915:
1455:
1443:
1342:. This attempts to surgically remove the cancer while preserving the ovaries and uterus, providing for a more conservative operation than a hysterectomy. It is a viable option for those in stage I cervical cancer which has not spread; however, it is not yet considered a standard of care, as few doctors are skilled in this procedure. Even the most experienced surgeon cannot promise that a trachelectomy can be performed until after surgical microscopic examination, as the extent of the spread of cancer is unknown. If the surgeon is not able to microscopically confirm clear margins of cervical tissue once the woman is under general anaesthesia in the operating room, a hysterectomy may still be needed. This can only be done during the same operation if the woman consented. Due to the possible risk of cancer spreading to the lymph nodes in stage 1B cancers and some stage 1A cancers, the surgeon may also need to remove some lymph nodes from around the uterus for pathologic evaluation.
1431:
1369:
894:
882:
1114:
646:(CIN3) occurring, which has the potential of forming cervical cancer. When CIN3 lesions lead to cancer, most of them have the assistance of the HPV virus, but that is not always the case, which is why it can be considered a direct link to cervical cancer. Heavy smoking and long-term smoking seem to have more of a risk of getting the CIN3 lesions than lighter smoking or not smoking at all. Although smoking has been linked to cervical cancer, it aids in the development of HPV, which is the leading cause of this type of cancer. Also, not only does it aid in the development of HPV, but also if the woman is already HPV-positive, she is at an even greater likelihood of contracting cervical cancer.
927:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1557:
2081:
1801:
1756:
1677:
1476:
739:
34:
806:(CIS). The term cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was developed to place emphasis on the spectrum of abnormality in these lesions, and to help standardize treatment. For premalignant dysplastic changes, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grading (CIN 1–3) is used. It classifies mild dysplasia as CIN1, moderate dysplasia as CIN2, and severe dysplasia and CIS as CIN3. More recently, CIN2 and CIN3 have been combined into CIN2/3. These results are what a pathologist might report from a biopsy.
680:
766:
1365:(internal radiation). Women treated with surgery who have high-risk features found on pathologic examination are given radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy to reduce the risk of relapse. A Cochrane review has found moderate-certainty evidence that radiation decreases the risk of disease progression in people with stage IB cervical cancer, when compared to no further treatment. However, little evidence was found on its effects on overall survival.
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585:
577:
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are uncommon, although women who can conceive after surgery are susceptible to preterm labour and possible late miscarriage. A wait of at least one year is generally recommended before attempting to become pregnant after surgery. Recurrence in the residual cervix is rare if the trachelectomy has cleared the cancer. Yet, women are recommended to practice vigilant prevention and follow-up care, including Pap screenings/
521:, the widespread use of cervical screening programs has dramatically reduced rates of cervical cancer. Expected scenarios for the reduction of mortality due to cervical cancer worldwide (and specially in low-income countries) have been reviewed, given assumptions with respect to the achievement of recommended prevention targets using triple-intervention strategies defined by WHO. In medical research, the most famous
1133:
1125:
784:(CIN) means the development of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. It is caused by an HPV infection but in most cases it is resolved by the immune system. However a small percentage of people might develop a more serious CIN which, if left untreated, can develop into cervical cancer. CIN is often diagnosed during routine Pap smear examination or colposcopy.
2111:
cisgender women to have cervical cancer, but are less likely to undergo cervical screening, because of dysphoria, gender disaffirmation or disempowerment of the individual by healthcare providers, or being misinformed of HPV and cervical cancer risks as well as many healthcare providers perceiving transmasculine individuals to be at low risk of cervical cancer.
2056:
practices, including sensitivity in discussing the topic in
Aboriginal communities, embarrassment, anxiety and fear about the procedure. Difficulty in accessing screening services (for example, transport difficulties) and a lack of female GPs, trained Pap test providers and trained female Aboriginal Health Workers are also issues.
914:
1157:(Pap test) for cervical pre-cancer has dramatically reduced the number of cases of, and mortality from, cervical cancer. Liquid-based cytology may reduce the number of inadequate samples. Pap test screening every three to five years with appropriate follow-up can reduce cervical cancer incidence up to 80%.
2114:
Transgender women who have not had bottom surgery have no risk of cervical cancer, as they do not have a cervix. Trans women who have had bottom surgery to create a vagina (vaginoplasty) and possibly a cervix, are at a very small risk to develop cancer in the tissues of their neo-vagina or neo-cervix
1294:
Because cervical cancers are radiosensitive, radiation may be used in all stages where surgical options do not exist. Surgical intervention may have better outcomes than radiological approaches. In addition, chemotherapy can be used to treat cervical cancer and is more effective than radiation alone.
1290:
The treatment of cervical cancer varies worldwide, largely due to access to surgeons skilled in radical pelvic surgery and the emergence of fertility-sparing therapy in developed nations. Less advanced stages of cervical cancer typically have treatment options that allow fertility to be maintained if
2110:
Transgender men and gender-diverse people who have a cervix (even if partially intact) or have a prior history of cervical cancer or precancerous conditions, and are age 21 or older who has ever had sex with anyone need to get screened for cervical cancer. Transmasculine people are just as likely as
2055:
In
Australia, Aboriginal women are more than five times more likely to die from cervical cancer than non-Aboriginal women, suggesting that Aboriginal women are less likely to have regular Pap tests. There are several factors that may limit indigenous women from engaging in regular cervical screening
1711:
In 2020, there were 165 women aged 25–74 who died from cervical cancer, which is a mortality rate of 2 deaths per 100,000 women in the population. Over the 5 years 2016–2020, there were 62 Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander women aged 25–74 who died from cervical cancer, which is a mortality rate
1519:
With treatment, 80–90% of women with stage I cancer and 60–75% of those with stage II cancer are alive 5 years after diagnosis. Survival rates decrease to 58% for women with stage III cancer and 17% or fewer of those with stage IV cancer five years after diagnosis. Recurrent cervical cancer detected
512:
Worldwide, cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common type of cancer and the fourth-most common cause of death from cancer in women, with over 660,000 new cases and around 350,000 deaths in 2022. This is about 8% of the total cases and total deaths from cancer. About 70% of cervical cancers and
1840:
The
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) reports that 28 Nigerian women lose their lives daily due to this disease. This alarming statistic underscores the pressing need for better awareness, prevention, and treatment efforts across the country. Numerous Nigerian women lack access to these
1786:
Cervical cancer is the 12th-most common cancer in women in the UK (around 3,100 women were diagnosed with the disease in 2011), and accounts for 1% of cancer deaths (around 920 died in 2012). With a 42% reduction from 1988 to 1997, the NHS-implemented screening programme has been highly successful,
1539:
Regular screening has meant that precancerous changes and early-stage cervical cancers have been detected and treated early. Figures suggest that cervical screening is saving 5,000 lives each year in the UK by preventing cervical cancer. About 1,000 women per year die of cervical cancer in the UK.
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for the earliest stage of invasive cervical cancer is 92%, and the overall (all stages combined) five-year survival rate is about 66%. These statistics may be improved when applied to women newly diagnosed, bearing in mind that these outcomes may be partly based on the state of treatment five years
1417:
No evidence is available to suggest that any form of follow-up approach is better or worse in terms of prolonging survival, improving quality of life or guiding the management of problems that can arise because of the treatment and that in the case of radiotherapy treatment worsen with time. A 2019
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A number of recommended options exist for screening those 30 to 65. This includes cervical cytology every 3 years, HPV testing every 5 years, or HPV testing together with cytology every 5 years. Screening is not beneficial before age 25, as the rate of disease is low. Screening is not beneficial in
1183:
In the United States, screening is recommended to begin at age 21, regardless of age at which a woman began having sex or other risk factors. Pap tests should be done every three years between the ages of 21 and 65. In women over the age of 65, screening may be discontinued if no abnormal screening
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cells, are also caused by various strains of HPV. However, these serotypes are usually not related to cervical cancer. Having multiple strains at the same time is common, including those that can cause cervical cancer along with those that cause warts. Infection with HPV is generally believed to be
1345:
A radical trachelectomy can be performed abdominally or vaginally and opinions are conflicting as to which is better. A radical abdominal trachelectomy with lymphadenectomy usually only requires a two- to three-day hospital stay, and most women recover very quickly (about six weeks). Complications
945:
Though squamous cell carcinoma is the cervical cancer with the most incidence, the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the cervix has been increasing in recent decades. Endocervical adenocarcinoma represents 20–25% of the histological types of cervical carcinoma. Gastric-type mucinous adenocarcinoma of
670:
Having many pregnancies is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. Among HPV-infected women, those who have had seven or more full-term pregnancies have around four times the risk of cancer compared with women with no pregnancies, and two to three times the risk of women who have had
2092:
A 2007 survey of
American women found 40% had heard of HPV infection and less than half of those knew it causes cervical cancer. Over a longitudinal study from 1975 to 2000, it was found that people of lower socioeconomic census brackets had higher rates of late-stage cancer diagnosis and higher
1238:
HPV vaccines are typically given to age 9 to 26, as the vaccine is most effective if given before infection occurs. The duration of effectiveness and whether a booster will be needed is unknown. The high cost of this vaccine has been a cause for concern. Several countries have considered (or are
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The number of women diagnosed with cervical cancer has dropped on average by 4.5% each year since organised screening began in 1991 (1991–2005). Regular twice-yearly Pap tests can reduce the incidence of cervical cancer up to 90% in
Australia, and save 1,200 Australian women from dying from the
1310:
in future pregnancies. Surgical techniques that remove more cervical tissue come with less risk of the cancer recurring but a higher chance of giving birth prematurely. Due to this risk, taking into account the age, childbearing plans of the woman, the size and location of the cancer cells are
1191:
Pap tests have not been as effective in developing countries. This is in part because many of these countries have an impoverished health care infrastructure, too few trained and skilled professionals to obtain and interpret Pap tests, uninformed women who get lost to follow-up, and a lengthy
881:
2003:
was given in 1949, and HPV-DNA was identified in 1963. It was not until the 1980s that HPV was identified in cervical cancer tissue. It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers. Specific viral subtypes implicated are HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 and others.
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radiation therapy), or cisplatin chemotherapy followed by hysterectomy. When cisplatin is present, it is thought to be the most active single agent in periodic diseases. Such addition of platinum-based chemotherapy to chemoradiation seems not only to improve survival but also reduces risk of
1831:
An estimated 13,170 new cervical cancers and 4,250 cervical cancer deaths will occur in the United States in 2019. The median age at diagnosis is 50. The rates of new cases in the United States was 7.3 per 100,000 women, based on rates from 2012 to 2016. Cervical cancer deaths decreased by
1547:
In Africa outcomes are often worse as diagnosis is frequently at a latter stage of disease. In a scoping review of publicly-available cervical cancer prevention and control plans from
African countries, plans tended to emphasize survivorship rather than early HPV diagnosis and prevention.
1979:
was seen as a likely cause because it is known to survive in the female reproductive tract, to be transmitted sexually in a way compatible with known risk factors, such as promiscuity and low socioeconomic status. Herpes viruses were also implicated in other malignant diseases, including
637:
Cigarette smoking, both active and passive, increases the risk of cervical cancer. Among HPV-infected women, current and former smokers have roughly two to three times the incidence of invasive cancer. Passive smoking is also associated with increased risk, but to a lesser extent.
3738:
Agorastos T, Miliaras D, Lambropoulos AF, Chrisafi S, Kotsis A, Manthos A, Bontis J (July 2005). "Detection and typing of human papillomavirus DNA in uterine cervices with coexistent grade I and grade III intraepithelial neoplasia: biologic progression or independent lesions?".
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Smoking has also been linked to the development of cervical cancer. Smoking can increase the risk in women a few different ways, which can be by direct and indirect methods of inducing cervical cancer. A direct way of contracting this cancer is a smoker has a higher chance of
893:
1658:
Worldwide, cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common cause of cancer and deaths from cancer in women. In 2018, 570,000 cases of cervical cancer were estimated to have occurred, with over 300,000 deaths. It is the second-most common cause of female-specific cancer after
1200:
Barrier protection or spermicidal gel use during sexual intercourse decreases, but does not eliminate risk of transmitting the infection, though condoms may protect against genital warts. They also provide protection against other sexually transmitted infections, such as
549:, contact bleeding (one most common form being bleeding after sexual intercourse), or (rarely) a vaginal mass may indicate the presence of malignancy. Also, moderate pain during sexual intercourse and vaginal discharge are symptoms of cervical cancer. In advanced disease,
1663:, accounting for around 8% of both total cancer cases and total cancer deaths in women. About 80% of cervical cancers occur in developing countries. It is the most frequently detected cancer during pregnancy, with an occurrence of 1.5 to 12 for every 100,000 pregnancies.
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Cervical cancer is staged by the FIGO system, which is based on clinical examination rather than surgical findings. Prior to the 2018 revisions to FIGO staging, the system allowed only these diagnostic tests to be used in determining the stage: palpation, inspection,
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1311:
crucial for choosing the right procedure. There is low-certainty evidence that peri-operative care approaches, such as 'fast-track surgery' or 'enhanced recovery programmes' may lower surgical stress and improve recovery after gynaecological cancer surgery.
