Cerium - Knowledge

2267:. The 4f, 5d, and 6s energy levels are very close to each other, and the transfer of one electron to the 5d shell is due to strong interelectronic repulsion in the compact 4f shell. This effect is overwhelmed when the atom is positively ionised; thus Ce on its own has instead the regular configuration 4f, although in some solid solutions it may be 4f5d. Most lanthanides can use only three electrons as valence electrons, as afterwards the remaining 4f electrons are too strongly bound: cerium is an exception because of the stability of the empty f-shell in Ce and the fact that it comes very early in the lanthanide series, where the nuclear charge is still low enough until 2865: 2884: 3047: 2759: 1551: 1456: 2573:(X = F, Cl, Br, I) usually by reaction of the oxides with the hydrogen halides. The anhydrous halides are pale-colored, paramagnetic, hygroscopic solids. Upon hydration, the trihalides convert to complexes containing aquo complexes . Unlike most lanthanides, Ce forms a tetrafluoride, a white solid. It also forms a bronze-colored diiodide, which has metallic properties. Aside from the binary halide phases, a number of anionic halide complexes are known. The fluoride gives the Ce(IV) derivatives 2680: 3378: 2358: 2278:. The energy of the 4f electron is nearly the same as that of the outer 5d and 6s electrons that are delocalized in the metallic state, and only a small amount of energy is required to change the relative occupancy of these electronic levels. This gives rise to dual valence states. For example, a volume change of about 10% occurs when cerium is subjected to high pressures or low temperatures. It appears that the valence changes from about 3 to 4 when it is cooled or compressed. 3136: 1512: 3441: 2056: 2405:

involves a volume increase and, as more β forms, the internal stresses build up and suppress further transformation. Cooling below approximately −160 °C will start formation of α-cerium but this is only from remaining γ-cerium. β-cerium does not significantly transform to α-cerium except in the presence of stress or deformation. At atmospheric pressure, liquid cerium is more dense than its solid form at the melting point.

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important of the bastnäsites. Cerium is the easiest lanthanide to extract from its minerals because it is the only one that can reach a stable +4 oxidation state in aqueous solution. Because of the decreased solubility of cerium in the +4 oxidation state, cerium is sometimes depleted from rocks relative to the other rare-earth elements and is incorporated into

3107:, which usually contains all the rare earths, as well as thorium, is more involved. Monazite, because of its magnetic properties, can be separated by repeated electromagnetic separation. After separation, it is treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid to produce water-soluble sulfates of rare earths. The acidic filtrates are partially neutralized with 3199:, also invented by von Welsbach. Due to the chemical similarities of the lanthanides, chemical separation is not usually required for their applications, such as the addition of mischmetal to steel as an inclusion modifier to improve mechanical properties, or as catalysts for the cracking of petroleum. This property of cerium saved the life of writer 3499:: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium are about equally effective. Cerium is otherwise not known to have biological role in any other organisms, but is not very toxic either; it does not accumulate in the food chain to any appreciable extent. Because it often occurs together with calcium in phosphate minerals, and bones are primarily 3446: 2457:. The most stable of them are Ce with a half-life of 284.9 days, Ce with a half-life of 137.6 days, and Ce with a half-life of 32.5 days. All other radioactive cerium isotopes have half-lives under four days, and most of them have half-lives under ten minutes. The isotopes between Ce and Ce inclusive occur as 3535:

extinguishing media. Workers exposed to cerium have experienced itching, sensitivity to heat, and skin lesions. Cerium is not toxic when eaten, but animals injected with large doses of cerium have died due to cardiovascular collapse. Cerium is more dangerous to aquatic organisms because it damages

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This resulted in commercial success for von Welsbach and his invention, and created great demand for thorium. Its production resulted in a large amount of lanthanides being simultaneously extracted as by-products. Applications were soon found for them, especially in the pyrophoric alloy known as

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At lower temperatures the behavior of cerium is complicated by the slow rates of transformation. Transformation temperatures are subject to substantial hysteresis and values quoted here are approximate. Upon cooling below −15 °C, γ-cerium starts to change to β-cerium, but the transformation

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Like all rare-earth metals, cerium is of low to moderate toxicity. A strong reducing agent, it ignites spontaneously in air at 65 to 80 °C. Fumes from cerium fires are toxic. Cerium reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas, and thus cerium fires can only be effectively extinguished using

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in the late 1830s that ceria was obtained pure. Wilhelm Hisinger was a wealthy mine-owner and amateur scientist, and sponsor of Berzelius. He owned and controlled the mine at Bastnäs, and had been trying for years to find out the composition of the abundant heavy gangue rock (the "Tungsten of

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groups, where it makes up about half of the lanthanide content. Monazite-(Ce) is the most common representative of the monazites, with "-Ce" being the Levinson suffix informing on the dominance of the particular REE element representative. Also the cerium-dominant bastnäsite-(Ce) is the most

3015:, cerium is actually not rare at all. Cerium content in the soil varies between 2 and 150 ppm, with an average of 50 ppm; seawater contains 1.5 parts per trillion of cerium. Cerium occurs in various minerals, but the most important commercial sources are the minerals of the 2561:(Ce/Ce) varies widely depending on conditions due to the relative ease of complexation and hydrolysis with various anions, although +1.72 V is representative. Cerium is the only lanthanide which has important aqueous and coordination chemistry in the +4 oxidation state. 2548:

Cerium exists in two main oxidation states, Ce(III) and Ce(IV). This pair of adjacent oxidation states dominates several aspects of the chemistry of this element. Cerium(IV) aqueous solutions may be prepared by reacting cerium(III) solutions with the strong oxidizing agents

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five years later, the earths soon yielded the metals they contained. Ceria, as isolated in 1803, contained all of the lanthanides present in the cerite ore from Bastnäs, Sweden, and thus only contained about 45% of what is now known to be pure ceria. It was not until

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conditions when casting plutonium metal. Despite desirable properties, these sulfides were never widely adopted due to practical issues with their synthesis. Cerium is used as alloying element in aluminium to create castable eutectic

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groups, cerium is easy to extract from its ores, as it can be distinguished among the lanthanides by its unique ability to be oxidized to the +4 state in aqueous solution. It is the most common of the lanthanides, followed by

2512:(rapid neutron capture). This is so because they are bypassed by the reaction flow of the s-process, and the r-process nuclides are blocked from decaying to them by more neutron-rich stable nuclides. Such nuclei are called 3597:

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04).

2735:, both as a stoichiometric reagent and as a catalyst. It is inexpensive, stable in air, easily handled, and of low toxicity. It operates by one-electron redox. Cerium nitrates also form 4:3 and 1:1 complexes with 2952:), now known as cerite, that he had in his mine. Mosander and his family lived for many years in the same house as Berzelius, and Mosander was undoubtedly persuaded by Berzelius to investigate ceria further. 3386: 4579:

M. Cristina Cassani; Yurii K. Gun'ko; Peter B. Hitchcock; Alexander G. Hulkes; Alexei V. Khvostov; Michael F. Lappert; Andrey V. Protchenko (2002). "Aspects of non-classical organolanthanide chemistry".

2524:. Ce is the most common isotope of cerium, as it can be produced in both the s- and r-processes, while Ce can only be produced in the r-process. Another reason for the abundance of Ce is that it is a 2532:

towards further neutron capture. Although its proton number of 58 is not magic, it is granted additional stability, as its eight additional protons past the magic number 50 enter and complete the 1g

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with 6–16 wt.% Ce, to which other elements such as Mg, Ni, Fe and Mn can be added. These Al-Ce alloys have excellent high temperature strength and are suitable for automotive applications (e.g. in

2930:, a term that is still used. The metal itself was too electropositive to be isolated by then-current smelting technology, a characteristic of rare-earth metals in general. After the development of 2435:. None of these decay modes have yet been observed, though the double beta decay of Ce, Ce, and Ce have been experimentally searched for. The current experimental limits for their half-lives are: 6030: 7956: 5274:

Gleń, Marta; Grzmil, Barbara; Sreńscek-Nazzal, Joanna; Kic, Bogumił (2011-04-01). "Effect of CeO2 and Sb2O3 on the phase transformation and optical properties of photostable titanium dioxide".

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produced a much better, though blue, light, and that mixing it with cerium dioxide resulted in a bright white light. Cerium dioxide also acts as a catalyst for the combustion of thorium oxide.

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is used to decolorize glass. It functions by converting green-tinted ferrous impurities to nearly colorless ferric oxides. Ceria has also been used as a substitute for its radioactive congener

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A white LED in operation: the diode produces monochromatic blue light but the Ce:YAG phosphor converts some of it into yellow light; the combination is perceived as white by the human eye.

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Klaus Reinhardt and Herwig Winkler in "Cerium Mischmetal, Cerium Alloys, and Cerium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

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Hawthorne, Joseph; De la Torre Roche, Roberto; Xing, Baoshan; Newman, Lee A.; Ma, Xingmao; Majumdar, Sanghamitra; Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge; White, Jason C. (2014-11-18).

3195:" composed of 50% cerium, 25% lanthanum, and the remainder being the other lanthanides, that is used widely for lighter flints. Usually iron is added to form the alloy 3447: 7644: 3548: 2828:

molecular structure. The 4f electron in cerocene is poised ambiguously between being localized and delocalized and this compound is considered intermediate-valent.

5249: 3455: 7777: 2331:, cerium reacts with water. The reaction is slow with cold water but speeds up with increasing temperature, producing cerium(III) hydroxide and hydrogen gas: 5872:

Attof, Rachid; Magnin, Christophe; Bertin-Maghit, Marc; Olivier, Laure; Tissot, Sylvie; Petit, Paul (2007). "Methemoglobinemia by cerium nitrate poisoning".

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Majumdar, Sanghamitra; Trujillo-Reyes, Jesica; Hernandez-Viezcas, Jose A.; White, Jason C.; Peralta-Videa, Jose R.; Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L. (2016-07-05).

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have the same charge and similar ionic radii. In extreme cases, cerium(IV) can form its own minerals separated from the other rare-earth elements, such as

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impurities. The ore is then roasted in the air to oxidize it to the lanthanide oxides: while most of the lanthanides will be oxidized to the sesquioxides

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proton orbital. The abundances of the cerium isotopes may differ very slightly in natural sources, because Ce and Ce are the daughters of the long-lived

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Koskimaki, D. C.; Gschneidner, K. A.; Panousis, N. T. (1974). "Preparation of single phase β and α cerium samples for low temperature measurements".

