3346:
4236:
2697:
2671:
4104:
2723:
2541:
237:
205:
4446:
2322:
3354:
2567:
125:
2861:
2645:
141:
301:
253:
4354:
1591:
11346:
11300:
2049:
2075:
11561:
1613:
109:
11573:
2783:
221:
285:
2619:
2593:
486:
3337:
North-West
Indians (Punjabis and Gujratis) and North-East Indians (Bengalis). In comparison to Indian Tamils, the Tamils of Sri Lanka had a higher admixture with the Sinhalese, though the Sinhalese themselves share a 69.86% (+/- 0.61) genetic admixture with the Indian Tamils. The study stated that any admixture from migrations several thousand years ago must have been erased through millennia of admixture among geographically local peoples.
333:
2515:
317:
398:
173:
3835:
189:
269:
877:
157:
10500:
3852:
375:
3722:, who responded by building many more schools within the Jaffna peninsula. Local Catholics also started their own schools in reaction, and the state had its share of primary and secondary schools. Tamil literacy greatly increased as a result of these changes. This prompted the British colonial government to hire Tamils as government servants in British-held Ceylon, India,
3672:
4461:, there was a mass migration of Tamils trying to escape the hardships and perils of war. Initially, it was middle class professionals, such as doctors and engineers, who emigrated; they were followed by the poorer segments of the community. The fighting drove more than 800,000 Tamils from their homes to other places within Sri Lanka as
4301:, and both the government of Sri Lanka and the rebel LTTE have been accused of human rights violations. Although Amnesty International in 2003 found considerable improvement in the human rights situation, attributed to a ceasefire and peace talks between the government and the LTTE, by 2007 they reported an escalation in
7544:
church. Even some of the long-established Tamils, despite having been one of the most powerful local groups in the past, due to their long local history as well as caste status, have adapted to this trend. The process reflects the political domination of
Sinhala people in the Government controlled areas of the country.
69:
1736:(Kadiramalai) on the north coast, dated to 1300 BCE. Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archaeologists to 10th century BCE. However, Indian history and archaeology have pushed the date back to 15th century BCE. In Sri Lanka, there is radiometric evidence from
2130:. These dynasties oversaw the development of several kovils that administered services to communities of land assigned to the temples through royal grants. Their rule also saw the benefaction of other faiths. Recent excavations have led to the discovery of a limestone Kovil of Raja Raja Chola I's era on
6616:
The Suma oriental of Tome Pires : an account of the east, from the red sea to China, written in
Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues: pilot-major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas: rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack and,
4051:
churches led to a revival among Hindu Tamils who created their own social groups, built their own schools and temples, and published their own literature to counter the missionary activities. The success of this effort led to a new confidence for the Tamils, encouraging them to think of themselves as
6190:
In the sixth century AD there was a coastal route by boat from the Jaffna peninsula in the north, southwards to
Trincomalee, especially to the religious centre of Koneswaram, and further onwards to Batticaloa and the religious centre of Tirukovil, along the eastern coast. Along this route there were
4344:
The Tamil presence in Sri Lankan politics and society is facing a revival. In 2015 elections the Tamil national alliance got the third largest number of seats in the
Parliament and as the largest parties UNP and SLFP created a unity government TNA leader R. Sampanthan was appointed as the opposition
3629:
in the
Eastern Province. Batticaloa Tamil dialect is the most literary of all the spoken dialects of Tamil. It has preserved several ancient features, remaining more consistent with the literary norm, while at the same time developing a few innovations. It also has its own distinctive vocabulary and
3332:
Although Sri Lankan Tamils are culturally and linguistically distinct, genetic studies indicate that they are closely related to other ethnic groups in the island while being related to the Indian Tamils from South India as well. There are various studies that indicate varying degrees of connections
2253:
dated in its present form to the 14th or 15th century CE suggests that the whole of the Tamil
Kingdom, including parts of the modern Trincomalee District, was recognised as a Tamil region by the name Demala-pattana (Tamil city). In this work, a number of villages that are now situated in the Jaffna,
3733:
By the time Sri Lanka became independent in 1948, about sixty percent of government jobs were held by Tamils, who formed barely fifteen percent of the population. The elected
Sinhalese leaders of the country saw this as the result of a British stratagem to control the majority Sinhalese, and deemed
4321:
In August 2009, the civil war ended with total victory for the government forces. During the last phase of the war, many Tamil civilians and combatants were killed. The government estimated that over 22,000 LTTE cadres had died. The civilian death toll is estimated to be as high as 40,000 or more.
4094:
that a roughly equal number of seats be assigned to
Sinhalese and minorities in an independent Ceylon (50:50)—a proposal that was rejected. But under section 29(2) of the constitution formulated by the commissioner, additional protection was provided to minority groups, such requiring a two-thirds
2022:
remained a popular and highly influential style of architecture in the region over the next few centuries. Tamil soldiers from what is now South India were brought to
Anuradhapura between the 7th and 11th centuries CE in such large numbers that local chiefs and kings trying to establish legitimacy
7543:
One of the most interesting processes in Mampuri is the one of Sinhalisation. Whilst most of the Sinhala fishermen used to speak Tamil and/or still do so, there is a trend towards the use of Sinhala, manifesting itself in most children being educated in Sinhala and the increased use of Sinhala in
4010:
Sri Lanka became an independent nation in 1948. Since independence, the political relationship between the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamil communities has been strained. Sri Lanka has been unable to contain its ethnic violence as it escalated from sporadic terrorism to mob violence, and finally to
3484:), a stone, or a large tree. Temples of this type are common in the Northern and Eastern Provinces; a typical village has up to 150 such structures. The offering would be done by an elder of the family who owns the site. A coconut oil lamp would be lit on Fridays, and a special rice dish known as
3336:
A study conducted by Kshatriya in 1995 found that both ethnolinguistic groups of Sri Lanka, including the Tamils, were closest to the Tamil population of India and also the Muslim population of South India. They were found to be the most distant group from the Veddahs, and quite distant from both
3309:
immigrated to Sri Lanka much later than Tamils immigrated to Jaffna. This would suggest that the Negombo dialect continued to evolve in the Coromandel Coast before it arrived in Sri Lanka and began to get influenced by Sinhala. So, in some ways, the dialect is closer to those spoken in Tamil Nadu
3151:
People in the Vanni districts considered themselves separate from Tamils of the Jaffna peninsula but the two groups did intermarry. Most of these married couples moved into the Vanni districts where land was available. Vanni consists of a number of highland settlements within forested lands using
2267:, referencing some aspects of their royal, rural and economic life and annotating some kingdoms within it on a map in 1681 CE. Upon arrival of European powers from the 17th century CE, the Tamils' separate nation was described in their areas of habitation in the northeast of the island.
4062:
in 1833. During the 1833 Colebrooke-Cameron reforms the British centralised control to Colombo and amalgamated all administrative territories including the Tamil areas which had previously been administered separately. A form of modern central government was established for the first time in the
3805:
After the start of the civil war in 1983, a number of poets and fiction writers became active, focusing on subjects such as death, destruction, and rape. Such writings have no parallels in any previous Tamil literature. The war produced displaced Tamil writers around the globe who recorded their
1860:
in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins, produced between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE, some of which carry local Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters, which suggest that local Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the
4519:
and the Australian government has declared some Sri Lankans including Tamils as economic migrants. A Canadian government survey found that over 70% of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees have gone back to Sri Lanka for holidays raising concerns over the legitimacy of their refugee claims. However, the
5218:
As Kearney puts it, the influence of the early Malabar migrations, as well as long residence in Ceylon and interaction with the Sinhalese, left the Ceylon Tamils as a unique group of Tamil-speaking people, differentiated in customs, speech, and social organization from the Tamils of South
3601:
which have been lost in their Indian counterparts. In spite of this, both Sri Lankan and Indian Tamil dialects retain a degree of mutual intelligibility. Sri Lankan Tamil dialects are classified into three major subgroups: the Jaffna Tamil, the Batticaloa Tamil, and the
3241:
In Gampaha District, Tamils have historically inhabited the coastal region. In the Puttalam District, there was a substantial ethnic Tamil population until the first two decades of the 20th century. Most of those who identify as ethnic Tamils live in villages such as
4042:
The arrival of Protestant missionaries on a large scale beginning in 1814 was a primary contributor to the development of political awareness among Sri Lankan Tamils. Activities by missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and
4401:(Malaysia and Singapore) and India to assist the colonial bureaucracy. They worked in almost every branch of public administration, as well as on plantations and in industrial sectors. Prominent Sri Lankan Tamils in the Forbes list of billionaire include:
3068:. They constitute half of the population and enjoyed dominance under Dutch rule, from which community the colonial political elites also were drawn from. The maritime communities existed outside the agriculture-based caste system and is dominated by the
3718:, and provided health care for residents of the Jaffna Peninsula. American activities in Jaffna also had unintended consequences. The concentration of efficient Protestant mission schools in Jaffna produced a revival movement among local Hindus led by
1864:
Other ancient inscriptions from the period reference a Tamil merchant, the Tamil householder residing in Iḷabharata and a Tamil sailor named Karava. Two of the six ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas (Tamils) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the
3932:
Jaffna, as a peninsula, has an abundance of seafood such as crab, shark, fish, prawn, and squid. Meat dishes such as mutton, chicken and pork also have their own niche. Vegetable curries use ingredients primarily from the home garden such as pumpkin,
1033:
and retention of words not in everyday use in Southern India. The cultures of the Sri Lankan Tamils are also very distinctive and unique, even though the cultural influence of modern South India has grown and become prevalent since the 19th century.
3289:
among migrating maritime communities across the island. Negombo Tamil dialect is spoken by about 50,000 people. This number does not include others, outside of Negombo city, who speak local varieties of the Tamil language. The bilingual catholic
3039:
of being an independent kingdom lends legitimacy to the political claims of the Sri Lankan Tamils, and has provided a focus for their constitutional demands. Northern Tamil society is generally categorised into two groups: those who are from the
2851:
Sri Lankan Tamils are categorised into three subgroups based on regional distribution, dialects, and culture: Negombo Tamils from the western part of the island, Eastern Tamils from the eastern part, and Jaffna or Northern Tamils from the north.
1767:
is engraved in Brahmi script on a seal buried with the skeleton and is assigned by the excavators to the 3rd century BCE. Ko, meaning "King" in Tamil, is comparable to such names as Ko Atan, Ko Putivira and Ko Ra-pumaan occurring in contemporary
3983:
sap. Snacks, savouries, sweets and porridge produced from the palmyra form a separate but unique category of foods; from the fan-shaped leaves to the root, the palmyra palm forms an intrinsic part of the life and cuisine of northern region.
3317:
have been retained in these districts. Outside the Tamil-dominated northeast, the Puttalam District has the highest percentage of place names of Tamil origin in Sri Lanka. Composite or hybrid place names are also present in these districts.
3683:
Sri Lankan Tamil society values education highly, for its own sake as well as for the opportunities it provides. The kings of the Aryacakravarti dynasty were historically patrons of literature and education. Temple schools and traditional
3890:
is the name for a range of Sri Lankan Tamil dishes distinct from Indian Tamil cuisine, with regional variations between the island's northern and eastern areas. While rice with curries is the most popular lunch menu, combinations such as
3702:
to the upper classes. The Portuguese introduced western-style education after their conquest of the Jaffna kingdom in 1619. The Jesuits opened churches and seminaries, but the Dutch destroyed them and opened their own schools attached to
3714:. The critical period of the missionaries' impact was from the 1820s to the early 20th century. During this time, they created Tamil translations of English texts, engaged in printing and publishing, established primary, secondary, and
4923:"SPEECH BY MR. S RAJARATNAM, SENIOR MINISTER (PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE), ON THE OCCASION OF THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION OF THE SINGAPORE CEYLON TAMILS' ASSOCIATION AT THE OBEROI IMPERIAL HOTEL ON SUNDAY, 10 FEBRUARY 1985 AT 7.30 PM"
3655:, which contributed to the distinctiveness of the dialect from the Tamil Nadu dialects. Conservational Jaffna Tamil dialect and Indian Tamil dialects are to an extent not mutually intelligible, and the former is frequently mistaken for
1109:
said that the estimated 20,000+ disappeared Sri Lankan Tamils were dead. The end of the civil war has not fully improved conditions in Sri Lanka, with press freedom not being restored and the judiciary coming under political control.
4247:
Since 1948, successive governments have adopted policies that had the net effect of assisting the Sinhalese community in such areas as education and public employment. These policies made it difficult for middle class Tamil youth to
3919:, a granular, dry, but soft steamed rice powder cooked in a bamboo cylinder with the base wrapped in cloth so that the bamboo flute can be set upright over a clay pot of boiling water. This can be transformed into varieties such as
5009:
It is estimated that there are about 10,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in Norway – 6,000 of them Norwegian citizens, many of whom migrated to Norway in the 1960s and the 1970s to work on its fishing fleet; and 4,000 post-1983 political
4910:
4511:
are, among others, notable people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent. Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus have built a number of prominent Hindu temples across North America and Europe, notably in Canada, France, Germany, Denmark, and the UK.
1492:
1102:
4494:
are mostly refugees of about over 100,000 in special camps and another 50,000 outside of the camps. In western European countries, the refugees and immigrants have integrated themselves into society where permitted.
6821:
4397:(Valanciyar from Lanka of the South). They left behind inscriptions in South India dated to the 13th century. In the late 19th century, educated Tamils from the Jaffna peninsula migrated to the British colonies of
3529:. Villages have more Pillaiyar temples, which are patronised by local farmers. Kannaki Amman is mostly patronised by maritime communities. Tamil Roman Catholics, along with members of other faiths, worship at the
9902:
2839:. Under the terms of an agreement reached between the Sri Lankan and Indian governments in the 1960s, about forty percent of the Indian Tamils were granted Sri Lankan citizenship, and most of the remainder were
3793:
The modern period of Tamil literature began in the 1960s with the establishment of modern universities and a free education system in post-independence Sri Lanka. The 1960s also saw a social revolt against the
3434:, upholding their faith in local village deities not found in formal Hindu scriptures. The place of worship depends on the object of worship and how it is housed. It could be a proper Hindu temple known as a
4330:
and eventually released. As of 2011, there were still a few thousand alleged combatants in state prisons awaiting trials. The Sri Lankan government has released over 11,000 rehabilitated former LTTE cadres.
2831:, and most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands. Historically, both groups have seen themselves as separate communities, although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s. In 1948, the
1569:. One older theory states that there were no large Tamil settlements in Sri Lanka until the 10th century CE. According to the anthropological and archaeological evidence, Sri Lankan Tamils have a very long
3881:
The cuisine of Sri Lankan Tamils draws influence from that of India, as well as from colonialists and foreign traders. Rice is usually consumed daily and can be found at any special occasion, while spicy
5397:
6171:
Kulakottan also paid special attention to agricultural practice and economic development, the effects of which made the Vanni region to flourish; temples were cared for and regular worship instituted at
4594:"Two different nations from a very ancient period have divided between them the possession of the island. First the Sinhalese, inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts, and secondly the
8466:
3710:
The primary impetus for educational opportunity came with the establishment of the American Ceylon Mission in Jaffna District, which started with the arrival in 1813 of missionaries sponsored by the
9381:
4086:. This decision was opposed by the Tamil political leadership, who realised that they would be reduced to a minority in parliament according to their proportion of the overall population. In 1944,
4082:, who was appointed in 1918 however, actively encouraged the concept of "communal representation". Subsequently, the Donoughmore Commission in 1931 rejected communal representation and brought in
4590:
Upon arrival in June 1799, Sir Hugh Cleghorn, the island's first British colonial secretary wrote to the British government of the traits and antiquity of the Tamil nation on the island in the
3610:
and Veddhas. Tamil loan words in Sinhala also follow the characteristics of Sri Lankan Tamil dialects. Sri Lankan Tamils, depending on where they live in Sri Lanka, may also additionally speak
1482:
3621:
The Negombo Tamil dialect is used by bilingual fishermen in the Negombo area, who otherwise identify themselves as Sinhalese. This dialect has undergone considerable convergence with spoken
4911:
https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/sri-lanka/de/home/internationale-zusammenarbeit/strategie.html#:~:text=In%20der%20Schweiz%20leben%20heute,Abteilung%20Menschliche%20Sicherheit%20des%20EDA
8003:
2329:
According to the 2012 census there were 2,270,924 Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka, 11.2% of the population. Sri Lankan Tamils constitute an overwhelming majority of the population in the
2157:
in Tamil Nadu. He was the chief minister of the Sinhalese king Parakramabahu V (1344–59 CE). Vira Alakeshwara, a descendant of Alagakkonara, later became king of the Sinhalese, but
9261:
8519:
The image of the "white van" invokes memories of the "era of terror" in the late 1980s when death squads abducted and killed thousands of Sinhala youth in the south of the country. The
8536:
6031:
4177:
that effectively changed the demographic balance in the Eastern Province, an area Tamil nationalists considered to be their traditional homeland, in favour of the majority Sinhalese.
9327:
8912:
6313:
The 1681 CE map by Robert Knox demarcates the then existing boundaries of the Tamil country. In 1692 CE, Dutch artist Wilhelm Broedelet crafted an engraving of the map:
10756:
4645:
4180:
In 1972, a newly formulated constitution removed section 29(2) of the 1947 Soulbury constitution that was formulated to protect the interests of minorities. Also, in 1973, the
4188:. The resultant benefits enjoyed by Sinhalese students also meant a significant decrease in the number of Tamil students within the Sri Lankan university student population.
4763:"Table 1 Size and percentage of population that reported speaking one of the top 12 immigrant languages most often at home in the six largest census metropolitan areas, 2011"
1596:
Megalithic burial urns or jar found in Pomparippu, North Western, Sri Lanka dated to at least five to two centuries BCE. These are similar to Megalithic burial jars found in
4015:
has several underlying causes: the ways in which modern ethnic identities have been made and remade since the colonial period, rhetorical wars over archaeological sites and
1888:. Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island's affairs from about the 2nd century BCE. Kudiramalai, Kandarodai and
9647:
6829:
4199:(TULF). By 1977 most Tamils seemed to support the move for independence by electing the Tamil United Liberation Front overwhelmingly. The elections were followed by the
3593:
Sri Lankan Tamils predominantly speak Tamil and its Sri Lankan dialects which are more conservative than the dialects spoken in India. These dialects preserve features of
4598:
who possess the Northern and Eastern districts. These two nations differ entirely in their religion, language, and manners". McConnell, D., 2008; Ponnambalam, S. 1983
4421:, an Indian-based Tamil language revivalist, was born in the Jaffna peninsula. Before the Sri Lankan civil war, Sri Lankan Tamil communities were well established in
4274:(LTTE) eventually eliminating most of the others. Except for the LTTE, many of the remaining organisations transformed into either minor political parties within the
4203:, in which around 300 Tamils were killed. There was further violence in 1981 when an organised Sinhalese mob went on a rampage during the nights of 31 May to 2 June,
4762:
4520:
inability of Tamils to settle in their own lands indicate the ongoing hostilities and differential treatment of Tamils even after the end of armed war in May 2009.
