke". The
1095:
2031:
1950:. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013
586:– A complete stoppage of blood flow to the brain.
568:occurring in the affected blood vessels due to a
3972:
2009:"'Rewired brain' revives patient after 19 years"
293:. It is also recreationally self-induced in the
1583:The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders
941:
900:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
768:Hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy
686:hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy
425:Problems during labor and delivery can include
461:, which is based on clinical presentation and
3200:
2270:
1396:
1923:
1881:ILCOR Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines 2010
1637:Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injuries
759:and cause further damage (this is known as "
2989:
1901:
1899:
1715:"Cooling 'cure' averts infant brain damage"
1527:
1437:
1312:
1236:
3780:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
3207:
3193:
2277:
2263:
2126:
1139:
598:which affects multiple areas of the brain.
441:, prolonged late stages of labor, or very
39:
1858:
1766:
1545:
1455:
1414:
1330:
1289:
1078:
959:
942:Mattiesen W. R.; et al. (May 2009).
546:one cause of hypoxic anoxic injury (HAI).
469:. Signs and symptoms of HIE may include:
162:CT in a person after generalized hypoxia.
2006:
1896:
1562:
1175:
1173:
892:
564:that causes a hemorrhagic stroke, or an
539:
157:
1739:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1438:HerderscheĂŞ D, et al. (Sep 1992).
1397:Vermeer S. E.; et al. (Jan 2002).
1313:HerderscheĂŞ D, et al. (Sep 1992).
1204:
1202:
615:all cause this sort of hypoxia. Severe
402:, during labor and delivery and in the
118:, resulting in a hypoxic brain injury.
3973:
3066:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
2739:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
1678:
1271:
663:and impede their absorption of oxygen.
491:Need for resuscitation after delivery.
3552:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
3188:
2258:
2099:
1509:. Florida Neonatal Neurologic Network
1477:
1475:
1170:
629:are common causes of hypemic hypoxia.
485:Poor muscle tone and absent reflexes.
387:
326:, or retinal ischemia, without acute
153:
3557:Generalized essential telangiectasia
2917:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2306:
1835:Kutzsche, S; Ilves, P; Kirkeby, OJ;
1713:Laurance, Jeremy (October 1, 2009).
1199:
1061:Busl K. M.; Greer D. M. (Jan 2010).
893:Malhotra R, et al. (Nov 2001).
1691:Naval Safety Center. Archived from
1635:Jun Chen, Zao C. Xu, Xiao-Ming Xu,
1272:Easton JD, et al. (Jun 2009).
1214:"Cerebral Hypoxia Information Page"
239:-rich environments, ascent from a
187:, long-term loss of consciousness,
13:
3148:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
2071:10.1212/01.wnl.0000210497.62202.e9
1679:Brooks, Kevin E. (May–June 2005).
1472:
997:10.1097/01.ccm.0000053643.21751.3b
523:anoxic depolarization in the brain
517:Anoxic depolarization in the brain
367:which are detected via the use of
14:
4002:
2851:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
2654:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
2158:
1118:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
532:
363:. Silent strokes typically cause
3707:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
2871:For more detailed coverage, see
2849:For more detailed coverage, see
2820:For more detailed coverage, see
2786:For more detailed coverage, see
2737:For more detailed coverage, see
2141:10.1097/00005373-200206000-00016
2032:Mayo Clinic staff (2006-05-17).
1909:8 (2). Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
1860:10.1203/00006450-200106000-00020
1152:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
913:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.5.c1596
193:cessation of brain stem reflexes
74:Confusion, difficulty speaking,
2120:
2093:
2050:
2025:
2000:
1975:
1884:
1875:
1828:
1783:
1726:
1707:
1672:
1649:
1629:
1594:
1571:
1521:
1499:
1431:
1390:
1347:
1306:
1265:
1230:
1104:Butterworth, Roger F. (1999). "
503:Seizures or abnormal movements.
136:Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
3658:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2007:Phillips, Helen (2006-07-03).
1936:Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine
1751:10.1002/14651858.cd003311.pub3
1054:
1019:
976:
935:
886:
544:Aneurysm in a cerebral artery,
94:), specifically involving the
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3470:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
3324:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
3164:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3049:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
2907:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1985:Medical Center (2004-09-06).