1814: 4892: 4694:(1932). "The Discovery of the Elements: XI. Some Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium: Zirconium, Titanium, Cerium and Thorium". 3808:

Jørgensen, Christian (1973). "The Loose Connection between Electron Configuration and the Chemical Behavior of the Heavy Elements (Transuranics)".

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Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).

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Pol, Arjan; Barends, Thomas R. M.; Dietl, Andreas; Khadem, Ahmad F.; Eygensteyn, Jelle; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Op Den Camp, Huub J. M. (2013).

1419: 7976: 3231:(cerium sulfide red), which stays chemically inert up to very high temperatures. The pigment is a safer alternative to lightfast but toxic 5726:

Gupta, Govind Sharan; Shanker, Rishi; Dhawan, Alok; Kumar, Ashutosh (2017), Ranjan, Shivendu; Dasgupta, Nandita; Lichtfouse, Eric (eds.),

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Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; Incicchitti, A.; Tretyak, V. I. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays".

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Pol, Arjan; Barends, Thomas R.M.; Dietl, Andreas; Khadem, Ahmad F.; Eygensteyn, Jelle; Jetten, Mike S.M.; Op Den Camp, Huub J.M. (2013).

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Hirai, Shinji; Shimakage, Kazuyoshi; Saitou, Yasushi; Nishimura, Toshiyuki; Uemura, Yoichiro; Mitomo, Mamoru; Brewer, Leo (2005-01-21).

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Both γ and β forms are quite stable at room temperature, although the equilibrium transformation temperature is estimated at 75 °C.

7461: 4848: 2431:, and the heaviest isotope Ce is expected to undergo double beta decay to Nd or alpha decay to Ba. Thus, Ce is the only theoretically 2306:

rust. A centimeter-sized sample of cerium metal corrodes completely in about a year. More dramatically, metallic cerium can be highly

2770:, aqueous cerium(IV) ions are orange-yellow. Aqueous cerium(IV) is metastable in water and is a strong oxidizing agent that oxidizes 2165: 5480: 3183:, lanthanum, and yttrium oxides, but these gave green-tinted light and were unsuccessful. Six years later, he discovered that pure 2081: 1764: 4760: 4472:

B. P. Belousov (1959). "Периодически действующая реакция и ее механизм" [Periodically acting reaction and its mechanism].

3119:. The oxalates are converted to oxides by annealing. The oxides are dissolved in nitric acid, but cerium oxide is insoluble in HNO 4730: 1601: 3050:

Crystal structure of bastnäsite-(Ce). Color code: carbon, C, blue-gray; fluorine, F, green; cerium, Ce, white; oxygen, O, red.

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Sims, Zachary (2016). "Cerium-Based, Intermetallic-Strengthened Aluminum Casting Alloy: High-Volume Co-product Development".

5347: 5194: 4858: 4658: 4421: 4388: 4359: 4073: 3944: 3661: 3532: 3093:. This is insoluble in water and can be leached out with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid, leaving the other lanthanides behind. 3420: 2136:

of +3 characteristic of the series, it also has a stable +4 state that does not oxidize water. It is considered one of the

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Cerium oxide, the most prevalent cerium compound in industrial applications, is not regulated in the United States by the

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The rarity of the proton-rich Ce and Ce is explained by the fact that they cannot be made in the most common processes of

2140:. Cerium has no known biological role in humans but is not particularly toxic, except with intense or continued exposure. 2419:

Naturally occurring cerium is made up of four isotopes: Ce (0.19%), Ce (0.25%), Ce (88.4%), and Ce (11.1%). All four are

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is 12-coordinate, a high coordination number which emphasizes the large size of the Ce ion. CAN is a popular oxidant in

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is 5 mg/m. Elemental cerium has no established occupational or permissible exposure limits by the by the OSHA or

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to pH 3–4. Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that, the solution is treated with

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Sridharan, Vellaisamy; Menéndez, J. Carlos (2010). "Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate as a Catalyst in Organic Synthesis".

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Dai, Tianhong; Huang, Ying-Ying; Sharma, Sulbha K.; Hashmi, Javad T.; Kurup, Divya B.; Hamblin, Michael R. (2010).

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Stassis, C.; Gould, T.; McMasters, O.; Gschneidner, K.; Nicklow, R. (1979). "Lattice and spin dynamics of γ-Ce".

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defects due to the continuous electron bombardment during operation. Cerium is also an essential component as a

7454: 3839:, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, pp. 1703–5, 3523: 3495: 1704: 1492: 4376: 3223:

and prevents clear polymers from darkening in sunlight. An example of a cerium compound used on its own as an

3070:, and hence the extraction of cerium from it is quite direct. First, the bastnäsite is purified, using dilute 7971: 6058: 3148: 2671:

are known, they are polychalcogenides with cerium(III): cerium(IV) derivatives of S, Se, and Te are unknown.

5734:, Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol. 26, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 309–333, 5618:"Particle-Size Dependent Accumulation and Trophic Transfer of Cerium Oxide through a Terrestrial Food Chain" 3163:, where ceria as an alloying element improves arc stability and ease of starting while decreasing burn-off. 2195:

became the first to isolate the metal. Today, cerium and its compounds have a variety of uses: for example,

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Despite always occurring in combination with the other rare-earth elements in minerals such as those of the

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Cerium is the most abundant of all the lanthanides and the 25th most abundant element, making up 68

5908: 5544: 5365:"Sol–gel synthesis and photoluminescent properties of cerium-ion doped yttrium aluminium garnet powders" 5132:

AWS D10.11M/D10.11 - An American National Standard - Guide for Root Pass Welding of Pipe Without Backing

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Nair, Vijay; Deepthi, Ani (2007). "Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate: A Versatile Single-Electron Oxidant".

2987:). Production of extremely pure cerium in Ames commenced in mid-1944 and continued until August 1945. 2516:, and their origin is not yet well understood: some speculated mechanisms for their formation include 7447: 3560: 2802: 7632: 5585:

Kang, L.; Shen, Z.; Jin, C. (April 2000). "Neodymium cations Nd were transported to the interior of

4953: 3599: 2636:, where x is about 0.2. Thus, the material is not perfectly described as Ce(IV). Ceria reduces to 1867: 7966: 7858: 5956:"Toxicological Evaluations of Rare Earths and Their Health Impacts to Workers: A Literature Review" 3239:

television glass plates was beneficial, as it suppresses the darkening effect from the creation of

3160: 2904: 2743:). Classically, CAN is a primary standard for quantitative analysis. Cerium(IV) salts, especially 2715:

is the most common cerium compound encountered in the laboratory. The six nitrate ligands bind as

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forms of cerium are known to exist at standard pressure and are given the common labels of α to δ:

2212: 2188: 1769: 1262: 5673:"Cerium Biomagnification in a Terrestrial Food Chain: Influence of Particle Size and Growth Stage" 5364: 5316: 5095:

Klaus Reinhardt; Herwig Winkler (2000). "Cerium Mischmetal, Cerium Alloys, and Cerium Compounds".

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SolV, for which lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium alone are about equally effective.

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and hence precipitates out. Care must be taken when handling some of the residues as they contain

2667:). The monochalcogenides CeZ conduct electricity and would better be formulated as CeZe. While CeZ 4199: 2767: 2537: 2529: 2497: 2424: 2391:) form β-cerium is the equilibrium structure approximately from room temperature to −150 °C. 2299: 2067: 1628: 1121: 3377: 2896: 2180: 1773: 7918: 7830: 7661: 5019:

Thomas, J. B.; Bodnar, R. J.; Shimizu, N.; Chesner, C. A. (2003). "Melt inclusions in zircon".

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The stable form below 726 °C to approximately room temperature is γ-cerium, with an fcc (

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The fcc form α-cerium is stable below about −150 °C; it has a density of 8.16 g/cm.

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Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".

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cell membranes; it is not very soluble in water and can cause environmental contamination.

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for the construction of crucibles which could withstand the high temperatures and strongly

2940: 2912: 2876: 2275: 2216: 2192: 1790: 1753: 1591: 1533: 4795: 8: 7910: 7898: 7615: 7583: 7510: 7494: 3517:. The early lanthanides act as essential cofactors for the methanol dehydrogenase of the 3327: 3272: 3259:(Ce:YAG) which emits green to yellow-green light (550–530 nm) and also behaves as a 3228: 2748: 2521: 2381: 2374: 2200: 1734: 1272: 5688: 5633: 5415: 5147: 5032: 4707: 4675: 4520: 4218: 4165: 4126: 4118: 4037: 4002: 3876: 2883: 7886: 7789: 7550: 5980: 5955: 5849: 5824: 5435: 5299: 4811: 4230: 4177: 4151: 4099: 3893: 3860: 3733: 2744: 2414: 2137: 2106: 1800: 1694: 1650: 1479: 1254: 1248: 4612: 4593: 7850: 7571: 7038: 6123: 6035: 6010: 5985: 5931: 5889: 5854: 5799: 5789: 5769: 5743: 5708: 5700: 5653: 5645: 5567: 5458: 5439: 5427: 5384: 5343: 5291: 5190: 5181:. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 52–160. 5110: 4854: 4691: 4654: 4534: 4452: 4417: 4384: 4355: 4330: 4292: 4234: 4181: 4069: 4010: 3940: 3898: 3840: 3776: 3712: 3687: 3657: 3615: 3514: 3510: 3503:, cerium can accumulate in bones in small amounts that are not considered dangerous. 3500: 3291: 3075: 3071: 2996: 2956: 2920: 2782:, cerium oscillates between the +4 and +3 oxidation states to catalyze the reaction. 2771: 2732: 2641: 2637: 2328: 2169: 1847: 1838: 1757: 1486: 1401: 1391: 769: 5303: 4404:

Sroor, Farid M.A.; Edelmann, Frank T. (2012). "Lanthanides: Tetravalent Inorganic".

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Other solid phases occurring only at high pressures are shown on the phase diagram.

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Mikhail N. Bochkarev (2004). "Molecular compounds of "new" divalent lanthanides".