2824:. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of bonded labourers sent from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations.
5405:
9017:
3013:
The Tamils of the Trincomalee district have different social customs from their southern neighbours due to the influence of the Jaffna kingdom to the north. The
2278:
has also accommodated Tamil and Kerala immigrants from South India since the 13th century CE. This led to the emergence of three new Sinhalese caste groups: the
3210:
districts. The term does not apply to Tamil immigrants in these areas. They are distinguished from other Tamils by their dialects, one of which is known as the
4034:). Since 1983, Sri Lanka has also witnessed massive civilian displacements of more than a million people, with eighty percent of them being Sri Lankan Tamils.
3020:
people of the east coast also speak Tamil and have become assimilated into the Eastern Tamil caste structure. Most Eastern Tamils follow customary laws called
1548:
8455:
11334:
5271:
4019:, and the political use of the national past. The civil war resulted in the death of at least 100,000 people and, according to human rights groups such as
3711:
8495:(HRW) says. An HRW report accuses security forces and pro-government militias of abducting and "disappearing" hundreds of people—mostly Tamils—since 2006.
9504:
3642:
of old Tamil around 9th century CE. The Tamil dialect used by residents of the Trincomalee District has many similarities with the Jaffna Tamil dialect.
9851:
6968:
1045:
in 1948, relations between the majority Sinhalese and minority Tamil communities have been strained. Rising ethnic and political tensions following the
10906:
4302:
9537:
5371:
1133:
that Sri Lankan Tamils faced has resulted in some Tamils today not identifying themselves as Sri Lankans but instead identifying themselves as either
10532:
1884:
Literary sources make references about Tamil rulers bringing horses to the island in water crafts in the second century BCE, most likely arriving at
3172:
districts. Historically, the Vanni area has been in contact with what is now South India, including during the medieval period and was ruled by the
10891:
9933:. Publications du Département d'Indologie – 94. Pondicherry: Institut Français de Pondichéry / École Française d'Extrême-Orient. pp. 546–549.
1021:
on topics including religion and the sciences flourished during the medieval period in the court of the Jaffna Kingdom. Since the beginning of the
10701:
9134:
4174:
1407:
1367:
8011:
7695:
6318:
3618:. According to the 2012 Census 32.8% or 614,169 Sri Lankan Tamils also spoke Sinhala and 20.9% or 390,676 Sri Lankan Tamils also spoke English.
9250:
6912:
3763:
Medieval period Tamil literature on the subjects of medicine, mathematics and history was produced in the courts of the Jaffna Kingdom. During
9190:
9104:
8313:
7460:
5473:
4466:
9819:
8546:
4173:
targeting Tamils, in which many were killed and thousands forced to flee their homes. Another point of conflict between the communities was
1977:
In the 6th century CE, a special coastal route by boat was established from the Jaffna peninsula southwards to Saivite religious centres in
10937:
10896:
10798:
9730:
4818:
4074:, and the seats eventually became elected positions. There was initially little tension between the Sinhalese and the Tamils, when in 1913
1497:
9341:
5940:
5572:
10815:
10085:
4675:
4055:
2263:
1126:
1090:
7522:
6760:
6732:
5646:
5447:
10881:
4748:
3651:, the grammatical treatise on Tamil dated from 3rd century BCE to 10th century CE. Also, a significant component of settlers were from
1541:
11312:
4649:
4078:, a Tamil, was elected representative of the Sinhalese as well as of the Tamils in the national legislative council. British Governor
10639:
10038:
Arumuga Navalar and Hindu Renaissance amongst the Tamils (Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages)
9018:"Speech by President Chandrika Kumaratunga at the 21st Anniversary of 'Black July', Presidential Secretariat, Colombo, July 23, 2004"
8628:
6478:
3771:, was established in Nallur. This academy collected manuscripts of ancient works and preserved them in the Saraswathy Mahal library.
3645:
The long physical isolation of the Tamils of Jaffna has enabled their dialect to preserve ancient features of old Tamil that predate
2235:
1281:
10289:
Rajakrishnan, P. (1993). "Social Change and Group Identity among the Sri Lankan Tamils". In Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Mani, A. (eds.).
9791:
9074:
7287:
Fernando, A. Denis N. (1987). "Pennsular Jaffna From Ancient to Medieval Times: Its Significant Historical and Settlement Aspects".
6133:
Schalk, Peter (2002). "Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period".
2126:'s conquest of the island led to the fall of four kings there, one of whom, Madavarajah, the king of Jaffna, was a usurper from the
11327:
10873:
10675:
10504:
6032:"A STUDY ON SOCIAL IDENTITY BASED ON THE BRAHMI INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EARLY HISTORIC PERIOD IN THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCE, SRI LANKA"
4516:
3431:
1329:
1105:
found that as many as 40,000 Tamil civilians may have been killed in the final months of the civil war. In January 2020, President
7497:
Bonta, Steven (June 2008). "Negombo Fishermen's Tamil (NFT): A Sinhala Influenced Dialect from a Bilingual Sri Lankan Community".
4472:
The country with the largest share of displaced Tamils is Canada, with more than 200,000 legal residents, found mostly within the
3929:, a thin crusty pancake made with rice flour, with a round soft crust in the middle. It has variations such as egg or milk Appam.
2122:
after his conquest of the northeast country to protect Tamil traders being looted, imprisoned and killed for years on the island.
10957:
7039:
1806:
9655:
4052:
a community, and it paved the way for their emergence as a cultural, religious, and linguistic society in the mid-19th century.
2134:
island, found with Chola coins from this period. The decline of Chola power in Sri Lanka was followed by the restoration of the
11262:
11057:
10793:
10576:
9616:
5852:
Robin Conningham - Anuradhapura - The British-Sri Lankan Excavations at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta Volumes 1 and 2 (1999/2006)
4230:
3374:
1948:
1228:
3444:
scripts (a set of scriptures regulating the temple cult). More often, however, the temple is not completed in accordance with
10810:
10525:
10468:
10434:
10412:
10393:
10370:
10343:
10321:
10298:
10279:
10260:
10238:
10206:
10173:
10125:
10095:
10071:
10049:
10026:
10007:
9984:
9965:
9938:
9912:
9891:
7817:
7367:
7325:
7196:
7079:
7024:
7005:
6950:
6931:
6805:
6691:
6629:
6572:
6553:
6534:
6515:
6397:
6378:
6359:
6340:
6080:
6061:
5766:
5595:
5516:
5191:
5133:
4959:
4306:
4263:
massacre, in which between 1,000 and 3,000 Tamils were killed, prompting many youths to choose the path of armed resistance.
4259:
in Tamil), formed many militant organisations. The most important contributor to the strength of the militant groups was the
3388:
1534:
4708:
10982:
7850:
4722:
4310:
3391:. There is also a small minority of Protestants due to missionary efforts in the 18th century by organisations such as the
3327:
1086:
534:
6147:
details King Kulakottan's involvement in the restoration of Koneswaram temple in 438 A.D. (Pillay, K., Pillay, K. (1963).
4766:
4322:
This is in addition to the 70,000 Sri Lankans killed up to the beginning of the last phase of the civil war. Over 300,000
2337:. They are minority in other provinces. 70% of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces.
11600:
11320:
10911:
10863:
10788:
10716:
4899:
Around 125,000 Tamils are estimated to be living in France. Of them, around 50,000 are Eezham Tamils (Sri Lankan Tamils).
4825:
4079:
3997:
1442:
1387:
7186:
4876:
Since the escalation of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka during the 1980s, about 60,000 came as asylum seekers.
4163:
in 1956, which made Sinhala the sole official language, Federal Party Members of Parliament staged a nonviolent sit-in (
2197:
and the God of Tamils Tenavarai Nayanar. The admiral invoked the blessings of Hindu deities at Temple of Perimpanayagam
1618:
South Indian type black and red ware pot sherds found in Sri Lanka and dated to 1st to 2nd century CE. Displayed at the
1121:
for destinations such as Canada, United Kingdom, Germany and India as refugees or emigrants. According to the pro-rebel
11283:
11043:
10853:
7652:
Bonta, Steven (2010). "Negombo Fishermen's Tamil: A Case of Indo-Aryan Contact-Induced Change in a Dravidian Dialect".
4534:
4159:
in England, but failed to overturn it. The FP eventually became the dominant Tamil political party. In response to the
3909:
neatly laid out in circular pieces about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, are frequently combined with tomato
3314:
2311:
1970:
settled in the east of the island in the first few centuries of the common era to cultivate and maintain the area. The
544:
9220:
9165:"Open letter to LTTE, SLMM and SL Police concerning recent politically motivated killings and abductions in Sri Lanka"
9021:
4184:
was implemented by the Sri Lankan government, supposedly to rectify disparities in university enrolment created under
11278:
10191:
9108:
9061:
Indeed nobody really knows how many Tamils died in that one week in July 1983. Estimates vary from 400 to 3,000 dead.
7567:
7394:
7169:
6597:
6434:
6241:
5544:
4290:
4063:
island, followed by gradual decline of local form of feudalism including Rajakariya, which was abolished soon after.
4030:
2624:
2598:
2015:
1181:
1150:
788:
661:
549:
9706:
8491:
Sri Lanka's government is one of the world's worst perpetrators of enforced disappearances, US-based pressure group
5712:
2149:
on the Jaffna peninsula and other parts of the north. The Arya Chakaravarthi expansion into the south was halted by
11595:
11448:
11303:
10901:
10858:
10726:
10518:
7584:
7557:
6322:
5211:
4458:
4271:
4216:
3925:, spinach, and tapioca puttu. There are also sweet and savoury puttus. Another popular breakfast or dinner dish is
3814:
3806:
longing for their lost homes and the need for integration with mainstream communities in Europe and North America.
3778:
is the earliest known author who used literature to respond to Christian missionary activities. He was followed by
1477:
1457:
1447:
1117:
era to Singapore and Malaysia, the civil war led to more than 800,000 Tamils leaving Sri Lanka, and many have
1074:
1038:
905:
539:
512:
7315:
5840:
Secondary state formation during the early iron age on the island of Sri Lanka : the evolution of a periphery
5717:
3345:
3049:
2901:
districts. Their history and traditions are inspired by local legends, native literature, and colonial documents.
10886:
9763:
5886:
4539:
4066:
In the legislative council the British assigned three European seats and one seat each for Sinhalese, Tamils and
4016:
3454:(prayers) hours and are attended by locals. Both types of temples have a resident ritualist or priest known as a
1785:
1561:
There is little scholarly consensus over the presence of the Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka, also known as
8559:
The National Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka has recorded 419 missing people in Jaffna since December 2005.
5558:
3006:, whose members were considered to be in captivity, confined to specific services such as washing, weaving, and
998:
from the east. According to the anthropological and archaeological evidence, Sri Lankan Tamils have a very long
11250:
10483:
8114:"Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore: the Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy"
7636:
5375:
4986:
4095:
majority for any amendments and a scheme of representation that provided more weight to the ethnic minorities.
3584:
9929:
Bopearachchi, Osmund (2004). "Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu". In Chevillard, Jean-Luc; Wilden, Eva (eds.).
9514:
7603:
4788:
11217:
10843:
10619:
8520:
6975:
6288:
5532:
5125:
4226:
4196:
4059:
3588:
3448:
scriptures but consists of the barest essential structure housing a local deity. These temples observe daily
3156:-based cultivation. An 1890 census listed 711 such tanks in this area. Hunting and raising livestock such as
2912:
army in 1215. From that time on, Eastern Tamil social development diverged from that of the Northern Tamils.
1856:
the middle kingdom, and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BCE. Excavations in the area of
1319:
1238:
5066:
3813:
which contained over 97,000 books and manuscripts was one of the biggest libraries in Asia, and through the
1113:
One-third of Sri Lankan Tamils now live outside Sri Lanka. While there was significant migration during the
11605:
11523:
10696:
10041:
9458:
8970:
6860:
6279:
6208:
5345:"ASA 37/011/2012 Sri Lanka: Continuing Impunity, Arbitrary Detentions, Torture and Enforced Disappearances"
4358:
4323:
4278:
or standalone political parties. Some also function as paramilitary groups within the Sri Lankan military.
4112:
3993:
3400:
2946:
means a house or settlement, in eastern Sri Lanka it is related to matrimonial alliances. It refers to the
2676:
2572:
2330:
2174:
1362:
973:
863:
17:
9420:
9356:
8113:
5976:
5861:
Sudharshan Seneviratne (1989) - Pre-State Chieftains And Servants of the State: A Case Study of Parumaka -
5754:
Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava Period
3415:, are active among the internally displaced and refugee populations. The 2012 Sri Lanka Census revealed a
11408:
11255:
11048:
11017:
10783:
7608:
4462:
4266:
By the end of 1987, the militant youth groups had fought not only the Sri Lankan security forces and the
4071:
3818:
3747:
3530:
3404:
3396:
2728:
2546:
2520:
2334:
1691:
1018:
977:
556:
7711:
Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia vol.1
4341:
said that 146,679 people seemed to be unaccounted between 2008 October and at the end of the civil war.
2019:
11551:
11433:
11342:
11159:
10805:
10165:
9852:"Statement by the Prime Minister on the 13th anniversary of the end of the armed conflict in Sri Lanka"
9547:
8117:
7709:
Kularatnam, K. (April 1966). "Tamil Place Names in Ceylon outside the Northern and Eastern Provinces".
7317:
The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka: Transnational Commitments to Social Change
7161:
6825:
6621:
4491:
4267:
4255:
The individuals belonging to this younger generation, often referred to by other Tamils as "the boys" (
3419:
population of 22,254 amongst Sri Lankan Tamils, i.e. roughly 1% of all Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka.
2794:
2786:
2777:
1745:
1687:
1619:
830:
444:
93:
33:
9142:
5647:"Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? – A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000)"
4386:
The earliest Tamil speakers from Sri Lanka known to have travelled to foreign lands were members of a
2916:
11361:
11194:
11126:
10838:
10833:
10741:
10721:
10571:
10550:
4529:
4366:
4298:
4249:
4222:
4207:—at the time one of the largest libraries in Asia—containing more than 97,000 books and manuscripts.
4204:
4181:
4140:
4120:
3735:
3574:
3370:
2884:
2761:
2271:
1510:
1462:
1417:
1402:
1130:
1118:
1066:
1026:
701:
356:
9112:
5788:
4996:
4922:
11243:
11202:
10952:
10458:
Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
9714:
9198:
8771:
8523:(AHRC) says the "white van culture" is now re-appearing in Colombo to threaten the Tamil community.
8384:
8323:
7464:
5885:
Indian Journal of History of Science, 45.3 (2010) 369-394, Adichanallur: A prehistoric mining site
5295:
5150:
4200:
4170:
4169:) protest, but it was violently broken up by a mob. The FP was blamed and briefly banned after the
4132:
3554:
706:
522:
7417:
7384:
5573:"Tamils across London hoist Tamil Eelam flags in build-up to Maaveerar Naal | Tamil Guardian"
5480:
4860:
4235:
1675:
and Tamil-Prakrit scripts were used to write the Tamil language during this period on the island.
11533:
11038:
10947:
10932:
10848:
10670:
10362:
10113:
9999:
9931:
South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday
9829:
8947:
8793:
8741:
7790:
4418:
4275:
4152:
4075:
3757:
3676:
3392:
3358:
2111:
1324:
1256:
1218:
1062:
9740:
8968:
Shastri, A. (1990). "The Material Basis for Separatism: The Tamil Eelam Movement in Sri Lanka".
7357:
4829:
3160:
and cattle is a necessary adjunct to the agriculture. The Tamil-inhabited Vanni consists of the
2908:, but there was scattered leadership under Vannimai chiefs in Batticaloa District who came with
10731:
10624:
6483:
5950:
5183:
Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada
4144:
3764:
3580:
3412:
3230:
myths and legends. The Western Tamils caste hierarchy is principally dominated by the maritime
3181:
3025:
2836:
2485:
2135:
2055:
1412:
1339:
1266:
1208:
1166:
1146:
1098:
848:
803:
793:
566:
4683:
3790:
Missions also saw the spread of modern education and the expansion of translation activities.
3782:, who wrote and published a number of books. The period of joint missionary activities by the
11610:
11233:
11212:
10680:
10634:
10331:
9651:
9565:
9509:
9194:
9168:
9013:
8762:
Roberts, Michael (November 2007). "Blunders in Tigerland: Papes muddles on suicide bombers".
7530:
6771:
6743:
5666:
5506:
5433:
5372:"Press Freedom Under Attack in Sri Lanka: Website Office Raids and Online Content Regulation"
5348:
5181:
4608:
4485:
4345:
leader. K. Sripavan became the 44th Chief justice and the second Tamil to hold the position.
4282:
4128:
3810:
3775:
3704:
3603:
3476:
sect. Other places of worship do not have icons for their deities. The sanctum could house a
3416:
3366:
3211:
2877:
2832:
2810:
2650:
1820:
1718:
1472:
1382:
1334:
1309:
853:
808:
696:
502:
9678:
8288:
5617:
The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
4888:
4476:. and there are a number of prominent Canadians of Sri Lankan Tamil descent, such as author
3975:, to give them their distinct regional flavour. A popular alcoholic drink in rural areas is
3767:'s rule, an academy for the propagation of the Tamil language, modelled on those of ancient
11528:
11472:
11459:
11413:
11207:
11169:
10927:
10751:
10453:
10081:
9796:
9337:
8047:
7960:
7526:
7044:
6455:
5898:
5802:
5401:
4473:
4327:
4313:, and armed clashes, which created a climate of fear in the north and east of the country.
4136:
4024:
4012:
4001:
2890:
2258:
2092:
1892:
served as great northern Tamil capitals and emporiums of trade with these kingdoms and the
1870:
1839:
1802:
1570:
1487:
1435:
1082:
1058:
1022:
999:
898:
740:
507:
9561:
9287:
9164:
9050:
8508:
8480:
7897:
6488:
5344:
5041:
2325:
Distribution of Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka by DS Division according 2012 census.
