259:
A heart attack can also cause brain ischemia due to the correlation that exists between heart attack and low blood pressure. Extremely low blood pressure usually represents the inadequate oxygenation of tissues. Untreated heart attacks may slow blood flow enough that blood may start to clot and
366:. Additionally, removal of metabolic wastes is slowed. The interruption of blood flow to the brain for ten seconds results in the immediate loss of consciousness. The interruption of blood flow for twenty seconds results in the stopping of electrical activity. An area called a
255:
Blockage of arteries due to plaque buildup may also result in ischemia. Even a small amount of plaque build up can result in the narrowing of passageways, causing that area to become more prone to blood clots. Large blood clots can also cause ischemia by blocking blood flow.
645:
has been attempted to improve results post brain ischemia . This procedure was suggested to be beneficial based on its effects post cardiac arrest. Evidence supporting the use of therapeutic hypothermia after brain ischemia, however, is limited.
205:, also known as vascular depression. This condition is most commonly seen in elderly depressed patients. Late onset depression is increasingly seen as a distinct sub-type of depression, and can be detected with an MRI.
126:
An interruption of blood flow to the brain for more than 10 seconds causes unconsciousness, and an interruption in flow for more than a few minutes generally results in irreversible brain damage. In 1974, Hossmann and
1627:
1615:
251:
that may cause the heart to completely shut down resulting in cessation of oxygen flow. Further, irregular heartbeats may result in formation of blood clots, thus leading to oxygen deprivation to all organs.
584:
The outcome of brain ischemia is influenced by the quality of subsequent supportive care. Systemic blood pressure (or slightly above) should be maintained so that cerebral blood flow is restored. Also,
581:(t-PA) is an effective medication for acute ischemic stroke. When given within 3 hours, treatment with tpa significantly improves the probability of a favourable outcome versus treatment with placebo.
171:. The symptoms of brain ischemia range from mild to severe. Further, symptoms can last from a few seconds to a few minutes or extended periods of time. If the brain becomes damaged irreversibly and
470:
are more susceptible than the thalamus, and the thalamus in turn is more sensitive than the brainstem. Partial cerebral cortex infarction from global brain ischemia typically manifests as
1582:
975:
904:
135:
for up to an hour can be at least partially recovered. Accordingly, this discovery raised the possibility of intervening after brain ischemia before the damage becomes irreversible.
237:
may cause brain ischemia associated with the irregularly shaped blood cells. Sickle shaped blood cells clot more easily than normal blood cells, impeding blood flow to the brain.
115:. Symptoms of brain ischemia can include unconsciousness, blindness, problems with coordination, and weakness in the body. Other effects that may result from brain ischemia are
447:
is restored within a short period of time, symptoms may be transient. However, if a significant amount of time passes before restoration, brain damage may be permanent. While
593:
should be avoided. Seizures can induce more damage; accordingly, anticonvulsants should be prescribed and should a seizure occur, aggressive treatment should be undertaken.
939:
Hossmann, Konstantin-Alexander; Zimmermann, Volker (1974). "Resuscitation of the monkey brain after 1 H complete ischemia. I. Physiological and morphological observations".
147:
may result in symptoms such as blindness in one eye, weakness in one arm or leg, or weakness in one entire side of the body. Ischemia within the arteries branching from the
96:
There are two types of ischemia: focal ischemia, which is confined to a specific region of the brain; and global ischemia, which encompasses wide areas of brain tissue.
1274:
1173:
773:
486:
is one method that has been evaluated to predict the risk of stroke, diagnose stroke and its causes, predict stroke severity and outcome, and guide prevention therapy.
270:
may also cause brain ischemia due to the lack of appropriate artery formation and connection. People with congenital heart defects may also be prone to blood clots.
370:
may result, wherein neurons do not receive enough blood to communicate, however do receive sufficient oxygenation to avoid cell death for a short period of time.
851:
Vespa, Paul; Bergsneider, Marvin; Hattori, Nayoa; Wu, Hsiao-Ming; Huang, Sung-Cheng; Martin, Neil A; Glenn, Thomas C; McArthur, David L; Hovda, David A (2005).
1305:"Spreading depression and focal brain ischemia induce cyclooxygenase-2 in cortical neurons through N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-receptors and phospholipase A2"
128:
2135:
1681:
1047:
143:
The symptoms of brain ischemia reflect the anatomical region undergoing blood and oxygen deprivation. Ischemia within the arteries branching from the
1202:
830:
853:"Metabolic crisis without brain ischemia is common after traumatic brain injury: a combined microdialysis and positron emission tomography study"
986:
915:
1039:
334:(ATP) drop rapidly, approaching zero within 4 minutes. In the absence of biochemical energy, cells begin to lose the ability to maintain
1303:
Miettinen, S.; Fusco, F. R.; Yrjanheikki, J.; Keinanen, R.; Hirvonen, T.; Roivainen, R.; Narhi, M.; Hokfelt, T.; Koistinaho, J. (1997).