2976: 2528:, having a closed neutron shell (it has 82 neutrons), and hence it has a very low 7946: 7729: 7486: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 5739: 5337: 5323: 4173: 3156: 2984: 2979:

for the preparation and casting of cerium were developed within the scope of the

2550: 2505: 2466: 2458: 2133: 2060: 1444: 1365: 5885: 3046: 7693: 7566: 6167: 5840: 5727: 3752: 3551:, though it is classified as a flammable solid and regulated as such under the 3518: 3506: 3486: 2517: 2432: 2298: = −2.34 V for the Ce/Ce couple. It tarnishes in air, forming a 2287: 1912: 1680: 1537: 1496: 1282: 1175: 1113: 174: 6091: 5785: 5477:

Potential for Recovery of Cerium Contained in Automotive Catalytic Converters.

5423: 5287: 4565: 7940: 7261: 5971: 5909:"Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots" 5704: 5649: 5617: 5545:"Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots" 5388: 5295: 5236: 5152: 5106: 4448: 4045: 3619: 3308: 3220: 3184: 2923:, goddess of agriculture, grain crops, fertility and motherly relationships. 2845: 2758: 2525: 2454: 2113: 1946: 1899: 1872: 1660: 1462: 1430: 1236: 1209: 1195: 1090: 939: 5927: 5696: 5670: 5563: 5186: 3312: 3020: 2423:, though the light isotopes Ce and Ce are theoretically expected to undergo 2148: 7315: 7144: 6849: 6249: 6182: 5989: 5935: 5893: 5858: 5803: 5712: 5657: 5571: 5457:(Report). Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). 4538: 4334: 4296: 3902: 3821: 3556: 3316: 3260: 2980: 2935: 2869: 2241: 2161: 1670: 1620: 1074: 981: 848: 622: 3711:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 3611: 3468: 1455: 7369: 7333: 7324: 7234: 7216: 7207: 6244: 5498:"Argonne's deNOx Catalyst Begins Extensive Diesel Engine Exhaust Testing" 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 3196: 2926:

Cerium was originally isolated in the form of its oxide, which was named

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can be enhanced by the addition of cerium, as it provides pigments with

3207:, when he found a supply of ferrocerium alloy and bartered it for food. 2128:

that tarnishes when exposed to air. Cerium is the second element in the

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3716 K (3443 °C, 6229 °F)

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Johansson, Börje; Luo, Wei; Li, Sa; Ahuja, Rajeev (17 September 2014).

3600:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 3553:

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

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to allow the removal of the fourth valence electron by chemical means.

2233: 2208: 2129: 1030: 974: 953: 932: 671: 657: 636: 508: 501: 302: 5641: 5462: 5455:

PREPARATION OF TERNARY PLUTONIUM ALLOYS FOR CORE TEST FACILITY PROGRAM

5454: 5431: 5054: 4993: 4982: 4326: 4288: 4258: 4256: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3884: 2892: 2176: 1550: 7387: 7360: 7351: 7198: 7180: 7171: 7162: 6948: 6858: 6831: 6779: 6725: 6707: 6671: 6651: 6590: 6527: 6471: 6410: 6399: 6318: 6269: 6259: 6254: 5476: 5380: 3180: 3033: 3029: 2972: 2825: 2752: 2664: 2644: 2509: 2501: 2366: 2268: 2237: 2157: 2153: 1852: 1615: 1436: 1066: 1037: 1016: 1009: 890: 876: 869: 862: 699: 629: 608: 571: 529: 515: 487: 469: 425: 376: 332: 288: 279: 219: 5615: 5215: 5213: 5040: 4759:

Marshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Virginia R. Marshall (2015).

4729:

Marshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Virginia R. Marshall (2015).

4023: 3835:

Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.),

3135: 7677: 7439: 7342: 7243: 7126: 7108: 7083: 7074: 7047: 7020: 6984: 6975: 6957: 6885: 6876: 6770: 6642: 6608: 6518: 6509: 6500: 6491: 6446: 6365: 6347: 6282: 4484: 4347: 4253: 4241: 4156: 4098:

Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017).

3909: 3732:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

3579: 3427: 3248: 3240: 3147:. The industrial application of ceria is for polishing, especially 3097: 3067: 3063: 3016: 3011:(2.1 ppm). Thus, despite its position as one of the so-called 2964: 2960: 2949: 2944: 2873: 2806: 2775: 2660: 2621: 2513: 2245: 2219:

to produce white light in most commercial white LED light sources.

2144: 2117: 1002: 925: 834: 820: 804: 797: 776: 755: 727: 720: 706: 650: 643: 564: 462: 439: 369: 362: 355: 348: 316: 256: 242: 194: 4761:"Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years" 3789: 3139:

Carl Auer von Welsbach, who discovered many applications of cerium

2919:

at the time. The asteroid is itself named after the Roman goddess

2236:

series. In the periodic table, it appears between the lanthanides

7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7297: 7288: 7270: 7225: 7153: 7135: 7065: 7011: 6993: 6966: 6939: 6921: 6903: 6813: 6743: 6716: 6680: 6662: 6626: 6617: 6599: 6581: 6480: 6419: 6309: 6264: 6136: 5210: 4867: 3462: 3216: 3116: 3059: 2968: 2837: 2833: 2625: 2462: 2252: 2248: 2121: 1219: 1059: 967: 960: 946: 911: 855: 841: 790: 748: 734: 713: 692: 678: 664: 594: 543: 522: 494: 480: 453: 446: 432: 418: 339: 295: 212: 17: 5363:

Lu, Chung-Hsin; Hong, Hsin-Cheng; Jagannathan, R. (2002-01-01).

4139: 7189: 7117: 7002: 6930: 6822: 6788: 6752: 6734: 6563: 6554: 6545: 6437: 6390: 6356: 6338: 6293: 6089: 5871: 5146: 4381:

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Volume 36

3596: 3490: 3244: 3025: 3000: 2656: 2428: 2256: 1201: 883: 827: 741: 685: 601: 578: 550: 536: 404: 397: 390: 309: 272: 249: 235: 203: 21: 7957:

Chemical elements with double hexagonal close-packed structure

3861:"Cerium; Crystal Structure and Position in The Periodic Table" 3654:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

3485:

The early lanthanides have been found to be essential to some

3003:, and cerium is even more abundant than common metals such as 72: 7403: 7092: 6797: 6455: 6329: 6006:

The Science of Rare Earth Elements: Concepts and Applications

5094: 4793: 4731:"Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Beginnings" 3555:. Toxicological reports on cerium compounds have noted their 3299: 2829: 2175:

Cerium was the first of the lanthanides to be discovered, in

2125: 1188: 1154: 811: 585: 323: 228: 5954:

Rim, Kyung Taek; Koo, Kwon Ho; Park, Jung Sun (March 2013).

5273: 3988: 2915:, formally 1 Ceres, discovered two years earlier. Ceres was 2465:. The primary decay mode of the isotopes lighter than Ce is 1511: 1204: (795 °C, 1463 °F) 7056: 7029: 6572: 6536: 6374: 5780:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 101–111. 4983:"Bastnäsite-(Ce): Mineral information, data and localities" 4377:"Chapter 229: Applications of tetravalent cerium compounds" 3633:

Ground levels and ionization energies for the neutral atoms

3179:. In 1885, he had previously experimented with mixtures of 3004: 2303: 783: 762: 411: 383: 263: 78: 75: 5055:"Cerianite-(Ce): Mineral information, data and localities" 5018: 4680:(6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. 45: 6761: 6176: 6092:

Toxicological Review of Cerium Oxide and Cerium Compounds

4933:"Monazite-(Ce): Mineral information, data and localities" 3549:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

3331: 3008: 2739:(the ratio referring to that between the nitrate and the 2624:

structure, similarly to the dioxides of praseodymium and

557: 5175:

The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements

4961: 4830:

Hadden, Gavin, ed. (1946). "Chapter 11 - Ames Project".

4796:"Synthesis and Sintering of Cerium(III) Sulfide Powders" 3513:, although large doses can lead to cerium poisoning and 5725: 5250:"Book Of A Lifetime: The Periodic Table, By Primo Levi" 5171: 3159:, for example in the manufacture of electrodes used in 3143:

Cerium has two main applications, both of which use CeO

3127:, the daughter of Th, which is a strong gamma emitter. 5335: 4850:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements

4650:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements

2887:

Jöns Jakob Berzelius, one of the discoverers of cerium

5906: 5767: 5542: 3311:). Other alloys of cerium include Pu-Ce and Pu-Ce-Co 3251:

used in CRT TV screens, fluorescent lamps, and later

2281: 95: 69: 5822: 5774:

Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology

5768:

Jakupec, M. A.; Unfried, P.; Keppler, B. K. (2005).

4551: 4406:

Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry

3731: 3509:

is an effective topical antimicrobial treatment for

3339:

emissions in the exhaust gases from motor vehicles.