1806:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17189-4
1665:Retrieved on 2007-04-13 from
1587:Retrieved on 2007-04-13 from
1218:National Institutes of Health
1116:, 6th edition, Philadelphia:
880:
433:, rupture of the placenta or
3775:Chronic venous insufficiency
3400:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
3133:Progressive muscular atrophy
1585:. The Gale Group, Inc. 2005.
1291:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.192218
1157:National Library of Medicine
788:
736:after asphyxia. Research by
679:
527:
510:
500:Excessive acid in the blood.
452:MĂĽnchausen syndrome by proxy
16:Oxygen shortage of the brain
7:
3790:Inferior vena cava syndrome
3785:Superior vena cava syndrome
3512:Vertebral artery dissection
3502:Intracranial berry aneurysm
2643:Primary progressive aphasia
1916:September 27, 2007, at the
1681:"Are you a hypoxia expert?"
1639:, Humana Press; 1 edition,
848:
383:being predisposing factors.
316:American Stroke Association
10:
4007:
3891:Hypertensive heart disease
3542:Arteriovenous malformation
3517:Familial aortic dissection
2965:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
2671:Posterior cortical atrophy
2492:Striatonigral degeneration
2343:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
1983:University of Pennsylvania
1136:. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
755:interfere with the normal
514:
497:Bluish or pale skin color.
391:
312:American Heart Association
18:
3946:
3916:Renovascular hypertension
3881:
3872:
3859:Hepatic artery thrombosis
3807:
3767:
3722:
3626:
3608:
3599:
3567:
3527:
3507:Carotid artery dissection
3460:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
3432:
3392:
3369:
3310:Intermittent claudication
3280:
3273:Peripheral artery disease
3271:
3241:
3223:
3071:Spinal muscular atrophies
3039:Primary lateral sclerosis
3021:
2998:
2982:
2937:
2897:Intracranial hypertension
2887:
2859:
2830:
2796:
2758:
2747:
2713:
2691:
2677:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2616:
2426:
2417:
2403:
2363:
2297:
2221:
2166:
1967:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1251:10.1161/01.STR.27.12.2225
1108:". In: Siegel, George J.
1040:10.1016/j.ncl.2005.10.006
961:10.1007/s00401-009-0509-0
776:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
627:carbon monoxide poisoning
465:findings, and also using
307:Transient ischemic attack
213:
68:
56:
47:
38:
33:
3901:Hypertensive nephropathy
3714:Post-thrombotic syndrome
3695:Paget–Schroetter disease
3487:Coronary artery aneurysm
3465:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
3138:Progressive bulbar palsy
2929:Intracranial hypotension
2912:Choroid plexus papilloma
2326:Herpesviral encephalitis
1457:10.1161/01.str.23.9.1220
1332:10.1161/01.str.23.9.1220
675:is a well-known example.
584:Global cerebral ischemia
552:Diffuse cerebral hypoxia
3956:Orthostatic hypotension
3938:White coat hypertension
3415:Fibromuscular dysplasia
3379:Carotid artery stenosis
2650:Frontotemporal dementia
2336:Encephalitis lethargica
732:, which have a role in
572:(thrombotic stroke) or
558:Focal cerebral ischemia
394:Neonatal encephalopathy
128:hypoxic/anoxic injuries
3928:Pulmonary hypertension
3911:Secondary hypertension
3906:Essential hypertension
3896:Hypertensive emergency
3737:Portacaval anastomosis
3673:Portal vein thrombosis
3315:Critical limb ischemia
3216:Cardiovascular disease
2955:Hepatic encephalopathy
1106:Hypoxic Encephalopathy
985:Critical Care Medicine
780:creatine phosphokinase
694:mechanical ventilation
578:middle cerebral artery
547:
429:occlusion, torsion or
163:
63:Critical care medicine
52:Arteries beneath brain
3933:Systolic hypertension
3678:Renal vein thrombosis
3537:Arteriovenous fistula
3529:Vascular malformation
3497:Intracranial aneurysm
3384:Renal artery stenosis
3013:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2970:Static encephalopathy
2693:Mitochondrial disease
2531:Spasmodic torticollis
2441:Basal ganglia disease
2034:"Coma: Coping skills"
1615:10.2214/ajr.149.3.583
1534:Paediatr Child Health
1416:10.1161/hs0102.101629
1080:10.3233/NRE-2010-0531
543:
392:Further information:
227:and various sorts of
161:
3847:Paradoxical embolism
3842:Cholesterol embolism
3668:May–Thurner syndrome
3663:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3646:Deep vein thrombosis
3641:primarily lower limb
3420:Raynaud's phenomenon
2960:Toxic encephalopathy
2666:Lewy bodies dementia
1907:AACN Clinical Issues
1528:Bellemare S (2006).
