Chan Buddhism - Knowledge

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as a whole ... Previous events in Chan were interpreted through the lens of the Song dynasty configuration, and subsequent developments in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were evaluated, even as they occurred, against what was known of the standards established during the Song. Thus the romanticized image of the great Tang dynasty masters – Mazu and his students, Caoshan, Dongshan, and their students, and of course Linji – was generated by Song dynasty authors and functioned within Song dynasty texts. Similarly, even where subsequent figures throughout East Asia – Hakuin Ekaku (1685–1769), the famous reviver of Japanese Rinzai, is the best example – evoke the examples of Bodhidharma, the Sixth Patriarch Huineng, Mazu, and the others, they do so through the conceptual filter of Song-dynasty Chan.

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Sangs rgyas ye shes. This influential work represented a crucial step in the codification of Chan, Mahayoga and the Great Perfection as distinct vehicles to enlightenment. In comparison, our group of manuscripts exhibits remarkable freedom, blurring the lines between meditation systems that were elsewhere kept quite distinct. The system of practice set out in these manuscripts did not survive into the later Tibetan tradition. Indeed, this creative integration of meditation practices derived from both Indic and Chinese traditions could only have been possible during the earliest years of Tibetan Buddhism, when doctrinal categories were still forming, and in this sense, it represents an important stage in the Tibetan assimilation of Buddhism.

4689: 2983:, which is equated with Buddha-nature. In this practice, one turns the attention from the objects of experience, to the perceiving subject itself. According to McRae, this type of meditation resembles the methods of "virtually all schools of Mahayana Buddhism," but differs in that "no preparatory requirements, no moral prerequisites or preliminary exercises are given," and is "without steps or gradations. One concentrates, understands, and is enlightened, all in one undifferentiated practice." Sharf notes that the notion of "Mind" came to be criticised by radical subitists, and was replaced by "No Mind," to avoid any reifications. 1306: 2788: 2497:... one important feature must not be overlooked: Chan was not nearly as separate from these other types of Buddhist activities as one might think he monasteries of which Chan monks became abbots were comprehensive institutions, "public monasteries" that supported various types of Buddhist activities other than Chan-style meditation. The reader should bear this point in mind: In contrast to the independent denominations of Soto and Rinzai that emerged (largely by government fiat) in seventeenth-century Japan, 1876: 2998:". The school was typified by a "loose practice," aiming to make meditation accessible to a larger audience. Shenxiu used short formulas extracted from various sutras to package the teachings, a style which is also used in the Platform Sutra. The establishment of a community in one location was a change from the wandering lives of Bodhidharma and Huike and their followers. It fitted better into the Chinese society, which highly valued community-oriented behaviour, instead of solitary practice. 2994:(神秀 606?–706), the most important successor to Hongren. By this time the group had grown into a matured congregation that became significant enough to be reckoned with by the ruling forces. The East Mountain community was a specialized meditation training centre. Hongren was a plain meditation teacher, who taught students of "various religious interests", including "practitioners of the Lotus Sutra, students of Madhyamaka philosophy, or specialists in the monastic regulations of Buddhist 3054: 18837: 13813: 11155: 11131: 342: 13824: 18847: 3604:(天聖廣燈錄), "Tiansheng Era Expanded Lamp Record", compiled by the official Li Zunxu (李遵勗) (988–1038) confirms the status of Shoushan Shengnian, but also pictures Linji as a major Chan patriarch and heir to the Mazu, displacing the prominence of the Fayan-lineage. It also established the slogan of "a special transmission outside the teaching", supporting the Linji-school claim of "Chan as separate from and superior to all other Buddhist teachings". 11222: 11209: 3877: 11199: 3337:, comparing seated meditation with polishing a tile. According to Faure, the criticism is not about dhyana as such, but "the idea of "becoming a Buddha" by means of any practice, lowered to the standing of a "means" to achieve an "end"". The criticism of seated dhyana reflects a change in the role and position of monks in Tang society, who "undertook only pious works, reciting sacred texts and remaining seated in 3287: 3272:(755–763) led to a loss of control by the Tang dynasty, and changed the Chan scene again. Metropolitan Chan began to lose its status, while "other schools were arising in outlying areas controlled by warlords. These are the forerunners of the Chan we know today. Their origins are obscure; the power of Shen-hui's preaching is shown by the fact that they all trace themselves to Hui-neng." 4458: 377: 5122:(1644–1912) Chan was part of a larger, syncretic Buddhist culture. A final phase can be distinguished from the 19th century onward, when western imperialism had a growing influence in South-East Asia, including China. A side effect of this imperial influence was the modernisation of Asian religions, adapting them to western ideas and rhetorical strategies. 2394:

politically stable and more vulnerable to sedition. As the philosophy and practice infiltrated society, many traditionalists banded together to stop the foreign influence, not so much out of intolerance (an attitude flatly rejected by both Taoism and Confucianism), but because they felt that the Chinese worldview was being turned upside down.

3356:, claimed that the Hongzhou school teaching led to a radical nondualism that denies the need for spiritual cultivation and moral discipline. While Zongmi acknowledged that the essence of Buddha-nature and its functioning in the day-to-day reality are but different aspects of the same reality, he insisted that there is a difference. 2537:. When they gathered together, the Buddha was completely silent and some speculated that perhaps the Buddha was tired or ill. The Buddha silently held up and twirled a flower and his eyes twinkled; several of his disciples tried to interpret what this meant, though none of them were correct. One of the Buddha's disciples, 3074:(惠能; 638–713), was one of the giants of Chan history, and all surviving schools regard him as their ancestor. The dramatic story of Huineng's life tells that there was a controversy over his claim to the title of patriarch. After being chosen by Hongren, the fifth ancestral founder, Huineng had to flee by night to 4916:) that obscure the transcendent wisdom of each being's Buddha-nature. Thus, Chan encourages its practitioners to distrust the very scripture or text being taught to them. The process of rediscovery goes under various terms such as "introspection", "a backward step", "turning-about" or "turning the eye inward". 3698:

One looked at the enlightened activities of one's lineal forebears in order to understand one's own identity taking the role of the participants and engaging in their dialogues instead Koan practice was a literary practice, styling snippets of encounter-dialogue into well-edited stories. It arose in

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After the 'dark period', all visible influences of Chan were eliminated from Tibetan Buddhism, and Mahayoga and Chan were carefully distinguished from each other. This trend can already be observed in the tenth-century Lamp for the Eyes in Contemplation by the great central Tibetan scholar Gnubs chen

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while the "Northern" or East Mountain school is associated with the teaching that enlightenment is gradual. This was a polemical exaggeration since both schools were derived from the same tradition, and the so-called Southern School incorporated many teachings of the more influential Northern School.

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prevailed, but Suzuki explained that in China social circumstances led to the development of a temple and training-center system in which the abbot and the monks all performed mundane tasks. These included food gardening or farming, carpentry, architecture, housekeeping, administration (or community

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Yogacara explains this "emptiness" in an analysis of the way we perceive "things". Everything we conceive of is the result of the working of the five skandhas—results of perception, feeling, volition, and discrimination. The five skandhas together compose consciousness. The "things" we are conscious

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The Caodong was the other school to survive into the Song period. Its main protagonist was Hung-chih Cheng-chueh, a contemporary of Dahui Zonggao. It put emphasis on "silent illumination", or "just sitting". This approach was attacked by Dahui as being mere passivity, and lacking emphasis on gaining

3106:. According to Zongmi, Shenhui's approach was officially sanctioned in 796, when "an imperial commission determined that the Southern line of Ch'an represented the orthodox transmission and established Shen-hui as the seventh patriarch, placing an inscription to that effect in the Shen-lung temple". 3081:

Modern scholarship, however, has questioned this narrative. Historic research reveals that this story was created around the middle of the 8th century, as part of a campaign to win influence at the Imperial Court in 731 by a successor to Huineng called Shenhui. He claimed Huineng to be the successor