2226:
and other spices, fish for pearls and seed pearls and worship idols, trading heavily with
1906:
was a lucrative international market for pearl and conch trading for the Tamil fishermen.
1694:. This cultural complex spread from southern India along with Dravidian clans such as the
8:
11538:
11500:
11426:
11366:
11238:
10649:
10629:
10586:
10313:
10135:
10105:
9082:
5936:
5707:
5642:
4481:
4148:
4103:
4091:
4083:
3715:
3626:
3606:. These dialects are also used by ethnic groups other than Tamils such as the Sinhalese,
3423:
3173:
3165:
3053:
2931:
2894:
2127:
1967:
1392:
1357:
1276:
1154:
764:
621:
9562:"ASA 37/004/2006 Sri Lanka: Waiting to go home – the plight of the internally displaced"
8905:
8855:
Kearney, R.N. (1985). "Ethnic Conflict and the Tamil Separatist Movement in Sri Lanka".
7756:
11440:
11174:
10942:
10711:
10596:
10248:
10117:
9332:
9307:
9078:
8995:
8987:
8874:
8645:
8492:
8411:
8403:
8064:
7985:
7977:
7955:
7677:
7669:
7296:
6906:
6166:
The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram, an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka
6138:
5776:
5758:
5624:
5231:
4864:
4679:
4286:
4020:
3876:
3635:
3546:
3014:
2816:
Sri Lankan Tamils (also called Ceylon Tamils) are descendants of the Tamils of the old
2305:
2219:
2198:
2142:
1959:
1834:
further recounts the later migration of royal brides and service castes from the Tamil
1652:
1644:
is considered diverged from its original source (due to Sinhalese language influence).
1630:
1397:
1377:
1106:
1050:
756:
626:
601:
5803:"Reading the past in a more inclusive way - Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne"
4515:
Sri Lankan Tamils continue to seek refuge in countries like Canada and Australia. The
2964:
because woman is always become sister to him. But, a man can only marry in one of his
2023:
came to rely on them. By the 8th century CE Tamil villages were collectively known as
1896:
from the 6th–2nd centuries BCE. The archaeological discoveries in these towns and the
11507:
11453:
11350:
11134:
10591:
10464:
10461:
10430:
10408:
10389:
10366:
10355:
10339:
10317:
10294:
10275:
10256:
10234:
10202:
10187:
10169:
10121:
10091:
10067:
10064:
The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE
10045:
10022:
10003:
9980:
9961:
9944:
9934:
9918:
9908:
9904:
The Domain of Constant Excess: Plural Worship at the Munnesvaram Temples in Sri Lanka
9887:
9587:
8999:
8649:
8576:
8415:
8068:
7989:
7738:
7681:
7563:
7390:
7363:
7321:
7192:
7165:
6801:
6797:
6625:
6593:
6459:
6430:
6277:
Spencer, George W. "The politics of plunder: The Cholas in eleventh century Ceylon".
6237:
6212:
5762:
5658:
5591:
5512:
5187:
5129:
4445:
4087:
3753:
3262:, chiefly Roman Catholics, have preserved their heritage in the major cities such as
3207:
3161:
3045:
2865:
2827:
Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and in the capital
2321:
2123:
2115:
2084:
2063:
2001:
1971:
1866:
1705:
Settlements of culturally similar early populations of ancient Sri Lanka and ancient
1566:
1467:
1299:
1142:
1025:
in the 1980s, it is distinguished by an emphasis on themes relating to the conflict.
858:
760:
728:
712:
436:
10480:
Under the Bo Tree: Studies in Caste, Kinship, and Marriage in the Interior of Ceylon
9624:
9221:"Sri Lankan army and Tamil Tiger death tolls reveal grim cost of years of civil war"
6875:
3294:
are also found in the western coastal regions, who trace their origins to the Tamil
2234:. The Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty ruled large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until the
1717:
on the east coast of the island. Bearing a remarkable resemblance to burials in the
11565:
11467:
11398:
11164:
11144:
10706:
10601:
10581:
10446:
From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880–1900: An Economic and Social History
9046:
8979:
8866:
8637:
8571:
Newman, Jesse (2003). "Narrating displacement:Oral histories of Sri Lankan women".
8541:
8393:
8056:
7969:
7893:
7661:
6115:
5291:
5162:
5100:
4477:
4334:
4160:
3622:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3440:
3427:
3299:
3259:
3219:
3203:
3157:
3041:
2920:
2905:
2773:
2275:
2186:
2182:
2158:
1955:
1903:
1522:
1372:
1233:
1046:
716:
676:
671:
596:
449:
432:
428:
385:
89:
5531:
International Crisis Group - The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE, p13-14
5091:
Kirk, R. L. (1976). "The legend of Prince Vijaya — a study of Sinhalese origins".
4945:
3752:
According to legends, the origin of Sri Lankan Tamil literature dates back to the
3353:
2960:
of their birth and be brother or sister by relation. No man can marry in the same
2805:
faith. Though a significant amount of evidence points towards these Muslims being
11419:
11184:
11154:
11139:
10654:
9735:
9256:
9225:
8815:
8461:
8433:
7877:
7854:
7359:
Soixante ans de pentecôtisme en Alsace (1930–1990): une approche socio-historique
7155:
6789:
6614:
6587:
6424:
6258:
6231:
6164:
5752:
5419:
5297:
Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka
5251:
5166:
5119:
4500:
4450:
4402:
4124:
3934:
3779:
3719:
3450:
3235:
3169:
3153:
3145:
2898:
2798:
1997:
1878:
1874:
1760:
1756:
891:
748:
736:
732:
724:
616:
405:
9481:
7242:
4726:
3698:
in Tamil) spread basic education in religion and in languages such as Tamil and
2843:
to India. By the 1990s, most Indian Tamils had received Sri Lankan citizenship.
2793:
The two groups of Tamils located in Sri Lanka are the Sri Lankan Tamils and the
2760:
There are no accurate figures for the number of Sri Lankan Tamils living in the
2254:
Mullaitivu and Trincomalee districts are mentioned as places in Demala-pattana.
11495:
11490:
11071:
10611:
10422:
10230:
9453:
9138:
8675:
7973:
7729:
Kshatriya, GK (December 1995). "Genetic affinities of Sri Lankan populations".
5588:
Women in the Indian Diaspora: Historical Narratives and Contemporary Challenges
5318:
5304:
4544:
4508:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4372:
4338:
4294:
4185:
4067:
3963:. Snacks and sweets are generally of the homemade "rustic" variety, relying on
3898:
3887:
3857:
3562:
3495:
3199:
3193:
3036:
2860:
2817:
2243:
2146:
1940:
1924:
1835:
1752:
1721:, these sites were established between the 5th century BCE and 2nd century CE.
1660:
1641:
1640:. It is not possible to ascertain what languages that they originally spoke as
1637:
1601:
1314:
1261:
1114:
1094:
1042:
988:
922:
815:
744:
720:
689:
636:
611:
591:
469:
351:
9679:"Fighting talk: She's a revolutionary's daughter and her music oozes attitude"
8641:
7130:
Mukkuvar Vannimai: Tamil Caste and Matriclan Ideology in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka
6119:
5887:
https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol45_3_3_BSasisekara.pdf
5862:
4889:"Politically French, culturally Tamil: 12 Tamils elected in Paris and suburbs"
3625:. The Batticaloa Tamil dialect is shared between Tamils, Muslims, Veddhas and
3490:
would be cooked either on a day considered auspicious by the family or on the
2048:
11589:
11577:
11179:
11149:
9948:
9406:
8683:
8253:
8249:
6463:
5662:
5272:"'Tamils fear prison and torture in Sri Lanka 13 years after civil war ended"
4991:
4496:
4414:
4376:
4156:
3955:
3921:
3872:
3799:
3756:(3rd century BCE–6th century CE). These legends indicate that the Tamil poet
3522:
3486:
3286:
3247:
3223:
3007:
2909:
1857:
1773:
1741:
1517:
1093:
of thousands of others. The civil war ended in 2009 but there are continuing
1054:
752:
631:
584:
517:
9922:
8943:
8789:
8737:
8614:
7696:"How a unique Tamil dialect survived among a fishing community in Sri Lanka"
7188:
Matrilineal Communities, Patriarchal Realities: A Feminist Nirvana Uncovered
6966:
5104:
2296:. The Tamil migration and assimilation continued until the 18th century CE.
11382:
11022:
11012:
10059:
9768:
9683:
9592:
9283:
8857:
8290:
Destroying a Symbol: Checkered History of Sri Lanka's Jaffna Public Library
5276:
5121:
Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood
4240:
4195:. In 1976 they merged with the other Tamil political parties to become the
3950:
3946:
3802:, Senkai aazhiyaan, Thamizhmani Ahalangan are the products of this period.
3768:
3598:
3542:
3534:
3215:
3177:
3021:
2987:
2956:
and is found amongst most caste groups. Men or women remain members of the
2806:
2702:
2239:
2162:
2150:
1928:
1920:
1898:
1893:
1794:
1769:
1737:
1679:
1672:
1648:
1304:
965:
881:
825:
772:
768:
641:
606:
571:
453:
401:
10510:
9382:"Lanka's main Tamil party TNA presses for Opposition status in Parliament"
7786:
7742:
7665:
6106:
Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar (1994). "Tamils and the meaning of history".
5533:
https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/113104/186_the_sri_lankan_tamil_diaspora.pdf
4457:
After the start of the conflict between the Sri Lankan government and the
4353:
1947:
were popular amongst the Tamils at this time, as was the proliferation of
68:
11482:
11099:
11085:
10736:
9824:
9792:"Sri Lankans heading to Australia 'economic migrants', not refugees: IOM"
8429:
6216:
4696:
According to government figures, there are about 200,000 Tamils in Canada
4192:
4108:
4005:
3647:
3550:
3491:
3408:
3202:
or Puttalam Tamils, are native Sri Lankan Tamils who live in the western
3061:
3017:
2950:
2869:
2215:
2154:
2131:
2005:
1986:
1978:
1885:
1714:
1683:
1636:
are ethnically related to people in South India and early populations of
1597:
1452:
1138:
1078:
995:
798:
8626:
McConnell, D. (2008). "The Tamil people's right to self-determination".
7981:
7673:
7300:
5628:
5612:
4861:"Immigrant Hinduism in Germany: Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples"
3533:. Hindus have several temples with historic importance such as those at
1848:
evidence shows people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas (the
1590:
1137:
Tamils, Ceylon Tamils, or simply Tamils. Many still support the idea of
11113:
11092:
10746:
10110:
Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D
8991:
8878:
8407:
8060:
7523:"Participation, Patrons and the Village: The case of Puttalam District"
6191:
a few small trading settlements such as Mullativu on the north coast...
4260:
4165:
3972:
3906:
3902:
3558:
3538:
3057:
2840:
2238:
in 1619 CE. The coastal areas of the island were conquered by the
2211:
1990:
1982:
1932:
1889:
1845:
1733:
1706:
1668:
1664:
1574:
1422:
1070:
1003:
962:
820:
495:
10429:(revised ed.). Colombo: Women's Education & Research Centre.
4800:
According to HRW, there are about 120,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in the UK.
4469:(UNHCR) to identify them in 2004 as the largest asylum-seeking group.
3953:
powder are also frequently used. Appetizers can consist of a range of
3913:(a soup) and curries for breakfast and dinner. Another common item is
2782:
2074:
11572:
11345:
11064:
10385:
10116:
vol. 62. Cambridge, Mass: Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies,
9620:
9542:
8318:
7463: (District Court, Chilaw 27 October 1909), archived from
5945:
4426:
4413:, and Singapore's former foreign minister and deputy prime minister,
4044:
3976:
3938:
3787:
3727:
3656:
3631:
3594:
3526:
3065:
2947:
2261:
described walking into the island's Tamil country in the publication
2227:
2059:
1911:
1831:
1798:
1790:
1729:
1710:
1612:
1223:
1213:
1014:
969:
529:
485:
8983:
8870:
8398:
8379:
2809:, they are controversially listed as a separate ethnic group by the
2008:(537–590 CE) saw the erection and structural development of several
11078:
11007:
10997:
10987:
10644:
9711:
9312:
9292:
9055:
8513:
8485:
8438:
8099:
Kerala and Sri Lanka History, Mythology, Folklore, Rituals and Law*
7902:
7613:
6850:. Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 9–14, 27–30, 67–74, 113–118.
5256:
5236:
4893:
4646:"A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012"
4595:
4422:
4387:
4191:
Shortly thereafter, in 1973, the Federal Party decided to demand a
4048:
3980:
3942:
3783:
3723:
3699:
3691:
3506:
3472:
3387:
sect. The rest were mostly Roman Catholics who converted after the
3384:
3295:
3282:
3271:
3231:
3115:
3103:
3077:
3073:
3069:
2935:
2927:
2904:
In the 16th century the area came under the nominal control of the
2821:
2280:
2223:
2170:
2166:
2088:
1936:
1853:
1573:
and have lived on the island since at least around the 2nd century
1271:
1122:
1030:
1002:
and have lived on the island since at least around the 2nd century
992:
413:
381:
10253:
Sri Lanka: the National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle
9588:"Ottawa won't invoke notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships"
6770:. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from
6742:. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from
5559:"Eelam Tamil flag hoisted in Valvettithurai | Tamil Guardian"
4648:. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from
2801:
in Sri Lanka who are native speakers of Tamil language and are of
397:
11106:
11002:
8913:
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
6822:"The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE: Asia Report N°186"
3964:
3686:
3660:
3639:
3518:
3514:
3502:
3477:
3275:
3263:
3094:
3086:
2923:
2873:
2828:
2206:
1944:
1916:
1849:
1827:
1725:
1699:
1656:
8456:"Sri Lanka snubs UN as it bids for more trade links with the UK"
7713:. International Association of Tamil Research. pp. 486–493.
3834:
3333:
between Sri Lankan Tamils, Sinhalese, and Indian ethnic groups.
3285:, are bilingual, ensuring that the Tamil language survives as a
2210:
represents three Tamil cities on the east coast of the island -
2091:
country in the northeast of the island on a 1681 CE map by
1963:
1169:
for some Tamils in Sri Lanka and the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora.
1085:
resulted in the deaths of more than 100,000 people and the
10992:
10499:
8380:"Colonization and Ethnic Conflict in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka"
8175:
8173:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7827:
6011:
5825:
Social base of early Buddhism in south east India and Sri Lanka
5035:
5033:
4966:
4070:. This council's primary function was to act as advisor to the
3968:
3734:
it a situation that needed correction by implementation of the
3652:
3306:
3291:
3267:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3098:
3090:
3080:) traditionally use the service of those collectively known as
2292:
2286:
2231:
2190:
2103:
1815:
1203:
1010:
958:
654:
477:
440:
9357:"The Life of a Sri Lankan Tamil Bishop (and others) in Danger"
9075:"Social Change Among Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in Switzerland"
8082:
Swamy, B.G.L. (1975). "The Date of Tolksppiyam-a Retrospect".
7270:
7268:
7266:
3774:
During the Portuguese and Dutch colonial periods (1619–1796),
3108:. The castes of temple priests known as the Kurukkals and the
2926:
system. The Eastern Tamil caste hierarchy is dominated by the
1902:, a historical poem, detail how Nāka-Tivu of Nāka-Nadu on the
10977:
9434:
8197:
8045:
Zvlebil, Kamil (June 1966). "Some features of Ceylon Tamil".
7224:
7222:
7220:
6613:
Pires, Tomé; Rodrigues, Francisco; Cortesão, Armando (2005).
4430:
4390:
4119:
Shortly after independence in 1948, G.G. Ponnambalam and his
3926:
3915:
3883:
3841:
3795:
3380:
3227:
3110:
2802:
2194:
2178:
2114:, which lasted until the latter half of the 11th century CE.
2107:
1695:
1633:
1562:
1158:
1134:
561:
9505:"Asean's birth a pivotal point in history of Southeast Asia"
8170:
7824:
7339:
7337:
7110:
6295:
5999:
5673:
5448:"Vaddukoddai Resolution: More Relevant Now Than Ever Before"
5030:
3851:
3114:
are also held in high esteem. The artisans who are known as
2915:
Eastern Tamils are an agrarian-based society. They follow a
1852:
word for Tamil people) in Anuradhapura, the capital city of
980:
and are in the minority throughout the rest of the country.
8707:
8705:
8268:
8221:
8209:
7882:. University of Jaffna: Thillimalar Ragupathy. p. 217.
7263:
7069:
7067:
6681:
6679:
6589:
Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power'
6541:
6522:
5020:
5018:
3892:
3760:(Poothanthevanar from Sri Lanka) lived during this period.
3671:
3510:
3084:. The Panchamars, who serve as Kudimakkal, consists of the
3048:
to the immediate south. The Jaffna society is separated by
2978:
s. By custom, children born in a family belong to mother's
2953:
2010:
1797:
from the 2nd century BCE have been found from the north in
1162:
374:
8824:
8595:
8583:
8164:
Tamil Social Formation in Sri Lanka: A Historical Outline'
8026:
7217:
7205:
7135:
7098:
6761:"Estimated mid year population by ethnic group, 1980–1989"
5732:
5690:
5688:
4361:, Germany, built primarily by Sri Lankan Tamil expatriates
4058:, which conquered the whole island by 1815, established a
3462:
may belong to someone from a prominent local lineage like
1861:
southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.
8764:
Heidelberg Papers on South Asian and Comparative Politics
8656:
8185:
8143:
7334:
7240:
7086:
6713:
6703:
6701:
6049:
4793:
4504:
3895:, tangy mango, and tomato rice are also commonly served.
3707:
when they took over Tamil-speaking regions of Sri Lanka.
2994:, with varying names. Aside from castes with an internal
984:
in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces.
8836:
8702:
8690:
8131:
7932:
Steever, SB. (2008). "Old Tamil". In Woodard, RD (ed.).
7910:
7638:
Geographical Aspects of the Northern Province, Sri Lanka
7064:
7012:
6993:
6919:
6899:
The Life and Times of Marhoom Wappichi Marikar (booklet)
6794:
Politics from Afar: Transnational Diasporas and Networks
6676:
6638:
5987:
5917:
5623:. Sri Lanka: Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka: 43–63.
5015:
4572:
Iḷa bharatahi Dameda Samane karite Dameda gahapathikana.