3166: 2199:

is used to polish glass and is an important part of

5728:"Impact of Nanomaterials on the Aquatic Food Chain" 4348:Gupta, C. K. & Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar (2004). 4097: 3858: 2286:Like the other lanthanides, cerium metal is a good 81: 66: 6090:Environmental Protection Agency (September 2009). 5825:"Topical antimicrobials for burn wound infections" 4443:. Vol. 31. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 190. 3342: 2959:, where cerium compounds were investigated in the 6110: 5362: 5219: 5006: 4873: 4490: 4397: 4312: 4262: 4247: 4100:"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" 3922: 3795: 3734:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 2493:or are predicted to decay to isotopes of cerium. 2377:) crystal structure and exists above 726 °C. 1558: = 0.51612 nm (at 20 °C) 7938: 7660: 4758: 4728: 4374: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3543:(OSHA) as a hazardous substance. In Russia, its 3326:applications for the lower sesquioxide are as a 2999:of the Earth's crust. This value is the same of 2373:The high-temperature form, δ-cerium, has a bcc ( 1756:, itself named after Roman deity of agriculture 1524: = 1.1857 nm (at 20 °C) 5770:"Pharmacological properties of cerium compunds" 4615:. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. 1999–2012 4383:. The Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 286–288. 4200:"Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System" 3443: 2840:organocerium derivatives are prepared from the 5098:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 4471: 4440:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 3834: 2948:Bastnäs", which despite its name contained no 2263:4f5d6s, of which the four outer electrons are 7455: 6152: 6031:"Cerium(IV) oxide, REacton Safety Data Sheet" 5500:. Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from 4653:. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–125. 4403: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 3775:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 3686:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 3638: 3541:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 3406: 2075: 1689:2100 m/s (at 20 °C) 1138: 5452: 4646: 4308: 4306: 3928: 3089:, cerium will be oxidized to the dioxide CeO 2990: 1454: 5584: 5453:Leary, J. A.; Mullins, L. J. (1964-11-01). 4274: 4133: 3953: 3676: 3656:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 2647:are also known, along with the trivalent Ce 2612: 29:Chemical element with atomic number 58 (Ce) 7462: 7448: 6159: 6145: 5953: 4722: 4474:Сборник рефератов по радиационной медицине 4193: 4191: 4082: 4057: 4055: 3257:cerium(III)-doped yttrium aluminium garnet 3115:to convert rare earths to their insoluble 2747:, are often used as standard reagents for 2215:phosphor is used in conjunction with blue 2082: 2068: 1815: 1808: 1549: 1510: 44: 5979: 5848: 5342:. Imperial College Press. pp. 6–11. 5247: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4528: 4303: 4155: 3892: 3807: 3725: 3651: 3210: 3151:(CMP). In its other main application, CeO 2785: 2255:metal with a hardness similar to that of 6002: 5339:Catalysis by ceria and related materials 4886: 4884: 4882: 4752: 4502: 4065:Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds 3828: 3590: 3235:. The addition of cerium oxide to older 3134: 3045: 2882: 2863: 2757: 2678: 2477:, while that of the heavier isotopes is 2356: 1606:β-Ce, poly: 828 nΩ⋅m (at 7259: 4948: 4946: 4800:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 4197: 4188: 4061: 4052: 3810:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2674: 2259:. Its 58 electrons are arranged in the 7939: 7313: 7142: 6847: 5677:Environmental Science & Technology 5622:Environmental Science & Technology 5329: 5071: 5021:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 4893:"The use of suffixes in mineral names" 4846: 4829: 4627: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4496: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3709:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 2856:but less basic than their precursors. 2632:, meaning that the real formula is CeO 7443: 7367: 7331: 7322: 7232: 7214: 7205: 6140: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5732:Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 5 5144: 4890: 4879: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4690: 4673: 4667: 3773:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3766: 3764: 3762: 3706: 3680:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3670: 2191:in Germany in the same year. In 1839 2132:series, and while it often shows the 2028: 2025: 2005: 2002: 1994: 1991: 1969: 1966: 1958: 1955: 1935: 1932: 1924: 1921: 1911: 1908: 1886: 1881: 7469: 7376: 7304: 7277: 7250: 6910: 6892: 6865: 6696: 6687: 5401: 5072:Graham, A. R. (1955). "Cerianite CeO 4943: 4437:McGill, Ian. "Rare Earth Elements". 4351:Extractive metallurgy of rare earths 4341: 3934: 3770: 3255:. The most commonly used example is 2569:Cerium forms all four trihalides CeX 2232:Cerium is the second element of the 7977:Materials that expand upon freezing 7385: 7358: 7349: 7196: 7178: 7169: 7160: 6946: 6856: 6829: 6777: 6723: 6705: 6669: 6649: 6588: 6525: 6426: 6408: 6397: 6316: 5076:: a new rare-earth oxide mineral". 4600: 4582:Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 4503:Schelter, Eric J. (20 March 2013). 3975: 3271:Cerium salts, such as the sulfides 2943:succeeded in removing lanthana and 2917:initially considered to be a planet 1324: 13: 7340: 7241: 7124: 7106: 7081: 7072: 7045: 7018: 6973: 6955: 6883: 6874: 6768: 6640: 6606: 6516: 6498: 6489: 6469: 6444: 6166: 5942: 5829:Recent Pat Anti-Infect Drug Discov 5310: 5248:Wilkinson, Tom (6 November 2009). 4818: 4812:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02306.x 4782: 4684: 4436: 3759: 3439: 2903:, and independently in Germany by 2282:Chemical properties of the element 2222: 1493:double hexagonal close-packed 14: 7988: 7295: 7286: 7268: 7223: 7133: 7063: 7036: 7009: 6991: 6982: 6964: 6937: 6919: 6901: 6811: 6741: 6714: 6678: 6624: 6615: 6597: 6579: 6507: 6478: 6417: 6363: 6345: 6307: 6280: 6003:Spellman, Frank R. (2022-12-30). 5134:. American Welding Society. 2007. 4696:The Journal of Chemical Education 4068:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 199–200. 3939:. Black Dog & Leventhal Pub. 3580:"Standard Atomic Weights: Cerium" 3167:Gas mantles and pyrophoric alloys 3149:chemical-mechanical planarization 3062:and the heavy lanthanides beyond 2955:The element played a role in the 2597:. The chloride gives the orange 1409:1st: 534.4 kJ/mol 7187: 7151: 7115: 7000: 6928: 6838: 6820: 6750: 6732: 6660: 6561: 6552: 6543: 6388: 6291: 5326:. nanopartikel.info (2011-02-02) 3376: 2911:by Berzelius after the asteroid 2793:is similar to that of the other 2055: 2054: 1415:3rd: 1949 kJ/mol 1412:2nd: 1050 kJ/mol 1292: 62: 7090: 6795: 6786: 6453: 6435: 6354: 6336: 6104: 6083: 6051: 6023: 6009:. CRC Press. pp. 104–105. 5996: 5900: 5865: 5816: 5761: 5719: 5664: 5609: 5578: 5536: 5515: 5490: 5481:U.S. Department of the Interior 5469: 5446: 5395: 5356: 5336:Trovarelli, Alessandro (2002). 5267: 5241: 5225: 5165: 5138: 5124: 5088: 5065: 5047: 5012: 4975: 4925: 4840: 4572: 4545: 4465: 4430: 4368: 4268: 4017: 3852: 3801: 3561:pulmonary interstitial fibrosis 3343:Biological role and precautions 3233:cadmium selenide-based pigments 3175:, invented by Austrian chemist 3171:The first use of cerium was in 3130: 2797:, often involving complexes of 2768:ligand-to-metal charge transfer 2179:, Sweden. It was discovered by 7054: 7027: 6570: 6534: 6372: 6327: 5369:Journal of Materials Chemistry 4554:Coordination Chemistry Reviews 4414:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc2033 4375:Gschneidner K.A., ed. (2006). 3961:"Chemical reactions of Cerium" 3700: 3626: 3572: 3524:Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum 3496:Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum 2500:for elements beyond iron, the 2449:All other cerium isotopes are 2187:in 1803, and independently by 2166:abundance in the Earth's crust 1645: cm/mol (293 K) 1396:Pauling scale: 1.12 1: 6759: 5220:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 5007:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4874:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4677:The discovery of the elements 4594:10.1016/s0022-328x(01)01484-x 4491:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4263:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4248:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4127:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 3923:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 3796:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 3566: 3290:, were considered during the 3266: 2879:, after which cerium is named 2780:Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction 2352: 1629:Molar magnetic susceptibility 5740:10.1007/978-3-319-58496-6_11 4011:10.1016/0022-0248(74)90098-0 3330:for the oxidation of CO and 3205:Auschwitz concentration camp 2543: 2292:standard reduction potential 2244:to its right, and above the 1519: = 0.36811 nm 1229:γ-Ce: 6.769 g/cm 7: 5886:10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.005 5145:Lewes, Vivian Byam (1911). 4853:. Oxford University Press. 4674:Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956). 4143:European Physical Journal A 3652:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 3545:occupational exposure limit 3253:white light-emitting diodes 2907:, both in 1803. Cerium was 2408: 2227: 1435:empirical: 181.8 20:(also spelled "cesium") or 10: 7993: 6658: 6487: 6406: 6325: 6289: 6191: 6097:(Report). Washington, D.C. 6068:U. S. Department of Energy 6059:"Cerium Safety Data Sheet" 5916:Environmental Microbiology 5841:10.2174/157489110791233522 5552:Environmental Microbiology 4891:Burke, Ernst A.J. (2008). 4833:Manhattan District History 4198:Cameron, A. G. W. (1973). 