1337:
If a cone biopsy does not produce clear margins (findings on biopsy showing that the tumor is surrounded by cancer free tissue, suggesting all of the tumor is removed), one more possible treatment option for women who want to preserve their fertility is a
568:, weight loss, fatigue, pelvic pain, back pain, leg pain, swollen legs, heavy vaginal bleeding, bone fractures, and (rarely) leakage of urine or faeces from the vagina. Bleeding after douching or after a pelvic exam is a common symptom of cervical cancer.
2042:, set out a strategy to eliminate cervical cancer by 2050. The strategy involves vaccinating 90% of girls by the age of 15, screening 70% of women by the age of 35 and again by the age of 45, and treating 90% of women identified with cervical disease.
1179:
According to the 2010 European guidelines, the age at which to start screening ranges between 20 and 30 years of age, but preferentially not before age 25 or 30 years, and depends on burden of the disease in the population and the available resources.
2059:
The
Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation (ACCF), founded in 2008, promotes 'women's health by eliminating cervical cancer and enabling treatment for women with cervical cancer and related health issues, in Australia and in developing countries.'
1175:
Personal invitations encouraging women to get screened are effective at increasing the likelihood they will do so. Educational materials also help increase the likelihood women will go for screening, but they are not as effective as invitations.
613:
Over 200 types of HPV known, 12 are classified as high-risk types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59), three as probable high-risk (26, 53, and 66), and 12 as low-risk (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108).
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1832:
approximately 74% in the last 50 years, largely due to widespread Pap test screening. The annual direct medical cost of cervical cancer prevention and treatment prior to introduction of the HPV vaccine was estimated at $ 6 billion.
1246:
mandated that, before administering the vaccine, medical institutions must inform women that the ministry does not recommend it. However, the vaccine is still available at no cost to
Japanese women who choose to accept the vaccination.
3272:
Gadducci A, Barsotti C, Cosio S, Domenici L, Riccardo
Genazzani A (August 2011). "Smoking habit, immune suppression, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use and cervical carcinogenesis: a review of the literature".
926:
5754:
Plante M, Renaud MC, Hoskins IA, Roy M (July 2005). "Vaginal radical trachelectomy: a valuable fertility-preserving option in the management of early-stage cervical cancer. A series of 50 pregnancies and review of the literature".
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recurrence in women with early stage cervical cancer (IA2–IIA). A Cochrane review found a lack of evidence on the benefits and harms of primary hysterectomy compared to primary chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer in stage IB2.
427:(HPV) causes more than 90% of cases; most who have had HPV infections, however, do not develop cervical cancer. HPV 16 and 18 strains are responsible for nearly 50% of high grade cervical pre-cancers. Other risk factors include
1712:
of 7 deaths per 100,000 Indigenous women in the population. Over the 5 years 2016–2020, the age-standardised mortality rate among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women was 3.8 times the rate of non-Indigenous Australians.
3691:
Remschmidt C, Kaufmann AM, Hagemann I, Vartazarova E, Wichmann O, Deleré Y (March 2013). "Risk factors for cervical human papillomavirus infection and high-grade intraepithelial lesion in women aged 20 to 31 years in Germany".
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at its earliest stages might be successfully treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of the three. About 35% of women with invasive cervical cancer have persistent or recurrent disease after treatment.
1454:
8176:
Agénor M, Peitzmeier SM, Bernstein IM, McDowell M, Alizaga NM, Reisner SL, et al. (October 2016). "Perceptions of cervical cancer risk and screening among transmasculine individuals: patient and provider perspectives".
1707:
In 2022, it is estimated that 942 new cases of cervical cancer will be diagnosed in Australia. In 2022, it is estimated that a female has a 1 in 180 (or 0.56%) risk of being diagnosed with cervical cancer by the age of 85.
719:) solution to highlight abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix, with visual contrast provided by staining the normal tissues a mahogany brown with Lugol's iodine. Medical devices used for biopsy of the cervix include
2097:
around HPV infection, vaccination and cervical cancer. This is predominantly driven by fear of social judgment and rejection, self-blame, and shame, with notable negative influences from gender and social norms, as both
1732:
In India, the number of people with cervical cancer is rising, but overall the age-adjusted rates are decreasing. Usage of condoms in the female population has improved the survival of women with cancers of the cervix.
3241:
1442:
1741:
As of 2022, the World Health Organization announced that "each year in the WHO European Region more than 66 000 women are newly diagnosed with cervical cancer and more than 30 000 die from this preventable disease."
1430:
946:
the cervix is a rare type of cancer with aggressive behavior. This type of malignancy is not related to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Noncarcinoma malignancies which can rarely occur in the cervix include
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966:
staging for most other cancers. For cases treated surgically, information obtained from the pathologist can be used in assigning a separate pathologic stage, but is not to replace the original clinical stage.
5526:
Lin Y, Zhou J, Dai L, Cheng Y, Wang J (September 2017). "Vaginectomy and vaginoplasty for isolated vaginal recurrence 8 years after cervical cancer radical hysterectomy: A case report and literature review".
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as these tissues are made up of different cells than a cervix in a cisgender woman Cervical cancer screening is not necessary in trans women who have undergone vaginoplasty because they do not have a cervix.
7811:
777:(also called CIN3), stage 0: The normal architecture of stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by irregular cells that extend throughout its full thickness. Normal columnar epithelium is also seen.
1306:
of the cervix is removed, and ablation which removes only the parts with abnormal tissues. While these effectively reduce the risk of cancer developing or spreading, they cause an increased risk of
2473:
1414:
For surgery to be curative, the entire cancer must be removed with no cancer found at the margins of the removed tissue on examination under a microscope. This procedure is known as exenteration.
3394:
662:. Women who have used oral contraceptives for 5 to 9 years have about three times the incidence of invasive cancer, and those who used them for 10 years or longer have about four times the risk.
1350:, with biopsies of the remaining lower uterine segment as needed (every 3–4 months for at least 5 years) to monitor for any recurrence in addition to minimizing any new exposures to HPV through
825:(HSIL). An LSIL Pap may correspond to CIN1, and HSIL may correspond to CIN2 and CIN3, but they are results of different tests, and the Pap test results need not match the histologic findings.
3980:"Comparative effectiveness and risk of preterm birth of local treatments for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and stage IA1 cervical cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
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women older than 60 years if they have a history of negative results. The American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline has recommend for different levels of resource availability.
754:, CT scan, and MRI have been used to look for alternating disease, spread of the tumor, and effect on adjacent structures. Typically, they appear as heterogeneous mass on the cervix.
7079:
1967:
These historical observations suggested that cervical cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted agent. Initial research in the 1940s and 1950s attributed cervical cancer to
5504:
887:
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is characterized by infiltration as irregular anastomosing nests or single cells. This case is poorly differentiated. H&E stain.
1302:) that would lead to cancer and early-stage cervical cancer (IA1) can be treated effectively by various surgical techniques. Surgical treatment methods include excision, where a
1716:
disease each year. It is predicted that because of the success of the primary HPV testing programme there will be fewer than four new cases per 100 000 women annually by 2028.
7242:
7219:
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infection and cervical cancer were stigmatized due to the perception that they arise from reckless behavior such as having multiple sexual partners or neglecting screening.
5790:
Roy M, Plante M, Renaud MC, Têtu B (September 1996). "Vaginal radical hysterectomy versus abdominal radical hysterectomy in the treatment of early-stage cervical cancer".
2416:
5866:
Schlaerth JB, Spirtos NM, Schlaerth AC (January 2003). "Radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with uterine preservation in the treatment of cervical cancer".
2264:
723:. Colposcopic impression, the estimate of disease severity based on the visual inspection, forms part of the diagnosis. Further diagnostic and treatment procedures are
9598:
1239:
considering) programs to fund HPV vaccination. The American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline has recommendations for different levels of resource availability.
920:
Invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma on H&E histopathology and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. The latter correlates well with the degree and level of dysplasia.
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1334:. A systematic review concluded that more evidence is needed to inform decisions about different surgical techniques for women with cervical cancer at stage IA2.
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7815:
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Bhatla N, Berek JS, Cuello Fredes M, Denny LA, Grenman S, Karunaratne K, et al. (April 2019). "Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the cervix uteri".
955:
3402:
3062:"Mortality impact of achieving WHO cervical cancer elimination targets: a comparative modelling analysis in 78 low-income and lower-middle-income countries"
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596:
infection is also a risk factor. Not all of the causes of cervical cancer are known, however, and several other contributing factors have been implicated.
6373:
1368:
5087:
Medeiros LR, Rosa DD, da Rosa MI, Bozzetti MC, Zanini RR (October 2009). "Efficacy of human papillomavirus vaccines: a systematic quantitative review".
757:
Interventions such as playing music during the procedure and viewing the procedure on a monitor can reduce the anxiety associated with the examination.
9072:
6406:"Seagen and Genmab Announce FDA Accelerated Approval for Tivdak (tisotumab vedotin-tftv) in Previously Treated Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer"
610:
Women who have multiple sexual partners, or have partners who have multiple sexual partners, regardless of sex are at higher risk of cervical cancer .
2757:
1858:
5655:
5135:
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that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Early on, typically no symptoms are seen. Later symptoms may include abnormal
8422:"Management and Care of Women With Invasive Cervical Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Resource-Stratified Clinical Practice Guideline"
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580:
In most cases, cells infected with the HPV heal on their own. In some cases, however, the virus continues to spread and becomes an invasive cancer.
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1418:
review found no controlled trials regarding the efficacy and safety of interventions for vaginal bleeding in women with advanced cervical cancer.
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in up to 50% of cases of cervical cancer. Other concerns is the cost of doing Pap tests, which make them unaffordable in many areas of the world.
2451:
6227:"Curative pelvic exenteration for recurrent cervical carcinoma in the era of concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy. A systematic review"
3779:"Risk for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse in relation to smoking among women with persistent human papillomavirus infection"
1184:
results were seen within the previous 10 years and no history of CIN2 or higher exists. HPV vaccination status does not change screening rates.
742:
This large squamous carcinoma (bottom of picture) has obliterated the cervix and invaded the lower uterine segment. The uterus also has a round
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8723:
7509:
5192:
Myung SK, Ju W, Kim SC, Kim H (October 2011). "Vitamin or antioxidant intake (or serum level) and risk of cervical neoplasm: a meta-analysis".
701:
6275:
Lanceley A, Fiander A, McCormack M, Bryant A, et al. (Cochrane Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer Group) (November 2013).
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preventive measures. In many regions of the country, screening tests such as Pap tests and HPV tests are not easily accessible or affordable
1411:
There is insufficient evidence whether anticancer drugs after standard care help women with locally advanced cervical cancer to live longer.
1243:
720:
7164:"Prophylaxis of cervical cancer and related cervical disease: a review of the cost-effectiveness of vaccination against oncogenic HPV types"
1511:
Prognosis depends on the stage of the cancer. For intraepithelial cervical neoplasmas the prognosis is good. With treatment, the five-year
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6517:
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2024:
1544:
have cervical cancer-screening programs in place. The Pap test was integrated into clinical practice in the Nordic countries in the 1960s.
493:
can identify precancerous changes, which when treated, can prevent the development of cancer. Treatment may consist of some combination of
8080:"Enacting power and constructing gender in cervical cancer screening encounters between transmasculine patients and health care providers"
5843:
5826:
2340:
9897:
9792:
9436:
7220:"Eliminating Cervical Cancer in Nigeria: How Awareness, Infrastructure, and Government Support Can Make a Difference - My Daily News Usa"
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Asthana S, Busa V, Labani S (April 2020). "Oral contraceptives use and risk of cervical cancer-A systematic review & meta-analysis".
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872:
588:
Cervix in relation to upper part of vagina and posterior portion of uterus, showing difference in covering epithelium of inner structures
7367:"Evidence for single-dose protection by the bivalent HPV vaccine-Review of the Costa Rica HPV vaccine trial and future research studies"
5494:
3219:
731:, in which the inner lining of the cervix is removed to be examined pathologically. These are carried out if the biopsy confirms severe
4443:"Assessment of p16 and Ki67 Immunohistochemistry Expression in Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion with Cytohistomorphological Correlation"
2085:
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750:
Often before the biopsy, the doctor asks for medical imaging to rule out other causes of woman's symptoms. Imaging modalities such as
9584:
6731:
6539:
5684:
Burnett AF (February 2006). "Radical trachelectomy with laparoscopic lymphadenectomy: review of oncologic and obstetrical outcomes".
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1068:
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1032:
1020:
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Since 2010, young women in Japan have been eligible to receive the cervical cancer vaccination for free. In June 2013, the Japanese
1192:
turn-around time to get results. Visual inspection with acetic acid and HPV DNA testing have been tried, though with mixed success.
517:. In low-income countries, it is one of the most common causes of cancer death with an incidence rate of 47.3 per 100,000 women. In
9799:
4807:
6126:"The combination of cisplatin and topotecan as a second-line treatment for patients with advanced/recurrent uterine cervix cancer"
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by about 93% and 62%, respectively. The vaccines are between 92% and 100% effective against HPV 16 and 18 up to at least 8 years.