3379:
In 1981, about eighty percent of Sri Lankan Tamils were
3148:
who also gave ritual importance to the dominant castes.
3056:
were in northern region dominant and were traditionally
2141:
In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant
1809:. They bore several inscriptions, including a clan name—
8354:
8342:
8330:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7433:
6660:. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena & Co. 1955. pp. 5–6.
6560:
6385:
6087:
6068:
5957:
5867:
5685:
5213:
Pilgrimage and Traditional Authority in Tamil Sri Lanka
4434:
1966:(20–24 CE) married a princess from the island. Ancient
987:
Modern Sri Lankan Tamils descend from residents of the
9731:"Asylum Seekers Stuck in Indonesia-Australia Standoff"
9251:"Up to 40,000 civilians 'died in Sri Lanka offensive'"
8885:
8434:"UN 'failed Sri Lanka civilians', says internal probe"
7251:
7241:
Seligmann, C.G.; Gabriel, C.; Seligmann, B.Z. (1911).
6938:
6698:
6612:
6503:
6366:
6347:
6328:
5252:"'Tamils still being raped and tortured' in Sri Lanka"
3281:
Some residents of these two districts, especially the
1915:, a historical poem, ethnic Tamil adventurers such as
11549:
9308:"Sri Lankan introduces new 'anti-terror' legislation"
8717:
8010:. Department of Census and Statistics. Archived from
7879:
Early Settlements in Jaffna: An Archaeological Survey
7805:
5941:"An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil"
5148:
2479:
Distribution of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka (2012)
10138:(March 2000). "Ancient Tamil Coins from Sri Lanka".
10019:
Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: A Study of its Origins
9328:"Sri Lanka to release 107 rehabilitated LTTE cadres"
7585:"Sinhalisation: Migration or Cultural Colonization?"
7470:
7386:
Rituals, folk beliefs, and magical arts of Sri Lanka
6404:
6105:
5294:; Sooka, Yasmin; Ratner, Steven R. (31 March 2011).
4143:(FP or Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi), contested the
4090:, a leader of the Tamil community, suggested to the
3712:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
2169:
in 1409 CE. The next year, the Chinese admiral
1682:(1000-500 BCE) Sri Lanka was culturally united with
10153:
The Untold Story of the Ancient Tamils of Sri Lanka
9960:(2nd ed.). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.
8537:""Disappearances" on rise in Sri Lanka's dirty war"
6664:
5479:. Department of Elections Sri Lanka. Archived from
5290:
3798:system in Jaffna, which impacted Tamil literature:
2767:
1989:), passed a few small Tamil trading settlements in
1962:established the Andhra empire and its 17th monarch
1830:speakers had attained dominance on the island, the
944:
932:
73:
A postcard image of a Sri Lankan Tamil woman, 1910.
10354:
9249:
8454:
6967:Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka.
5216:. University of California, Berkeley. p. 15.
4939:
4937:
4935:
2312:Caste system in Sri Lanka § Sri Lankan Tamils
2153:, a man descended from a family of merchants from
9191:"Amnesty International report for Sri Lanka 2007"
7383:Pranāndu, Mihindukalasūrya Ār Pī Susantā (2005),
7289:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka
6792:. In Terrence Lyons; Peter G. Mandaville (eds.).
6039:Social Affairs: A Journal for the Social Sciences
3864:in Tamil, is a popular breakfast and dinner dish.
3044:in the north, and those who are residents of the
2998:system, there are seventeen caste groups, called
991:, a former kingdom in the north of Sri Lanka and
11587:
10405:Folk Traditions and Songs of Batticaloa District
5508:War and Peace in Post-colonial Ceylon, 1948-1991
3659:by native Indian Tamil speakers. There are also
3218:. Most Negombo Tamils have assimilated into the
2986:also collectively own places of worship such as
10162:Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka
6969:"Population by Ethnicity according to District"
6617:maps, written and drawn in the east before 1515
5398:"Amnesty accuses Sri Lanka of targeting judges"
5319:"Sri Lanka president says war missing are dead"
4932:
3234:, along with other dominant groups such as the
3176:. Northern Tamils follow customary laws called
2889:Eastern Tamils inhabit a region that spans the
2837:stripped the Indian Tamils of their citizenship
2764:. Estimates range from 450,000 to one million.
2615:
2589:
9502:
9135:"The EU's relations with Sri Lanka – Overview"
8817:Education in the Third World: Some Reflections
8619:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8236:
7934:The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas
7499:International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics
7234:
6962:
6960:
6790:"5: Diaspora Identities and Homeland Politics"
6319:An Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon
5818:
5816:
4960:"The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE"
4948:. International Conferences on Skanda-Murukan.
3466:or Iyer community. In the Eastern Province, a
3120:also serve as Kudimakkal, and consists of the
3010:. However, such restrictions no longer apply.
2641:
1655:, rather than migration of people, spread the
11328:
10526:
9041:
9039:
7936:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–75.
7875:
7749:
6828:. 23 February 2010. p. 2. Archived from
5209:
4467:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
3630:retains words that are unique to present-day
2189:and Tamil that recorded offerings he made to
1542:
899:
10938:Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America
10382:Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict
10288:
9928:
9881:
8961:
8311:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8227:
8101:. New Delhi: Primus Books. pp. 285–320.
7927:
7925:
7582:
7191:. University of Michigan Press. p. 96.
7037:
6476:
6315:Coylat Wannees Land, where the Malabars live
6017:
4972:
4297:, have expressed concern about the state of
4135:which led to a split in the Tamil Congress.
3663:loan words that are unique to Jaffna Tamil.
2110:incursions into Sri Lanka culminated in the
1073:, led to the formation and strengthening of
10540:
10443:
10402:
10247:
10224:
10087:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon
9354:
9012:
8937:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8373:
8371:
8369:
8233:
8215:
8032:
7996:
7116:
7078:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
7023:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
7004:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
6957:
6949:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
6930:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
6870:
6868:
6690:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
6571:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
6552:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
6533:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
6514:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
6377:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
6358:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
6339:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
6060:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (
5863:http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/2078
5837:
5831:
5822:
5813:
5679:
5186:. University of Georgia Press. p. 92.
5180:Amarasingam, Amarnath (15 September 2015).
5179:
4943:
4819:"Ethnic conflict and refugees in Sri Lanka"
3886:are favourite dishes for lunch and dinner.
3565:are attended by all religious communities.
2938:. The main feature of their society is the
2264:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon
1935:to conquer Ceylon in the first century CE.
972:. Today, they constitute a majority in the
938:
926:
57:
51:
11335:
11321:
10533:
10519:
10330:
10201:. Copenhagen: Wm.B. Eerdman's Publishing.
10016:
9036:
8842:
8813:
8783:
8781:
8711:
8696:
8662:
8601:
8589:
8248:
8203:
8191:
8179:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7837:
7708:
7634:
7343:
7274:
7228:
7141:
7104:
6911:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6733:"Population by ethnic group, census years"
6272:
6270:
6236:. Asian Educational Services. p. 36.
6229:
6029:
5899:"Reading the past in a more inclusive way"
5395:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
3430:(Shaiva school) while the masses practice
3258:is also known as the "Catholic belt". The
3214:, and by aspects of their culture such as
2667:
2563:
1690:, iron technology, farming techniques and
1686:, and shared the same megalithic burials,
1549:
1535:
906:
892:
67:
10215:
10196:
10159:
10150:
10140:Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies
10134:
10104:
10058:
9884:Scientific Pioneer: Dr. Samuel Fisk Green
9648:"Thoroughly Dynamic: Indira Samarasekera"
9440:
9072:
9051:"Twenty years on – riots that led to war"
8629:Cambridge Review of International Affairs
8625:
8615:http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/13.htm
8506:
8397:
8300:
8274:
8254:"50 years of Sri Lankan Tamil literature"
8149:
8137:
8111:
8096:
7922:
7916:
7816:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHudson1982 (
7728:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7492:
7490:
7184:
7153:
7092:
6719:
6644:
6396:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMendis1957 (
6301:
6230:Codrington, Humphrey William (May 1995).
6093:
6079:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMendis1957 (
6005:
5993:
5963:
5935:
5923:
5873:
5738:
5641:
5610:
5545:"Tamil National Alliance -A Sinking Ship"
5504:
5093:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
5024:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4789:"Britain urged to protect Tamil Diaspora"
4709:"Linguistic Characteristics of Canadians"
4453:children in traditional clothes in Canada
2719:
2537:
2511:
2236:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
10421:
10269:
9974:
9955:
9407:"Sampanthan appointed Opposition Leader"
9247:
9045:
8926:
8674:
8366:
8360:
8348:
8336:
7892:
7562:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 55.
7439:
7382:
7286:
7257:
7073:
7018:
6999:
6944:
6925:
6865:
6685:
6566:
6547:
6528:
6509:
6372:
6353:
6334:
6162:
6055:
5694:
5151:"Imagining Eelam Tamils in Tamil cinema"
5149:Ranganathan, M.; Velayutham, S. (2012).
5117:
4749:"New bilingualism taking hold in Canada"
4669:
4667:
4611:census except 1989 which is an estimate.
4517:International Organization for Migration
4444:
4352:
4234:
4147:, which denied citizenship to Tamils of
4102:
3670:
3399:are Roman Catholics, while those of the
3352:
3349:A Hindu gentleman of North Ceylon (1859)
3344:
3226:. Sinhalisation has been facilitated by
3222:ethnic group through a process known as
2859:
2781:
2333:and are the largest ethnic group in the
2320:
1996:The conquests and rule of the island by
1919:invaded the island around 145 BCE.
1772:inscriptions of ancient South India and
10958:Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam
10379:
9728:
9676:
9535:
9421:"K. Sripavan sworn in as Chief Justice"
9288:"Sri Lankan families count cost of war"
8967:
8941:
8854:
8778:
8761:
8735:
8573:Refugee Studies Centre – Working Papers
8452:
8377:
8044:
8004:"Census of Population and Housing 2011"
7940:
7931:
7555:
7415:
7355:
7313:
6787:
6707:
6479:"Chola era temple excavated off Jaffna"
6426:Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1
6267:
6202:
6186:Early settlements in northern Sri lanka
4858:
4816:
4625:
4316:
2789:are classed as a separate ethnic group.
2181:in the south of the island, written in
2102:In the 9th and 10th centuries CE,
2014:around the island, particularly in the
1958:was influential in the region when the
1877:, one is in Anuradhapura and one is in
1713:at Pomparippu on the west coast and in
1663:from peninsular India into an existing
14:
11588:
10477:
10452:
10199:Theology and the Religions: A Dialogue
10035:
9900:
9817:
9503:Chongkittavorn, Kavi (6 August 2007).
8891:
8830:
8820:. Pune: Indian Institute of Education.
8787:
8723:
8570:
8534:
8507:Pathirana, Saroj (26 September 2006).
8428:
7953:
7811:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7509:
7487:
7450:
7448:
7211:
6896:
6878:. BBC News World Edition. 27 June 2002
6841:
6839:
6585:
6449:
6391:
6183:
6132:
6074:
5750:
5369:
4847:
4805:
4673:
4231:List of attacks attributed to the LTTE
4205:burning down the Jaffna public library
4037:
3501:There are several worshipped deities:
3375:Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka
2354:
2004:(630–668 CE) and his grandfather King
11316:
10514:
10352:
10336:Sri Lankan Tamil Society and Politics
9789:
9282:
9248:Buncombe, Andrew (12 February 2010).
9105:"2000 Human Rights Report: Sri Lanka"
8903:
8312:Ramakrishnan, Rohini (20 July 2003).
8286:
8161:
8112:Schiffman, Harold (30 October 1996).
8081:
7651:
7601:
7583:Goonetilleke, Susantha (1 May 1980).
7520:
7496:
6848:Identity Crisis of Sri Lankan Muslims
6845:
6410:
6323:Atlas of Mutual Heritage, Netherlands
6256:
5585:
5205:
5203:
4984:
4664:
4098:
3389:Portuguese conquest of Jaffna Kingdom
3361:, one of the main Kovil in Sri Lanka.
3321:
2693:
2201:for a peaceful world built on trade.
1580:
10427:Laws and Customs of Tamils of Jaffna
10307:
10291:Indian Communities in Southeast Asia
10080:
9993:
9882:Ambihaipahar, R (11 November 1998).
9790:March, Stephanie (7 November 2012).
9761:
9729:Kamanev, Marina (11 February 2009).
9614:
7956:"Note on Old Tamil and Jaffna Tamil"
7481:
7389:, Susan International, p. 459,
6890:
6670:
6477:Balachandran, P.K. (10 March 2010).
6423:Rice, Benjamin Lewis (10 May 2012).
6422:
5396:Jayasinghe, Amal (2 November 2012).
5090:
4210:
4175:state sponsored colonisation schemes
4107:Territorial claims for the state of
3845:, with sea food at a shop in Jaffna.
3815:Burning of the Jaffna Public Library
3328:Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils
2820:and east coast chieftaincies called
101:Regions with significant populations
10789:Government of the Northern Province
10293:. Singapore: Times Academic Press.
10182:Mendis, G.C. (1957, 3rd ed. 1995).
9355:Senewiratne, Brian (7 April 2012).
8535:Denyer, Simon (14 September 2006).
8481:"S Lanka civilian toll 'appalling'"
8280:
7876:PhD Ragupathy, Ponnampalam (1987).
7779:
7757:"A Hindu Gentleman of North Ceylon"
7717:
7445:
6974:. statistics.gov.lk. Archived from
6836:
6276:
5651:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
5613:"Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon"
4826:Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon
4417:, are of Sri Lankan Tamil descent.
4381:
4239:Tamil rebels in a pick-up truck in
3998:Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war
3679:missionaries in Jaffna (circa 1890)
3426:, follow the religious ideology of
2990:. Each caste contains a number of
2145:dynasty established an independent
24:
10854:Democratic Tamil National Alliance
9996:Studies in South Asian Linguistics
9874:
9645:
9340:. 8 September 2013. Archived from
8509:"Fears grow over Tamil abductions"
8453:Peachey, Paul (2 September 2013).
8378:Peebles, Patrick (February 1990).
8086:. Silver. Jubilee Volume: 292–317.
7851:"Overview: Pentecostalism in Asia"
7559:Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka
7038:Suryanarayan, V. (4 August 2001).
5200:
5039:
4535:Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema
3945:flower, and various green leaves.
3031:
2846:
2349:
2038:
1981:(Koneswaram) and further south to
1779:
25:
11622:
10492:
9886:. Colombo: Dhulasi Publications.
9677:Lynskey, Dorian (22 April 2005).
9109:United States Department of State
8469:from the original on 24 May 2022.
7898:"Tamil Tigers appeal over shrine"
7416:Nayagam, Xavier S. Thani (1959),
4503:(born Mathangi Arulpragasam) and
4465:and also overseas, prompting the
4440:
4326:Tamil civilians were interred in
4291:United States Department of State
4031:White van abductions in Sri Lanka
3638:from Kerala that originated as a
3305:Negombo Tamil indicates that the
3187:
2855:
1667:population, centuries before the
1053:carried out by Sinhalese mobs in
1009:The Sri Lankan Tamils are mostly
789:Religion in ancient Tamil country
11571:
11559:
11344:
11299:
11298:
11044:Representations in Indian cinema
10864:Tamil People's National Alliance
10498:
10407:(in Tamil). Kumaran Publishing.
9844:
9818:Lilley, Brian (22 August 2010).
9811:
9783:
9755:
9722:
9699:
9670:
9639:
9608:
9580:
9554:
9529:
9496:
9474:
9446:
9413:
9399:
9374:
9348:
9320:
9300:
9276:
9264:from the original on 24 May 2022
9241:
9213:
9183:
9157:
9127:
9097:
9066:
9006:
8897:
8848:
8807:
8755:
8729:
8668:
8607:
8564:
8528:
8500:
8473:
8446:
8422:
8314:"From the land of the Yaal Padi"
8155:
8105:
8090:
8075:
8038:
7886:
7869:
7843:
7702:
7688:
7645:
7641:. Governor's Office. p. 69.
7628:
7595:
7576:
7549:
7409:
7376:
7349:
7307:
7280:
7178:
7147:
7122:
7031:
6854:
6814:
6781:
6753:
6725:
5823:Seneviratne, Sudharshan (1984).
5370:Kaiser, Katrina (30 July 2012).
4601:
4459:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
4272:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
4270:also among each other, with the
4217:Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups
3850:
3833:
3422:The Hindu elite, especially the
3072:. The dominant castes (e.g. the
2942:system. Although the Tamil word
2768:Other Tamil-speaking communities
2721:
2695:
2669:
2643:
2617:
2591:
2565:
2539:
2513:
2073:
2047:
1611:
1589:
875:
513:Sources of ancient Tamil history
484:
396:
373:
331:
315:
299:
283:
267:
251:
235:
219:
203:
187:
171:
155:
139:
123:
107:
10717:Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact
10160:Manogaran, Chelvadurai (1987).
10151:Manogaran, Chelvadurai (2000).
10036:Hudson, Dennis (January 1992).
9901:Bastin, Rohan (December 2002),
9820:"Refugees go home for holidays"
9762:Fong, Petti (19 October 2009).
8613:The Colebrooke-Cameron Reforms
7853:. The pew forum. Archived from
7602:Corea, Henry (3 October 1960).
7185:Ruwanpura, Kanchana N. (2006).
6876:"Analysis: Tamil-Muslim divide"
6650:
6606:
6579:
6470:
6443:
6416:
6307:
6257:Maity, Sachindra Kumar (1982).
6250:
6223:
6196:
6177:
6156:
6126:
6099:
6023:
5969:
5929:
5891:
5879:
5855:
5846:
5838:Karunaratne, Priyantha (2010).
5795:
5744:
5700:
5635:
5604:
5586:Pande, Amba (5 December 2017).
5579:
5565:
5551:
5537:
5525:
5498:
5474:"Parliamentary Election - 1977"
5466:
5440:
5426:
5412:
5389:
5363:
5337:
5311:
5284:
5264:
5244:
5224:
5173:
5142:
5111:
5084:
5059:
4978:
4952:
4946:"History of the Tamil Diaspora"
4915:
4904:
4881:
4584:
4575:
4566:
4563:Dameda vanija gahapati Vishaka.
4557:
4540:Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka
3438:, constructed according to the
3298:however identify themselves as
3274:, and also in villages such as
2919:similar to the South Indian or
2316:
1786:Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka
1748:occur in the 10th century BCE.
10484:University of California Press
10403:Subramaniam, Suganthy (2006).