4174:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2 3604:Pure and Applied Chemistry 3315:, which have been used as 2983:daughter project (now the 2975:casting. For this reason, 2859: 2630:nonstoichiometric compound 2564: 2412: 2203:. Cerium metal is used in 1277:26.94 J/(mol·K) 1235:when liquid (at 477: 345: 285: 225: 200: 15: 7798: 7770: 7503: 7479: 7401: 7101: 6806: 6635: 6464: 6383: 6302: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6186: 6181: 6174: 6116:Chemistry of the Elements 6114:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 5960:Safety and Health at Work 5786:10.1007/s10254-004-0024-6 5424:10.1007/s11837-016-1943-9 5288:10.2478/s11696-010-0103-x 4613:"Visual Elements: Cerium" 4566:10.1016/j.ccr.2004.04.004 4354:. CRC Press. p. 30. 4062:Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). 3991:Journal of Crystal Growth 3771:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). 3357: 3352: 3058:F, is usually lacking in 2991:Occurrence and production 2891:Cerium was discovered in 2540:La and Nd, respectively. 2211:properties. Cerium-doped 2053: 2049: 2022: 1999: 1988: 1963: 1952: 1929: 1918: 1905: 1878: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1799: 1786: 1763: 1748: 1743: 1733: 1723: 1713: 1703: 1693: 1679: 1675:γ-Ce: 21.5 GPa 1669: 1665:γ-Ce: 13.5 GPa 1659: 1655:γ-Ce: 33.6 GPa 1649: 1627: 1614: 1600: 1590: 1562: 1544: 1528: 1503: 1485: 1475: 1470: 1453: 1443: 1429: 1400: 1390: 1364: 1359: 1281: 1271: 1261: 1247: 1233: 1218: 1208: 1194: 1174: 1169: 1161: 1147: 1132: 1120: 1107: 1088: 1065: 180: 172: 168: 135: 119: 115: 107: 57: 52: 43: 5972:10.5491/SHAW.2013.4.1.12 5237:10.1002/14356007.a06_139 5107:10.1002/14356007.a06_139 4449:10.1002/14356007.a22_607 4046:10.1103/PhysRevB.19.5746 3753:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 3415:Precautionary statements 3161:gas tungsten arc welding 2905:Martin Heinrich Klaproth 2640:with hydrogen gas. Many 2613:Oxides and chalcogenides 2538:primordial radionuclides 2483:isotopes of praseodymium 2189:Martin Heinrich Klaproth 1770:Martin Heinrich Klaproth 16:Not to be confused with 5928:10.1111/1462-2920.12249 5697:10.1021/acs.est.5b04784 5564:10.1111/1462-2920.12249 5187:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3 5158:Encyclopædia Britannica 5101:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 4906:(2): 96. Archived from 4505:"Cerium under the lens" 3935:Gray, Theodore (2010). 2852:reagents, and are more 2498:stellar nucleosynthesis 2425:double electron capture 2361:Phase diagram of cerium 1596:11.3 W/(m⋅K) 1586:/K (at 20 °C) 5485:U.S. Geological Survey 5475:Bleiwas, D.I. (2013). 3822:10.1002/anie.197300121 3707:Weast, Robert (1984). 3450: 3215:The photostability of 3211:Pigments and phosphors 3177:Carl Auer von Welsbach 3140: 3051: 2963:site as materials for 2888: 2880: 2791:Organocerium chemistry 2786:Organocerium compounds 2763: 2689:ceric ammonium nitrate 2684: 2683:Ceric ammonium nitrate 2421:observationally stable 2389:hexagonal close-packed 2362: 2274:Cerium has a variable 1729:186–412 MPa 1719:210–470 MPa 1602:Electrical resistivity 1459: 1149:Electron configuration 121:Standard atomic weight 6120:Butterworth-Heinemann 6112:Greenwood, Norman N. 5078:American Mineralogist 5009:, pp. 1229–1232. 4847:Emsley, John (2003). 4647:Emsley, John (2011). 4207:Space Science Reviews 3612:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 3559:and contributions to 3449: 3138: 3049: 2886: 2867: 2761: 2753:cerimetric titrations 2682: 2487:isotopes of neodymium 2475:isotopes of lanthanum 2360: 2217:light-emitting diodes 1458: 1267:398 kJ/mol 1227:β-Ce: 6.689 g/cm 7972:Pyrophoric materials 3432:(fire diamond) 3296:refractory materials 2941:Carl Gustaf Mosander 2897:Jöns Jakob Berzelius 2675:Cerium(IV) complexes 2384:) crystal structure. 2276:electronic structure 2201:catalytic converters 2193:Carl Gustaf Mosander 2181:Jöns Jakob Berzelius 2124:, and silvery-white 1791:Carl Gustaf Mosander 1774:Jöns Jakob Berzelius 1592:Thermal conductivity 1263:Heat of vaporization 1243:6.55 g/cm 1223:(at 20° C) 5689:2016EnST...50.6782M 5634:2014EnST...4813102H 5628:(22): 13102–13109. 5523:"Cerium GF39030353" 5416:2016JOM....68g1940S 5033:2003RvMG...53...63T 4913:on 19 December 2019 4708:1932JChEd...9.1231W 4521:2013NatCh...5..348S 4219:1973SSRv...15..121C 4166:2019EPJA...55..140B 4119:2017ChPhC..41c0001A 4038:1979PhRvB..19.5746S 4003:1974JCrGr..22..225K 3877:2014NatSR...4E6398J 3837:Inorganic Chemistry 3489:bacteria living in 3349: 3328:catalytic converter 3229:cerium(III) sulfide 2749:volumetric analysis 2522:photodisintegration 2382:face-centered cubic 2375:body-centered cubic 2138:rare-earth elements 1752:after dwarf planet 1534:face-centered cubic 1532:γ-Ce: 1491:β-Ce: 1449:204±9 pm 1402:Ionization energies 1284:Vapor pressure 1273:Molar heat capacity 1170:Physical properties 1162:Electrons per shell 40: 6071:. January 26, 2016 5603:10.1007/BF02886032 5322:2013-03-02 at the 4716:10.1021/ed009p1231 4692:Weeks, Mary Elvira 4530:10.1038/nchem.1602 4493:, pp. 1248–9. 4265:, pp. 1238–9. 4250:, pp. 1240–2. 4227:10.1007/BF00172440 3925:, pp. 1244–8. 3865:Scientific Reports 3798:, pp. 1232–5. 3533:class D dry powder 3511:third-degree burns 3451: 3347: 3141: 3096:The procedure for 3052: 3007:(13 ppm) and 2889: 2881: 2844:of the respective 2803:cyclooctatetraenyl 2764: 2745:cerium(IV) sulfate 2685: 2620:("ceria") has the 2467:inverse beta decay 2415:Isotopes of cerium 2363: 1801:Isotopes of cerium 1476:Natural occurrence 1466: 1460: 1165:2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 1072: 1055: 32: 7952:Chemical elements 7934: 7933: 7766: 7765: 7662:Organocerium(III) 7437: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7396: 7395: 6129:978-0-08-037941-8 6066:Ames Laboratory, 6036:Fisher Scientific 6016:978-1-000-82129-1 5795:978-3-540-24012-9 5749:978-3-319-58496-6 5683:(13): 6782–6792. 5642:10.1021/es503792f 5349:978-1-86094-299-0 5196:978-1-4020-3555-5 4860:978-0-19-850340-8 4660:978-0-19-960563-7 4560:(9–10): 835–851. 4423:978-1-119-95143-8 4390:978-0-444-52142-2 4361:978-0-415-33340-5 4327:10.1021/cr100004p 4289:10.1021/cr068408n 4107:Chinese Physics C 4075:978-0-07-049439-8 4032:(11): 5746–5753. 4026:Physical Review B 3946:978-1-57912-895-1 3885:10.1038/srep06398 3741:Chinese Physics C 3663:978-1-62708-155-9 3515:methemoglobinemia 3501:calcium phosphate 3482:Chemical compound 3480: 3479: 3401:Hazard statements 3292:Manhattan Project 3227:is the vivid red 3225:inorganic pigment 3076:calcium carbonate 3072:hydrochloric acid 3013:rare-earth metals 2957:Manhattan Project 2772:hydrochloric acid 2733:organic synthesis 2717:bidentate ligands 2642:nonstoichiometric 2638:cerium(III) oxide 2387:The DHCP (double 2302:oxide layer like 2265:valence electrons 2207:lighters for its 2096: 2095: 2045: 2044: 1616:Magnetic ordering 1564:Thermal expansion 1529:Crystal structure 1505:Lattice constants 1487:Crystal structure 1461: 1392:Electronegativity 1360:Atomic properties 1354: 1353: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1070: 1053: 1045: 1044: 771:Mercury (element) 7984: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7748: 7747: 7739: 7738: 7658: 7657: 7474: 7472:Cerium compounds 7464: 7457: 7450: 7441: 7440: 7406: 7405: 7392: 7390: 7383: 7381: 7374: 7372: 7365: 7363: 7356: 7354: 7347: 7345: 7338: 7336: 7329: 7327: 7320: 7318: 7311: 7309: 7302: 7300: 7293: 7291: 7284: 7282: 7275: 7273: 7266: 7264: 7257: 7255: 7248: 7246: 7239: 7237: 7230: 7228: 7221: 7219: 7212: 7210: 7203: 7201: 7194: 7192: 7185: 7183: 7176: 7174: 7167: 7165: 7158: 7156: 7149: 7147: 7140: 7138: 7131: 7129: 7122: 7120: 7113: 7111: 7097: 7095: 7088: 7086: 7079: 7077: 7070: 7068: 7061: 7059: 7052: 7050: 7043: 7041: 7034: 7032: 7025: 7023: 7016: 7014: 7007: 7005: 6998: 6996: 6989: 6987: 6980: 6978: 6971: 6969: 6962: 6960: 6953: 6951: 6944: 6942: 6935: 6933: 6926: 6924: 6917: 6915: 6908: 6906: 6899: 6897: 6890: 6888: 6881: 6879: 6872: 6870: 6863: 6861: 6854: 6852: 6845: 6843: 6836: 6834: 6827: 6825: 6818: 6816: 6802: 6800: 6793: 6791: 6784: 6782: 6775: 6773: 6766: 6764: 6757: 6755: 6748: 6746: 6739: 6737: 6730: 6728: 6721: 6719: 6712: 6710: 6703: 6701: 6694: 6692: 6685: 6683: 6676: 6674: 6667: 6665: 6656: 6654: 6647: 6645: 6631: 6629: 6622: 6620: 6613: 6611: 6604: 6602: 6595: 6593: 6586: 6584: 6577: 6575: 6568: 6566: 6559: 6557: 6550: 6548: 6541: 6539: 6532: 6530: 6523: 6521: 6514: 6512: 6505: 6503: 6496: 6494: 6485: 6483: 6476: 6474: 6460: 6458: 6451: 6449: 6442: 6440: 6433: 6431: 6424: 6422: 6415: 6413: 6404: 6402: 6395: 6393: 6379: 6377: 6370: 6368: 6361: 6359: 6352: 6350: 6343: 6341: 6334: 6332: 6323: 6321: 6314: 6312: 6298: 6296: 6287: 6285: 6177: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6118:(2nd ed.). 6099: 6098: 6096: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6039:. March 27, 2024 6027: 6021: 6020: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5983: 5951: 5940: 5939: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5880:(8): 1060–1061. 5869: 5863: 5862: 5852: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5587:Euglena gracilis 5582: 5576: 5575: 5549: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5494: 5488: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5410:(7): 1940–1947. 5399: 5393: 5392: 5381:10.1039/B200776M 5375:(8): 2525–2530. 5360: 5354: 5353: 5333: 5327: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5245: 5239: 5229: 5223: 5222:, pp. 1228. 5217: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5199:. Archived from 5180: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5150: 5148:"Lighting" 5142: 5136: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4991: 4990: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4960:. Archived from 4950: 4941: 4940: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4897: 4888: 4877: 4876:, pp. 1294. 4871: 4865: 4864: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4827: 4816: 4815: 4791: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4765: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4735: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4702:(7): 1231–1243. 