9512:
9421:
4668:
8502:"Estimate of the global burden of cervical adenocarcinoma and potential impact of prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccination"
7868:
6047:"Type II or type III radical hysterectomy compared to chemoradiotherapy as a primary intervention for stage IB2 cervical cancer"
4837:
Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology (November 2012). "ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 131: Screening for cervical cancer".
4269:
Salcedo MP, Phoolcharoen N, Schmeler KM (2022). "Intraepithelial neoplasia of the lower genital tract (cervix, vagina, vulva)".
3948:"Chapter 4: An introduction to colposcopy: indications for colposcopy, instrumentation, principles and documentation of results"
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2256:
7614:"A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions"
5458:
van Nagell JR, Greenwell N, Powell DF, Donaldson ES, Hanson MB, Gay EC (April 1983). "Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix".
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Advanced-stage tumors (IIB-IVA) are treated with radiation therapy and cisplatin-based chemotherapy. On 15 June 2006, the US
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morbidity rates. After controlling for stage, there still existed differences in survival rates. Women in the US experience
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9230:
7980:
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7933:"Persistent area socioeconomic disparities in U.S. incidence of cervical cancer, mortality, stage, and survival, 1975–2000"
3503:
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Early stages (IB1 and IIA less than 4 cm) can be treated with radical hysterectomy with removal of the lymph nodes or
7457:
Syverton, J. T.; Berry, G. P. (1935). "Carcinoma in the Cottontail Rabbit Following Spontaneous Virus Papilloma (Shope)".
6465:
5362:"Reducing uncertainties about the effects of chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer: individual patient data meta-analysis"
1295:
Chemoradiotherapy may increase overall survival and reduce the risk of disease recurrence compared to radiotherapy alone.
707:
Confirmation of the diagnosis of cervical cancer or precancer requires a biopsy of the cervix. This is often done through
9431:
9192:
9148:
8624:
8463:
Peto J, Gilham C, Fletcher O, Matthews FE (2004). "The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK".
7872:
5272:"Primary surgery versus primary radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy for early adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix"
867:
481:
and may prevent up to 90% of cervical cancers. As a risk of cancer still exists, guidelines recommend continuing regular
5008:
3046:
2510:"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries"
1396:
and cisplatin, for women with late-stage (IVB) cervical cancer treatment. Combination treatment has significant risk of
9782:
9416:
9014:
8978:
8716:
6705:
1327:
1299:
1165:
1161:
781:
732:
724:
643:
607:
types 16 and 18 are the cause of 75% of cervical cancer cases globally, while 31 and 45 are the causes of another 10%.
448:
6495:
4350:
1935:
working in the early 20th century noted that cervical cancer behaved like a sexually transmitted disease. In summary:
9809:
9742:
9737:
9678:
9673:
9517:
9459:
9058:
8988:
8789:
7243:"Eliminating Cervical Cancer in Nigeria: How Awareness, Infrastructure, and Government Support Can Make a Difference"
3890:
3873:
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4372:
7830:
7789:
7415:
5827:"Laparoscopic vaginal radical trachelectomy: a treatment to preserve the fertility of cervical carcinoma patients"
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9668:
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Pannu HK, Corl FM, Fishman EK (September–October 2001). "CT evaluation of cervical cancer: spectrum of disease".
1113:
6873:
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3345:
1724:
An estimated 1,450 Canadians will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2022. An estimated 380 will die from it.
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9787:
9757:
9708:
9703:
9658:
9643:
9210:
8738:
6670:
Dutta T, Meyerson B, Agley J (2018). "African cervical cancer prevention and control plans: A scoping review".
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3215:
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In 1935, Syverton and Berry discovered a relationship between RPV (Rabbit Papillomavirus) and skin cancer in
440:
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2779:
Tran NP, Hung CF, Roden R, Wu TC (2014). "Control of HPV Infection and Related Cancer Through Vaccination".
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4625:"Liquid-based cytology in cervical screening: an updated rapid and systematic review and economic analysis"
2749:
2007:
In work that was initiated in the mid-1980s, the HPV vaccine was developed, in parallel, by researchers at
1389:
9826:
6921:
5359:
5040:"Do condoms prevent genital HPV infection, external genital warts, or cervical neoplasia? A meta-analysis"
4695:"European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening. Second edition--summary document"
9752:
9715:
9698:
5659:
5143:
791:
classification of cervical carcinoma precursor lesions has changed many times over the 20th century. The
8078:
Peitzmeier SM, Bernstein IM, McDowell MJ, Pardee DJ, Agénor M, Alizaga NM, et al. (December 2020).
7316:
Beachler DC, Kreimer AR, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, et al. (January 2016).
7104:
9836:
9732:
9133:
5245:
4346:
4217:
2443:
592:
Infection with some types of HPV is the greatest risk factor for cervical cancer, followed by smoking.
509:
in the United States are 68%. Outcomes, however, depend very much on how early the cancer is detected.
7040:"Association of educational levels with survival in Indian patients with cancer of the uterine cervix"
1787:
screening the highest-risk age group (25–49 years) every 3 years, and those ages 50–64 every 5 years.
1376:
Larger early-stage tumors (IB2 and IIA more than 4 cm) may be treated with radiation therapy and
9821:
9565:
8565:
8556:
8420:
Chuang LT, Temin S, Camacho R, Dueñas-Gonzalez A, Feldman S, Gultekin M, et al. (October 2016).
2861:
2823:
2035:
2020:
792:
421:. While bleeding after sex may not be serious, it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer.
7491:
7080:"The cancer we can eliminate – WHO/Europe urges Member States to consign cervical cancer to history"
6943:
Hall MT, Simms KT, Lew JB, Smith MA, Brotherton JM, Saville M, Frazer IH, Canfell K (January 2019).
2064:, one of the developers of the Gardasil cervical cancer vaccine, is the scientific advisor to ACCF.
9882:
9851:
9762:
9720:
9688:
9638:
9388:
8827:
8635:
8552:
8127:
Potter J, Peitzmeier SM, Bernstein I, Reisner SL, Alizaga NM, Agénor M, Pardee DJ (December 2015).
2888:
2673:
2557:
2016:
1985:
9480:
9253:
3644:"The role of co-factors in the progression from human papillomavirus infection to cervical cancer"
3502:
Muñoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Herrero R, Castellsagué X, Shah KV, et al. (February 2003).
2750:"FDA approves Gardasil 9 for prevention of certain cancers caused by five additional types of HPV"
2072:, was diagnosed with cervical cancer in 1996, and first spoke publicly about the disease in 2006.
1556:
899:
Cervical squamous cell carcinoma generally shows diffuse staining of both nuclei and cytoplasm on
9841:
9804:
9777:
9767:
9540:
8760:
6461:
3978:
Athanasiou A, Veroniki AA, Efthimiou O, Kalliala I, Naci H, Bowden S, et al. (August 2022).
3398:
2827:
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852:
840:
655:
506:
452:
436:
358:
280:
244:
7558:
Alexander ER (June 1973). "Possible etiologies of cancer of the cervix other than herpesvirus".
7498:. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 90. Lyon, France.
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Arrossi S, Temin S, Garland S, Eckert LO, Bhatla N, Castellsagué X, et al. (October 2017).
9846:
9653:
9633:
9623:
9263:
2324:
2134:
1512:
522:
444:
8675:
7981:
7365:
Kreimer AR, Herrero R, Sampson JN, Porras C, Lowy DR, Schiller JT, et al. (August 2018).
3364:
3207:
3110:
1953:
It was more common in the second wives of men whose first wives had died from cervical cancer.
932:
The location of cervical cancer can be described in terms of quadrants, or corresponding to a
439:, starting sex at a young age, and having many sexual partners, but these are less important.
9550:
9316:
9220:
9034:
8350:
Arbyn M, Castellsagué X, de Sanjosé S, Bruni L, Saraiya M, Bray F, Ferlay J (December 2011).
2039:
2008:
1981:
1950:, except for those who had been sexually active before entering the convent (Rigoni in 1841).
1869:
1014:. However, the current system allows use of any imaging or pathological methods for staging.
862:
9576:
7586:
6405:
6175:"Adjuvant chemotherapy after concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer"
4910:
Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, et al. (August 2018).
4037:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 10 November 2023.
3504:"Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer"
795:
classification system was descriptive of the lesions, naming them mild, moderate, or severe
9138:
8902:
8785:
7625:
7416:"The low incidence of cervical cancer in Jewish women: has the puzzle finally been solved?"
6945:"The projected timeframe until cervical cancer elimination in Australia: a modelling study"
6621:"Quality of Life among Female Cancer Survivors in Africa: An Integrative Literature Review"
5360:
Chemoradiotherapy for Cervical Cancer Meta-analysis Collaboration (CCCMAC) (January 2010).
4912:"Screening for Cervical Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
4303:
4077:
3947:
3626:. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. 26 December 2022.
2099:
1996:
1976:
1972:
903:
857:
697:
346:
6543:
2088:
public service announcement about cervical cancer health disparities in the United States.
8:
9258:
9205:
9050:
9009:
8613:
6899:
6094:
4796:
4492:"A rare case of gastric-type mucinous endocervical adenocarcinoma in a 59-year-old woman"
4421:
4401:
4031:"Prevention of cervical cancer: what are the risks and benefits of different treatments?"
3060:
Canfell K, Kim JJ, Brisson M, Keane A, Simms KT, Caruana M, et al. (February 2020).
2000:
1331:
1303:
1207:
728:
518:
8320:
8273:"Transgender patients: considerations for routine gynecologic care and cancer screening"
7629:
7188:
7163:
5996:
Falcetta FS, Medeiros LR, Edelweiss MI, Pohlmann PR, Stein AT, Rosa DD (November 2016).
2508:
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F (May 2021).
1814:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1769:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1690:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1489:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
9507:
9383:
9375:
9302:
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9143:
8916:
8528:
8501:
8488:
8446:
8421:
8302:
8202:
8153:
8128:
8104:
8079:
8009:
7962:
7698:
7673:
7503:
7474:
7391:
7366:
7342:
7317:
7298:
7201:
6974:
6824:
6799:
6775:
6758:
6687:
6647:
6620:
6596:
6569:
6350:
6326:"Palliative interventions for controlling vaginal bleeding in advanced cervical cancer"
6325:
6301:
6276:
6257:
6199:
6174:
6150:
6125:
6071:
6046:
6022:
5997:
5978:
5930:
5905:
5709:
5697:
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5552:
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5410:
5386:
5361:
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4278:
4125:
4100:
4046:
4004:
3979:
3928:
3851:
3803:
3778:
3717:
3668:
3643:
3642:
Luhn P, Walker J, Schiffman M, Zuna RE, Dunn ST, Gold MA, et al. (February 2013).
3590:
3541:
3450:
3425:
3298:
3184:
3159:
3086:
3061:
2726:
2699:
2615:
2588:
2539:
2382:
2355:
1989:
1144:
963:
565:
514:
460:
316:
297:
204:
9747:
8476:
7648:
7613:
6961:
6944:
5966:
5321:"A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in cervical cancer (cervix uteri)"
4742:
Staley H, Shiraz A, Shreeve N, Bryant A, Martin-Hirsch PP, Gajjar K (September 2021).
4693:
Arbyn M, Anttila A, Jordan J, Ronco G, Schenck U, Segnan N, et al. (March 2010).
4664:
3995:
3077:
822:
485:. Other methods of prevention include having few or no sexual partners and the use of
9324:
9085:
9039:
8837:
8646:
8533:
8480:
8451:
8408:
8373:
8306:
8294:
8194:
8158:
8109:
8013:
8001:
7954:
7913:
7876:
7744:
7703:
7653:
7592:
7567:
7540:
7536:
7427:
7396:
7347:
7290:
7193:
7134:
7061:
6966:
6829:
6780:
6652:
6601:
6436:
6355:
6306:
6249:
6204:
6155:
6076:
6027:
5970:
5935:
5883:
5848:
5807:
5772:
5736:
5701:
5636:
5601:
5544:
5475:
5471:
5440:
5391:
5342:
5301:
5219:
5205:
5174:
5104:
5061:
5056:
5039:
5014:
4985:
4933:
4889:
4872:
Karjane N, Chelmow D (June 2013). "New cervical cancer screening guidelines, again".
4854:
4773:
4724:
4646:
4605:
4556:
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4282:
4249:
4157:
4130:
4081:
4050:
4009:
3955:
3920:
3886:
3869:
3855:
3843:
3808:
3777:
Jensen KE, Schmiedel S, Frederiksen K, Norrild B, Iftner T, Kjær SK (November 2012).
3756:
3721:
3709:
3673:
3582:
3533:
3455:
3370:
3325:
3290:
3189:
3116:
3091:
3038:
3002:
2997:
2980:
2934:
2907:
2853:
2802:
2792:
2731:
2655:
2620:
2543:
2531:
2387:
2330:
2300:
2227:
1901:
1883:
1487:. The reason given is: extremely dated sources throughout prognosis and epidemiology.