7157:Caste Ideology and Interaction
6135:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
5713:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
5611:Indrapala, Karthigesu (1969).
5376:Electronic Frontier Foundation
5067:"22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL"
5042:"22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL"
4781:
4755:
4741:
4715:
4701:
4676:"Tamils: Population in Canada"
4127:'s moderate, western-oriented
3585:Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil
3395:. Most Tamils who inhabit the
3198:Western Tamils, also known as
2112:Chola annexation of the island
1842:in the early historic period.
1604:during the similar time frame.
1153:of Sri Lanka. Inspired by the
13:
1:
10859:Tamil National People's Front
10844:Tamil United Liberation Front
9536:Muthiah, S. (9 August 2004).
8521:Asian Human Rights Commission
7314:Gerharz, Eva (3 April 2014).
7154:McGilvray, Dennis B. (1982).
7040:"In search of a new identity"
6429:. General Books. p. 32.
6289:Association for Asian Studies
6203:Singhal, Damodhar P. (1969).
5718:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
5232:"Q&A: Post-war Sri Lanka"
5210:Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1977).
5126:University of Minnesota Press
4618:
4357:Sri Kamadchi Ampal temple in
4348:
4227:Sri Lanka and state terrorism
4197:Tamil United Liberation Front
4139:, the leader of the splinter
3741:
3589:Sinhala words of Tamil origin
2138:in the late 11th century CE.
1728:sequences similar to that of
10444:Wenzlhuemer, Roalnd (2008).
10216:Nadarajan, Vasantha (1999).
10042:State University of New York
10017:Gunasingam, Murugar (1999).
9764:"Migrants said to be Tamils"
9459:The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)
9073:Marschall, Wolfgang (2003).
8971:The Journal of Asian Studies
7954:Kuiper, L.B.J (March 1964).
6280:The Journal of Asian Studies
6209:University of Michigan Press
6205:India and world civilization
6143:The Tamil stone inscription
5977:"The Consecrating of Vijaya"
5167:10.1080/10304312.2012.731261
4463:internally displaced persons
4281:Human rights groups such as
3994:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
3666:
3411:and other churches, such as
2242:and then became part of the
2118:renamed the northern throne
2035:(Tamil villages and lands).
1698:, prior to the migration of
981:
976:, form the plurality in the
864:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
7:
11256:Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu
10784:Northern Provincial Council
10357:The Oxford History of India
10225:Pfaffenberg, Brian (1994).
10090:. London: Robert Chiswell.
10021:. Sydney: MV publications.
9538:"The first Madras graduate"
8084:Annals of Oriental Research
7654:Anthropological Linguistics
7635:Rajeswaran, S.T.B. (2012).
7609:Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)
6592:. Random House Publishing.
6260:Masterpieces of Pallava Art
6030:Senanayake, A.M.P. (2017).
5118:Krishnan, Shankara (1999).
4817:Acharya, Arunkumar (2007).
4523:
3987:
3819:Sri Lankan Tamil literature
3748:Sri Lankan Tamil literature
3568:
3531:Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu
3340:
2476:
2222:, where the residents grow
1751:The skeletal remains of an
1709:in India were excavated at
1019:Sri Lankan Tamil literature
945:
933:
557:Chronology of Tamil history
10:
11627:
11601:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka
10806:Eastern Provincial Council
10757:NPC Resolution on Genocide
10676:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
10380:Spencer, Jonathan (1990).
10338:. New Century Book House.
10310:Sri Lanka: A Country Study
10274:. London: Anantham Books.
10184:Ceylon Today and Yesterday
10166:University of Hawaii Press
8118:University of Pennsylvania
7974:10.1163/000000062791616020
7787:"Sri Lanka: Country study"
7761:Wesleyan Juvenile Offering
7422:, Academy of Tamil Culture
7162:Cambridge University Press
6846:Mohan, Vasundhara (1987).
6826:International Crisis Group
6622:Asian Educational Services
6586:Kaplan, Robert D. (2010).
5505:Wijemanne, Adrian (1996).
5420:"Why I'm Not 'Sri Lankan'"
4985:Raman, B. (14 July 2000).
4492:Sri Lankan Tamils in India
4484:, former president of the
4370:
4364:
4268:Indian Peace Keeping Force
4220:
4214:
3991:
3870:
3824:
3745:
3578:
3572:
3364:
3325:
3191:
2882:
2778:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka
2771:
2744:
2718:
2692:
2666:
2640:
2614:
2588:
2562:
2536:
2510:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2058:, first from the right is
1869:, one is in Seruvavila in
1783:
1620:National Museum of Colombo
1330:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
1172:
831:Christianity in Tamil Nadu
445:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka
34:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka
31:
11516:
11481:
11391:
11375:
11362:Demographics of Sri Lanka
11357:
11296:
11271:
11226:
11193:
11125:
11031:
10970:
10920:
10872:
10834:All Ceylon Tamil Congress
10826:
10776:
10769:
10742:Burning of Jaffna library
10689:
10663:
10610:
10577:Tissamaharama inscription
10572:History of Eastern Tamils
10564:
10557:
10551:List of Sri Lankan Tamils
10548:
10197:Mortensen, Viggo (2004).
10066:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa.
9979:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa.
9454:"Who is Ananda Krishnan?"
8814:Jayasuriya, J.E. (1981).
8738:"Sri Lanka:Country study"
8642:10.1080/09557570701828592
7556:Peebles, Patrick (2015).
7456:Fernando v. Proctor el al
7356:Pfister, Raymond (1995).
6788:Orjuela, Camilla (2012).
6768:Statistical Abstract 2011
6740:Statistical Abstract 2011
6120:10.1080/09584939408719724
5590:. Springer. p. 106.
4530:List of Sri Lankan Tamils
4367:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora
4299:human rights in Sri Lanka
4223:Human rights in Sri Lanka
4182:Policy of standardization
4121:All Ceylon Tamil Congress
3736:Policy of standardization
3575:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects
3371:Christianity in Sri Lanka
3250:. The coastal strip from
2885:History of Eastern Tamils
2470:
2367:—
2095:as published in his book.
1511:History of Eastern Tamils
1418:Burning of Jaffna library
1229:Tissamaharama inscription
1165:, has become a symbol of
1095:allegations of atrocities
1027:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects
939:
927:
702:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora
424:
419:
368:
363:
350:
345:
329:
313:
297:
281:
265:
249:
233:
217:
201:
185:
169:
153:
137:
121:
105:
100:
83:
78:
66:
58:
52:
49:
11244:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
10953:Tamil Youth Organisation
10270:Pujangga, Putra (1997).
10218:History of Ceylon Tamils
9975:de Silva, K. M. (2005).
9956:de Silva, C. R. (1997).
9856:Prime Minister of Canada
8772:University of Heidelberg
8385:Journal of Asian Studies
7362:. P. Lang. p. 165.
6861:Ross Brann, "The Moors?"
4987:"Sri Lanka: The dilemma"
4859:Baumann, Martin (2008).
4550:
4027:of thousands of others (
1755:chief were excavated in
982:70% of Sri Lankan Tamils
707:Malaysian Tamil diaspora
523:Keezhadi excavation site
50:
32:Not to be confused with
27:South Asian ethnic group
11596:Sri Lankan Tamil people
10948:Tamils Against Genocide
10933:Canadian Tamil Congress
10849:Tamil National Alliance
10671:American Ceylon Mission
10542:Sri Lankan Tamil people
10505:Sri Lankan Tamil people
10363:Oxford University Press
10186:, Colombo, Lake House.
10114:Harvard Oriental Series
10000:Oxford University Press
8948:The Library of Congress
8944:"Tamil Militant Groups"
8904:Knuth, Rebecca (2006).
8794:The Library of Congress
8742:The Library of Congress
8296:. University of Hawaii.
8287:Knuth, Rebecca (2006).
7791:The Library of Congress
7461:3 Sri Lanka 924
6233:Short History of Ceylon
6184:Ismail, Marina (1995).
6108:Contemporary South Asia
5105:10.1002/ajpa.1330450112
4723:"Tamils by the Numbers"
4419:C. W. Thamotharampillai
4276:Tamil National Alliance
4076:Ponnambalam Arunachalam
3786:, American Ceylon, and
3758:Eelattu Poothanthevanar
3705:Dutch Reformed churches
3677:American Ceylon Mission
3393:American Ceylon Mission
3359:Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil
2866:Koneswaram Hindu Temple
2175:trilingual stone tablet
1873:, one is in Kuduvil in
1711:megalithic burial sites
1325:American Ceylon Mission
1145:that Sri Lankan Tamils
1097:being committed by the
1079:independence for Tamils
1037:Since Sri Lanka gained
11195:Languages and dialects
10732:Vaddukoddai Resolution
10308:Ross, Russell (1988).
9977:A History of Sri Lanka
9615:Hunn, Deborah (2006).
9197:. 2007. Archived from
9141:. 2007. Archived from
9111:. 2000. Archived from
9020:. SATP. Archived from
9014:Kumaratunga, Chandrika
8942:Russell, Ross (1988).
8736:Russell, Ross (1988).
8097:Indrapala, K. (2018).
6897:Zemzem, Akbar (1970).
6484:The New Indian Express
6452:South India and Ceylon
6149:South India and Ceylon
5751:Schalk, Peter (2002).
4674:Foster, Carly (2007).
4454:
4362:
4337:(a northwestern town)
4252:or secure employment.
4244:
4171:riots of May–June 1958
4145:Ceylon Citizenship Act
4116:
4017:place name etymologies
3905:and look like knitted
3821:has been obliterated.
3765:Singai Pararasasekaran
3680:
3604:Negombo Tamil dialects
3581:Languages of Sri Lanka
3362:
3350:
3310:than to Jaffna Tamil.
3180:, codified during the
2880:
2799:significant population
2797:. There also exists a
2790:
2326:
2199:Tenavaram, Tevanthurai
2120:Mummudi Chola Mandalam
2031:(Tamil villages), and
2020:Dravidian rock temples
1413:Vaddukoddai Resolution
1340:Donoughmore Commission
1209:Ancient clans of Lanka
849:Politics of Tamil Nadu
804:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu
794:Religion in Tamil Nadu
88:(estimated; excluding
10681:Jaffna Youth Congress
10635:Kotagama inscriptions
10454:Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam
10353:Smith, V. A. (1958).
10255:. London: Zed Books.
10227:The Sri Lankan Tamils
10220:. Toronto: Vasantham.
9958:Sri Lanka – A History
9652:University of Alberta
9566:Amnesty International
9510:The Nation (Thailand)
9344:on 13 September 2013.
9195:Amnesty International
9169:Amnesty International
8906:"Destroying a symbol"
8788:Russel, Ross (1988).
8008:www.statistics.gov.lk
7666:10.1353/anl.2010.0021
6163:Arumugam, S. (1980).
5349:Amnesty International
4609:Sri Lankan Government
4581:Dameda navika karava.
4486:University of Alberta
4448:
4395:Tenilankai Valanciyar
4356:
4283:Amnesty International
4238:
4186:British colonial rule
4129:United National Party
4106:
3811:Jaffna Public Library
3776:Muttukumara Kavirajar
3716:college-level schools
3674:
3494:day, and possibly on
3367:Hinduism in Sri Lanka
3356:
3348:
3212:Negombo Tamil dialect
3182:Dutch colonial period
3026:Dutch colonial period
2878:Thirugnana Sambanthar
2876:circa 700 CE by
2863:
2833:United National Party
2811:Sri Lankan government
2785:
2341:Historical population
2324:
2081:Coylot Wanees Contrey
1949:village deity worship
1821:ancient Tamil country
1719:Early Pandyan Kingdom
1473:Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
1335:Jaffna Youth Congress
1310:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
854:Dravidian nationalism
809:Hinduism in Sri Lanka
697:Indian Tamil diaspora
503:History of Tamil Nadu
420:Related ethnic groups
10928:British Tamils Forum
10507:at Wikimedia Commons
10272:A Requiem for Jaffna
10136:Mahadevan, Iravatham
10106:Mahadevan, Iravatham
9994:Gair, James (1998).
9797:ABC News (Australia)
9550:on 17 December 2004.
9482:"#17 G. Gnanalingam"
9338:Press Trust of India
9145:on 10 September 2007
8680:History of Sri Lanka
8489:. 13 February 2008.
8432:(13 November 2012).
8326:on 31 December 2013.
8048:Indo-Iranian Journal
7961:Indo-Iranian Journal
7604:"The Maravar Suitor"
7527:University of Sussex
7521:Foell, Jens (2007).
6777:on 13 November 2012.
6749:on 13 November 2012.
6456:University of Madras
5937:Mahadevan, Iravatham
5761:. pp. 100–220.
5643:Mahadevan, Iravatham
5511:. Orient Blackswan.
5402:Agence France-Presse
5240:. 20 September 2013.
4944:Sivasupramaniam, V.
4474:Greater Toronto Area
4324:internally displaced
4317:End of the civil war
4193:separate Tamil state
4149:recent Indian origin
4137:S.J.V. Chelvanayakam
4025:forced disappearance
4013:Sri Lankan Civil War
4002:Sri Lankan Civil War
3901:, which are made of
3052:. Historically, the
3024:codified during the
1993:on the north coast.
1871:Trincomalee District
1840:Anuradhapura Kingdom
1813:, a name related to
1803:Kilinochchi District
1680:protohistoric period
1571:history in Sri Lanka
1103:United Nations panel
1087:forced disappearance
1029:are noted for their
1023:Sri Lankan Civil War
1000:history in Sri Lanka
765:Tamil New Zealanders
741:Tamil South Africans
508:History of Sri Lanka
11606:Tamils of Sri Lanka
11501:Portuguese Burghers
11367:Sri Lankan diaspora
11239:Naguleswaram temple
10640:Portuguese conquest
10630:Jaffna Palace ruins
10587:Ketheeswaram temple
10314:Library of Congress
10249:Ponnambalam, Satchi
10155:. Chennai: Kumaran.
9617:"Selvadurai, Shyam"
9596:. 13 September 2010
9443:, pp. 253–254.
8833:, pp. 101–110.
7247:. pp. 331–335.
7214:, pp. 282–335.
6550:, pp. 102–104.
6531:, pp. 100–102.
6491:on 31 December 2013
6450:Pillay, K. (1963).
6304:, pp. 214–215.
6020:, pp. 546–549.
6008:, pp. 152–154.
5757:. Vol. 19–20.
5547:. 3 September 2018.
5408:on 2 February 2014.
4975:, pp. 541–557.
4962:. 23 February 2010.
4928:. 10 February 1985.
4835:on 10 February 2012
4769:on 14 December 2017
4686:on 14 February 2008
4482:Indira Samarasekera
4092:Soulbury Commission
4084:universal franchise
4060:legislative council
4038:Before independence
3979:(toddy), made from
3971:seed, coconut, and
3696:Thinnai Pallikoodam
3627:Portuguese Burghers
3470:usually belongs to
3413:Jehovah's Witnesses
3054:Sri Lankan Vellalar
2481:
2342:
2257:The English sailor
2136:Polonnaruwa kingdom
2128:Rashtrakuta Dynasty
2062:, who held off the
2056:Jaffna royal family
2027:(Tamil allotment),
1795:early Tamil writing
1692:megalithic graffiti
1358:Soulbury Commission
1282:Portuguese conquest
1099:Sri Lankan military
1013:with a significant
357:Sri Lankan dialects
46:
10943:Global Tamil Forum
10597:Munneswaram temple
10478:Yalman, N (1967).
10462:C. Hurst & Co.
10118:Harvard University
9907:, Berghahn Books,
9832:on 14 October 2013
9743:on 5 November 2009
9386:The Economic Times
9333:The Times of India
9085:on 5 December 2007
9079:University of Bern
8790:"Tamil Alienation"
8493:Human Rights Watch
8206:, pp. 73–109.
8061:10.1007/BF00963656
6798:C. Hurst & Co.
6139:Uppsala University
5809:. 26 January 2006.
5759:Uppsala University
5260:. 9 November 2013.
5071:www.dailymirror.lk
4865:Harvard University
4680:Ryerson University
4455:
4363:
4303:political killings
4287:Human Rights Watch
4245:
4155:, and then in the
4117:
4099:After independence
4021:Human Rights Watch
3877:Sri Lankan cuisine
3681:
3636:Dravidian language
3496:Tamil New Year Day
3407:are mainly Hindu.
3363:
3351:
3322:Genetic affinities
3174:Vanniar Chieftains
3066:cattle cultivation
2881:
2791:
2477:
2340:
2327:
2306:Sri Lankan society
2143:Arya Chakaravarthi
1960:Satavahana dynasty
1931:utilised superior
1746:black and red ware
1653:cultural diffusion
1581:Prehistoric period
1320:Colebrooke-Cameron
1107:Gotabaya Rajapaksa
44:
11547:
11546:
11462:
11443:
11436:
11429:
11422:
11404:Sri Lankan Tamils
11310:
11309:
11292:
11291:
10966:
10965:
10827:Political parties
10765:
10764:
10592:Koneswaram temple
10503:Media related to
10470:978-1-85065-338-7
10436:978-955-9261-16-2
10414:978-0-9549440-5-6
10395:978-0-415-04461-5
10372:978-0-19-561297-4
10345:978-81-234-0395-3
10323:978-0-16-024055-3
10300:978-981-210-017-7
10281:978-1-902098-00-5
10262:978-0-86232-198-7
10240:978-0-8133-8845-8
10208:978-0-8028-2674-9
10175:978-0-8248-1116-7
10127:978-0-674-01227-1
10097:978-1-4069-1141-1
10073:978-955-1266-72-1
10051:978-0-7914-0827-8
10028:978-0-646-38106-0
10009:978-0-19-509521-0
9986:978-955-8095-92-8
9967:978-81-259-0461-8
9940:978-2-85539-630-9
9914:978-1-57181-252-0
9893:978-955-8193-00-6
9484:. 2 December 2015
9047:Harrison, Frances
8577:Oxford University
8277:, pp. 80–84.
8228:Ambihaipahar 1998
8182:, pp. 64–65.
7894:Harrison, Frances
7840:, pp. 34–89.
7369:978-3-631-48620-7
7327:978-1-317-69279-9
7198:978-0-472-06977-4
6807:978-1-84904-185-0
6631:978-81-206-0535-0
6394:, pp. 30–31.
6077:, pp. 24–25.
6058:, pp. 30–32.
6018:Bopearachchi 2004
5983:. 8 October 2011.