19:For other uses, see
3923:Benign hypertension
3008:Friedreich's ataxia
2391:Meningoencephalitis
2331:Limbic encephalitis
2102:Zentralbl Neurochir
1800:(9442): 1329–1333.
1603:AJR Am J Roentgenol
1067:NeuroRehabilitation
825:sheath surrounding
738:Ola Didrik Saugstad
596:cerebral blood flow
591:Cerebral infarction
482:Low blood pressure.
299:erotic asphyxiation
256:supplemental oxygen
108:cerebral infarction
90:(reduced supply of
3837:Pulmonary embolism
3747:Esophageal varices
3685:upper limb / torso
3329:Arteriolosclerosis
3044:Pseudobulbar palsy
2782:Status epilepticus
2733:Multiple sclerosis
2570:Myoclonic epilepsy
2433:movement disorders
2379:Acute disseminated
2321:Viral encephalitis
2250:Hypoxia experiment
2222:External resources
1846:Pediatric Research
1689:United States Navy
1657:"What is Hypoxia?"
1487:Birth Injury Guide
1147:"Cerebral hypoxia"
907:(5): C1596–C1603.
761:reperfusion injury
734:reperfusion injury
668:Histotoxic hypoxia
659:exert pressure on
548:
443:low blood pressure
388:Pre- and postnatal
287:status asthmaticus
281:, crushing of the
233:status epilepticus
164:
154:Signs and symptoms
123:oxygen deprivation
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3808:Arteries or veins
3803:
3802:
3628:Venous thrombosis
3595:
3594:
3577:Cherry hemangioma
3477:Aortic dissection
3428:
3427:
3263:Buerger's disease
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
2978:
2977:
2883:
2882:
2822:Template:Headache
2788:Template:Epilepsy
2709:
2708:
2683:Vascular dementia
2526:Status dystonicus
2399:
2398:
2374:Encephalomyelitis
2245:
2244:
2129:Journal of Trauma
1645:978-1-60327-184-4
1368:10.1159/000071128
1245:(12): 2225–2229.
855:Altitude sickness
673:Cyanide poisoning
653:brain hemorrhages
412:maternal diabetes
400:fetal development
381:cigarette smoking
221:blood oxygenation
177:short-term memory
81:
80:
28:Medical condition
3998:
3879:
3878:
3690:Mondor's disease
3633:Thrombophlebitis
3606:
3605:
3282:Arteriosclerosis
3278:
3277:
3239:
3238:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3186:
3185:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2945:Brain herniation
2756:
2755:
2596:Intention tremor
2591:Essential tremor
2456:Postencephalitic
2424:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2304:
2303:
2285:Diseases of the
2279:
2272:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2135:(6): 1121–1124.
2124:
2118:
2117:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2065:(9): 1300–1303.
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1927:
1921:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1730:
1724:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1653:
1647:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1450:(9): 1220–1224.
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1325:(9): 1220–1224.
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1284:(6): 2276–2293.
1269:
1263:
1262:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1143:
1137:
1130:Freely available
1102:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1023:
1017:
1016:
980:
974:
973:
963:
948:Acta Neuropathol
939:
933:
932:
890:
633:Ischemic hypoxia
506:Problems feeding
416:vascular disease
404:postnatal period
275:smoke inhalation
84:Cerebral hypoxia
49:Circle of Willis
43:
34:Cerebral hypoxia
31:
30:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3981:Brain disorders
3971:
3970:
3969:
3960:
3942:
3868:
3825:Microangiopathy
3820:Macroangiopathy
3799:
3763:
3732:Gastric varices
3718:
3631:
3622:
3591:
3563:
3523:
3455:Aortic aneurysm
3441:
3424:
3410:Erythromelalgia
3388:
3365:
3290:Atherosclerosis
3267:
3231:
3219:
3213:
3183:
3170:
3096:Congenital DSMA
3017:
2974:
2933:
2879:
2867:Sleep disorders
2855:
2832:Cerebrovascular
2826:
2792:
2749:
2743:
2705:
2687:
2612:
2558:Choreoathetosis
2431:
2408:
2395:
2359:
2293:
2283:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2217:
2216:
2175:
2161:
2156:
2125:
2121:
2098:
2094:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1976:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1928:
1924:
1918:Wayback Machine
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1833:
1829:
1788:
1784:
1745:(1): CD003311.