1421:
1358:
800:
502:
342:
324:
292:
192:
8618:
8492:
8206:
7966:
7478:
7318:"Multisite HPV16/18 Vaccine Efficacy Against Cervical, Anal, and Oral HPV Infection"
7205:
6978:
6800:"Gynecologic Malignancies in Pregnancy: Balancing Fetal Risks With Oncologic Safety"
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3594:
3302:
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8523:
8513:
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8433:
8398:
8363:
8284:
8186:
8148:
8140:
8099:
8091:
7993:
7944:
7903:
7734:
7693:
7685:
7643:
7633:
7532:
7466:
7386:
7378:
7337:
7329:
7302:
7280:
7183:
7175:
7051:
7017:
National Cancer Registry Programme under Indian Council of Medical Research Reports
6956:
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6811:
6770:
6679:
6642:
6632:
6591:
6581:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6241:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6145:
6137:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6017:
6013:
6009:
5962:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5875:
5838:
5799:
5764:
5693:
5628:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5536:
5467:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5381:
5373:
5332:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5209:
5201:
5166:
5096:
5073:
5051:
4975:
4967:
4923:
4881:
4846:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4714:
4706:
4636:
4595:
4548:
4511:
4503:
4462:
4454:
4274:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4073:
4038:
3999:
3991:
3952:
Colposcopy and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a beginners' manual
3912:
3835:
3798:
3790:
3748:
3701:
3663:
3655:
3572:
3545:
3523:
3515:
3445:
3437:
3282:
3179:
3171:
3081:
3073:
2992:
2784:
2721:
2711:
2647:
2610:
2600:
2521:
2377:
2367:
1904:
and Gisam found HPV DNA in cervical cancer and genital warts; Hausen later won the
1541:
1405:
738:
546:
432:
410:
405:
or in the any layer of the wall of the cervix. It is due to the abnormal growth of
276:
218:
147:
141:
100:
60:
8686:
8190:
8095:
7908:
7891:
7382:
6492:
Cervical Cancer: Pathology, Symptoms and Signs, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment
5411:"Perioperative enhanced recovery programmes for women with gynaecological cancers"
4458:
3794:
3318:
1992:
and the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. HSV was recovered from cervical tumour cells.
9475:
9454:
9355:
9294:
9282:
9240:
8923:
8640:
7056:
7039:
6815:
6225:
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6045:
Nama V, Angelopoulos G, Twigg J, Murdoch JB, Bailey J, Lawrie TA (October 2018).
5100:
4850:
3839:
3752:
3705:
3286:
1912:
1894:
1160:
Pap test screening can reveal abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix called
937:
818:
810:
530:
468:
443:
also contribute to cervical cancer risk. Cervical cancer typically develops from
54:
33:
8689:
7997:
7982:"Stigma and cervical cancer prevention: A scoping review of the U.S. literature"
7892:"What do women in the U.S. know about human papillomavirus and cervical cancer?"
7493:
7179:
6428:
6141:
5768:
5170:
3659:
2788:
9494:
9360:
9338:
9268:
9178:
9102:
8933:
8770:
7762:
7618:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6683:
6245:
4744:"Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening"
4149:
4042:
3916:
2065:
2028:
1560:
846:
833:
456:
406:
248:
8651:
8144:
7763:"WHO rolls out plan to rid world of cervical cancer, saving millions of lives"
7470:
5377:
5337:
5320:
4885:
2651:
1424:(Tivdak) was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2021.
1326:
are removed as well. Alternatives include local surgical procedures such as a
9876:
9532:
9522:
9277:
8948:
8928:
8822:
8780:
8775:
8518:
8289:
8272:
6637:
6586:
5844:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000415)88:8<1877::AID-CNCR17>3.0.CO;2-W
5319:
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3026:
2955:"Cervical cancer prevention and control saves lives in the Republic of Korea"
2094:
1660:
1362:
1361:. Radiation therapy is given as external beam radiotherapy to the pelvis and
1339:
1307:
1271:
814:
364:
8603:
8437:
8368:
8351:
7638:
6277:"Follow-up protocols for women with cervical cancer after primary treatment"
4971:
4928:
4911:
4710:
4584:"Liquid-based cytology in cervical screening: a rapid and systematic review"
3175:
2716:
1925:
2015: HPV Vaccine shown to protect against infection at multiple body sites.
9608:
9248:
8943:
8817:
8812:
8537:
8484:
8455:
8412:
8377:
8298:
8198:
8162:
8113:
8005:
7958:
7917:
7748:
7707:
7544:
7431:
7400:
7351:
7294:
7197:
7065:
6970:
6833:
6784:
6656:
6605:
6487:
6440:
6359:
6310:
6253:
6208:
6159:
6080:
6031:
5974:
5939:
5887:
5852:
5803:
5776:
5740:
5705:
5632:
5605:
5548:
5444:
5395:
5346:
5305:
5223:
5178:
5108:
5065:
4989:
4937:
4893:
4858:
4777:
4728:
4650:
4609:
4560:
4525:
4476:
4161:
4134:
4085:
4013:
3924:
3847:
3812:
3760:
3713:
3677:
3586:
3537:
3459:
3294:
3193:
3095:
3042:
3006:
2806:
2735:
2659:
2624:
2535:
2391:
1963:. (HPV is species-specific and therefore cannot be transmitted to rabbits).
1932:
1886:
was developed to scrape the cervix, collecting the sample for the Pap test.
1533:
1529:
1315:
1220:
991:
770:
679:
658:
is associated with increased risk of cervical cancer in women who have had
621:
617:
542:
498:
474:
338:
312:
7739:
7722:
7657:
7571:
7333:
5811:
5640:
5479:
4836:
4623:
Karnon J, Peters J, Platt J, Chilcott J, McGoogan E, Brewer N (May 2004).
4507:
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3441:
2605:
2372:
8880:
8765:
8670:
7853:
7269:"Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application"
5906:"Radiotherapy and chemoradiation after surgery for early cervical cancer"
5879:
5214:
3519:
2069:
1919:
1851:
1397:
1259:
1231:) reduce the risk of cancerous or precancerous changes of the cervix and
1211:, which are associated with greater risks of developing cervical cancer.
1164:(CIN) that in a small percentage can develop into cervical cancer. These
999:
712:
490:
418:
414:
267:
226:
222:
8561:
6172:
2356:"The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer"
9365:
9347:
8960:
8701:
8403:
8386:
7949:
7932:
7834:
7793:
5409:
Chau JP, Liu X, Lo SH, Chien WT, Hui SK, Choi KC, Zhao J (March 2022).
4552:
3528:
2526:
2509:
2061:
1940:
1862:
1347:
1323:
1282:
1169:
1011:
995:
983:
959:
933:
765:
751:
708:
625:
550:
41:
Location of cervical cancer and an example of normal and abnormal cells
8586:
5998:"Adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy for early stage cervical cancer"
5540:
5136:"Health ministry withdraws recommendation for cervical cancer vaccine"
4949:
4947:
4099:
Galaal K, Bryant A, Deane KH, Al-Khaduri M, Lopes AD (December 2011).
3577:
3560:
2783:. Recent Results in Cancer Research. Vol. 193. pp. 149–171.
2638:
Dunne EF, Park IU (December 2013). "HPV and HPV-associated diseases".
2589:"Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management"
711:, a magnified visual inspection of the cervix aided by using a dilute
8983:
8970:
8842:
8681:
7689:
6874:"National Cervical Screening Program monitoring report 2022, Summary"
5727:
Cibula D, Ungár L, Svárovský J, Zivný J, Freitag P (March 2005). "".
3737:
3690:
3424:
Marrazzo JM, Koutsky LA, Kiviat NB, Kuypers JM, Stine K (June 2001).
2118:
Intersex people with a cervix are also able to have cervical cancer.
1377:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1003:
987:
796:
788:
743:
683:
Cervical cancer seen on a T2-weighted sagittal MR image of the pelvis
353:
284:
5010:
Comprehensive cervical cancer control. A guide to essential practice
4641:
4624:
4600:
4583:
3828:
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
3741:
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
3559:
Snijders PJ, Steenbergen RD, Heideman DA, Meijer CJ (January 2006).
9545:
9446:
9273:
8910:
8890:
8885:
8859:
7285:
7268:
4944:
4101:"Interventions for reducing anxiety in women undergoing colposcopy"
3977:
3160:"Advances in diagnosis and treatment of metastatic cervical cancer"
1876:
1393:
1381:
1351:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1202:
1154:
1148:
951:
947:
693:
482:
197:
8247:"As a trans woman, do I need to get screened for cervical cancer?"
6324:
Eleje GU, Eke AC, Igberase GO, Igwegbe AO, Eleje LI (March 2019).
6095:"FDA Approves First Drug Treatment for Late-Stage Cervical Cancer"
5457:
1971:. During the 1960s and 1970s it was suspected that infection with
584:
576:
9225:
9215:
8872:
8419:
8175:
8077:
7847:
7828:
5995:
4186:"Cervical Dysplasia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment"
3776:
3558:
3346:"Cervical Cancer Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Stages & Treatment"
3141:"Cervical Cancer Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Stages & Treatment"
716:
554:
494:
477:
protect against two to seven high-risk strains of this family of
428:
334:
272:
8629:
8385:
Bhatla N, Aoki D, Sharma DN, Sankaranarayanan R (October 2018).
8384:
8349:
8221:"I'm trans or non-binary, does this affect my cancer screening?"
8126:
8028:"As a trans man, do I need to get screened for cervical cancer?"
5904:
Rogers L, Siu SS, Luesley D, Bryant A, Dickinson HO (May 2012).
5246:"Cervical Cancer Treatment Options | Treatment Choices by Stage"
2981:"An update on uterine cervix pathologies related to infertility"
1563:
death from cervical cancer per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004
471:
is then done to determine whether or not the cancer has spread.
459:, and a small number are other types. Diagnosis is typically by
8598:
8570:
7611:
7315:
7038:
Krishnatreya M, Kataki AC, Sharma JD, Nandy P, Gogoi G (2015).
6917:
5824:
4665:"Liquid Based Cytology (LBC): NHS Cervical Screening Programme"
3115:(9th ed.). Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. p. 385.
1968:
1960:
1401:
1380:-based chemotherapy, hysterectomy (which then usually requires
1319:
1118:
486:
464:
402:
398:
320:
301:
6274:
4248:. Chicago, IL: American Society for Clinical Pathology Press.
1136:
Positive visual inspection with acetic acid of the cervix for
168:
121:
81:
9606:
9081:
8500:
Pimenta JM, Galindo C, Jenkins D, Taylor SM (November 2013).
7931:
Singh GK, Miller BA, Hankey BF, Edwards BK (September 2004).
7890:
Tiro JA, Meissner HI, Kobrin S, Chollette V (February 2007).
7037:
6224:
5569:
5499:
5495:"Cone biopsy (conization) for abnormal cervical cell changes"
4797:"Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines for Average-Risk Women"
4538:
4311:
3271:
2329:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 1299.
2027:(FDA) approved the first preventive HPV vaccine, marketed by
1392:
approved the use of a combination of two chemotherapy drugs,
1137:
1132:
1007:
478:
369:
287:, many sexual partners or a partner with many sexual partners
6044:
5825:
Dargent D, Martin X, Sacchetoni A, Mathevet P (April 2000).
3423:
529:, was developed from cervical cancer cells of a woman named
451:
over 10 to 20 years. About 90% of cervical cancer cases are
156:
106:
69:
8802:
8499:
7979:
7889:
7812:"Aboriginal cervical cancer rates parallel health inequity"
7790:"Information about cervical screening for Aboriginal women"
7612:
Dürst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H (June 1983).
7364:
5318:
5086:
4440:
4268:
4098:
3501:
1928:
2018: Evidence for single-dose protection with HPV vaccine.
1890:
1460:
Diagram showing the area removed with an anterior operation
558:
526:
115:
9080:
8462:
7869:"Janette Howard speaks on her battle with cervical cancer"
7026:
6570:"Screening for cervical cancer: when theory meets reality"
5269:
2507:
2226:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.12.
7584:
5865:
5726:
4953:
4741:
4622:
2933:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.1.
2822:
1947:
1436:
Diagram showing the area removed with a posterior surgery
1128:
Negative visual inspection with acetic acid of the cervix
1124:
900:
593:
162:
75:
7930:
5570:
Kokka F, Bryant A, Brockbank E, Jeyarajah A (May 2014).
4489:
4347:
Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania
3733:
3731:
3200:
2294:
2135:"CERVICAL | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
7852:. Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation. Archived from
7833:. Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation. Archived from
6618:
6323:
4692:
3641:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
1448:
Diagram showing the area removed with a total operation
1314:
Microinvasive cancer (stage IA) may also be treated by
8270:
7588:
Human Papillomavirus: A Practical Guide for Urologists
6791:
5903:
5753:
5263:
4301:
4246:
Practical principles of cytopathology. Revised edition
3772:
3770:
3684:
3059:
541:
The early stages of cervical cancer may be completely
7522:
5618:
5270:
Baalbergen A, Veenstra Y, Stalpers L (January 2013).
4581:
4490:
Mulita F, Iliopoulos F, Kehagias I (September 2020).
3728:
2299:(8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 718–721.