5905:. 26 January 2006
5768:978-91-554-5357-2
5741:, pp. 53–54.
5682:, pp. 19–20.
5597:978-981-10-5951-3
5518:978-81-250-0364-9
5452:Colombo Telegraph
5351:. 30 October 2012
5325:. 20 January 2020
5292:Darusman, Marzuki
5193:978-0-8203-4814-8
5135:978-0-8166-3330-2
4973:Rajakrishnan 1993
4897:. 18 March 2008.
4798:. 15 March 2006.
4607:Data is based on
4307:child recruitment
4289:, as well as the
4211:Rise of militancy
4088:G. G. Ponnambalam
3555:Nallur Kandaswamy
3405:Eastern Provinces
3383:who followed the
3315:Tamil place names
3146:domestic servants
3136:(carpenters) and
3124:(brass-workers),
2758:
2757:
2506:
2494:
2475:
2474:
2331:Northern Province
2246:in 1796 CE.
2159:he was overthrown
2124:Rajadhiraja Chola
2116:Raja Raja Chola I
2064:Portuguese Empire
2029:Demelat-valademin
2002:Narasimhavarman I
1933:Chola naval power
1867:Vavuniya District
1567:Sangam literature
1559:
1558:
1468:Thimpu principles
1352:Post independence
1300:Portuguese Ceylon
1190:Sri Lankan Tamils
1167:Tamil nationalism
1161:also used by the
1147:aspired to create
1143:independent state
974:Northern Province
949:), also known as
919:Sri Lankan Tamils
916:
915:
859:Tamil Nationalism
761:Tamil Seychellois
729:Tamil Indonesians
713:Tamil Australians
667:Sri Lankan Tamils
463:
462:
45:Sri Lankan Tamils
16:(Redirected from
11618:
11576:
11575:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11555:
11458:
11439:
11432:
11425:
11418:
11349:
11348:
11337:
11330:
11323:
11314:
11313:
11302:
11301:
11203:Batticaloa Tamil
11029:
11028:
10774:
10773:
10707:Sinhala Only Act
10602:Tenavaram temple
10582:Annaicoddai seal
10562:
10561:
10535:
10528:
10521:
10512:
10511:
10502:
10487:
10474:
10449:
10440:
10418:
10399:
10376:
10360:
10349:
10327:
10304:
10285:
10266:
10244:
10221:
10212:
10179:
10156:
10147:
10131:
10101:
10077:
10055:
10032:
10013:
9990:
9971:
9952:
9925:
9897:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9863:
9848:
9842:
9841:
9839:
9837:
9828:. Archived from
9815:
9809:
9808:
9806:
9804:
9787:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9776:
9759:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9748:
9739:. Archived from
9726:
9720:
9719:
9707:"George Alagiah"
9703:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9674:
9668:
9667:
9665:
9663:
9654:. Archived from
9643:
9637:
9636:
9634:
9632:
9623:. Archived from
9612:
9606:
9605:
9603:
9601:
9584:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9546:. Archived from
9533:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9513:. Archived from
9500:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9489:
9478:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9467:
9450:
9444:
9438:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9427:
9417:
9411:
9410:
9403:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9392:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9352:
9346:
9345:
9324:
9318:
9317:
9316:. 2 August 2011.
9304:
9298:
9297:
9286:(23 July 2008).
9280:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9269:
9253:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9217:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9187:
9181:
9180:
9178:
9176:
9161:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9150:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9101:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9081:. Archived from
9070:
9064:
9063:
9049:(23 July 2003).
9043:
9034:
9033:
9031:
9029:
9024:on 19 April 2012
9016:(24 July 2004).
9010:
9004:
9003:
8965:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8939:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8910:
8901:
8895:
8889:
8883:
8882:
8852:
8846:
8840:
8834:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8811:
8805:
8804:
8802:
8800:
8785:
8776:
8775:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8748:
8733:
8727:
8721:
8715:
8709:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8672:
8666:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8623:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8599:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8580:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8556:
8554:
8545:. Archived from
8542:The Boston Globe
8532:
8526:
8525:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8458:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8426:
8420:
8419:
8401:
8375:
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8327:
8322:. Archived from
8309:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8284:
8278:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8261:
8246:
8231:
8225:
8219:
8216:Pfaffenberg 1994
8213:
8207:
8201:
8195:
8189:
8183:
8177:
8168:
8167:
8159:
8153:
8147:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8042:
8036:
8033:Subramaniam 2006
8030:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8014:on 16 April 2021
8000:
7994:
7993:
7951:
7938:
7937:
7929:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7896:(8 April 2008).
7890:
7884:
7883:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7847:
7841:
7835:
7822:
7821:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7726:
7715:
7714:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7698:. 23 March 2022.
7692:
7686:
7685:
7660:(3/4): 310–343.
7649:
7643:
7642:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7612:. Archived from
7599:
7593:
7592:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7540:
7538:
7529:. Archived from
7518:
7507:
7506:
7494:
7485:
7479:
7468:
7458:
7452:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7413:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7353:
7347:
7341:
7332:
7331:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7284:
7278:
7277:, pp. 4–12.
7272:
7261:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7238:
7232:
7226:
7215:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7126:
7120:
7119:, pp. 1–13.
7117:Subramaniam 2006
7114:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7071:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7016:
7010:
7009:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6980:
6973:
6964:
6955:
6954:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6910:
6902:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6872:
6863:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6843:
6834:
6833:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6765:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6737:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6696:
6695:
6683:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6487:. Archived from
6474:
6468:
6467:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6332:
6326:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6274:
6265:
6264:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6145:Konesar Kalvettu
6130:
6124:
6123:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6036:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6009:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5949:. Archived from
5939:(24 June 2010).
5933:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5820:
5811:
5810:
5807:Frontline (2006)
5799:
5793:
5792:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5772:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5704:
5698:
5692:
5683:
5680:Wenzlhuemer 2008
5677:
5671:
5670:
5669:on 23 July 2007.
5665:. Archived from
5645:(8 March 2002).
5639:
5633:
5632:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5478:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5404:. Archived from
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5302:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5280:. 26 March 2022.
5268:
5262:
5261:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5207:
5198:
5197:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5037:
5028:
5022:
5013:
5012:
5006:
5004:
4999:on 18 March 2020
4995:. Archived from
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4941:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4919:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4871:
4856:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4828:. Archived from
4823:
4814:
4803:
4802:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4765:. Archived from
4759:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4729:on 26 April 2014
4725:. Archived from
4719:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4682:. Archived from
4671:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4652:on 28 April 2017
4642:
4612:
4605:
4599:
4592:Cleghorn Minute:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4478:Shyam Selvadurai
4382:Pre-independence
4335:Bishop of Mannar
4250:enter university
4161:Sinhala Only Act
3854:
3837:
3428:Shaiva Siddhanta
3397:Western Province
3260:Tamil Christians
3140:(sculptor). The
3042:Jaffna peninsula
3037:Jaffna's history
3002:, or imprisoned
2906:Kingdom of Kandy
2874:Saiva literature
2774:Sri Lankan Moors
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2502:
2490:
2482:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:Eastern Province
2274:of the majority
2077:
2051:
1956:Amaravati school
1904:Jaffna Peninsula
1805:to the south in
1615:
1593:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1523:Sri Lanka portal
1373:Sinhala Only Act
1234:Pancha Ishwarams
1177:
1176:
1155:Tamil Eelam flag
1119:left the country
1115:British colonial
1047:Sinhala Only Act
978:Eastern Province
948:
942:
941:
936:
930:
929:
908:
901:
894:
882:Tamil portal
880:
879:
878:
757:Tamil Pakistanis
749:Tamil Mauritians
677:Singapore Tamils
672:Malaysian Tamils
488:
465:
464:
450:Sri Lankan Moors
433:Giraavaru people
400:
377:
337:
335:
334:
321:
319:
318:
305:
303:
302:
289:
287:
286:
273:
271:
270:
257:
255:
254:
241:
239:
238:
225:
223:
222:
209:
207:
206:
193:
191:
190:
177:
175:
174:
161:
159:
158:
145:
143:
142:
129:
127:
126:
117:2,270,924 (2012)
113:
111:
110:
79:Total population
71:
61:
60:
55:
54:
47:
43:
21:
11626:
11625:
11621:
11620:
11619:
11617:
11616:
11615:
11586:
11585:
11582:
11570:
11560:
11558:
11550:
11548:
11543:
11512:
11477:
11387:
11371:
11353:
11343:
11341:
11311:
11306:
11288:
11267:
11263:Village deities
11222:
11189:
11121:
11058:Saturday Review
11027:
10983:Genetic studies
10962:
10916:
10874:Militant groups
10868:
10822:
10816:Chief Ministers
10799:Chief Ministers
10761:
10722:Standardisation
10685:
10659:
10655:Demala Hatpattu
10606:
10553:
10544:
10539:
10495:
10490:
10471:
10437:
10423:Thambiah, H. W.
10415:
10396:
10373:
10346:
10324:
10301:
10282:
10263:
10241:
10209:
10176:
10128:
10098:
10074:
10052:
10029:
10010:
9987:
9968:
9941:
9915:
9894:
9877:
9875:Further reading
9872:
9871:
9861:
9859:
9850:
9849:
9845:
9835:
9833:
9816:
9812:
9802:
9800:
9788:
9784:
9774:
9772:
9760:
9756:
9746:
9744:
9727:
9723:
9718:. 26 June 2006.
9705:
9704:
9700:
9690:
9688:
9675:
9671:
9661:
9659:
9644:
9640:
9630:
9628:
9613:
9609:
9599:
9597:
9586:
9585:
9581:
9571:
9569:
9560:
9559:
9555:
9534:
9530:
9520:
9518:
9517:on 14 June 2013
9501:
9497:
9487:
9485:
9480:
9479:
9475:
9465:
9463:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9439:
9435:
9425:
9423:
9419:
9418:
9414:
9405:
9404:
9400:
9390:
9388:
9380:
9379:
9375:
9365:
9363:
9353:
9349:
9326:
9325:
9321:
9306:
9305:
9301:
9281:
9277:
9267:
9265:
9257:The Independent
9246:
9242:
9232:
9230:
9226:Financial Times
9219:
9218:
9214:
9204:
9202:
9189:
9188:
9184:
9174:
9172:
9163:
9162:
9158:
9148:
9146:
9133:
9132:
9128:
9118:
9116:
9103:
9102:
9098:
9088:
9086:
9071:
9067:
9044:
9037:
9027:
9025:
9011:
9007:
8984:10.2307/2058433
8966:
8962:
8952:
8950:
8940:
8927:
8917:
8915:
8908:
8902:
8898:
8890:
8886:
8871:10.2307/2644418
8853:
8849:
8843:Gunasingam 1999
8841:
8837:
8829:
8825:
8812:
8808:
8798:
8796:
8786:
8779:
8760:
8756:
8746:
8744:
8734:
8730:
8722:
8718:
8712:Gunasingam 1999
8710:
8703:
8697:Gunasingam 1999
8695:
8691:
8673:
8669:
8663:Gunasingam 1999
8661:
8657:
8624:
8620:
8612:
8608:
8602:Gunasingam 1999
8600:
8596:
8590:Gunasingam 1999
8588:
8584:
8569:
8565:
8552:
8550:
8533:
8529:
8505:
8501:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8462:The Independent
8451:
8447:
8427:
8423:
8399:10.2307/2058432
8376:
8367:
8359:
8355:
8347:
8343:
8335:
8331:
8310:
8301:
8293:
8285:
8281:
8273:
8269:
8259:
8257:
8247:
8234:
8226:
8222:
8214:
8210:
8204:Gunasingam 1999
8202:
8198:
8192:Gunasingam 1999
8190:
8186:
8180:Gunasingam 1999
8178:
8171:
8160:
8156:
8148:
8144:
8136:
8132:
8122:
8120:
8110:
8106:
8095:
8091:
8080:
8076:
8043:
8039:
8031:
8027:
8017:
8015:
8002:
8001:
7997:
7952:
7941:
7930:
7923:
7915:
7911:
7891:
7887:
7874:
7870:
7860:
7858:
7857:on 6 March 2008
7849:
7848:
7844:
7838:Sivathamby 1995
7836:
7825:
7815:
7810:
7806:
7796:
7794:
7785:
7784:
7780:
7770:
7768:
7767:: 72. July 1859
7755:
7754:
7750:
7727:
7718:
7707:
7703:
7694:
7693:
7689:
7650:
7646:
7633:
7629:
7619:
7617:
7600:
7596:
7581:
7577:
7570:
7554:
7550:
7536:
7534:
7533:on 11 June 2008
7519:
7510:
7495:
7488:
7480:
7471:
7454:
7453:
7446:
7438:
7434:
7425:
7423:
7414:
7410:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7381:
7377:
7370:
7354:
7350:
7344:Gunasingam 1999
7342:
7335:
7328:
7312:
7308:
7285:
7281:
7275:Sivathamby 1995
7273:
7264:
7256:
7252:
7239:
7235:
7231:, pp. 5–6.
7229:Sivathamby 1995
7227:
7218:
7210:
7206:
7199:
7183:
7179:
7172:
7152:
7148:
7144:, pp. 7–9.
7142:Sivathamby 1995
7140:
7136:
7127:
7123:
7115:
7111:
7107:, pp. 2–4.
7105:Sivathamby 1995
7103:
7099:
7091:
7087:
7077:
7072:
7065:
7055:
7053:
7036:
7032:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6984:
6982:
6981:on 13 July 2017
6978:
6971:
6965:
6958:
6948:
6943:
6939:
6929:
6928:, pp. 3–5.
6924:
6920:
6904:
6903:
6895:
6891:
6881:
6879:
6874:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6855:
6844:
6837:
6832:on 16 May 2010.
6820:
6819:
6815:
6808:
6786:
6782:
6774:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6746:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6718:
6714:
6706:
6699:
6689:
6684:
6677:
6669:
6665:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6632:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6584:
6580:
6570:
6565:
6561:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6475:
6471:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6421:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6395:
6390:
6386:
6376:
6371:
6367:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6338:
6333:
6329:
6312:
6308:
6300:
6296:
6275:
6268:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6228:
6224:
6207:. Vol. 2.
6201:
6197:
6182:
6178:
6161:
6157:
6131:
6127:
6104:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6034:
6028:
6024:
6016:
6012:
6004:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5962:
5958:
5953:on 1 July 2010.
5934:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5872:
5868:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5836:
5832:
5821:
5814:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5784:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5733:
5723:
5721:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5693:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5640:
5636:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5584:
5580:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5487:
5486:on 17 July 2011
5483:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5455:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5378:
5368:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5328:
5326:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5300:
5289:
5285:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5178:
5174:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5128:. p. 172.
5116:
5112:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5050:
5048:
5040:Perera, Yohan.
5038:
5031:
5023:
5016:
5002:
5000:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4942:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4905:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4869:
4867:
4857:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4821:
4815:
4806:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4732:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4689:
4687:
4672:
4665:
4655:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4606:
4602:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4526:
4443:
4403:Ananda Krishnan
4384:
4379:
4369:
4351:
4319:
4233:
4219:
4213:
4125:D.S. Senanayake
4101:
4080:William Manning
4040:
4011:civil war. The
4008:
3990:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3827:
3780:Arumuga Navalar
3750:
3744:
3720:Arumuga Navalar
3669:
3591:
3577:
3571:
3377:
3343:
3330:
3324:
3196:
3190:
3154:irrigation tank
3128:(blacksmiths),
3034:
3032:Northern Tamils
2887:
2872:, mentioned in
2858:
2849:
2847:Regional groups
2780:
2772:Main articles:
2770:
2722:
2720:
2696:
2694:
2670:
2668:
2644:
2642:
2618:
2616:
2592:
2590:
2566:
2564:
2540:
2538:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2272:caste structure
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2052:
2041:
2039:Medieval period
2018:—these Pallava
1879:Matale District
1875:Ampara District
1788:
1782:
1780:Historic period
1761:Jaffna District
1744:symbol-bearing
1661:Tamil languages
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1555:
1503:
1502:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1403:Standardization
1353:
1345:
1344:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1199:
1175:
1075:militant groups
934:ilankai tamiḻar
912:
876:
874:
869:
868:
844:
836:
835:
784:
776:
775:
737:Tamil Americans
733:Tamil Canadians
711:
692:
682:
681:
657:
647:
646:
587:
577:
576:
498:
459:
456:
452:
448:
435:
431:
412:
411:
395:
391:
372:
354:
332:
330:
316:
314:
300:
298:
284:
282:
268:
266:
252:
250:
236:
234:
220:
218:
204:
202:
188:
186:
172:
170:
165:~100,000 (2005)
156:
154:
149:~120,000 (2006)
140:
138:
124:
122:
108:
106:
87:
74:
62:
56:
42:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11624:
11614:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11581:
11580:
11568:
11545:
11544:
11542:
11541:
11536:
11531:
11526:
11520:
11518:
11514:
11513:
11511:
11510:
11505:
11504:
11503:
11498:
11496:Dutch Burghers
11491:Burgher people
11487:
11485:
11479:
11478:
11476:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11464:
11463:
11451:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11437:
11430:
11423:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11395:
11393:
11389:
11388:
11386:
11385:
11379:
11377:
11373:
11372:
11370:
11369:
11364:
11358:
11355:
11354:
11340:
11339:
11332:
11325:
11317:
11308:
11307:
11297:
11294:
11293:
11290:
11289:
11287:
11286:
11281:
11275:
11273:
11269:
11268:
11266:
11265:
11260:
11259:
11258:
11248:
11247:
11246:
11241:
11230:
11228:
11224:
11223:
11221:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11199:
11197:
11191:
11190:
11188:
11187:
11182:
11180:United Kingdom
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11131:
11129:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11119:
11118:
11117:
11110:
11103:
11096:
11089:
11082:
11075:
11072:Tamil Guardian
11068:
11061:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11035:
11033:
11026:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10974:
10972:
10968:
10967:
10964:
10963:
10961:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10924:
10922:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10878:
10876:
10870:
10869:
10867:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10830:
10828:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10820:
10819:
10818:
10813:
10803:
10802:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10780:
10778:
10771:
10767:
10766:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10693:
10691:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10667:
10665:
10661:
10660:
10658:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10625:Aryacakravarti
10622:
10616:
10614:
10612:Jaffna kingdom
10608:
10607:
10605:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10568:
10566:
10559:
10555:
10554:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10538:
10537:
10530:
10523:
10515:
10509:
10508:
10494:
10493:External links
10491:
10489:
10488:
10475:
10469:
10450:
10441:
10435:
10419:
10413:
10400:
10394:
10377:
10371:
10350:
10344:
10332:Sivathamby, K.