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may be performed if the patient has a significant amount of plaque in the carotid arteries associated with the local ischemic events.
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605:
When someone presents with an ischemic event, treatment of the underlying cause is critical for prevention of further episodes.
2128:
1674:
1282:
1181:
1103:
Baldwin, Robert C. (2005). "Is vascular depression a distinct sub-type of depressive disorder? A review of causal evidence".
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Global brain ischemia occurs when blood flow to the brain is halted or drastically reduced. This is commonly caused by
240:
Compression of blood vessels may also lead to brain ischemia, by blocking the arteries that carry oxygen to the brain.
407:. Thrombotic and embolic are generally focal or multifocal in nature while hypoperfusion affects the brain globally.
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prevent the flow of blood to the brain or other major organs. Extremely low blood pressure can also result from drug
17:
733:. Treatment strategies for brain hypoxia vary depending on the original cause of injury, primary and/or secondary.
2102:
455:. Reperfusion injury is classified as the damage that ensues after restoration of blood supply to ischemic tissue.
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is the condition in which there is a decrease in the oxygen supply to the brain even in the presence of adequate
514:
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202:
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Due to different susceptibility to ischemia of various brain regions, a global brain ischemia may cause focal
2079:
1885:
492:: Many proteins and RNA biomarkers identified are connected to ischemic stroke pathophysiology includes
1744:
1401:(Eighth ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1301.
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826:
2018:
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has also been identified as a potential cause for brain ischemia. Moyamoya disease is an extremely rare
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Ischemia leads to alterations in brain metabolism, reduction in metabolic rates, and energy crisis.
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and reactions to drugs. Therefore, brain ischemia can result from events other than heart attacks.
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423:. Focal brain ischemia reduces blood flow to a specific brain region, increasing the risk of
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Brain ischemia has been linked to a variety of diseases or abnormalities. Individuals with
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have a higher predisposition to brain ischemia in comparison to the average population.
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163:, or weakness on both sides of the body . Other symptoms include difficulty speaking,
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may be essential to protecting as much brain tissue as possible, it may also lead to
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776:. WSU Emergency Medicine Cerebral Resuscitation Laboratory. Archived from
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and, because it does not have any long term energy stored, the levels of
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are similar to ischemia and include inattentiveness, poor judgment,
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612:
467:
261:
160:
104:
1013:
Beers, Mark; Andrew
Fletcher; Thomas Jones; Robert Porter (2003).
1951:
1513:
1302:
801:. Cure Hunter Incorporated. 2003. pp. Relationship Network.
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343:
339:
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Chang, Steven; Doty, James; Skirboll, Stephen; Steinberg, Gary.
1694:
1619:
1281:. Emergency Medicine Cerebral Resuscitation Lab. Archived from
1180:. Emergency Medicine Cerebral Resuscitation Lab. Archived from
698:
536:
384:
319:
284:
241:
116:
70:
to meet metabolic demand. This leads to poor oxygen supply or
66:
is a condition in which there is insufficient bloodflow to the
1227:
Hakim AM (1998). "Ischemic penumbra: the therapeutic window".
1068:
Lipton, Peter (1999). "Ischemic cell death in brain neurons".
1711:
1689:
1017:. New York, New York: Merck & Co. Inc. pp. 458–461.
567:
502:
191:
67:
395:. Brain ischemia can be further subdivided, by cause, into
1794:
1530:. National Institutes of Health. 2008-05-07. Archived from
662:
99:
The main symptoms of brain ischemia involve impairments in
1372:"Neuropathology - Chapter 2: Cerebral ischemia and stroke"
850:
221:, plaque buildup in the arteries, blood clots, extremely
1178:
WSU Emergency
Medicine Cerebral Resuscitation Laboratory
1037:
387:" can be divided into three categories: brain ischemia,
151:
in the back of the brain may result in symptoms such as
1528:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1369:
709:. Other causes associated with brain hypoxia include
427:
to that particular area. It can be either caused by
1597:
182:, severe or prolonged brain ischemia will result in
1556:Gusev, Eugene I.; Skvortsova, Veronica I. (2003).