956:
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
177:
165:
153:
130:
118:
103:
90:
78:
66:
8576:
7787:
5013:(Second ed.). World Health Organization. 2014.
4909:
3256:
2068:, the wife of the then-Prime Minister of Australia,
1354:
practices until one is actively trying to conceive.
1318:(removal of the whole uterus, including part of the
1010:
examination of the lungs and skeleton, and cervical
159:
112:
72:
8391:
International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
7814:. Science Network Western Australia. Archived from
5789:
4541:
International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
4439:Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Source for caption:
4418:Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Source for caption:
3905:
International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
3767:
1168:can be confirmed with further examination known as
150:
109:
63:
8271:Labanca T, Mañero I, Pannunzio M (December 2020).
7805:
7803:
7585:Rosenblatt A, de Campos Guidi HG (6 August 2009).
6669:
5529:The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research
4874:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
4441:Ghosh A, Nirupama M, Padmanabha N, Kini H (2020).
3369:(5th ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 149.
3317:
489:. Cervical cancer screening using the Pap test or
8053:"Should trans men have cervical screening tests?"
6942:
6797:
6452:
6450:
6366:
5572:"Surgical treatment of stage IA2 cervical cancer"
5156:
3868:Cecil Medicine: Expert Consult Premium Edition .
3825:
3637:
3635:
3633:
2295:Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN (2007).
1939:Cervical cancer was noted to be common in female
1516:ago when the women studied were first diagnosed.
836:subtypes of invasive cervical carcinoma include:
564:Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer may include
9874:
7896:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
7723:"Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines?"
4791:
4789:
4787:
4302:Garcia A, Hamid O, El-Khoueiry A (6 July 2006).
4063:
3783:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3242:"Cervical Cancer Prevention and Early Detection"
2697:
7800:
7157:
7155:
6435:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
5899:
5897:
5679:
5677:
5525:
4422:"Cervix - Squamous cell carcinoma and variants"
4208:
4206:
4156:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3954:. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
3387:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2925:
2923:
2778:
2474:"Global Cancer Facts & Figures 3rd Edition"
2353:
7860:
6563:
6561:
6447:
6426:
6124:Moon JY, Song IC, Ko YB, Lee HJ (April 2018).
5686:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology
5408:
5037:
4871:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4147:
3630:
9592:
9066:
8717:
8352:"Worldwide burden of cervical cancer in 2008"
8277:International Journal of Gynecological Cancer
7973:
7883:
7665:
7525:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
7456:
7407:
6936:
6123:
5868:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
5859:
5818:
5460:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
5191:
5089:International Journal of Gynecological Cancer
4905:
4903:
4784:
3694:International Journal of Gynecological Cancer
3601:
3362:
3315:
9903:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections
7674:"Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines"
7671:
7605:
7551:
7152:
5953:Waggoner SE (June 2003). "Cervical cancer".
5894:
5747:
5720:
5674:
5130:
5128:
5126:
4203:
3552:
3495:
3417:
3024:
3013:
2920:
2854:"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Cervix Uteri Cancer"
2438:
2436:
2434:
2403:
2401:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2177:
2175:
1893:, derived from biopsy of cervical cancer of
1528:Five-year survival in the United States for
7841:
7822:
6732:"WHO Fact Sheet on HPV and Cervical Cancer"
6558:
6330:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6281:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6220:
6218:
6179:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6051:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6002:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5910:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5783:
5612:
5576:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5519:
5415:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5366:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5276:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5031:
4825:
4748:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4105:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3108:
2640:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
2503:
2501:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
1889:1951: First successful in-vitro cell line,
9599:
9585:
9073:
9059:
8724:
8710:
7516:
7508:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7266:
7044:Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
6878:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
6706:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"
6540:"Cervical cancer statistics and prognosis"
6510:"Cervical Cancer: Statistics | Cancer.Net"
6398:
4900:
4688:
4686:
2818:
2816:
2700:"Genomic Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer"
2550:
2086:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1975:was the cause of the disease. In summary,
823:high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
32:
9015:Loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP)
8527:
8517:
8445:
8402:
8367:
8288:
8152:
8103:
7948:
7907:
7738:
7697:
7647:
7637:
7591:. Springer Science & Business Media.
7557:
7390:
7341:
7284:
7187:
7161:
7055:
6960:
6848:"Cervical cancer in Australia statistics"
6823:
6774:
6750:
6646:
6636:
6595:
6585:
6349:
6300:
6198:
6149:
6070:
6021:
5929:
5842:
5595:
5434:
5385:
5336:
5295:
5213:
5123:
5080:
5055:
4979:
4927:
4767:
4718:
4640:
4599:
4515:
4466:
4124:
4003:
3885:Berek and Hacker's Gynecologic Oncology.
3802:
3667:
3576:
3527:
3449:
3183:
3157:
3085:
2996:
2947:
2725:
2715:
2637:
2614:
2604:
2586:
2525:
2431:
2398:
2381:
2371:
2318:
2316:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2240:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
1854:noted that cervical cancer was incurable.
849:(about 15% of cervical cancers in the UK)
819:Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
9629:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
8989:Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)
8979:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
8731:
7866:
7727:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
7322:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
7260:
6798:Cordeiro CN, Gemignani ML (March 2017).
6625:Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing
6619:Muliira RS, Salas AS, O'Brien B (2016).
6215:
5952:
5038:Manhart LE, Koutsky LA (November 2002).
4582:Payne N, Chilcott J, McGoogan E (2000).
4496:Przeglad Menopauzalny = Menopause Review
4336:
4239:
4237:
4235:
2846:
2498:
2152:
2079:
1915:for reporting Pap results was developed.
1555:
1367:
1281:
1131:
1123:
1112:
817:) results. Among the Bethesda results:
764:
737:
678:
583:
575:
9513:Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
7848:Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation.
7829:Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation.
7413:
6906:from the original on 12 September 2009.
6852:Australian Government- Cancer Australia
5683:
4865:
4683:
3945:
2813:
2698:Ramachandran D, Dörk T (October 2021).
2593:Obstetrics and Gynecology International
2466:
1258:is associated with a lower risk as are
760:
665:
629:required for cervical cancer to occur.
599:
9875:
8994:Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
7809:
7720:
7420:The Israel Medical Association Journal
7240:
7139:National Cancer Institute SEER Program
6804:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
6763:Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology
6567:
6532:
6494:. Armenian Health Network, Health.am.
6427:Mello V, Sundstrom RK (January 2022).
5653:
5492:
4419:
4402:"Squamous cell carcinoma and variants"
4399:
4078:10.1148/radiographics.21.5.g01se311155
3902:
2978:
2313:
2279:
2205:
2045:
809:These should not be confused with the
649:
9580:
9503:Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vagina
9394:Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia
9054:
8705:
7678:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
6712:from the original on 11 November 2009
6498:from the original on 7 February 2007.
6429:"Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia."
6234:European Journal of Surgical Oncology
5507:from the original on 19 November 2007
5003:
5001:
4999:
4430:Last author update: 24 September 2020
4243:
4232:
4180:
4178:
4025:
4023:
3973:
3971:
3471:
3469:
3383:from the original on 29 October 2015.
3129:from the original on 22 October 2015.
3049:from the original on 6 February 2005.
2834:from the original on 13 February 2014
2444:"Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines"
2343:from the original on 1 December 2015.
1872:developed the Papanicolaou technique.
1244:Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
1195:
536:
9231:Sex cord tumour with annular tubules
8133:Journal of General Internal Medicine
7781:
7438:from the original on 8 December 2015
7135:"Cancer Stat Facts: Cervical Cancer"
6756:
6542:. Cancer Research UK. Archived from
6480:
6458:"Survival Rates for Cervical Cancer"
6105:from the original on 10 October 2007
4813:from the original on 1 February 2015
4387:"Cervical cancer – Types and grades"
4318:from the original on 9 December 2007
4150:"Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia"
3363:Dillman RK, Oldham RO, eds. (2009).
3222:from the original on 11 October 2007
2760:from the original on 10 January 2015
2322:
2105:
1794:
1749:
1670:
1565:
1469:
9726:Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease
9149:Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma
9126:
7873:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
7115:from the original on 7 October 2014
6708:. World Health Organization. 2009.
6520:from the original on 27 August 2017
4671:from the original on 8 January 2011
3508:The New England Journal of Medicine
3395:"What Causes Cancer of the Cervix?"
3324:(18th ed.). Hodder Education.
3025:Canavan TP, Doshi NR (March 2000).
2886:
2514:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
2486:from the original on 22 August 2017
2409:"Cervical Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)"
1117:Cervical screening test vehicle in
13:
9898:Papillomavirus-associated diseases
9417:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
9389:Uterine papillary serous carcinoma
8342:
6924:from the original on 14 March 2011
5698:10.1097/01.gco.0000192968.75190.dc
4996:
4279:10.1016/b978-0-323-65399-2.00038-3
4175:
4020:
3968:
3466:
3401:. 30 November 2006. Archived from
3252:from the original on 10 July 2015.
2257:"Cervical Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)"
2183:"Cervical Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)"
2075:
1328:loop electrical excision procedure
1300:cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
1162:cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
958:(FIGO) stage does not incorporate
828:
782:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
733:cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
725:loop electrical excision procedure
671:one or two full-term pregnancies.
644:cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
449:cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
14:
9914:
9518:Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
9460:Gestational trophoblastic disease
8790:HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer
8546:
7672:Lowy DR, Schiller JT (May 2006).
7459:Experimental Biology and Medicine
6099:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
4273:. Elsevier. pp. 637–647.e2.
3430:American Journal of Public Health
3158:Li H, Wu X, Cheng X (July 2016).
2754:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2568:from the original on 25 June 2014
2025:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1745:
1736:
1372:Brachytherapy for cervical cancer
1153:Checking cervical cells with the
9561:Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia
8313:
8264:
8239:
8213:
8169:
8120:
8071:
8045:
8020:
7924:
7792:. NSW Government. Archived from
7755:
7714:
7578:
7485:
7450:
7358:
7309:
7234:
7212:
7168:Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy
7127:
7097:
7072:
7031:
7020:
7011:
6985:
6910:
6892:
6866:
6840:
6724:
6698:
6663:
6612:
6502:
6464:. 3 January 2020. Archived from
6420:
6317:
6268:
6166:
6117:
6087:
6038:
5989:
5946:
5206:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03032.x
5057:10.1097/00007435-200211000-00018
5027:from the original on 4 May 2015.
3212:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
2998:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.02.107
2868:from the original on 6 July 2014
2454:from the original on 4 July 2014
2419:from the original on 6 July 2014
2267:from the original on 5 July 2014
2193:from the original on 5 July 2014
1799:
1790:
1754:
1675:
1474:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
925:
913:
892:
880:
146:
99:
59:
8833:Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
8179:Culture, Health & Sexuality
8084:Culture, Health & Sexuality
7531:(4): 726–33, discussion 733–5.
6900:"Incidence and mortality rates"
5647:
5563:
5486:
5451:
5402:
5353:
5312:
5238:
5185:
5150:
4735:
4657:
4616:
4575:
4532:
4483:
4433:
4412:
4393:
4379:
4365:
4330:
4295:
4262:
4141:
4092:
4057:
3939:
3896:
3879:
3862:
3819:
3366:Principles of cancer biotherapy
3356:
3338:
3309:
3234:
3164:Journal of Gynecologic Oncology
3151:
3133:
3102:
3053:
2972:
2880:
2772:
2742:
2691:
2666:
2631:
2580:
2354:Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S (2007).
2031:under the trade name Gardasil.
1551:
962:involvement in contrast to the
7867:Bradford G (16 October 2006).
6342:10.1002/14651858.cd011000.pub3
6293:10.1002/14651858.CD008767.pub2
6191:10.1002/14651858.cd010401.pub2
6063:10.1002/14651858.cd011478.pub2
6014:10.1002/14651858.CD005342.pub4
5922:10.1002/14651858.cd007583.pub3
5588:10.1002/14651858.cd010870.pub2
5427:10.1002/14651858.CD008239.pub5
5288:10.1002/14651858.CD006248.pub3
5142:. 15 June 2013. Archived from
4760:10.1002/14651858.CD002834.pub3
4148:Mello V, Sundstrom RK (2023).
4117:10.1002/14651858.cd006013.pub3
2347:
2127:
2050:
1875:1941: Papanicolaou and Traut:
1214:
425:Human papillomavirus infection
419:pain during sexual intercourse
260:Human papillomavirus infection
227:pain during sexual intercourse
16:Cancer arising from the cervix
1:
9437:Villoglandular adenocarcinoma
8566:NIH National Cancer Institute
8553:Fact sheet on cervical cancer
8477:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16674-9
8191:10.1080/13691058.2016.1177203
8096:10.1080/13691058.2019.1677942
7909:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0756
7810:Romano MA (17 October 2011).
7788:Cancer Institute NSW (2013).