1731:
1727:
1720:The Independent
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1677:
1673:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1634:
1630:
1599:
1595:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1436:
1432:
1395:
1391:
1356:Cerebrovasc Dis
1352:
1348:
1311:
1307:
1270:
1266:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1207:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1103:
1096:
1059:
1055:
1024:
1020:
981:
977:
940:
936:
891:
887:
883:
865:Hypothermia cap
851:
815:carbon monoxide
807:Wernicke's area
791:
757:brain chemistry
722:anti-convulsant
682:
623:Hypemic hypoxia
608:Hypoxic hypoxia
545:
535:
530:
519:
513:
479:Low heart rate.
439:breech position
396:
390:
241:deep-water dive
216:
204:hypoxic hypoxia
156:
121:Cases of total
114:cell death via
100:cerebral anoxia
51:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4004:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3876:
3874:Blood pressure
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3724:Varicose veins
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3637:
3635:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3587:Spider angioma
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3569:Vascular nevus
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3547:Telangiectasia
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3484:
3482:Aortic rupture
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3447:
3445:
3443:pseudoaneurysm
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3354:Oxycholesterol
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3286:
3284:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2924:Cerebral edema
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2873:Template:Sleep
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2701:Leigh syndrome
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2437:
2435:
2428:Extrapyramidal
2421:
2412:
2410:encephalopathy
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2287:nervous system
2282:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2203:
2192:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:Classification
2160:
2159:External links
2157:
2155:
2154:
2119:
2092:
2049:
2024:
1999:
1989:. ScienceDaily
1974:
1942:(4): 218–220.
1922:
1911:Free full text
1895:
1883:
1874:
1853:(6): 834–842.
1827:
1782:
1725:
1706:
1671:
1663:on 2003-09-21.
1648:
1628:
1593:
1570:
1561:
1540:(8): 493–495.
1520:
1498:
1471:
1430:
1389:
1362:(3): 280–285.
1346:
1305:
1264:
1229:
1212:(2018-03-08).
1198:
1169:
1138:
1134:NCBI Bookshelf
1094:
1053:
1034:(1): 107–121.
1018:
991:(3): 960–967.
975:
954:(5): 525–534.
934:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
872:
870:Space exposure
867:
862:
857:
850:
847:
843:muscle wasting
790:
787:
681:
678:
677:
676:
664:
649:Cerebral edema
641:cardiac arrest
630:
620:
600:
599:
587:
581:
555:
534:
533:Classification
531:
529:
526:
515:Main article:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
459:Sarnat staging
427:umbilical cord
389:
386:
385:
384:
343:
279:drug overdoses
245:high altitudes
215:
212:
155:
152:
148:cardiac arrest
144:birth asphyxia
79:
78:
72:
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4003:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3957:
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3953:
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3936:
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3793:
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3786:
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3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:Caput medusae
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
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3729:
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3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
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3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3558:
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3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:Degos disease
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Reye syndrome
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Hydrocephalus
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2715:Demyelinating
2712:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Restless legs
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2541:Blepharospasm
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Hemiballismus
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
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2425:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2402:
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2389:
2387:
2384:
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2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:Brain abscess
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
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2292:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2266:
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2257:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2209:
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2202:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:
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2178:
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2174:
2169:
2165:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2014:
2013:New Scientist
2010:
2003:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
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1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1778:
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1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1695:on 2007-02-08
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:(3): 583–56.