10328:
10322:
10305:
10299:
10286:
10280:
10267:
10261:
10245:
10239:
10231:Westview Press
10222:
10213:
10207:
10194:
10180:
10174:
10157:
10148:
10132:
10126:
10102:
10096:
10078:
10072:
10056:
10050:
10033:
10027:
10014:
10008:
9991:
9985:
9972:
9966:
9953:
9939:
9926:
9913:
9898:
9892:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9843:
9810:
9782:
9754:
9721:
9698:
9669:
9658:on 24 May 2008
9646:Pilger, Rick.
9638:
9627:on 11 May 2008
9607:
9579:
9568:. 28 June 2006
9553:
9528:
9495:
9473:
9445:
9441:Indrapala 2007
9433:
9412:
9398:
9373:
9361:Salem-News.com
9347:
9319:
9299:
9275:
9240:
9212:
9201:on 8 July 2008
9182:
9156:
9139:European Union
9126:
9115:on 7 June 2001
9096:
9065:
9035:
9005:
8960:
8925:
8896:
8894:, p. 125.
8884:
8865:(9): 898–917.
8847:
8835:
8823:
8806:
8777:
8754:
8728:
8716:
8701:
8689:
8676:de Silva, K.M.
8667:
8655:
8618:
8606:
8604:, p. 201.
8594:
8592:, p. 108.
8582:
8563:
8549:on 29 May 2009
8527:
8499:
8472:
8445:
8421:
8365:
8353:
8341:
8329:
8299:
8279:
8275:Nadarajan 1999
8267:
8256:. Tamil Circle
8250:Sivathamby, K.
8232:
8220:
8218:, p. 110.
8208:
8196:
8184:
8169:
8162:Ragupathy, P.
8154:
8152:, p. 389.
8150:Indrapala 2007
8142:
8138:Indrapala 2007
8130:
8104:
8089:
8074:
8055:(2): 113–138.
8037:
8025:
7995:
7939:
7921:
7917:Manogaran 2000
7909:
7885:
7868:
7842:
7823:
7804:
7778:
7748:
7716:
7701:
7687:
7644:
7627:
7616:on 17 May 2008
7594:
7589:Lanka Guardian
7575:
7568:
7548:
7508:
7486:
7484:, p. 171.
7469:
7444:
7432:
7408:
7395:
7375:
7368:
7348:
7333:
7326:
7306:
7279:
7262:
7250:
7233:
7216:
7204:
7197:
7177:
7170:
7164:. p. 59.
7146:
7134:
7128:McGilvray, D.
7121:
7109:
7097:
7095:, p. 230.
7093:Indrapala 2007
7085:
7076:, p. 262.
7063:
7030:
7021:, p. 181.
7011:
7002:, p. 177.
6992:
6956:
6937:
6918:
6889:
6864:
6853:
6835:
6813:
6806:
6780:
6752:
6724:
6722:, p. 275.
6720:Indrapala 2007
6712:
6697:
6688:, p. 121.
6675:
6673:, p. 166.
6663:
6649:
6647:, p. 210.
6645:Indrapala 2007
6637:
6630:
6624:. p. 85.
6605:
6598:
6578:
6569:, p. 104.
6559:
6540:
6521:
6502:
6469:
6442:
6435:
6415:
6413:, p. 224.
6403:
6384:
6365:
6346:
6327:
6306:
6302:Indrapala 2007
6294:
6266:
6249:
6242:
6222:
6195:
6176:
6155:
6125:
6098:
6094:Nadarajan 1999
6086:
6067:
6048:
6022:
6010:
6006:Mahadevan 2000
5998:
5996:, p. 157.
5994:Indrapala 2007
5986:
5968:
5964:Mahadevan 2003
5956:
5928:
5926:, p. 324.
5924:Indrapala 2007
5916:
5890:
5878:
5874:Indrapala 2007
5866:
5854:
5845:
5830:
5812:
5794:
5785:|journal=
5767:
5743:
5739:Indrapala 2007
5731:
5699:
5697:, p. 129.
5684:
5672:
5634:
5603:
5596:
5578:
5564:
5550:
5536:
5524:
5517:
5497:
5465:
5454:. 2 April 2016
5439:
5425:
5411:
5388:
5362:
5336:
5310:
5305:United Nations
5283:
5263:
5243:
5223:
5199:
5192:
5172:
5161:(6): 871–881.
5141:
5134:
5110:
5083:
5058:
5029:
5027:, p. 110.
5025:Mortensen 2004
5014:
4977:
4965:
4951:
4931:
4914:
4903:
4880:
4846:
4804:
4780:
4754:
4740:
4714:
4700:
4663:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4600:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4545:Tamil genocide
4542:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4522:
4509:George Alagiah
4451:Canadian Tamil
4442:
4441:Post civil war
4439:
4411:G. Gnanalingam
4407:Raj Rajaratnam
4383:
4380:
4373:Tamil Canadian
4365:Main article:
4350:
4347:
4339:Rayappu Joseph
4318:
4315:
4295:European Union
4215:Main article:
4212:
4209:
4100:
4097:
4039:
4036:
3989:
3986:
3959:(pickles) and
3899:String hoppers
3888:Rice and curry
3858:String hoppers
3856:
3849:
3848:
3839:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3746:Main article:
3743:
3740:
3668:
3665:
3599:Medieval Tamil
3573:Main article:
3570:
3567:
3342:
3339:
3326:Main article:
3323:
3320:
3216:customary laws
3200:Negombo Tamils
3194:Negombo Tamils
3192:Main article:
3189:
3188:Western Tamils
3186:
3168:, and eastern
3132:(goldsmiths),
3033:
3030:
2857:
2856:Eastern Tamils
2854:
2848:
2845:
2818:Jaffna Kingdom
2769:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2318:
2315:
2304:Main article:
2301:
2298:
2249:The Sinhalese
2244:British Empire
2147:Jaffna kingdom
2079:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2037:
1941:Tamil Buddhism
1836:Pandya Kingdom
1781:
1778:
1753:Early Iron Age
1732:were found in
1684:Southern India
1642:Vedda language
1638:Southeast Asia
1617:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:British Ceylon
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:Aryacakravarti
1264:
1262:Jaffna kingdom
1259:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1171:
1131:discrimination
1081:. The ensuing
1051:ethnic pogroms
989:Jaffna Kingdom
961:native to the
914:
913:
911:
910:
903:
896:
888:
885:
884:
871:
870:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Tamil Buddhism
813:
812:
811:
806:
796:
791:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
745:Myanmar Tamils
725:Tamil Italians
721:British Tamils
710:
709:
704:
699:
693:
690:Tamil diaspora
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
658:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
612:Numeral system
609:
604:
599:
594:
588:
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
569:
567:Tamil Kingdoms
564:
559:
554:
553:
552:
547:
542:
537:
527:
526:
525:
515:
510:
505:
499:
494:
493:
490:
489:
481:
480:
474:
473:
461:
460:
458:
457:
425:
422:
421:
417:
416:
410:
409:
406:Roman Catholic
389:
386:Tamil Shaivism
378:
366:
365:
361:
360:
348:
347:
343:
342:
339:
327:
326:
325:~10,000 (2000)
323:
311:
310:
307:
295:
294:
293:~24,436 (1970)
291:
279:
278:
275:
263:
262:
261:~25,000 (2010)
259:
247:
246:
243:
231:
230:
229:~30,000 (1985)
227:
215:
214:
213:~50,000 (2022)
211:
199:
198:
197:~50,000 (2008)
195:
183:
182:
181:~60,000 (2008)
179:
167:
166:
163:
151:
150:
147:
146:United Kingdom
135:
134:
131:
119:
118:
115:
103:
102:
98:
97:
81:
80:
76:
75:
72:
64:
63:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11623:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11591:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11567:
11557:
11556:
11553:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11521:
11519:
11515:
11509:
11506:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11493:
11492:
11489:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11480:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11461:
11457:
11456:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11442:
11438:
11435:
11431:
11428:
11424:
11421:
11417:
11416:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11390:
11384:
11381:
11380:
11378:
11374:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11359:
11356:
11352:
11347:
11338:
11333:
11331:
11326:
11324:
11319:
11318:
11315:
11305:
11295:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11270:
11264:
11261:
11257:
11254:
11253:
11252:
11249:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11236:
11235:
11232:
11231:
11229:
11225:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11213:Negombo Tamil
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11200:
11198:
11196:
11192:
11186:
11185:United States
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11116:
11115:
11111:
11109:
11108:
11104:
11102:
11101:
11097:
11095:
11094:
11090:
11088:
11087:
11083:
11081:
11080:
11076:
11074:
11073:
11069:
11067:
11066:
11062:
11060:
11059:
11055:
11054:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11030:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10975:
10973:
10969:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10925:
10923:
10919:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10879:
10877:
10875:
10871:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10839:Federal Party
10837:
10835:
10832:
10831:
10829:
10825:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10807:
10804:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10786:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10775:
10772:
10768:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10690:Post-colonial
10688:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10668:
10666:
10662:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10617:
10615:
10613:
10609:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10569:
10567:
10563:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10547:
10543:
10536:
10531:
10529:
10524:
10522:
10517:
10516:
10513:
10506:
10501:
10497:
10496:
10485:
10481:
10476:
10472:
10466:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10442:
10438:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10410:
10406:
10401:
10397:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10378:
10374:
10368:
10364:
10359:
10358:
10351:
10347:
10341:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10306:
10302:
10296:
10292:
10287:
10283:
10277:
10273:
10268:
10264:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10223:
10219:
10214:
10210:
10204:
10200:
10195:
10193:
10192:955-552-096-8
10189:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10158:
10154:
10149:
10146:(2): 147–156.
10145:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10093:
10089:
10088:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10060:Indrapala, K.
10057:
10053:
10047:
10043:
10039:
10034:
10030:
10024:
10020:
10015:
10011:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9992:
9988:
9982:
9978:
9973:
9969:
9963:
9959:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9936:
9932:
9927:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9910:
9906:
9905:
9899:
9895:
9889:
9885:
9880:
9879:
9858:. 18 May 2022
9857:
9853:
9847:
9831:
9827:
9826:
9821:
9814:
9799:
9798:
9793:
9786:
9771:
9770:
9765:
9758:
9742:
9738:
9737:
9732:
9725:
9717:
9716:
9713:
9708:
9702:
9686:
9685:
9680:
9673:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9642:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9611:
9595:
9594:
9589:
9583:
9567:
9563:
9557:
9549:
9545:
9544:
9539:
9532:
9516:
9512:
9511:
9506:
9499:
9483:
9477:
9462:. 27 May 2007
9461:
9460:
9455:
9449:
9442:
9437:
9422:
9416:
9408:
9402:
9387:
9383:
9377:
9362:
9358:
9351:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9334:
9329:
9323:
9315:
9314:
9309:
9303:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9285:
9284:Buerk, Roland
9279:
9263:
9259:
9258:
9252:
9244:
9229:. 23 May 2009
9228:
9227:
9222:
9216:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9186:
9170:
9166:
9160:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9130:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9100:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9069:
9062:
9058:
9057:
9052:
9048:
9042:
9040:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9009:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8972:
8964:
8949:
8945:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8914:
8907:
8900:
8893:
8888:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8859:
8851:
8844:
8839:
8832:
8827:
8819:
8818:
8810:
8795:
8791:
8784:
8782:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8758:
8743:
8739:
8732:
8726:, p. 79.
8725:
8720:
8713:
8708:
8706:
8698:
8693:
8685:
8684:Penguin Books
8681:
8677:
8671:
8665:, p. 76.
8664:
8659:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8630:
8622:
8616:
8610:
8603:
8598:
8591:
8586:
8578:
8574:
8567:
8560:
8548:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8531:
8524:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8503:
8496:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8476:
8468:
8464:
8463:
8457:
8449:
8441:
8440:
8435:
8431:
8425:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8374:
8372:
8370:
8363:, p. 73.
8362:
8361:Pujangga 1997
8357:
8351:, p. 72.
8350:
8349:Pujangga 1997
8345:
8339:, p. 75.
8338:
8337:Pujangga 1997
8333:
8325:
8321:
8320:
8315:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8292:
8291:
8283:
8276:
8271:
8255:
8251:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8230:, p. 29.
8229:
8224:
8217:
8212:
8205:
8200:
8194:, p. 68.
8193:
8188:
8181:
8176:
8174:
8165:
8158:
8151:
8146:
8140:, p. 45.
8139:
8134:
8119:
8115:
8108:
8100:
8093:
8085:
8078:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8049:
8041:
8035:, p. 10.
8034:
8029:
8013:
8009:
8005:
7999:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7962:
7957:
7950:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7935:
7928:
7926:
7919:, p. 46.
7918:
7913:
7905:
7904:
7899:
7895:
7889:
7881:
7880:
7872:
7856:
7852:
7846:
7839:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7819:
7814:, p. 29.
7813:
7808:
7792:
7788:
7782:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7752:
7744:
7740:
7737:(6): 843–66.
7736:
7732:
7731:Human Biology
7725:
7723:
7721:
7712:
7705:
7697:
7691:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7648:
7640:
7639:
7631:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7605:
7598:
7590:
7586:
7579:
7571:
7569:9781442255852
7565:
7561:
7560:
7552:
7545:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7504:
7500:
7493:
7491:
7483:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7451:
7449:
7442:, p. 12.
7441:
7440:Thambiah 2001
7436:
7421:
7420:
7419:Tamil Culture
7412:
7398:
7396:9789559631835
7392:
7388:
7387:
7379:
7371:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7352:
7346:, p. 62.
7345:
7340:
7338:
7329:
7323:
7320:. Routledge.
7319:
7318:
7310:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7259:
7258:Thambiah 2001
7254:
7246:
7245:
7237:
7230:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7213:
7208:
7200:
7194:
7190:
7189:
7181:
7173:
7171:9780521241458
7167:
7163:
7159:
7158:
7150:
7143:
7138:
7131:
7125:
7118:
7113:
7106:
7101:
7094:
7089:
7081:
7075:
7074:de Silva 1987
7070:
7068:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7034:
7026:
7020:
7019:de Silva 1987
7015:
7007:
7001:
7000:de Silva 1987
6996:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6961:
6952:
6946:
6945:de Silva 1987
6941:
6933:
6927:
6926:de Silva 1987
6922:
6914:
6908:
6900:
6893:
6877:
6871:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6849:
6842:
6840:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6809:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6784:
6773:
6769:
6762:
6756:
6745:
6741:
6734:
6728:
6721:
6716:
6710:, p. 23.
6709:
6704:
6702:
6693:
6687:
6686:de Silva 1987
6682:
6680:
6672:
6667:
6659:
6653:
6646:
6641:
6633:
6627:
6623:
6620:. New Delhi:
6619:
6618:
6609:
6601:
6599:9780679604051
6595:
6591:
6590:
6582:
6574:
6568:
6567:de Silva 1987
6563:
6555:
6549:
6548:de Silva 1987
6544:
6536:
6530:
6529:de Silva 1987
6525:
6517:
6512:, p. 76.
6511:
6510:de Silva 1987
6506:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6473:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6438:
6436:9781231192177
6432:
6428:
6427:
6419:
6412:
6407:
6399:
6393:
6388:
6380:
6375:, p. 75.
6374:
6373:de Silva 1987
6369:
6361:
6356:, p. 48.
6355:
6354:de Silva 1987
6350:
6342:
6337:, p. 46.
6336:
6335:de Silva 1987
6331:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6303:
6298:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6273:
6271:
6262:
6261:
6253:
6245:
6243:9788120609464
6239:
6235:
6234:
6226:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6168:
6167:
6159:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6096:, p. 40.
6095:
6090:
6082:
6076:
6071:
6063:
6057:
6056:de Silva 1987
6052:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6014:
6007:
6002:
5995:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5966:, p. 48.
5965:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5925:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5876:, p. 91.
5875:
5870:
5864:
5858:
5849:
5841:
5834:
5826:
5819:
5817:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5790:
5778:
5770:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5747:
5740:
5735:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5696:
5695:de Silva 2005
5691:
5689:
5681:
5676:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5574:
5568:
5560:
5554:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5520:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5501:
5482:
5475:
5469:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5435:
5429:
5421:
5415:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5307:. p. 41.