1399:Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States
938:
973:
279:events that may result in brain ischemia include
2255:
314:During brain ischemia, the brain cannot perform
1560:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
1555:
1309:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
857:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
649:A closely related disease to brain ischemia is
247:Ventricular tachycardia represents a series of
74:and thus leads to the death of brain tissue or
661:. If hypoxia lasts for long periods of time,
597:should also be avoided during brain ischemia.
201:Multiple cerebral ischemic events may lead to
2129:
1675:
1473:"Prevention and treatment of brain ischaemia"
1421:
1268:
1266:
1105:International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
1008:
1006:
338:. Consequently, there is a massive influx of
2143:
244:are one cause of blood vessel compression.
2136:
2122:
1682:
1668:
1263:
1040:"Differential diagnosis of brain ischemia"
1003:
1496:
1447:
1346:
1328:
1038:Caplan, Louis; Scott Kasner; John Dashe.
898:
896:
876:
107:. The causes of brain ischemia vary from
82:. It is a sub-type of stroke along with
434:
287:, and severe irreversible brain damage.
1102:
1015:The Merck Manual of Medical Information
976:"The pathophysiology of brain ischemia"
905:"The Pathophysiology of Brain Ischemia"
902:
827:"Clinical diagnosis of stroke subtypes"
410:
175:occurs, the symptoms may be permanent.
14:
2256:
1589:. URL last accessed February 26, 2006.
1145:
1067:
893:
302:to the brain, consequently leading to
131:demonstrated that ischemia induced in
2117:
1663:
1470:
1424:"Blood Biomarkers of Ischemic stroke"
1422:Jickling, Glen; Sharp, Frank (2011).
1396:
1226:
821:
819:
570:, B-type neurotrophic growth factor.
326:. The brain is not able to switch to
138:
1934:Partial anterior circulation infarct
1272:
1171:
974:Raichle, Marcus; Ann Neurol (1983).
799:"Brain Ischemia (Cerebral Ischemia)"
771:
1524:"Cerebral Hypoxia Information Page"
729:, and complications during general
415:Focal brain ischemia occurs when a
24:
1929:Total anterior circulation infarct
1730:Posterior cerebral artery syndrome
1575:
1390:
816:
743:Anoxic depolarization in the brain
309:
25:
2285:
1720:Anterior cerebral artery syndrome
1593:
378:
123:, and irreversible brain damage.
2103:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
1881:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
1725:Middle cerebral artery syndrome
1549:
1464:
1415:
1378:from the original on 2022-02-17
1363:
1296:
1220:
1195:
1174:"Bad Things Happen in Ischemia"
1165:
1139:
1096:
1061:
1050:from the original on 2009-02-17
833:from the original on 2011-02-13
805:from the original on 2009-02-14
619:may be used if the patient has
515:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
507:Glial fibrillary acidic protein
203:subcortical ischemic depression
1082:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.4.1431
1031:
967:
932:
844:
791:
765:
362:activation, and the arrest of
13:
1:
1886:Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
758:
626:Operative procedures such as
600:
1370:Dimitri P. Agamanolis, M.D.
1241:10.1212/wnl.51.3_suppl_3.s44
1150:. eSSORTMENT. Archived from
953:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90478-8
573:
477:
373:
298:condition that limits blood
217:, compressed blood vessels,
7:
1148:"What is Moyamoya disease?"
736:
701:, and use of drugs such as
637:
10:
2290:
1855:Cerebellar stroke syndrome
1788:Lateral medullary syndrome
1203:"Ischemic and Hemorrhagic"
2193:
2155:
2090:
2080:Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm
2065:
2045:
2027:
2009:
1983:
1974:
1944:
1924:Transient ischemic attack
1901:
1891:Subclavian steal syndrome
1863:
1845:
1783:Medial medullary syndrome
1773:Brainstem stroke syndrome
1763:
1710:
1701:
1601:
1440:10.1007/s13311-011-0050-4
1275:"Two Flavors of Ischemia"
774:"What is Brain Ischemia?"
695:carbon monoxide poisoning
336:electrochemical gradients
208:
51:
37:
32:
1962:Transient global amnesia
1809:Lateral pontine syndrome
1745:Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
1691:Cerebrovascular diseases
1489:10.1136/bmj.291.6498.758
903:Raichle, Marcus (1983).
869:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600073
673:may occur. Symptoms of
499:Tissue Injury Biomarkers
393:intracerebral hemorrhage
281:cardiorespiratory arrest
268:Congenital heart defects
231:congenital heart defects
121:cardiorespiratory arrest
113:congenital heart defects
88:intracerebral hemorrhage
46:Cerebrovascular ischemia
2053:Intracranial hemorrhage
1871:Carotid artery stenosis
1800:Medial pontine syndrome
1477:British Medical Journal
1330:10.1073/pnas.94.12.6500
1146:Sparks, Gareth (2002).