1608:
1604:
1597:
1590:
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1580:
1574:
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1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1508:
1507:"Parent Info"
1502:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
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1203:
1193:
1182:
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1127:
1126:0-397-51820-X
1123:
1119:
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1086:
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1033:
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1010:
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953:
949:
945:
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816:
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808:
804:
800:
795:
786:
783:
781:
777:
773:
772:blood glucose
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:free radicals
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
730:free radicals
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:defibrilation
703:
699:
695:
690:
687:
674:
670:
669:
665:
662:
658:
657:hydrocephalus
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
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624:
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618:
614:
610:
609:
605:
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428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
395:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
353:
349:
348:
347:Silent stroke
344:
341:
337:
336:contralateral
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
304:
303:
302:
300:
296:
295:fainting game
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:strangulation
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
250:
249:unpressurized
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
211:
207:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
169:
160:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:is a form of
85:
77:
73:
71:
67:
64:
61:
59:
55:
50:
46:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
3883:Hypertension
3795:Venous ulcer
3701:
3684:
3652:
3640:
3610:Inflammation
3491:
3450:
3339:Hyperplastic
3300:Fatty streak
3243:Inflammation
3158:
3057:
3030:
2991:Degenerative
2728:Inflammatory
2675:
2608:Stiff-person
2446:Parkinsonism
2419:Degenerative
2316:Encephalitis
2299:Inflammation
2289:, primarily
2229:
2205:
2194:
2179:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2108:(2): 78–84.
2105:
2101:
2095:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2041:. Retrieved
2027:
2016:. Retrieved
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1977:
1963:cite journal
1952:. Retrieved
1939:
1935:
1925:
1906:
1886:
1877:
1850:
1844:
1837:Saugstad, OD
1830:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1684:
1674:
1661:the original
1651:
1636:
1631:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1409:(1): 21–25.
1406:
1402:
1392:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1221:. Retrieved
1161:. Retrieved
1159:. 2007-04-05
1150:
1141:
1113:
1109:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1031:
1027:
1021:
988:
984:
978:
951:
947:
937:
904:
898:
888:
860:Choking game
835:
831:
812:
803:Broca's area
796:
792:
784:
765:
742:
726:
691:
683:
666:
661:brain tissue
645:heart attack
632:
622:
606:
601:
589:
583:
557:
551:
536:
520:
456:
450:in cases of
424:
408:preeclampsia
397:
379:and current
377:hypertension
369:neuroimaging
359:infarcts or
356:brain damage
345:
305:
260:
243:, flying at
217:
208:
201:
191:, seizures,
173:
168:brain tissue
165:
139:
135:
131:
127:
120:
99:
83:
82:
25:
3948:Hypotension
3492:head / neck
3344:Cholesterol
3234:capillaries
3143:Fazio–Londe
2983:Both/either
2777:Generalised
2636:Early-onset
2631:Alzheimer's
2366:spinal cord
2231:MedlinePlus
2038:Mayo Clinic
1893:, Norway.gr
1667:Archive.org
1589:Answers.com
1190:(1.00
1073:(1): 5–13.
1028:Neurol Clin
710:epinephrine
448:suffocation
361:hemorrhages
324:spinal cord
320:focal brain
197:brain death
3975:Categories
3864:Vasculitis
3854:Thrombosis
3815:Angiopathy
3759:Varicocele
3752:Hemorrhoid
3582:Halo nevus
3438:dissection
3229:arterioles
2751:paroxysmal
2723:Autoimmune
2516:Dyskinesia
2386:Meningitis
2364:Brain and
2043:2007-04-13
2018:2007-04-13
1993:2007-04-13
1954:2013-06-06
1793:The Lancet
1699:2007-04-13
1513:28 January
1492:2021-10-05
1223:2007-04-13
1163:2007-04-13
881:References
819:autoimmune
698:heart rate
328:infarction
235:, work in
3618:Phlebitis
3359:Trans fat
3295:Foam cell
3251:Arteritis
3218:(vessels)
2748:Episodic/
2626:Tauopathy
2577:Akathisia
2565:Myoclonus
2548:Athetosis
2480:Tauopathy
2212:389088001
2207:SNOMED CT
2059:Neurology
1759:1465-1858
1579:"Hypoxia"
789:Prognosis
680:Treatment
639:, shock,
566:occlusion
528:Diagnosis
511:Mechanism
494:Weak cry.