7383:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.078
6962:10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30183-X
6759:"HPV Vaccination and Testing"
5967:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13778-6
5044:Sexually Transmitted Diseases
4459:10.30699/ijp.2020.112421.2208
4339:"Cervical Cancer: The Basics"
3996:10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00334-5
3795:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0663
3216:National Institutes of Health
3078:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30157-4
2121:
1523:
1103:
873:Villoglandular adenocarcinoma
9556:Extramammary Paget's disease
9399:Uterine clear-cell carcinoma
9174:Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma
8838:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
8573:, UK cervical cancer charity
8387:"Cancer of the cervix uteri"
7537:10.1016/0002-9378(58)90004-8
7105:"Cervical cancer statistics"
7057:10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.8.3121
6993:"Cervical Cancer statistics"
6816:10.1097/OGX.0000000000000407
5493:Erstad S (12 January 2007).
5472:10.1016/0002-9378(83)90852-9
5101:10.1111/IGC.0b013e3181a3d100
4851:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318277c92a
4629:Health Technology Assessment
4588:Health Technology Assessment
4214:"Cancer Research UK website"
3840:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.02.014
3753:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.11.024
3706:10.1097/IGC.0b013e318285a4b2
3620:"Cervical Cancer Prevention"
3316:Campbell S, Monga A (2006).
3287:10.3109/09513590.2011.558953
3112:Carraher's polymer chemistry
2828:"Fact sheet No. 297: Cancer"
2326:Holland-Frei cancer medicine
1956:It was rare in Jewish women.
1666:
1465:
1390:Food and Drug Administration
1277:
1250:
1108:
674:
311:Regular cervical screening,
7:
9893:Infectious causes of cancer
8321:"Causes of cervical cancer"
7998:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106849
7414:Menczer J (February 2003).
7180:10.18553/jmcp.2010.16.3.217
7162:Armstrong EP (April 2010).
6408:. Seagen. 20 September 2021
6142:10.1097/MD.0000000000010340
5769:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.04.014
5171:10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.10.012
4337:Dolinsky C (17 July 2006).
3876:, 9781437736083. Page 1317.
3660:10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.11.003
3320:Gynaecology by Ten Teachers
3275:Gynecological Endocrinology
2789:10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_9
2019:in Australia, and the U.S.
908:(except verrucous variant).
10:
9919:
9356:Uterine fibroids/leiomyoma
9211:Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour
9134:Ovarian serous cystadenoma
8571:Jo's Cervical Cancer Trust
8426:Journal of Global Oncology
7241:Sahana DU (4 April 2023).
6684:10.1016/j.jcpo.2018.05.002
6416:– via Business Wire.
6246:10.1016/j.ejso.2015.03.235
4960:Journal of Global Oncology
4375:. American Cancer Society.
4373:"What Is Cervical Cancer?"
4043:10.3310/nihrevidence_60599
3917:10.1016/j.ijgo.2003.09.009
2912:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1844:
1835:
1142:
974:
970:
632:
9616:
9566:Bartholin gland carcinoma
9531:
9508:Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma
9493:
9468:
9445:
9407:
9374:
9346:
9337:
9315:
9293:
9239:
9191:
9164:
9110:
9101:
9092:
9027:
9002:
8968:
8959:
8940:Experimental techniques:
8901:
8871:
8853:
8801:
8748:
8737:
8661:
8580:
8145:10.1007/s11606-015-3462-8
7471:10.3181/00379727-33-8386P
7267:zur Hausen H (May 2002).
6949:The Lancet. Public Health
6736:World Health Organization
5378:10.1002/14651858.cd008285
5338:10.1080/02841860310014660
4886:10.1016/j.ogc.2013.03.001
4839:Obstetrics and Gynecology
3893:, 9780781795128. Page 342
3031:American Family Physician
2959:World Health Organization
2862:National Cancer Institute
2824:World Health Organization
2652:10.1016/j.idc.2013.09.001
2587:Tarney CM, Han J (2014).
2562:National Cancer Institute
2448:National Cancer Institute
2413:National Cancer Institute
2261:National Cancer Institute
2038:, under backing from the
2036:World Health Organization
2021:National Cancer Institute
1808:This section needs to be
1763:This section needs to be
1719:
1684:This section needs to be
1483:This section needs to be
793:World Health Organization
687:
571:
384:
376:
352:
330:
307:
291:
266:
255:
240:
232:
203:
191:
45:
40:
31:
26:
9800:Motor vehicle collisions
9193:Sex cord–gonadal stromal
9112:Glandular and epithelial
8828:Laryngeal papillomatosis
8519:10.1186/1471-2407-13-553
8290:10.1136/ijgc-2020-001860
6672:Journal of Cancer Policy
6638:10.4103/2347-5625.199078
6587:10.1186/1471-2407-11-240
4271:Comprehensive Gynecology
3565:The Journal of Pathology
2931:World Cancer Report 2014
2781:Viruses and Human Cancer
2224:World Cancer Report 2014
2139:dictionary.cambridge.org
2017:University of Queensland
1986:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
1922:was approved by the FDA.
1727:
1506:
1098:Stage 4B cervical cancer
1086:Stage 4A cervical cancer
1074:Stage 3B cervical cancer
1062:Stage 2B cervical cancer
1050:Stage 2A cervical cancer
1038:Stage 1B cervical cancer
1026:Stage 1A cervical cancer
507:Five-year survival rates
453:squamous cell carcinomas
380:604,127 new cases (2020)
8438:10.1200/JGO.2016.003954
8251:Canadian Cancer Society
8032:Canadian Cancer Society
7721:McNeil C (April 2006).
7639:10.1073/pnas.80.12.3812
6997:Canadian Cancer Society
6462:American Cancer Society
4972:10.1200/JGO.2016.008151
4929:10.1001/jama.2018.10897
3399:American Cancer Society
3176:10.3802/jgo.2016.27.e43
3109:Carraher Jr CE (2014).
2985:Fertility and Sterility
2979:Donnez J (April 2020).
2717:10.3390/cancers13205137
2297:Robbins Basic Pathology
2013:University of Rochester
977:Cervical cancer staging
936:when the subject is in
853:Adenosquamous carcinoma
841:Squamous cell carcinoma
769:Histopathologic image (
513:90% of deaths occur in
359:Five-year survival rate
245:Squamous cell carcinoma
9649:Cardiovascular disease
9264:Endodermal sinus tumor
7495:Human Papillomaviruses
7377:(32 Pt A): 4774–4782.
7273:Nature Reviews. Cancer
6757:Kent A (Winter 2010).
6568:Nygård M (June 2011).
5804:10.1006/gyno.1996.0245
5633:10.1006/gyno.1993.1241
4635:(20): iii, 1-iii, 78.
3477:"HPV and Cancer - NCI"
2089:
2034:In November 2020, the
1655:
1513:relative survival rate
1373:
1322:). For stage IA2, the
1287:
1140:
1129:
1121:
778:
747:
684:
620:, which are a form of
589:
581:
553:may be present in the
523:immortalized cell line
9888:Gynaecological cancer
9827:Risky sexual behavior
9611:of medical conditions
9551:Papillary hidradenoma
9481:Mixed Müllerian tumor
9432:Glassy-cell carcinoma
9221:Granulosa cell tumour
9035:Georgios Papanikolaou
8369:10.1093/annonc/mdr015
6374:"Enforcement Reports"
4711:10.1093/annonc/mdp471
4508:10.5114/pm.2020.99563
4389:. Cancer Research UK.
3442:10.2105/AJPH.91.6.947
2564:. 17 September 2007.
2083:
2040:World Health Assembly
2009:Georgetown University
1559:
1371:
1291:the patient desires.
1285:
1135:
1127:
1116:
868:Glassy cell carcinoma
863:Neuroendocrine tumour
768:
741:
682:
587:
579:
9817:Periodontal diseases
9422:Clear-cell carcinoma
9139:Mucinous cystadenoma
8786:Head and neck cancer
8732:Human papillomavirus
7831:"Vision and Mission"
6918:"Papscreen Victoria"
6386:on 21 September 2021
5880:10.1067/mob.2003.124
5792:Gynecologic Oncology
5757:Gynecologic Oncology
5662:on 27 September 2007
5621:Gynecologic Oncology
5159:Gynecologic Oncology
3984:The Lancet. Oncology
3648:Gynecologic Oncology
3520:10.1056/NEJMoa021641
2887:WHO (5 March 2024).
2864:. 10 November 2014.
2756:. 10 December 2014.
2450:. 29 December 2011.
2415:. 27 February 2014.
2100:human papillomavirus
2011:Medical Center, the
1997:human papillomavirus
1973:herpes simplex virus
1298:Precancerous cells (
1286:Cervical cryotherapy
1166:precancerous changes
858:Small cell carcinoma
813:terms for Pap test (
761:Precancerous lesions
666:Multiple pregnancies
600:Human papillomavirus
515:developing countries
445:precancerous changes
283:, starting sex at a
9259:Embryonal carcinoma
9206:Sertoli cell tumour
9117:surface epithelial-
9010:Cervical conization
7879:on 3 November 2012.
7740:10.1093/jnci/djj144
7630:1983PNAS...80.3812D
7334:10.1093/jnci/djv302
6468:on 27 February 2022
5961:(9376): 2217–2225.
3946:Sellors JW (2003).
2606:10.1155/2014/192087
2479:. 2015. p. 9.
2373:10.1155/2007/914823
2046:Society and culture
2001:electron microscopy
1304:cone-shaped portion
729:cervical conization
656:oral contraceptives
650:Oral contraceptives
519:developed countries
437:birth control pills
281:birth control pills
236:Over 10 to 20 years
9783:Metabolic syndrome
9384:Endometrioid tumor
9201:Leydig cell tumour
9169:Endometrioid tumor
9144:Cystadenocarcinoma
8662:External resources
8404:10.1002/ijgo.12611
8397:(Suppl 2): 22–36.
8356:Annals of Oncology
8225:Cancer Research UK
7950:10.1002/cncr.20467
7769:. 16 November 2020
7109:Cancer Research UK
4699:Annals of Oncology
4553:10.1002/ijgo.12749
4426:Pathology Outlines
4406:Pathology Outlines
4353:on 18 January 2008
4220:on 16 January 2009
3405:on 13 October 2007
3072:(10224): 591–603.
2527:10.3322/caac.21660
2090:
1982:Burkitt's lymphoma
1656:
1374:
1288:
1227:, Gardasil 9, and
1196:Barrier protection
1145:Cervical screening
1141:
1130:
1122:
779:
748:
685:
590:
582:
537:Signs and symptoms
461:cervical screening
433:weak immune system
317:sexual intercourse
298:Cervical screening
277:weak immune system
9870:
9869:
9857:Teenage pregnancy
9743:Domestic violence
9738:Diabetes mellitus
9574:
9573:
9489:
9488:
9333:
9332:
9325:Adenomatoid tumor
9311:
9310:
9187:
9186:
9086:urogenital system
9048:
9047:
9040:Harald zur Hausen
9023:
9022:
8867:
8866:
8699:
8698:
8471:(9430): 249–256.
8362:(12): 2675–2686.
8327:. 20 October 2017
8283:(12): 1990–1996.
8227:. 10 October 2019
8185:(10): 1192–1206.
8139:(12): 1857–1864.
8090:(12): 1315–1332.
7796:on 11 April 2013.
7624:(12): 3812–3815.
7598:978-3-540-70974-9
7247:My Daily News Usa
6738:. 24 January 2018
6488:"Cervical Cancer"
5729:Ceska Gynekologie
5654:Dolson L (2001).
5541:10.1111/jog.13375
5200:(11): 1285–1291.
5140:The Asahi Shimbun
5020:978-92-4-154895-3
4304:"Cervical Cancer"
4288:978-0-323-65399-2
4255:978-0-89189-549-7
3961:978-92-832-0412-1
3789:(11): 1949–1955.
3578:10.1002/path.1866
3376:978-90-481-2289-9
3331:978-0-340-81662-2
3208:"Cervical cancer"
3122:978-1-4665-5203-6
3027:"Cervical cancer"
2940:978-92-832-0429-9
2889:"Cervical cancer"
2826:(February 2014).
2798:978-3-642-38964-1
2674:"Cervical cancer"
2558:"Defining Cancer"
2336:978-1-60795-014-1
2306:978-1-4160-2973-1
2263:. 14 March 2014.
2233:978-92-832-0429-9
2189:. 14 March 2014.
2106:LGBTQ populations
1995:A description of
1902:Harald zur Hausen
1884:Aylesbury spatula
1829:
1828:
1784:
1783:
1705:
1704:
1653:
1652:
1504:
1503:
1422:Tisotumab vedotin
1359:radiation therapy
1155:Papanicolaou test
700:, but produces a
696:can be used as a
654:Long-term use of
503:radiation therapy
401:arising from the
392:
391:
343:radiation therapy
325:sexual abstinence
293:Diagnostic method
21:Medical condition
9910:
9788:Mental disorders
9601:
9594:
9587:
9578:
9577:
9344:
9343:
9254:Nongerminomatous
9156:Krukenberg tumor
9124:
9123:
9108:
9107:
9099:
9098:
9075:
9068:
9061:
9052:
9051:
8966:
8965:
8746:
8745:
8726:
8719:
8712:
8703:
8702:
8578:
8577:
8541:
8531:
8521:
8496:
8459:
8449:
8416:
8406:
8381:
8371:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8317:
8311:
8310:
8292:
8268:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8257:
8243:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8156:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8107:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8024:
8018:
8017:
7977:
7971:
7970:
7952:
7943:(5): 1051–1057.