4688: 4682: 4681: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4644: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4609: 4598: 4597: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4532: 4509:Nature Chemistry 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4321:(6): 3805–3849. 4315:Chemical Reviews 4310: 4301: 4300: 4283:(5): 1862–1891. 4277:Chemical Reviews 4272: 4266: 4260: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4159: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4104: 4095: 4080: 4079: 4059: 4050: 4049: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3986: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3907: 3906: 3896: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3768: 3757: 3756: 3738: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3685: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3649: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3576: 3491:volcanic mudpots 3471: 3464: 3457: 3442: 3422: 3408: 3380: 3350: 3346: 3313:plutonium alloys 3305:aluminium alloys 3237:cathode-ray tube 3113:ammonium oxalate 3109:sodium hydroxide 3106: 3088: 3054:Bastnäsite, LnCO 3042: 2932:electrochemistry 2901:Wilhelm Hisinger 2842:transmetallation 2823: 2799:cyclopentadienyl 2730: 2714: 2618:Cerium(IV) oxide 2608: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2471:electron capture 2459:fission products 2445:Ce: >5.0×10 y 2442:Ce: >5.7×10 y 2439:Ce: >3.8×10 y 2348: 2323: 2240:to its left and 2197:cerium(IV) oxide 2185:Wilhelm Hisinger 2164:. Its estimated 2103:chemical element 2084: 2077: 2070: 2061:Category: Cerium 2058: 2057: 2036: 2031: 2013: 2008: 1979: 1972: 1943: 1938: 1896: 1889: 1864: 1832: 1831: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1795: 1782: 1778:Wilhelm Hisinger 1725:Brinell hardness 1715:Vickers hardness 1699:γ-Ce: 0.24 1686: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1585: 1583: 1575: 1573: 1553: 1545:Lattice constant 1514: 1471:Other properties 1381: 1375: 1366:Oxidation states 1332: 1328: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1288: 1240: 1224: 1185: 1184: 1140: 1116:(no number) 1100: 1099: 1040: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 823: 814: 807: 800: 793: 786: 779: 772: 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 618: 611: 604: 597: 588: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 546: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 483: 472: 465: 456: 449: 442: 435: 428: 421: 414: 407: 400: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 351: 342: 335: 326: 319: 312: 305: 298: 291: 282: 275: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 231: 222: 215: 206: 197: 191: 190: 186: 185: 182: 181: 156: 154: 147: 145: 131: 103: 98: 90: 88: 87: 84: 83: 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 48: 41: 39: 31: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7967:Reducing agents 7937: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7794: 7785: 7781: 7762: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7640: 7636: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7562: 7554: 7546: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7499: 7490: 7475: 7470: 7468: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7397: 7388: 7386: 7379: 7377: 7370: 7368: 7361: 7359: 7352: 7350: 7343: 7341: 7334: 7332: 7325: 7323: 7316: 7314: 7307: 7305: 7298: 7296: 7289: 7287: 7280: 7278: 7271: 7269: 7262: 7260: 7253: 7251: 7244: 7242: 7235: 7233: 7226: 7224: 7217: 7215: 7208: 7206: 7199: 7197: 7190: 7188: 7181: 7179: 7172: 7170: 7163: 7161: 7154: 7152: 7145: 7143: 7136: 7134: 7127: 7125: 7118: 7116: 7109: 7107: 7093: 7091: 7084: 7082: 7075: 7073: 7066: 7064: 7057: 7055: 7048: 7046: 7039: 7037: 7030: 7028: 7021: 7019: 7012: 7010: 7003: 7001: 6994: 6992: 6985: 6983: 6976: 6974: 6967: 6965: 6958: 6956: 6949: 6947: 6940: 6938: 6931: 6929: 6922: 6920: 6913: 6911: 6904: 6902: 6895: 6893: 6886: 6884: 6877: 6875: 6868: 6866: 6859: 6857: 6850: 6848: 6841: 6839: 6832: 6830: 6823: 6821: 6814: 6812: 6798: 6796: 6789: 6787: 6780: 6778: 6771: 6769: 6762: 6760: 6753: 6751: 6744: 6742: 6735: 6733: 6726: 6724: 6717: 6715: 6708: 6706: 6699: 6697: 6690: 6688: 6681: 6679: 6672: 6670: 6663: 6661: 6652: 6650: 6643: 6641: 6627: 6625: 6618: 6616: 6609: 6607: 6600: 6598: 6591: 6589: 6582: 6580: 6573: 6571: 6564: 6562: 6555: 6553: 6546: 6544: 6537: 6535: 6528: 6526: 6519: 6517: 6510: 6508: 6501: 6499: 6492: 6490: 6481: 6479: 6472: 6470: 6456: 6454: 6447: 6445: 6438: 6436: 6429: 6427: 6420: 6418: 6411: 6409: 6400: 6398: 6391: 6389: 6375: 6373: 6366: 6364: 6357: 6355: 6348: 6346: 6339: 6337: 6330: 6328: 6319: 6317: 6310: 6308: 6294: 6292: 6283: 6281: 6170: 6165: 6130: 6107: 6102: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6001: 5997: 5952: 5943: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5870: 5866: 5821: 5817: 5808: 5806: 5796: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5724: 5720: 5669: 5665: 5614: 5610: 5591:Chin. Sci. Bull 5583: 5579: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5528: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5507: 5505: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5474: 5470: 5451: 5447: 5400: 5396: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5334: 5330: 5324:Wayback Machine 5315: 5311: 5276:Chemical Papers 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5254:The Independent 5246: 5242: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5093: 5089: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5041:10.2113/0530063 5017: 5013: 5005: 4994: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4967: 4965: 4952: 4951: 4944: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4895: 4889: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4845: 4841: 4828: 4819: 4792: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4689: 4685: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4645: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4601: 4577: 4573: 4550: 4546: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4311: 4304: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4202: 4196: 4189: 4138: 4134: 4102: 4096: 4083: 4076: 4060: 4053: 4022: 4018: 3987: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3910: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3833: 3829: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3769: 3760: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3650: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3595: 3591: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3483: 3476: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3417: 3403: 3389: 3373: 3345: 3337: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3213: 3169: 3154: 3146: 3133: 3122: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3057: 3041: 3037: 3028:, since Ce and 2993: 2985:Ames Laboratory 2862: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2788: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2677: 2670: 2654: 2650: 2635: 2615: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2557:. The value of 2551:peroxodisulfate 2546: 2535: 2506:neutron capture 2427:to isotopes of 2417: 2411: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329:electropositive 2322: 2318: 2314: 2284: 2230: 2225: 2223:Characteristics 2134:oxidation state 2088: 2063: 2034: 2029: 2011: 2006: 1975: 1970: 1941: 1936: 1892: 1887: 1862: 1855: 1848:abundance 1821: 1803: 1793: 1787:First isolation 1780: 1739:7440-45-1 1684: 1651:Young's modulus 1640: 1636: 1634: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1554: 1520: 1515: 1445:Covalent radius 1425: 1382:(a mildly 1377: 1371: 1355: 1330: 1298: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1178: 1093: 1089: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1010: 1003: 996: 989: 982: 975: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 933: 926: 919: 912: 905: 898: 891: 884: 877: 870: 863: 856: 849: 842: 835: 828: 821: 812: 805: 798: 791: 784: 777: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 630: 623: 616: 609: 602: 595: 586: 579: 572: 565: 558: 551: 544: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 481: 470: 463: 454: 447: 440: 433: 426: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 340: 333: 324: 317: 310: 303: 296: 289: 280: 273: 264: 257: 250: 243: 236: 229: 220: 213: 204: 195: 164: 152: 150: 143: 141: 129: 123: 96: 92: 65: 61: 37: 33: 30: 25: 12: 11: 5: 7990: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7772: 7771:Cerium(III,IV) 7768: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7753: 7744: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7664: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7507: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7488: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7467: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7444: 7435: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7384: 7375: 7366: 7357: 7348: 7339: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7303: 7294: 7285: 7276: 7267: 7258: 7249: 7240: 7231: 7222: 7213: 7204: 7195: 7186: 7177: 7168: 7159: 7150: 7141: 7132: 7123: 7114: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7089: 7080: 7071: 7062: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7026: 7017: 7008: 6999: 6990: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6954: 6945: 6936: 6927: 6918: 6909: 6900: 6891: 6882: 6873: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6837: 6828: 6819: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6794: 6785: 6776: 6767: 6758: 6749: 6740: 6731: 6722: 6713: 6704: 6695: 6686: 6677: 6668: 6659: 6657: 6648: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6623: 6614: 6605: 6596: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6560: 6551: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6515: 6506: 6497: 6488: 6486: 6477: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6452: 6443: 6434: 6425: 6416: 6407: 6405: 6396: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6371: 6362: 6353: 6344: 6335: 6326: 6324: 6315: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6290: 6288: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6168:Periodic table 6164: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6128: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6082: 6050: 6022: 6015: 5995: 5941: 5922:(1): 255–264. 