223:. Severe
116:apoptosis
58:Specialty
3986:Ischemia
3832:Embolism
3434:Aneurysm
3371:Stenosis
3305:Atheroma
3256:Aortitis
3225:Arteries
3114:SMALED2B
3109:SMALED2A
2806:Migraine
2798:Headache
2764:epilepsy
2760:Seizures
2618:Dementia
2521:Dystonia
2149:12045640
2087:43411074
2079:16682658
1948:23111939
1914:Archived
1869:11385146
1839:(2001).
1822:24825982
1814:15474135
1777:23440789
1685:Approach
1556:19030315
1425:11779883
1384:33095581
1376:12865617
1300:19423857
1089:20130351
1048:16443133
1013:18080596
1005:12627012
970:19277687
929:10558756
921:11600423
875:Ulegyria
849:See also
839:bedsores
805:and the
799:epilepsy
753:Oxidants
745:acidosis
718:seizures
714:atropine
613:windpipe
570:thrombus
562:aneurysm
431:prolapse
420:placenta
371:such as
332:etiology
267:drowning
254:without
237:nitrogen
185:fainting
181:cyanosis
171:result.
112:neuronal
104:ischemia
76:seizures
70:Symptoms
3653:abdomen
3334:Hyaline
3126:SMA-PME
3121:SMA-PCH
3104:SMALED1
2816:Tension
2811:Cluster
2536:Meige's
2353:Amoebic
2201:D002534
2114:1636327
1768:7003568
1623:3497548
1547:2528639
1466:1519274
1341:1519274
1259:8969785
1216:. U.S.
1155:. U.S.
1112:(eds.)
827:neurons
574:embolus
365:lesions
340:aphasia
297:and in
283:trachea
263:choking
88:hypoxia
21:Hypoxia
3991:Oxygen
2845:Stroke
2659:Pick's
2586:Tremor
2553:Chorea
2236:001435
2147:
2112:
2085:
2077:
1946:
1867:
1820:
1812:
1775:
1765:
1757:
1643:
1621:
1554:
1544:
1464:
1444:Stroke
1423:
1403:Stroke
1382:
1374:
1339:
1319:Stroke
1298:
1278:Stroke
1257:
1239:Stroke
1188:
1124:
1110:et al.
1087:
1046:
1011:
1003:
968:
927:
919:
841:, and
823:myelin
712:, and
637:Stroke
617:asthma
580:(MCA).
435:uterus
352:stroke
289:, and
247:in an
229:anemia
225:asthma
214:Causes
195:, and
92:oxygen
3768:Other
3601:Veins
3451:torso
3393:Other
3159:both:
3091:DSMA1
3086:SMAX2
3081:SMAX1
3061:only:
3034:only:
2938:Other
2860:Other
2772:Focal
2405:Brain
2308:Brain
2190:437.9
2083:S2CID
1818:S2CID
1380:S2CID
1184:(PDF)
1009:S2CID
925:S2CID
414:with
350:is a
291:shock
252:cabin
96:brain
3702:head
3232:and
2762:and
2473:PKAN
2468:NBIA
2196:MeSH
2185:9-CM
2145:PMID
2110:PMID
2075:PMID
1969:link
1944:PMID
1865:PMID
1810:PMID
1773:PMID
1755:ISSN
1743:2013
1641:ISBN
1619:PMID
1552:PMID
1515:2012
1462:PMID
1421:PMID
1372:PMID
1337:PMID
1296:PMID
1255:PMID
1122:ISBN
1085:PMID
1044:PMID
1001:PMID
966:PMID
917:PMID
763:").
655:and
643:and
373:fMRI
314:and
189:coma
3349:LDL
3076:SMA
3059:LMN
3032:UMN
3023:MND
2889:CSF
2840:TIA
2485:PSP
2461:NMS
2430:and
2291:CNS
2181:ICD
2137:doi
2067:doi
1855:doi
1802:doi
1798:364
1763:PMC
1747:doi
1611:doi
1607:149
1542:PMC
1452:doi
1411:doi
1364:doi
1327:doi
1286:doi
1247:doi
1192:MiB
1132:at
1075:doi
1036:doi
993:doi
956:doi
952:117
909:doi
905:281
702:CPR
467:MRI
463:EEG
140:HIE
134:).
132:HAI
3977::
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