7928:
7922:
7921:
7911:
7887:
7881:
7880:
7875:. Archived from
7864:
7858:
7857:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7807:
7798:
7797:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7742:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7701:
7690:10.1172/JCI28607
7684:(5): 1167–1173.
7669:
7663:
7661:
7651:
7641:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7566:(6): 1485–1490.
7555:
7549:
7548:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7507:
7499:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7411:
7405:
7404:
7394:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7345:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7288:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7191:
7159:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7059:
7050:(8): 3121–3123.
7035:
7029:
7024:
7018:
7015:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6964:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6902:. January 1900.
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6854:. 18 August 2022
6844:
6838:
6837:
6827:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6778:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6650:
6640:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6599:
6589:
6565:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6516:. 25 June 2012.
6506:
6500:
6499:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6454:
6445:
6444:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6385:
6379:. Archived from
6378:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6353:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6304:
6287:(11): CD008767.
6272:
6266:
6265:
6231:
6222:
6213:
6212:
6202:
6185:(12): CD010401.
6170:
6164:
6163:
6153:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6101:. 15 June 2006.
6091:
6085:
6084:
6074:
6057:(10): CD011478.
6042:
6036:
6035:
6025:
6008:(11): CD005342.
5993:
5987:
5986:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5933:
5901:
5892:
5891:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5846:
5837:(8): 1877–1882.
5822:
5816:
5815:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5658:. Archived from
5651:
5645:
5644:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5599:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5535:(9): 1493–1497.
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5438:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5389:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5331:(5–6): 546–556.
5316:
5310:
5309:
5299:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5217:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5146:on 19 June 2013.
5132:
5121:
5120:
5095:(7): 1166–1176.
5084:
5078:
5077:
5059:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5005:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4951:
4942:
4941:
4931:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4845:(5): 1222–1238.
4834:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4801:
4793:
4782:
4781:
4771:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4603:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4349:. Archived from
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4244:DeMay M (2007).
4241:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4216:. Archived from
4210:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4190:Cleveland Clinic
4182:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4111:(12): CD006013.
4096:
4090:
4089:
4072:(5): 1155–1168.
4061:
4055:
4054:
4027:
4018:
4017:
4007:
3990:(8): 1097–1108.
3975:
3966:
3965:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3900:
3894:
3883:
3877:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3639:
3628:
3627:
3616:
3599:
3598:
3580:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3531:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3323:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3269:
3254:
3253:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3037:(5): 1369–1376.
3022:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2529:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2292:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2253:
2238:
2237:
2220:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2179:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2131:
1879:screening began.
1824:
1821:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1561:Age-standardized
1542:Nordic countries
1499:
1496:
1490:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1406:thrombocytopenia
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
929:
917:
896:
884:
566:loss of appetite
561:, or elsewhere.
547:Vaginal bleeding
543:free of symptoms
411:vaginal bleeding
219:vaginal bleeding
180:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
145:
134:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
93:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
58:
36:
24:
23:
9918:
9917:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9883:Cervical cancer
9873:
9872:
9871:
9866:
9612:
9605:
9575:
9570:
9527:
9485:
9476:Uterine sarcoma
9464:
9455:Choriocarcinoma
9441:
9403:
9370:
9329:
9307:
9303:Meigs' syndrome
9289:
9283:Choriocarcinoma
9235:
9183:
9160:
9118:
9115:
9088:
9079:
9049:
9044:
9019:
8998:
8955:
8924:Bethesda system
8897:
8863:
8849:
8797:
8756:Cervical cancer
8740:
8733:
8730:
8700:
8695:
8694:
8657:
8656:
8589:
8562:Cervical cancer
8549:
8544:
8345:
8343:Further reading
8340:
8330:
8328:
8319:
8318:
8314:
8269:
8265:
8255:
8253:
8245:
8244:
8240:
8230:
8228:
8219:
8218:
8214:
8174:
8170:
8125:
8121:
8076:
8072:
8062:
8060:
8051:
8050:
8046:
8036:
8034:
8026:
8025:
8021:
7978:
7974:
7929:
7925:
7888:
7884:
7865:
7861:
7856:on 12 May 2013.
7846:
7842:
7837:on 12 May 2013.
7827:
7823:
7818:on 14 May 2013.
7808:
7801:
7786:
7782:
7772:
7770:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7719:
7715:
7670:
7666:
7610:
7606:
7599:
7583:
7579:
7560:Cancer Research
7556:
7552:
7521:
7517:
7501:
7500:
7490:
7486:
7455:
7451:
7441:
7439:
7412:
7408:
7363:
7359:
7314:
7310:
7265:
7261:
7251:
7249:
7239:
7235:
7225:
7223:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7160:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7118:
7116:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7088:
7086:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7036:
7032:
7027:Plunes Hospital
7025:
7021:
7016:
7012:
7002:
7000:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6941:
6937:
6927:
6925:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6880:. December 2022
6872:
6871:
6867:
6857:
6855:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6796:
6792:
6755:
6751:
6741:
6739:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6715:
6713:
6704:
6703:
6699:
6668:
6664:
6617:
6613:
6566:
6559:
6549:
6547:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6523:
6521:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6471:
6469:
6456:
6455:
6448:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6336:(3): CD011000.
6322:
6318:
6273:
6269:
6229:
6223:
6216:
6171:
6167:
6122:
6118:
6108:
6106:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6043:
6039:
5994:
5990:
5951:
5947:
5916:(5): CD007583.
5902:
5895:
5864:
5860:
5823:
5819:
5788:
5784:
5752:
5748:
5725:
5721:
5682:
5675:
5665:
5663:
5656:"Trachelectomy"
5652:
5648:
5617:
5613:
5582:(5): CD010870.
5568:
5564:
5524:
5520:
5510:
5508:
5491:
5487:
5456:
5452:
5421:(3): CD008239.
5407:
5403:
5372:(1): CD008285.
5358:
5354:
5325:Acta Oncologica
5317:
5313:
5282:(1): CD006248.
5268:
5264:
5254:
5252:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5190:
5186:
5155:
5151:
5134:
5133:
5124:
5085:
5081:
5050:(11): 725–735.
5036:
5032:
5021:
5007:
5006:
4997:
4952:
4945:
4908:
4901:
4870:
4866:
4835:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4785:
4754:(9): CD002834.
4740:
4736:
4691:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4642:10.3310/hta8200
4621:
4617:
4601:10.3310/hta4180
4580:
4576:
4537:
4533:
4488:
4484:
4438:
4434:
4417:
4413:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4319:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4242:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4183:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4146:
4142:
4097:
4093:
4062:
4058:
4029:
4028:
4021:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3944:
3940:
3901:
3897:
3884:
3880:
3867:
3863:
3824:
3820:
3775:
3768:
3736:
3729:
3689:
3685:
3640:
3631:
3618:
3617:
3602:
3557:
3553:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3350:medicinenet.com
3344:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3314:
3310:
3270:
3257:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3218:. 9 June 2006.
3206:
3205:
3201:
3156:
3152:
3145:medicinenet.com
3139:
3138:
3134:
3123:
3107:
3103:
3058:
3054:
3023:
3014:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2821:
2814:
2799:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2636:
2632:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2506:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2360:Disease Markers
2352:
2348:
2337:
2323:Kufe D (2009).
2321:
2314:
2307:
2293:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2255:
2254:
2241:
2234:
2222:
2221:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2108:
2078:
2053:
2048:
2029:Merck & Co.
2023:. In 2006, the
1990:Marek's disease
1946:It was rare in
1933:Epidemiologists
1913:Bethesda System
1895:Henrietta Lacks
1847:
1838:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1722:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1629: 19.2–21.6
1626:
1624:
1623: 16.8–19.2
1620:
1618:
1617: 14.4–16.8
1614:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1554:
1532:is 69% and for
1526:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1437:
1434:
1308:premature birth
1280:
1253:
1217:
1198:
1151:
1143:Main articles:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1024:
986:, endocervical
979:
973:
941:
938:supine position
930:
921:
918:
909:
905:
897:
888:
885:
831:
829:Cancer subtypes
811:Bethesda system
787:The naming and
773:) of carcinoma
763:
690:
677:
668:
652:
635:
602:
574:
539:
531:Henrietta Lacks
469:Medical imaging
441:Genetic factors
395:Cervical cancer
367:
362:
213:
187:
178:
149:
140:
139:
138:
132:
102:
98:
91:
62:
53:
52:
27:Cervical cancer
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9916:
9906:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9802:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9729:
9728:
9718:
9713:
9712:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9651:
9646:
9644:Binge drinking
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9620:
9618:
9614:
9613:
9604:
9603:
9596:
9589:
9581:
9572:
9571:
9569:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9537:
9535:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9499:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9483:
9478:
9472:
9470:
9466:
9465:
9463:
9462:
9457:
9451:
9449:
9443:
9442:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9413:
9411:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9380:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9368:
9363:
9361:Leiomyosarcoma
9358:
9352:
9350:
9341:
9335:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9327:
9321:
9319:
9317:Fallopian tube
9313:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9305:
9299:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9287:
9286:
9285:
9280:
9271:
9269:Gonadoblastoma
9266:
9261:
9251:
9245:
9243:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9197:
9195:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9181:
9179:Brenner tumour
9176:
9171:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9158:
9153:
9152:
9151:
9141:
9136:
9130:
9128:
9121:
9105:
9096:
9090:
9089:
9084:of the female
9078:
9077:
9070:
9063:
9055:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9037:
9031:
9029:
9025:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9017:
9012:
9006:
9004:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8975:
8973:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8953:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8938:
8937:
8936:
8934:Cytotechnology
8931:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8907:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8877:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8857:
8855:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8807:
8805:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8758:
8752:
8750:
8743:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8728:
8721:
8714:
8706:
8697:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8678:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8643:
8632:
8621:
8606:
8590:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8581:Classification
8575:
8574:
8568:
8559:
8548:
8547:External links
8545:
8543:
8542:
8497:
8460:
8432:(5): 311–340.
8417:
8382:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8312:
8263:
8238:
8212:
8168:
8119:
8070:
8059:. 27 June 2018
8044:
8019:
7972:
7923:
7902:(2): 288–294.
7882:
7859:
7840:
7821:
7799:
7780:
7754:
7713:
7664:
7604:
7597:
7577:
7550:
7515:
7484:
7465:(3): 399–400.
7449:
7426:(2): 120–123.
7406:
7357:
7308:
7286:10.1038/nrc798
7279:(5): 342–350.
7259:
7233:
7222:. 4 April 2023
7211:
7174:(3): 217–230.
7151:
7126:
7096:
7071:
7030:
7019:
7010:
6984:
6955:(1): e19–e27.
6935:
6909:
6891:
6865:
6839:
6810:(3): 184–193.
6790:
6749:
6723:
6697:
6662:
6611:
6557:
6546:on 20 May 2007
6531:
6501:
6479:
6446:
6419:
6397:
6365:
6316:
6267:
6240:(8): 975–985.
6214:
6165:
6116:
6086:
6037:
5988:
5945:
5893:
5858:
5817:
5798:(3): 336–339.
5782:
5746:
5735:(2): 117–122.
5719:
5673:
5646:
5611:
5562:
5518:
5485:
5466:(8): 981–991.
5450:
5401:
5352:
5311:
5262:
5250:www.cancer.org
5237:
5184:
5165:(2): 366–373.
5149:
5122:
5079:
5030:
5019:
4995:
4966:(5): 611–634.
4943:
4922:(7): 674–686.
4899:
4880:(2): 211–223.
4864:
4824:
4783:
4734:
4705:(3): 448–458.
4682:
4656:
4615:
4574:
4547:(1): 129–135.
4531:
4502:(3): 147–150.
4482:
4453:(4): 268–273.
4432:
4420:Turashvili G.
4411:
4400:Turashvili G.
4392:
4378:
4364:
4329:
4294:
4287:
4261:
4254:
4231:
4202:
4174:
4140:
4091:
4056:
4019:
3967:
3960:
3938:
3911:(2): 101–108.
3895:
3878:
3861:
3818:
3766:
3727:
3700:(3): 519–526.
3683:
3654:(2): 265–270.
3629:
3600:
3571:(2): 152–164.
3551:
3514:(6): 518–527.
3494:
3483:. 1 March 2019
3481:www.cancer.gov
3465:
3436:(6): 947–952.
3416:
3386:
3375:
3355:
3337:
3330:
3308:
3281:(8): 597–604.
3255:
3233:
3199:
3150:
3132:
3121:
3101:
3052:
3012:
2991:(4): 683–684.
2971:
2946:
2939:
2919:
2879:
2845:
2812:
2797:
2771:
2741:
2690:
2665:
2646:(4): 765–778.
2630:
2579:
2549:
2520:(3): 209–249.
2497:
2465:
2430:
2397:
2366:(4): 213–227.
2346:
2335:
2312:
2305:
2278:
2239:
2232:
2204:
2151:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2107:
2104:
2077:
2074:
2066:Janette Howard
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1944:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1898:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1855:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1820:September 2021
1807:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1775:September 2021
1762:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1746:United Kingdom
1744:
1738:
1737:European Union
1735:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1703:
1702:
1696:September 2021
1683:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1651:
1650:
1647: >26.4
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1564:
1553:
1550:
1525:
1522:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1408:side effects.