1044:Up to Date For Patients
685:. Potential causes of
643:Therapeutic hypothermia
521:Inflammatory Biomarkers
389:subarachnoid hemorrhage
346:, a massive release of
219:ventricular tachycardia
145:internal carotid artery
84:subarachnoid hemorrhage
1387:Updated: October, 2017
628:carotid endarterectomy
497:Central Nervous System
332:adenosine triphosphate
274:
2075:Intracranial aneurysm
1864:Extracranial arteries
1070:Physiological Reviews
912:Neurological Progress
748:Migrainous infarction
559:Von Willebrand factor
533:Tumor necrosis factor
435:Global brain ischemia
103:, body movement, and
2011:Cerebral/Intra-axial
1957:Binswanger's disease
1397:Porth, C.M. (2009).
1273:Sullivan, Jonathon.
1235:(3 Suppl 3): S44–6.
1172:Sullivan, Jonathon.
983:Neurological Process
772:Sullivan, Jonathon.
681:, and a decrease in
411:Focal brain ischemia
328:anaerobic metabolism
249:irregular heartbeats
169:loss of coordination
2098:Cerebral vasculitis
1976:Haemorrhagic stroke
1914:Cerebral infarction
1321:1997PNAS...94.6500M
621:atrial fibrillation
318:due to the loss of
194:, mediated by the
76:cerebral infarction
2037:Duret haemorrhages
1583:Cerebral ischemia
1279:Brain Ischemia 101
683:motor coordination
525:c-reactive protein
453:reperfusion injury
316:aerobic metabolism
304:oxygen deprivation
235:Sickle cell anemia
223:low blood pressure
215:sickle cell anemia
149:vertebral arteries
139:Symptoms and signs
109:sickle cell anemia
2264:Vascular diseases
2251:
2250:
2111:
2110:
2061:
2060:
1970:
1969:
1835:Claude's syndrome
1830:Benedikt syndrome
1657:
1656:
1471:Hinds CJ (1985).
1428:Neurotherapeutics
383:The broad term, "
364:protein synthesis
352:synaptic vesicles
61:
60:
42:Cerebral ischemia
27:Medical condition
18:Cerebral ischemia
16:(Redirected from
2281:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2019:Intraventricular
1981:
1980:
1825:Weber's syndrome
1750:Watershed stroke
1740:Moyamoya disease
1708:
1707:
1703:Ischaemic stroke
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1677:
1670:
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1599:
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1587:cgi.stanford.edu
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1483:(6498): 758–60.
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1408:978-16054-7390-1
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1205:. Archived from
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753:Watershed stroke
632:carotid stenting
564:Other Biomarkers
490:Blood Biomarkers
472:watershed stroke
460:brain infarction
443:. If sufficient
292:Moyamoya disease
196:ischemic cascade
180:cerebral hypoxia
133:mammalian brains
72:cerebral hypoxia
57:Vascular surgeon
30:
29:
21:
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2178:Large intestine
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1735:Amaurosis fugax
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1576:Further reading
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1076:(4): 1431–568.
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419:has occluded a
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310:Pathophysiology
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225:as a result of
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184:unconsciousness
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80:ischemic stroke
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1919:Classification
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1909:Brain ischemia
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1902:Classification
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1813:Millard-Gubler
1806:
1792:
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1761:
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1757:
1755:Lacunar stroke
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1623:: G45.9, I67.8
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1602:Classification
1595:
1594:External links
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1558:Brain ischemia
1551:
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1434:(3): 349–360.
1414:
1407:
1389:
1362:
1315:(12): 6500–5.
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941:Brain Research
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723:cardiac arrest
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595:Hyperglycaemia
575:
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543:Coagulation /
479:
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441:cardiac arrest
436:
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380:
379:Classification
377:
375:
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311:
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210:
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165:slurred speech
140:
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64:Brain ischemia
59:
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33:Brain ischemia
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1184:on 2009-01-06
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1024:84-494-3359-2
1020:
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992:on 2009-02-19
988:
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917:
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863:(6): 763–74.
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828:
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780:on 2009-01-06
779:
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688:
687:brain hypoxia
684:
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675:brain hypoxia
672:
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664:
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655:Brain hypoxia
652:
651:brain hypoxia
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529:Interleukin 6
526:
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491:
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431:or embolism.