5306:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5206:
5204:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5137:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5034:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5011:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4992:Business Line
4988:
4981:
4974:
4969:
4961:
4955:
4947:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4907:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4877:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4750:
4744:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4710:
4704:
4697:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4668:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4610:
4604:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4497:Tamil British
4493:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4452:
4447:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4415:S. Rajaratnam
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4378:
4377:British Tamil
4374:
4368:
4360:
4355:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:special camps
4325:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4157:Privy council
4154:
4153:Supreme Court
4151:, before the
4150:
4146:
4142:
4141:Federal Party
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3874:
3873:Tamil cuisine
3863:
3859:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3800:Dominic Jeeva
3797:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:Sangam period
3749:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3673:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:Kannaki Amman
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3432:folk Hinduism
3429:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3287:lingua franca
3284:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:Sinhalisation
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3158:water buffalo
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3008:toddy tapping
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:Hindu temples
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:s not in the
2970:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:ethnic Tamils
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:Indian Tamils
2788:
2787:Indian Tamils
2784:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2625:North Western
2613:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:North Central
2587:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2313:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2204:The 1502 map
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2036:
2034:
2033:Demel-gam-bim
2030:
2026:
2025:Demel-kaballa
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:Hindu Saivism
1934:
1930:
1929:Eelamcetcenni
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1858:Tissamaharama
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1807:Tissamaharama
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1740:that the non-
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:According to
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1621:
1614:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Tamils portal
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:, a proposed
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:, along with
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:chieftaincies
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:Ceylon Tamils
947:
935:
928:இலங்கை தமிழர்
924:
920:
909:
904:
902:
897:
895:
890:
889:
887:
886:
883:
873:
872:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
840:
839:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:Tamil Germans
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:French Tamils
714:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
691:
686:
685:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
662:Indian Tamils
660:
659:
656:
651:
650:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
586:
581:
580:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
524:
521:
520:
519:
518:Sangam period
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
497:
492:
491:
487:
483:
482:
479:
476:
475:
471:
467:
466:
455:
451:
446:
442:
441:Indian Tamils
438:
434:
430:
427:
426:
423:
418:
415:
407:
403:
399:
394:
390:
387:
383:
380:
379:
376:
371:
367:
362:
358:
353:
349:
344:
341:~9,000 (2003)
340:
328:
324:
312:
308:
296:
292:
280:
276:
264:
260:
258:United States
248:
244:
232:
228:
216:
212:
200:
196:
184:
180:
168:
164:
152:
148:
136:
132:
120:
116:
104:
99:
95:
94:Indian Tamils
91:
86:
85:~ 3.0 million
82:
77:
70:
65:
59:இலங்கை தமிழர்
48:
39:
35:
30:
19:
11611:Tamil people
11583:
11403:
11208:Jaffna Tamil
11112:
11105:
11098:
11091:
11084:
11077:
11070:
11063:
11056:
11013:Thesavalamai
10702:Colonisation
10541:
10479:
10457:
10445:
10426:
10404:
10381:
10356:
10335:
10309:
10290:
10271:
10252:
10226:
10217:
10198:
10183:
10161:
10152:
10143:
10139:
10109:
10086:
10082:Knox, Robert
10063:
10037:
10018:
9998:. New York:
9995:
9976:
9957:
9930:
9903:
9883:
9860:. Retrieved
9855:
9846:
9834:. Retrieved
9830:the original
9823:
9813:
9801:. Retrieved
9795:
9785:
9773:. Retrieved
9769:Toronto Star
9767:
9757:
9745:. Retrieved
9741:the original
9734:
9724:
9710:
9701:
9689:. Retrieved
9684:The Guardian
9682:
9672:
9660:. Retrieved
9656:the original
9641:
9629:. Retrieved
9625:the original
9610:
9600:14 September
9598:. Retrieved
9593:Toronto Star
9591:
9582:
9570:. Retrieved
9556:
9548:the original
9541:
9531:
9519:. Retrieved
9515:the original
9508:
9498:
9486:. Retrieved
9476:
9464:. Retrieved
9457:
9448:
9436:
9424:. Retrieved
9415:
9401:
9389:. Retrieved
9385:
9376:
9364:. Retrieved
9360:
9350:
9342:the original
9331:
9322:
9311:
9302:
9291:
9278:
9266:. Retrieved
9255:
9243:
9231:. Retrieved
9224:
9215:
9203:. Retrieved
9199:the original
9185:
9173:. Retrieved
9159:
9147:. Retrieved
9143:the original
9129:
9117:. Retrieved
9113:the original
9099:
9087:. Retrieved
9083:the original
9068:
9060:
9054:
9026:. Retrieved
9022:the original
9008:
8978:(1): 56–77.
8975:
8969:
8963:
8951:. Retrieved
8916:. Retrieved
8899:
8887:
8862:
8858:Asian Survey
8856:
8850:
8845:, p. 7.
8838:
8826:
8816:
8809:
8797:. Retrieved
8767:
8763:
8757:
8745:. Retrieved
8731:
8719:
8714:, p. 6.
8699:, p. 5.
8692:
8679:
8670:
8658:
8636:(1): 59–76.
8633:
8627:
8621:
8609:
8597:
8585:
8572:
8566:
8558:
8551:. Retrieved
8547:the original
8540:
8530:
8518:
8512:
8502:
8490:
8484:
8475:
8460:
8448:
8437:
8430:Doucet, Lyse
8424:
8392:(1): 30–55.
8389:
8383:
8356:
8344:
8332:
8324:the original
8317:
8289:
8282:
8270:
8258:. Retrieved
8223:
8211:
8199:
8187:
8166:. p. 1.
8163:
8157:
8145:
8133:
8121:. Retrieved
8107:
8098:
8092:
8083:
8077:
8052:
8046:
8040:
8028:
8016:. Retrieved
8012:the original
8007:
7998:
7968:(1): 52–64.
7965:
7959:
7933:
7912:
7901:
7888:
7878:
7871:
7859:. Retrieved
7855:the original
7845:
7807:
7795:. Retrieved
7781:
7769:. Retrieved
7764:
7760:
7751:
7734:
7730:
7710:
7704:
7690:
7657:
7653:
7647:
7637:
7630:
7618:. Retrieved
7614:the original
7607:
7597:
7588:
7578:
7558:
7551:
7542:
7535:. Retrieved
7531:the original
7502:
7498:
7465:the original
7455:
7435:
7424:, retrieved
7418:
7411:
7400:, retrieved
7385:
7378:
7358:
7351:
7316:
7309:
7292:
7288:
7282:
7260:, p. 2.
7253:
7243:
7236:
7207:
7187:
7180:
7156:
7149:
7137:
7129:
7124:
7112:
7100:
7088:
7054:. Retrieved
7049:
7043:
7033:
7014:
6995:
6983:. Retrieved
6976:the original
6947:, p. 9.
6940:
6921:
6898:
6892:
6880:. Retrieved
6856:
6847:
6830:the original
6816:
6800:p. 98.
6793:
6783:
6772:the original
6767:
6755:
6744:the original
6739:
6727:
6715:
6708:Spencer 1990
6666:
6657:
6652:
6640:
6615:
6608:
6588:
6581:
6562:
6543:
6524:
6505:
6493:. Retrieved
6489:the original
6482:
6472:
6451:
6445:
6425:
6418:
6406:
6387:
6368:
6349:
6330:
6314:
6309:
6297:
6284:
6278:
6263:. p. 4.
6259:
6252:
6232:
6225:
6204:
6198:
6189:
6185:
6179:
6170:
6165:
6158:
6148:
6144:
6142:
6141:: 159, 503.
6134:
6128:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6089:
6070:
6051:
6042:
6038:
6025:
6013:
6001:
5989:
5980:
5971:
5959:
5951:the original
5944:
5931:
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5902:
5893:
5881:
5869:
5857:
5848:
5839:
5833:
5824:
5806:
5797:
5753:
5746:
5734:
5722:. Retrieved
5711:
5702:
5675:
5667:the original
5654:
5650:
5637:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5587:
5581:
5567:
5553:
5539:
5527:
5507:
5500:
5488:. Retrieved
5481:the original
5468:
5456:. Retrieved
5451:
5442:
5428:
5414:
5406:the original
5391:
5379:. Retrieved
5365:
5353:. Retrieved
5339:
5327:. Retrieved
5322:
5313:
5296:
5286:
5277:The Guardian
5275:
5266:
5255:
5246:
5235:
5226:
5217:
5212:
5182:
5175:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5120:
5113:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5070:
5061:
5049:. Retrieved
5046:Daily Mirror
5045:
5008:
5001:. Retrieved
4997:the original
4990:
4980:
4968:
4954:
4917:
4906:
4898:
4892:
4883:
4875:
4868:. Retrieved
4837:. Retrieved
4830:the original
4799:
4792:
4783:
4771:. Retrieved
4767:the original
4757:
4743:
4731:. Retrieved
4727:the original
4717:
4703:
4695:
4688:. Retrieved
4684:the original
4654:. Retrieved
4650:the original
4603:
4591:
4586:
4577:
4568:
4559:
4514:
4490:
4471:
4456:
4394:
4385:
4343:
4333:
4320:
4280:
4265:
4256:
4254:
4246:
4241:Killinochchi
4190:
4179:
4164:
4118:
4065:
4054:
4041:
4028:
4009:
3981:palmyra tree
3973:gingelly oil
3960:
3954:
3947:Coconut milk
3931:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3897:
3880:
3861:
3840:
3808:
3804:
3792:
3773:
3769:Tamil Sangam
3762:
3751:
3732:
3709:
3695:
3685:
3682:
3646:
3644:
3620:
3592:
3543:Naguleswaram
3535:Ketheeswaram
3500:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3421:
3378:
3335:
3331:
3312:
3304:
3280:
3248:Maradankulam
3240:
3197:
3178:Thesavalamai
3150:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3085:
3081:
3060:involved in
3035:
3022:Mukkuva laws
3012:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2943:
2939:
2917:caste system
2914:
2903:
2888:
2850:
2826:
2815:
2792:
2759:
2651:Sabaragamuwa
2503:% Sri Lankan
2478:
2328:
2317:Demographics
2291:
2285:
2279:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2205:
2203:
2151:Alagakkonara
2140:
2119:
2101:
2080:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2009:
1995:
1976:
1974:flourished.
1972:Vanni region
1953:
1910:
1908:
1899:Manimekhalai
1897:
1883:
1863:
1844:
1825:
1814:
1810:
1789:
1770:Tamil Brahmi
1764:
1750:
1738:Anuradhapura
1723:
1704:
1677:
1673:Tamil Brahmi
1649:K. Indrapala
1646:
1628:
1560:
1408:Colonisation
1368:Colonisation
1305:Dutch Ceylon
1239:Early Jaffna
1189:
1112:
1039:independence
1036:
1017:population.
1008:
986:
966:island state
955:Eelam Tamils
954:
950:
946:īḻat tamiḻar
918:
917:
826:Tamil Muslim
773:Dutch Tamils
769:Swiss Tamils
666:
627:Architecture
572:Tamilization
454:Indian Moors
439:(especially
402:Christianity
392:
369:
208:
84:
41:Ethnic group
38:
29:
18:Ceylon Tamil
11483:Multiracial
11392:Traditional
11351:Sri Lankans
11251:Catholicism
11170:New Zealand
11100:Thinakkural
11086:Tamil Times
10737:Tamil Eelam
10697:Nationalism
9862:28 November
9836:22 November
9825:Toronto Sun
9089:22 December
9028:8 September
8892:Wilson 2000
8831:Wilson 2000
8724:Wilson 2000
8018:14 November
7812:Hudson 1982
7771:10 November
7212:Yalman 1967
7132:, pp. 34–97
6392:Mendis 1957
6169:. Colombo.
6114:(1): 3–23.
6075:Mendis 1957
5909:29 November
5458:29 November
5076:17 November
5003:29 December
4507:journalist
4449:Sri Lankan-
4111:by various
4109:Tamil Eelam
4006:Tamil Eelam
3860:, known as
3690:classes on
3675:A group of
3648:Tolkappiyam
3563:Adam's Peak
3561:temple and
3551:Tondeswaram
3547:Munneswaram
3505:, Annamar,
3492:Thai Pongal
3409:Pentecostal
3062:agriculture
2951:matrilineal
2891:Trincomalee
2870:Trincomalee
2841:repatriated
2835:government
2259:Robert Knox
2216:Trincomalee
2155:Kanchipuram
2093:Robert Knox
2006:Simhavishnu
1987:Thirukkovil
1979:Trincomalee
1921:Early Chola
1886:Kudiramalai
1763:. The name
1715:Kathiraveli
1678:During the
1598:South India
1453:Tamil Eelam
1363:Nationalism
1251:Middle Ages
1198:Ancient era
1139:Tamil Eelam
1127:persecution
1077:advocating
963:South Asian
940:ஈழத் தமிழர்
799:Tamil Hindu
535:Agriculture
306:Netherlands
210:Switzerland
11590:Categories
11534:Maldivians
11517:Immigrants
11376:Indigenous
11114:Virakesari
11093:Thinakaran
11049:Literature
10777:Government
10747:Black July
10361:. Oxford:
10164:. Hawaii:
10100:. 2596825.
9803:7 November
9775:2 November
9747:2 November
9488:2 December
9426:1 February
9391:1 February
9260:. London.
7244:The Veddas
6901:. Colombo.
6411:Smith 1958
5716:. London:
5434:"TamilNet"
4656:23 October
4619:References
4371:See also:
4349:Migrations
4311:abductions
4261:Black July
4257:Podiyangal
4221:See also:
4201:1977 riots
4166:satyagraha
4133:government
3992:See also:
3907:vermicelli
3903:rice flour
3871:See also:
3742:Literature
3694:(known as
3579:See also:
3559:Kataragama
3539:Koneswaram
3365:See also:
3166:Mullaitivu
3142:Kudimakkal
3138:Kartatchar
3082:Kudimakkal
3058:husbandman
3015:indigenous
3000:Ciraikudis
2895:Batticaloa
2883:See also:
2491:Sri Lankan
2310:See also:
2212:Mullaitivu
2173:erected a
2087:country),
2016:north-east
1991:Mullaitivu
1983:Batticaloa
1890:Vallipuram
1846:Epigraphic
1784:See also:
1757:Anaikoddai
1734:Kandarodai
1724:Excavated
1707:Tamil Nadu
1702:speakers.
1669:common era
1665:mesolithic
1631:Indigenous
1483:War crimes
1423:Black July
1151:North-East
821:Tamil Jain
602:Philosophy
597:Literature
437:Dravidians
53:ஈழத்தமிழர்
11566:Sri Lanka
11399:Sinhalese
11218:Loanwords
11135:Australia
11065:Sudar Oli
10811:Governors
10794:Governors
10752:Civil War
10727:Militancy
10386:Routledge
9949:0073-8352
9715:Newswatch
9621:glbtq.com
9543:The Hindu
9175:27 August
9000:154928204
8650:154770852
8416:153505636
8319:The Hindu
8260:25 August
8069:161144239
7990:161679797
7682:144089805
7482:Gair 1998
7295:: 63–90.
7045:Frontline
6907:cite book
6671:Knox 1681
6464:250247191
6137:. 19–20.
5981:Mahavamsa
5946:The Hindu
5903:Frontline
5787:ignored (
5777:cite book
5663:1084-7561
5155:Continuum
5099:: 91–99.
5010:refugees.
4427:Singapore
4045:Methodist
3977:palm wine
3939:jackfruit
3862:Idiyappam
3788:Methodist
3728:Singapore
3692:verandahs
3687:gurukulam
3667:Education
3657:Malayalam
3632:Malayalam
3527:Mariamman
3515:Pillaiyar
3300:Sinhalese
3283:Karaiyars
3232:Karaiyars
3220:Sinhalese
3070:Karaiyars
2973:sakothara
2966:sampantha
2948:exogamous
2921:Dravidian
2822:Vannimais
2748:2,270,924
2499:Province
2463:2,270,924
2452:2,124,000
2441:1,886,900
2430:1,424,000
2419:1,164,700
2276:Sinhalese
2228:Kozhikode
2060:Cankili I
1927:, son of
1925:Karikalan
1912:Mahavamsa
1832:Mahavamsa
1799:Poonagari
1791:Potsherds
1730:Arikamedu
1488:IDP camps
1448:Militancy
1436:Civil war
1398:1974 pact
1393:1964 pact
1388:1957 Pact
1383:1954 pact
1257:Chola Era
1224:Nainativu
1214:Tamilakam
1083:civil war
1015:Christian
970:Sri Lanka
545:Education
530:Tamilakam
429:Sinhalese
346:Languages
242:Australia
226:Singapore
114:Sri Lanka
11524:Japanese
11460:Javanese
11420:Bharatha
11304:Category
11284:Football
11234:Hinduism
11227:Religion
11175:Pakistan
11165:Malaysia
11127:Diaspora
11079:TamilNet
11018:Vellalar
11008:Paraiyar
10998:Mukkuvar
10988:Karaiyar
10921:Diaspora
10770:Politics
10664:Colonial
10645:Vannimai
10456:(2000).
10448:. Brill.
10425:(2001).
10334:(1995).
10251:(1983).
10108:(2003).
10084:(1681).
10062:(2007).
9923:50028737
9712:BBC News
9691:5 August
9687:. London
9662:5 August
9631:5 August
9572:22 April
9521:2 August
9466:2 August
9313:BBC News
9293:BBC News
9262:Archived
9056:BBC News
8918:20 March
8678:(1995).
8514:BBC News
8486:BBC News
8467:Archived
8439:BBC News
8252:(2005).
7982:24646759
7903:BBC News
7861:24 March
7674:41330804
7591:: 18–29.
7426:11 March
7402:11 March
7301:23731055
6495:12 March
6045:(6): 38.
5629:43483465
5490:14 March
5323:BBC News
5257:BBC News
5237:BBC News
5051:31 March
4894:TamilNet
4733:25 April
4596:Malabars
4524:See also
4433:and the
4423:Malaysia
4388:merchant
4293:and the
4072:Governor
4068:Burghers
4049:Anglican
3988:Politics
3961:vadahams
3949:and hot
3943:hibiscus
3817:much of
3784:Anglican
3724:Malaysia
3700:Sanskrit
3569:Language
3507:Vairavar
3473:Lingayat
3468:Kurukkal
3464:Pandaram
3460:Kurukkal
3456:Kurukkal
3424:Vellalar
3417:Buddhist
3401:Northern
3341:Religion
3296:Karaiyar
3272:Puttalam
3236:Paravars
3208:Puttalam
3162:Vavuniya
3117:Kammalar
3105:Ambattar
3078:Karaiyar
3074:Vellalar
2936:Karaiyar
2932:Vellalar
2928:Mukkuvar
2762:diaspora
2677:Southern
2573:Northern
2486:Province
2471:Source:
2290:and the
2281:Salagama
2224:cinnamon
2171:Zheng He
2167:Zheng He
2165:admiral
2083:(Coylot
1968:Vanniars
1854:Rajarata
1600:and the
1493:UN Panel
1463:Diaspora
1294:Colonial
1272:Vannimai
1182:a series
1180:Part of
1123:TamilNet
1031:archaism
993:Vannimai
843:Politics
783:Religion
637:Calendar
617:Medicine
592:Language
550:Industry
470:a series
468:Part of
414:Buddhism
404:(mostly
393:Minority
384:(mostly
382:Hinduism
370:Majority
364:Religion
290:Malaysia
133:~300,000
11552:Portals
11529:Koreans
11508:Kaffirs
11473:Pathans
11414:Indians
11409:Chinese
11279:Cricket
11150:Germany
11107:Uthayan
11032:Culture
11003:Nalavar
10971:Society
10650:Vanniar
10620:History
10565:Ancient
10558:History
10312:. USA:
9366:28 July
8992:2058433
8953:25 June
8879:2644418
8799:25 June
8747:25 June
8579:: 3–60.
8408:2058432
8123:4 April
7797:25 June
7743:8543296
7620:24 June
7537:25 June
6658:Nampota
5724:23 June
5708:"Vedda"
5381:28 July
5355:28 July
4870:26 June
4796:Sinhala
4690:25 June
4499:singer
4393:called
4243:in 2004
4123:joined
4056:Britain
3965:jaggery
3884:curries
3825:Cuisine
3661:Prakrit
3640:dialect
3623:Sinhala
3616:English
3614:and or
3612:Sinhala
3519:Murukan
3503:Ayyanar
3478:trident
3307:Karavas
3292:Karavas
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2397:733,700
2386:598,900
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2207:Cantino
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1998:Pallava
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