1279:
1276:
1252:
1249:
1216:
1213:
1197:
1194:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1002:, intravenous
975:Main article:
972:
969:
943:
942:
931:
924:
922:
919:
912:
910:
906:histochemistry
898:
891:
889:
886:
879:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
847:adenocarcinoma
844:
843:(about 80–85%)
830:
827:
762:
759:
702:false negative
698:screening test
689:
686:
676:
673:
667:
664:
651:
648:
634:
631:
601:
598:
573:
570:
538:
535:
463:followed by a
457:adenocarcinoma
390:
389:
388:341,831 (2020)
386:
382:
381:
378:
374:
373:
356:
350:
349:
332:
328:
327:
309:
305:
304:
300:followed by a
295:
289:
288:
270:
264:
263:
257:
253:
252:
249:adenocarcinoma
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
207:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
186:
185:
49:
47:
43:
42:
38:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9915:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9880:
9878:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9832:Schizophrenia
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9794:
9791:
9790:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9727:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9656:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9615:
9610:
9602:
9597:
9595:
9590:
9588:
9583:
9582:
9579:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9536:
9534:
9530:
9524:
9523:Vaginal cysts
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9496:
9492:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9467:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9410:
9406:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9377:
9373:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9336:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9314:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9296:
9292:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9278:Struma ovarii
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9256:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9242:
9238:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9190:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9163:
9157:
9154:
9150:
9147:
9146:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9119:stromal tumor
9113:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9076:
9071:
9069:
9064:
9062:
9057:
9056:
9053:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9032:
9030:
9026:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9001:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8958:
8950:
8949:Cervicography
8947:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8929:Cytopathology
8927:
8926:
8925:
8922:
8918:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8900:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8870:
8861:
8858:Acrochordon (
8856:
8852:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8800:
8791:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8736:
8727:
8722:
8720:
8715:
8713:
8708:
8707:
8704:
8691:
8688:
8684:
8683:
8679:
8677:
8673:
8672:
8668:
8667:
8664:
8660:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8644:
8642:
8638:
8637:
8633:
8631:
8627:
8626:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8605:
8601:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8583:
8579:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8539:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8348:
8347:
8326:
8322:
8316:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8252:
8248:
8242:
8226:
8222:
8216:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8172:
8164:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8123:
8115:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8074:
8058:
8054:
8048:
8033:
8029:
8023:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7976:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7927:
7919:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7886:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7863:
7855:
7851:
7844:
7836:
7832:
7825:
7817:
7813:
7806:
7804:
7795:
7791:
7784:
7768:
7764:
7758:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7717:
7709:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7668:
7659:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7600:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7581:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7554:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7519:
7511:
7505:
7497:
7496:
7488:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7453:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7410:
7402:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7361:
7353:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7328:(1): djv302.
7327:
7323:
7319:
7312:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7263:
7248:
7244:
7237:
7221:
7215:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7158:
7156:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7100:
7085:
7081:
7075:
7067:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7034:
7028:
7023:
7014:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6939:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6794:
6786:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6753:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6564:
6562:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6407:
6401:
6382:
6375:
6369:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6219:
6210:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6161:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6136:(14): e0340.
6135:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6041:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5992:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5898:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5862:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5678:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5522:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5215:2027.42/86903
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4948:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4687:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4447:Iran J Pathol
4444:
4436:
4427:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4382:
4374:
4368:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4066:Radiographics
4060:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4035:NIHR Evidence
4032:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3891:0-7817-9512-5
3888:
3882:
3875:
3874:1-4377-3608-4
3871:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:(1): 99–103.
3746:
3742:
3734:
3732:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3333:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2082:
2076:United States
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1908:for his work.
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:invented the
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1833:
1823:
1811:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1791:United States
1788:
1778:
1766:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1687:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1661:breast cancer
1641: 24–26.4
1635: 21.6–24
1612:
1609: 12–14.4
1597: 7.2–9.6
1591: 4.8–7.2
1585: 2.4–4.8
1579: <2.4
1573: no data
1568:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1498:
1486:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:brachytherapy
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1340:trachelectomy
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1272:beta-Carotene
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
939:
935:
928:
923:
916:
911:
907:
902:
895:
890:
883:
878:
877:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:
837:
835:
826:
824:
820:
816:
815:cytopathology
812:
807:
805:
804:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
776:
772:
771:H&E stain
767:
758:
755:
753:
745:
740:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:punch forceps
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
681:
672:
663:
661:
657:
647:
645:
639:
630:
627:
623:
619:
618:Genital warts
615:
611:
608:
606:
597:
595:
586:
578:
569:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
360:
357:
355:
351:
348:
347:immunotherapy
344:
340:
336:
333:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
208:
206:
202:
199:
196:
194:
190:
183:
182:
173:
143:
137:
136:
126:
96:
95:
86:
56:
51:
50:
48:
46:Pronunciation
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
9862:Tuberculosis
9773:Malnutrition
9617:Health topic
9609:epidemiology
9408:
9249:Dysgerminoma
8944:Speculoscopy
8881:HPV vaccines
8755:
8680:
8669:
8645:
8634:
8623:
8608:
8593:
8509:
8505:
8468:
8464:
8429:
8425:
8394:
8390:
8359:
8355:
8329:. Retrieved
8324:
8315:
8280:
8276:
8266:
8254:. Retrieved
8250:
8241:
8229:. Retrieved
8224:
8215:
8182:
8178:
8171:
8136:
8132:
8122:
8087:
8083:
8073:
8061:. Retrieved
8056:
8047:
8035:. Retrieved
8031:
8022:
7989:
7985:
7975:
7940:
7936:
7926:
7899:
7895:
7885:
7877:the original
7862:
7854:the original
7850:"Our People"
7843:
7835:the original
7824:
7816:the original
7794:the original
7783:
7771:. Retrieved
7766:
7757:
7730:
7726:
7716:
7681:
7677:
7667:
7621:
7617:
7607:
7587:
7580:
7563:
7559:
7553:
7528:
7524:
7518:
7494:
7487:
7462:
7458:
7452:
7440:. Retrieved
7423:
7419:
7409:
7374:
7370:
7360:
7325:
7321:
7311:
7276:
7272:
7262:
7250:. Retrieved
7246:
7236:
7224:. Retrieved
7214:
7171:
7167:
7142:. Retrieved
7138:
7129:
7117:. Retrieved
7108:
7099:
7087:. Retrieved
7083:
7074:
7047:
7043:
7033:
7022:
7013:
7001:. Retrieved
6996:
6987:
6952:
6948:
6938:
6926:. Retrieved
6912:
6894:
6882:. Retrieved
6877:
6868:
6856:. Retrieved
6851:
6842:
6807:
6803:
6793:
6769:(1): 33–34.
6766:
6762:
6752:
6740:. Retrieved
6735:
6726:
6714:. Retrieved
6700:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6628:
6624:
6614:
6577:
6573:
6548:. Retrieved
6544:the original
6534:
6522:. Retrieved
6513:
6504:
6491:
6482:
6470:. Retrieved
6466:the original
6432:
6422:
6412:20 September
6410:. Retrieved
6400:
6390:21 September
6388:. Retrieved
6381:the original
6368:
6333:
6329:
6319:
6284:
6280:
6270:
6237:
6233:
6182:
6178:
6168:
6133:
6129:
6119:
6107:. Retrieved
6089:
6054:
6050:
6040:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5958:
5954:
5948:
5913:
5909:
5874:(1): 29–34.
5871:
5867:
5861:
5834:
5830:
5820:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5732:
5731:(in Czech).
5728:
5722:
5689:
5685:
5664:. Retrieved
5660:the original
5649:
5627:(1): 26–32.
5624:
5620:
5614:
5579:
5575:
5565:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5509:. Retrieved
5498:
5488:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5418:
5414:
5404:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5279:
5275:
5265:
5255:12 September
5253:. Retrieved
5249:
5240:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5144:the original
5139:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5009:
4963:
4959:
4919:
4915:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4842:
4838:
4815:. Retrieved
4803:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4702:
4698:
4673:. Retrieved
4659:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4594:(18): 1–73.
4591:
4587:
4577:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4499:
4495:
4485:
4450:
4446:
4435:
4425:
4414:
4405:
4395:
4381:
4367:
4355:. Retrieved
4351:the original
4342:
4332:
4320:. Retrieved
4307:
4297:
4270:
4264:
4245:
4222:. Retrieved
4218:the original
4193:. Retrieved
4189:
4165:. Retrieved
4153:
4143:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4034:
3987:
3983:
3951:
3941:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3881:
3864:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3786:
3782:
3744:
3740:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3651:
3647:
3623:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3480:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3407:. Retrieved
3403:the original
3389:
3365:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3319:
3311:
3278:
3274:
3245:
3236:
3224:. Retrieved
3211:
3202:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3111:
3104:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3034:
3030:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2958:
2949:
2930:
2898:23 September
2896:. Retrieved
2892:
2882:
2870:. Retrieved
2857:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2780:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2753:
2744:
2710:(20): 5137.
2707:
2703:
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2677:
2668:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2561:
2552:
2517:
2513:
2488:. Retrieved
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2447:
2421:. Retrieved
2412:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2325:
2296:
2269:. Retrieved
2260:
2223:
2195:. Retrieved
2186:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:
2129:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2091:
2058:
2054:
2033:
2006:
1994:
1966:
1931:
1918:2006: First
1870:Papanicolaou
1839:
1830:
1817:
1809:
1785:
1772:
1764:
1740:
1731:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1693:
1685:
1657:
1603: 9.6–12
1552:Epidemiology
1546:
1538:
1527:
1518:
1510:
1492:
1484:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1387:
1375:
1356:
1344:
1336:
1316:hysterectomy
1313:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1254:
1241:
1237:
1221:HPV vaccines
1218:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1159:
1152:
992:hysteroscopy
980:
944:
832:
808:
802:
786:
780:
774:
756:
749:
706:
691:
669:
653:
640:
636:
622:benign tumor
616:
612:
609:
603:
591:
563:
540:
511:
499:chemotherapy
475:HPV vaccines
473:
423:
394:
393:
339:chemotherapy
313:HPV vaccines
268:Risk factors
214:
209:
18:
9753:Hepatitis D
9748:Hepatitis C
9716:Chikungunya
9376:Endometrium
8671:MedlinePlus
7773:27 November
7442:28 November
7084:www.who.int
6716:11 November
6631:(1): 6–17.
6472:27 February
6433:StatPearls
5763:(1): 3–10.
5692:(1): 8–13.
4195:16 November
4167:16 November
3834:: 163–175.
3529:2445/122831
3487:13 February
2678:www.who.int
2070:John Howard
1941:sex workers
1920:HPV vaccine
1906:Nobel Prize
1852:Hippocrates
1540:All of the
1534:Black women
1530:White women
1398:neutropenia
1332:cone biopsy
1324:lymph nodes
1260:vitamin B12
1215:Vaccination
1104:Prevention
1000:proctoscopy
821:(LSIL) and
713:acetic acid
525:, known as
491:acetic acid
415:pelvic pain
233:Usual onset
223:pelvic pain
9877:Categories
9837:Snakebites
9733:Depression
9679:esophageal
9674:colorectal
9366:Adenomyoma
9348:Myometrium
8961:Colposcopy
8647:DiseasesDB
8512:(1): 553.
8506:BMC Cancer
8331:21 January
8256:21 January
8231:21 January
8063:21 January
8037:21 January
7992:: 106849.
7733:(7): 433.
7119:27 October
7089:21 January
7003:21 January
6999:. May 2022
6884:21 January
6858:21 January
6574:BMC Cancer
6514:Cancer.Net
6109:2 December
5666:2 December
5511:2 December
4817:8 November
4357:2 December
4322:2 December
4154:StatPearls
3409:2 December
3226:2 December
3170:(4): e43.
2964:1 November
2599:: 192087.
2122:References
2062:Ian Frazer
1863:colposcope
1859:Hinselmann
1524:By country
1495:March 2021
1348:colposcopy
1170:colposcopy
1012:conization
996:cystoscopy
984:colposcopy
960:lymph node
934:clock face
834:Histologic
801:carcinoma
789:histologic
752:ultrasound
746:up higher.
709:colposcopy
626:epithelial
551:metastases
455:, 10% are
308:Prevention
9822:Pneumonia
9810:childhood
9241:Germ cell
9003:Treatment
8984:Koilocyte
8971:histology
8903:Screening
8860:skin tags
8843:Papilloma
8690:radio/140
8682:eMedicine
8307:225096075
8014:239027566
7504:cite book
6678:: 73–81.
6524:27 August
4675:1 October
4308:eMedicine
4224:3 January
4051:265201829
3856:211728228
3722:205679729
2544:231804598
2490:29 August
2144:5 October
2051:Australia
1999:(HPV) by
1850:400 BCE:
1667:Australia
1466:Prognosis
1378:cisplatin
1278:Treatment
1268:vitamin E
1264:vitamin C
1256:Vitamin A
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