5899: 5864: 5835:(2): 124–151. 5815: 5794: 5760: 5748: 5718: 5663: 5608: 5577: 5535: 5514: 5489: 5468: 5445: 5394: 5355: 5348: 5328: 5317:Cerium dioxide 5309: 5282:(2): 203–212. 5266: 5240: 5224: 5209: 5206:on 2016-03-07. 5195: 5164: 5153:Chisholm, Hugh 5137: 5123: 5116:978-3527306732 5115: 5087: 5073: 5064: 5059:www.mindat.org 5046: 5011: 4992: 4987:www.mindat.org 4974: 4942: 4937:www.mindat.org 4924: 4878: 4866: 4859: 4839: 4817: 4806:(1): 145–151. 4781: 4751: 4721: 4683: 4666: 4659: 4626: 4599: 4588:(1–2): 71–83. 4571: 4544: 4495: 4483: 4476:(in Russian). 4464: 4458:978-3527306732 4457: 4429: 4422: 4396: 4389: 4367: 4360: 4340: 4302: 4267: 4252: 4240: 4213:(1): 121–146. 4187: 4132: 4081: 4074: 4051: 4016: 3997:(3): 225–229. 3974: 3952: 3945: 3927: 3908: 3851: 3845: 3827: 3800: 3788: 3781: 3758: 3724: 3717: 3699: 3692: 3669: 3662: 3637: 3625: 3589: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3519:methanotrophic 3507:Cerium nitrate 3487:methanotrophic 3481: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3355: 3354: 3344: 3341: 3333: 3309:cylinder heads 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3212: 3209: 3168: 3165: 3152: 3144: 3132: 3129: 3120: 3103: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3055: 3039: 2992: 2989: 2861: 2858: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2787: 2784: 2726: 2722: 2719:. The complex 2710: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2652: 2648: 2633: 2628:. Ceria is a 2614: 2611: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2545: 2542: 2533: 2518:proton capture 2447: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2433:stable isotope 2413:Main article: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2288:reducing agent 2283: 2280: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2072: 2064: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2030:284.893 d 2027: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1937:137.640 d 1934: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1835:Main isotopes 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1804: 1797: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1681:Speed of sound 1677: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1509: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1463:Spectral lines 1451: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1287: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1249:Heat of fusion 1245: 1244: 1241: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1157:] 4f 5d 6s 1151: 1145: 1144: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1114:f-block groups 1111: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1063: 1062: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1035: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 817: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 781: 774: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 606: 599: 591: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 492: 485: 478: 476: 474: 467: 459: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 353: 346: 344: 337: 329: 328: 321: 314: 307: 300: 293: 286: 284: 277: 269: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240: 233: 226: 224: 217: 209: 208: 201: 199: 189: 178: 177: 175:periodic table 173:Cerium in the 170: 169: 166: 165: 163: 162: 148: 138: 136: 133: 132: 127: 117: 116: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 59: 55: 54: 50: 49: 35: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7989: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7909: 7907: 7897: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7867: 7857: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7829: 7827: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7759: 7728: 7726: 7712: 7710: 7692: 7690: 7676: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7643: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7598: 7596: 7582: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7557: 7555: 7549: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7533: 7531: 7517: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7453: 7451: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7400: 7391: 7382: 7373: 7364: 7355: 7346: 7337: 7328: 7319: 7310: 7301: 7292: 7283: 7274: 7265: 7256: 7247: 7238: 7229: 7220: 7211: 7202: 7193: 7184: 7175: 7166: 7157: 7148: 7139: 7130: 7121: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7087: 7078: 7069: 7060: 7051: 7042: 7033: 7024: 7015: 7006: 6997: 6988: 6979: 6970: 6961: 6952: 6943: 6934: 6925: 6916: 6907: 6898: 6889: 6880: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6826: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6792: 6783: 6774: 6765: 6756: 6747: 6738: 6729: 6720: 6711: 6702: 6693: 6684: 6675: 6666: 6655: 6646: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6621: 6612: 6603: 6594: 6585: 6576: 6567: 6558: 6549: 6540: 6531: 6522: 6513: 6504: 6495: 6484: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6450: 6441: 6432: 6423: 6414: 6403: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6369: 6360: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6322: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6157: 6155: 6150: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6131: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6093: 6086: 6070: 6069: 6060: 6054: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6026: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5558:(1): 255–64. 5557: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5524: 5518: 5504:on 2015-09-07 5503: 5499: 5493: 5486: 5482: 5479:Reston, Va.: 5478: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5332: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5127: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4964:on 2019-08-10 4963: 4959: 4958:nrmima.nrm.se 4955: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4843: 4835: 4834: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4679: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4113:(3): 030001. 4112: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4058: 4056: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3963:. Webelements 3962: 3956: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3846:0-12-352651-5 3842: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3797: 3792: 3784: 3782:0-8493-0486-5 3778: 3774: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3750: 3747:(3): 030001. 3746: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3718:0-8493-0464-4 3714: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3693:0-8493-0486-5 3689: 3682: 3681: 3673: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3634: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3472: 3465: 3458: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3281: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3221:lightfastness 3218: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3186: 3185:thorium oxide 3182: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3099: 3094: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2895:in Sweden by 2894: 2885: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2846:organolithium 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2718: 2690: 2687:The compound 2681: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2646: 2645:chalcogenides 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2610: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2541: 2539: 2531: 2530:cross section 2527: 2526:magic nucleus 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2406: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2359: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2327:Being highly 2313: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:configuration 2258: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114:atomic number 2111: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2089: | 2085: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2007:33.039 h 1998: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1971:32.501 d 1962: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1940: 1928: 1917: 1914: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1874: 1873:product 1871: 1869: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1705:Mohs hardness 1702: 1698: 1696: 1695:Poisson ratio 1692: 1688: 1685:thin rod 1682: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1661:Shear modulus 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495:(dhcp) ( 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1431:Atomic radius 1428: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1210:Boiling point 1207: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1196:Melting point 1193: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1127:period 6 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1091:Atomic number 1087: 1076: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1048: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1001: 999: 994: 992: 987: 985: 980: 978: 973: 971: 966: 964: 959: 957: 952: 950: 945: 943: 941:Rutherfordium 938: 936: 931: 929: 924: 922: 917: 915: 910: 908: 903: 901: 896: 894: 889: 887: 882: 880: 875: 873: 868: 866: 861: 859: 854: 852: 847: 845: 840: 838: 833: 831: 826: 824: 819: 818: 815: 810: 808: 803: 801: 796: 794: 789: 787: 782: 780: 775: 773: 768: 766: 761: 759: 754: 752: 747: 745: 740: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 719: 717: 712: 710: 705: 703: 698: 696: 691: 689: 684: 682: 677: 675: 670: 668: 663: 661: 656: 654: 649: 647: 642: 640: 635: 633: 628: 626: 621: 619: 614: 612: 607: 605: 600: 598: 593: 592: 589: 584: 582: 577: 575: 570: 568: 563: 561: 556: 554: 549: 547: 542: 540: 535: 533: 528: 526: 521: 519: 514: 512: 507: 505: 500: 498: 493: 491: 486: 484: 479: 475: 473: 468: 466: 461: 460: 457: 452: 450: 445: 443: 438: 436: 431: 429: 424: 422: 417: 415: 410: 408: 403: 401: 396: 394: 389: 387: 382: 380: 375: 373: 368: 366: 361: 359: 354: 352: 347: 343: 338: 336: 331: 330: 327: 322: 320: 315: 313: 308: 306: 301: 299: 294: 292: 287: 283: 278: 276: 271: 270: 267: 262: 260: 255: 253: 248: 246: 241: 239: 234: 232: 227: 223: 218: 216: 211: 210: 207: 202: 198: 193: 192: 188: 187: 184: 183: 179: 176: 171: 167: 160: 149: 140: 139: 137: 134: 126: 122: 118: 114: 111:silvery white 110: 106: 101: 100: 86: 60: 58:Pronunciation 56: 51: 47: 42: 34:Cerium, 27: 23: 19: 6840: 6115: 6105:Bibliography 6085: 6073:. Retrieved 6065: 6053: 6041:. Retrieved 6034: 6025: 6005: 5998: 5966:(1): 12–26. 