430:
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405:hypoperfusion
402:
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161:double vision
158:
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40:
36:
31:
19:
2167:
2001:Subarachnoid
1908:
1641:
1626:
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1586:
1557:
1550:Bibliography
1536:. Retrieved
1532:the original
1527:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1398:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1365:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1278:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1197:
1186:. Retrieved
1182:the original
1177:
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1141:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1046:. UpToDate.
1043:
1033:
1014:
994:. Retrieved
987:the original
982:
969:
947:(1): 59–74.
944:
940:
934:
923:. Retrieved
916:the original
911:
860:
856:
846:
835:. Retrieved
807:. Retrieved
793:
782:. Retrieved
778:the original
767:
707:amphetamines
648:
641:
625:
607:
604:
583:
577:
563:
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542:
541:
520:
519:
495:
494:
489:
488:
481:
457:
438:
414:
382:
313:
289:
276:pathological
272:
266:
258:
254:
246:
239:
227:heart attack
212:
200:
188:brain damage
177:
142:
125:
98:
95:
92:
63:
62:
45:
41:
2211:Hemorrhagic
1984:Extra-axial
1876:precerebral
1111:(1): 1–11.
727:head trauma
691:suffocation
679:memory loss
671:brain death
669:, and even
591:hypercapnia
449:reperfusion
445:circulation
300:circulation
178:Similar to
38:Other names
2258:Categories
2195:Infarction
2149:infarction
1847:Cerebellum
1765:Brain stem
1693:including
1538:2009-04-28
1382:2020-07-14
1289:2008-10-13
1213:2008-11-11
1188:2008-11-11
1158:2009-04-13
1054:2008-11-11
996:2009-04-22
925:2008-11-11
837:2022-06-28
809:2008-11-11
784:2008-11-11
759:References
731:anesthesia
715:strangling
705:and other
659:blood flow
601:Management
587:hypoxaemia
551:Fibrinogen
547:Biomarkers
545:Thrombosis
429:thrombosis
425:cell death
417:blood clot
397:thrombotic
290:Recently,
173:infarction
167:, and the
129:Zimmermann
2217:Location
2164:Location
2145:Ischaemia
2029:Brainstem
1804:Foville's
1637:435X,437X
1229:Neurology
697:, severe
579:Alteplase
574:Treatment
511:enolase 2
484:biomarker
478:Biomarker
374:Diagnosis
356:lipolysis
348:glutamate
342:into the
324:substrate
153:dizziness
53:Specialty
2274:Ischemia
2243:Gangrene
2157:Ischemia
2067:Aneurysm
1996:Subdural
1991:Epidural
1820:Midbrain
1458:21671123
1376:Archived
1257:44452236
1133:19083813
1125:15578670
1090:10508238
1048:Archived
887:15716852
831:Archived
803:Archived
737:See also
711:drowning
667:seizures
638:Research
613:warfarin
468:striatum
368:penumbra
262:overdose
105:speaking
2046:General
1952:CADASIL
1778:Medulla
1648:D002545
1507:3929929
1498:1417168
1449:3250275
1357:9177247
1317:Bibcode
1249:9744833
961:4434196
878:4347944
719:choking
703:cocaine
617:heparin
555:D-dimer
482:Use of
401:embolic
360:calpain
344:cytosol
340:calcium
157:vertigo
2269:Stroke
2231:Spleen
2206:Anemic
2202:Types
1695:stroke
1564:
1505:
1495:
1456:
1446:
1405:
1355:
1345:
1337:
1255:
1247:
1131:
1123:
1088:
1021:
959:
885:
875:
699:anemia
537:VCAM-1
462:. The
403:, and
385:stroke
320:oxygen
285:stroke
273:Other
242:Tumors
229:, and
209:Causes
117:stroke
101:vision
2226:Brain
2221:Heart
2173:Heart
2168:Brain
2091:Other
1945:Other
1712:Brain
1348:21079
1339:42387
1335:JSTOR
1253:S2CID
1129:S2CID
990:(PDF)
979:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
908:(PDF)
611:with
568:PARK7
503:S100B
391:and
350:from
192:death
86:and
68:brain
2236:Limb
2147:and
1795:Pons
1643:MeSH
1632:9-CM
1562:ISBN
1503:PMID
1454:PMID
1403:ISBN
1353:PMID
1245:PMID
1121:PMID
1086:PMID
1019:ISBN
957:PMID
883:PMID
689:are
663:coma
630:and
589:and
466:and
322:and
1628:ICD
1616:ICD
1493:PMC
1485:doi
1481:291
1444:PMC
1436:doi
1343:PMC
1325:doi
1237:doi
1113:doi
1078:doi
949:doi
873:PMC
865:doi
653:.
615:or
190:or
111:to
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