5963: 5959: 5919: 5915: 5902: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5807:. Retrieved 5777: 5773: 5763: 5753:, retrieved 5731: 5721: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5555: 5551: 5538: 5527:. Retrieved 5525:. 2021-09-22 5517: 5506:. Retrieved 5502:the original 5492: 5471: 5448: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5338: 5331: 5312: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5257:. Retrieved 5253: 5243: 5227: 5201:the original 5174: 5167: 5156: 5140: 5131: 5126: 5096: 5090: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5027:(1): 63–87. 5024: 5020: 5014: 4986: 4977: 4966:. Retrieved 4962:the original 4957: 4936: 4927: 4915:. Retrieved 4908:the original 4903: 4899: 4869: 4849: 4842: 4832: 4803: 4799: 4772:. Retrieved 4767: 4754: 4742:. Retrieved 4737: 4724: 4699: 4695: 4686: 4676: 4669: 4649: 4619:December 31, 4617:. Retrieved 4585: 4581: 4574: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4486: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4438: 4432: 4405: 4399: 4380: 4370: 4350: 4343: 4318: 4314: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4243: 4210: 4206: 4150:(140): 4–6. 4147: 4141: 4135: 4110: 4106: 4064: 4029: 4025: 4019: 3994: 3990: 3965:. Retrieved 3955: 3937:The Elements 3936: 3930: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3836: 3830: 3816:(1): 12–19. 3813: 3809: 3803: 3791: 3772: 3744: 3740: 3727: 3708: 3702: 3679: 3672: 3653: 3628: 3603: 3592: 3574: 3563:in workers. 3557:cytotoxicity 3538: 3529: 3522: 3505: 3494: 3484: 3428: 3392: 3359: 3334: 3321: 3317:nuclear fuel 3294:as advanced 3270: 3261:scintillator 3214: 3189: 3170: 3142: 3131:Applications 3095: 3053: 2994: 2954: 2936:Humphry Davy 2927: 2925: 2890: 2870:dwarf planet 2854:nucleophilic 2789: 2778:gas. In the 2765: 2686: 2616: 2568: 2558: 2547: 2495: 2448: 2418: 2403: 2364: 2340:O → 2 Ce(OH) 2326: 2295: 2285: 2273: 2242:praseodymium 2231: 2174: 2162:praseodymium 2142: 2116:58. It is a 2109: 2098: 2097: 1857: 1794: (1838) 1781: (1803) 1671:Bulk modulus 1621:paramagnetic 1555: 1536:(fcc) ( 1521: 1516: 1378: 1372: 1325: 1293: 1283: 1095: 1075:praseodymium 983:Darmstadtium 850:Protactinium 624:Praseodymium 615: 124: 26: 7962:Lanthanides 7504:Cerium(III) 5597:: 585–592. 4774:30 December 4768:The Hexagon 4744:30 December 4738:The Hexagon 3387:Signal word 3197:ferrocerium 3173:gas mantles 2977:new methods 2824:adopts the 2795:lanthanides 2741:crown ether 2520:as well as 2491:alpha decay 2455:radioactive 2300:passivating 2205:ferrocerium 2168:is 68 1888:3.16 d 1318:100 k 1025:Livermorium 997:Copernicium 990:Roentgenium 920:Mendelevium 906:Einsteinium 899:Californium 7941:Categories 7799:Cerium(IV) 7480:Cerium(II) 6075:August 27, 6043:August 27, 5809:2023-08-05 5755:2023-08-12 5529:2021-12-22 5508:2014-06-02 5259:25 October 5084:: 560–564. 4968:2018-10-06 4917:7 December 4515:(4): 348. 4157:1908.11458 3567:References 3521:bacterium 3493:, such as 3371:Pictograms 3324:automotive 3267:Other uses 3201:Primo Levi 3193:mischmetal 3074:to remove 3036:-(Ce) and 3021:bastnäsite 2737:18-crown-6 2721:[Ce(NO 2705:[Ce(NO 2555:bismuthate 2508:) and the 2479:beta decay 2367:allotropic 2353:Allotropes 2336:2 Ce + 6 H 2308:pyrophoric 2251:. It is a 2234:lanthanide 2209:pyrophoric 2149:bastnäsite 2130:lanthanide 2091:references 1735:CAS Number 1480:primordial 1315:10 k 1253:5.46 1200:1068 1032:Tennessine 976:Meitnerium 955:Seaborgium 934:Lawrencium 673:Dysprosium 659:Gadolinium 638:Promethium 510:Technetium 503:Molybdenum 304:Phosphorus 130:°(Ce) 108:Appearance 5705:0013-936X 5650:0013-936X 5440:138835874 5389:1364-5501 5296:1336-9075 4235:120201972 4182:201664098 3620:1365-3075 3362:labelling 3249:phosphors 3181:magnesium 3102:(Ln,Th)PO 3034:cerianite 2973:plutonium 2965:crucibles 2945:"didymia" 2826:uranocene 2805:ligands. 2544:Compounds 2510:r-process 2502:s-process 2451:synthetic 2290:, having 2269:neodymium 2238:lanthanum 2158:lanthanum 2154:neodymium 2105:; it has 1853:half-life 1765:Discovery 1709:2.5 1465:of cerium 1312:1 k 1067:lanthanum 1039:Oganesson 1018:Moscovium 1011:Flerovium 892:Berkelium 878:Americium 871:Plutonium 864:Neptunium 701:Ytterbium 631:Neodymium 610:Lanthanum 573:Tellurium 531:Palladium 517:Ruthenium 489:Zirconium 471:Strontium 427:Germanium 378:Manganese 334:Potassium 290:Aluminium 281:Magnesium 221:Beryllium 7670:Ce(acac) 5990:23516020 5936:24034209 5894:17027160 5859:20429870 5804:15674649 5713:26690677 5658:25340623 5572:24034209 5320:Archived 5304:94458692 4900:Elements 4539:23511425 4335:20359233 4297:17432919 3903:25227991 3871:: 6398. 3429:NFPA 704 3353:Hazards 3300:reducing 3241:F-center 3217:pigments 3117:oxalates 3098:monazite 3068:europium 3064:samarium 3038:(Ce,Th)O 3017:monazite 2961:Berkeley 2950:tungsten 2874:asteroid 2850:Grignard 2807:Cerocene 2776:chlorine 2774:to give 2622:fluorite 2514:p-nuclei 2409:Isotopes 2246:actinide 2228:Physical 2145:monazite 1370:+1, +2, 1323:at 1179:at 1004:Nihonium 927:Nobelium 836:Actinium 822:Francium 806:Astatine 799:Polonium 778:Thallium 757:Platinum 729:Tungsten 722:Tantalum 708:Lutetium 652:Europium 645:Samarium 566:Antimony 464:Rubidium 441:Selenium 371:Chromium 364:Vanadium 357:Titanium 350:Scandium 318:Chlorine 258:Fluorine 244:Nitrogen 196:Hydrogen 159:abridged 7425:p-block 7420:d-block 7415:f-block 7410:s-block 5981:3601293 5850:2935806 5685:Bibcode 5630:Bibcode 5463:4650650 5432:1346625 5412:Bibcode 5155:(ed.). 5029:Bibcode 4954:"CNMNC" 4770:: 72–77 4740:: 41–45 4704:Bibcode 4517:Bibcode 4215:Bibcode 4162:Bibcode 4115:Bibcode 4034:Bibcode 3999:Bibcode 3894:4165975 3873:Bibcode 3586:. 1995. 3348:Cerium 3203:at the 3060:thorium 2969:uranium 2893:Bastnäs 2860:History 2838:alkenyl 2834:alkynyl 2766:Due to 2626:terbium 2565:Halides 2485:. Some 2463:uranium 2253:ductile 2249:thorium 2177:Bastnäs 2122:ductile 1995:stable 1959:stable 1925:stable 1922:0.251% 1909:0.186% 1744:History 1683: 1422:) 1220:Density 1142:f-block 969:Hassium 962:Bohrium 948:Dubnium 913:Fermium 857:Uranium 843:Thorium 792:Bismuth 750:Iridium 736:Rhenium 715:Hafnium 694:Thulium 680:Holmium 666:Terbium 596:Caesium 545:Cadmium 524:Rhodium 496:Niobium 482:Yttrium 455:Krypton 448:Bromine 434:Arsenic 420:Gallium 341:Calcium 297:Silicon 214:Lithium 157: ( 142:140.116 91: 18:caesium 7947:Cerium 7919:Ce(ClO 7899:Ce(SeO 7871:Ce(OH) 7645:Ce(ClO 7559:Ce(OH) 6126: 6013: 5988: 5978: 5934: 5892: 5857: 5847: 5802: 5792: 5746: 5711: 5703: 5656: 5648: 5589:277". 5570: 5461: 5438: 5430: 5387: 5346: 5302: 5294: 5193: 5113: 4857: 4657: 4537: 4480:: 145. 4455: 4420: 4387: 4358: 4333: 4295: 4233: 4180: 4072: 3967:9 July 3943: 3901: 3891: 3843: 3779: 3715: 3690: 3660: 3635:, NIST 3618: 3393:Danger 3322:Other 3282:and Ce 3245:dopant 3157:thoria 3026:zircon 3001:copper 2836:, and 2691:(CAN) 2504:(slow 2429:barium 2315:Ce + O 2257:silver 2160:, and 2107:symbol 2099:Cerium 2059: 2026:synth 2003:synth 1992:11.1% 1967:synth 1956:88.4% 1933:synth 1913:stable 1749:Naming 1633:β-Ce: 1623: 1578:γ-Ce: 1568:β-Ce: 1439: 1386:oxide) 1329: 1297: 1257: 1255:kJ/mol 1139: 1122:Period 1071:cerium 885:Curium 829:Radium 743:Osmium 687:Erbium 617:Cerium 603:Barium 580:Iodine 552:Indium 538:Silver 406:Copper 399:Nickel 392:Cobalt 311:Sulfur 274:Sodium 251:Oxygen 237:Carbon 205:Helium 151:140.12 99:-ee-əm 89: 53:Cerium 22:curium 7887:Ce(SO 7859:Ce(NO 7839:Ce(NO 7814:Ce(SO 7714:Ce(CH 7633:Ce(NO 6095:(PDF) 6062:(PDF) 5912:(PDF) 5874:Burns 5548:(PDF) 5436:S2CID 5300:S2CID 5204:(PDF) 5179:(PDF) 5151:. In 4911:(PDF) 4896:(PDF) 4764:(PDF) 4734:(PDF) 4231:S2CID 4203:(PDF) 4178:S2CID 4152:arXiv 4103:(PDF) 3737:(PDF) 3684:(PDF) 3584:CIAAW 2928:ceria 2921:Ceres 2913:Ceres 2909:named 2877:Ceres 2830:Alkyl 2810:(Ce(C 2655:(Z = 2365:Four 2344:+ 3 H 2319:→ CeO 2126:metal 2101:is a 1883:synth 1839:Decay 1758:Ceres 1754:Ceres 1384:basic 1350:3705 1347:3159 1344:2754 1341:2442 1338:2194 1335:1992 1189:solid 1176:Phase 1153:[ 1134:Block 1109:Group 813:Radon 587:Xenon 325:Argon 230:Boron 146:0.001 7822:•2 H 7678:Ce(C 7604:(SeO 7535:CeCl 7511:CeBr 7495:CeSe 6124:ISBN 6077:2024 6045:2024 6011:ISBN 5986:PMID 5932:PMID 5890:PMID 5855:PMID 5800:PMID 5790:ISBN 5744:ISBN 5709:PMID 5701:ISSN 5654:PMID 5646:ISSN 5568:PMID 5459:OSTI 5428:OSTI 5385:ISSN 5344:ISBN 5292:ISSN 5261:2016 5191:ISBN 5111:ISBN 4919:2019 4855:ISBN 4776:2019 4746:2019 4655:ISBN 4621:2009 4535:PMID 4453:ISBN 4418:ISBN 4385:ISBN 4356:ISBN 4331:PMID 4293:PMID 4070:ISBN 3969:2016 3941:ISBN 3899:PMID 3841:ISBN 3777:ISBN 3713:ISBN 3688:ISBN 3658:ISBN 3616:ISSN 3421:P210 3407:H228 3247:for 3066:and 3019:and 3005:lead 2981:Ames 2971:and 2967:for 2899:and 2872:and 2868:The 2801:and 2599:CeCl 2585:and 2489:can 2453:and 2304:iron 2183:and 2147:and 2118:soft 2112:and 2083:edit 2076:talk 2069:view 1868:mode 1608:r.t. 1420:more 1309:100 1299:(Pa) 1237:m.p. 785:Lead 764:Gold 413:Zinc 385:Iron 265:Neon 155:0.01 97:SEER 7911:CeF 7879:CeO 7851:CeB 7831:(NH 7806:(NH 7790:CeS 7749:CeO 7745:105 7628:CeP 7588:(SO 7567:CeN 7551:CeI 7543:CeF 7523:(CO 7487:CeI 5976:PMC 5968:doi 5924:doi 5882:doi 5845:PMC 5837:doi 5782:doi 5778:153 5736:doi 5693:doi 5638:doi 5599:doi 5560:doi 5420:doi 5404:JOM 5377:doi 5284:doi 5233:doi 5183:doi 5103:doi 5037:doi 4808:doi 4712:doi 4590:doi 4586:647 4562:doi 4558:248 4525:doi 4478:147 4445:doi 4410:doi 4323:doi 4319:110 4285:doi 4281:107 4223:doi 4170:doi 4123:doi 4042:doi 4007:doi 3889:PMC 3881:doi 3818:doi 3749:doi 3608:doi 3360:GHS 3009:tin 2997:ppm 2934:by 2848:or 2751:in 2693:(NH 2634:2−x 2587:CeF 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