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of the Hinayana works and from the early commentaries, it appears that Buddhism was being perceived and digested through the medium of religious Daoism (Taoism). Buddha was seen as a foreign immortal who had achieved some form of Daoist nondeath. The Buddhists' mindfulness of the breath was regarded

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or linguistically meaningless dialogues or questions. But to Chan Buddhists, the koan is "the place and the time and the event where truth reveals itself" unobstructed by the oppositions and differentiation of language. Answering a koan requires a student to let go of conceptual thinking and of the

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A koan (literally "public case") is a story or dialogue, generally related to Chan or other Buddhist histories; the most typical form is an anecdote involving early Chinese Chan masters. These anecdotes involving famous Chan teachers are a practical demonstration of their wisdom, and can be used to

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It took Chinese Buddhism several centuries to recognize that śūnyatā is not identical to "wu", nor does Buddhism postulate a permanent soul. The influence of those various doctrinal and textual backgrounds is still discernible in Zen. Zen teachers still refer to Buddha-nature, but the Zen tradition

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visited Shanghai in 1893, intending "to make a tour of China, to arouse the Chinese Buddhists to send missionaries to India to restore Buddhism there, and then to start a propaganda throughout the whole world", but eventually limiting his stay to Shanghai. Japanese Buddhist missionaries were active

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In the Song dynasty (960–1279), Chinese Chan Buddhism reached something of a climax paradigm. By "climax paradigm", I mean a conceptual configuration by which Chan was described in written texts, practiced by its adherents, and by extension understood as a religious entity by the Chinese population

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says. This was understood to mean that ultimate reality is not a transcendental realm, but equal to the daily world of relative reality. This idea is consistent with Chinese culture, which emphasized the mundane world and society. But this does not fully explain how the absolute is present in the

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This school developed "shock techniques such as shouting, beating, and using irrational retorts to startle their students into realization". Some of these are common today, while others are found mostly in anecdotes. It is common in many Chan traditions today for Chan teachers to have a stick with

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he genealogical presentation of the Chan transmission was first recorded on paper in the early years of metropolitan Chan activity. The earliest recorded instance of this was in the epitaph for a certain Faru, a student of Hongren's who died in 689, and by the second decade of the 8th century, the

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China. Shortly before his death, Bodhidharma appointed his disciple Dazu Huike to succeed him, making Huike the first Chinese-born ancestral founder and the second ancestral founder of Chan in China. Bodhidharma is said to have passed three items to Huike as a sign of transmission of the Dharma: a

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The Chan school had to develop a doctrinal tradition of its own to establish its position. Subsequently, the Chan tradition produced a rich corpus of written literature which has become a part of its practice and teaching. Among the earliest and most widely studied of the specifically Chan texts,

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was restored beginning in 1979, when a six-year restoration program began under the supervision of then 70-year-old Venerable Master Yuanzhou (圆拙老法师). In 1983 the temple became one of the Chinese Buddhism Regional Temples (汉族地区全国重点寺院) whilst 36-year-old Master Yiran (毅然法師) became abbot. The same

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The essence of enlightenment came to be identified with the interaction between masters and students. Whatever insight dhyana might bring, its verification was always interpersonal. In effect, enlightenment came to be understood not so much as an insight, but as a way of acting in the world with

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schools suffered from the changing circumstances, since they had depended on imperial support. The collapse of T'ang society also deprived the aristocratic classes of wealth and influence, which meant a further drawback for Buddhism. Shenxiu's Northern School and Henshui's Southern School didn't

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to lend credibility to the growing Chan-school. Only scarce historical information is available about him, but his hagiography developed when the Chan tradition grew stronger and gained prominence in the early 8th century. By this time a lineage of the six ancestral founders of Chan in China was

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Because Buddhism was a foreign influence, however, and everything "barbarian" was suspect, certain Chinese critics were jolted out of complacency by the spread of the dharma In the first four centuries of the Christian Era, this barbarian influence was infiltrating China just when it was least

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Chan is deeply rooted in the teachings and doctrines of Mahāyāna Buddhism. What the Chan tradition emphasizes is that the enlightenment of the Buddha came not through intellectual reasoning, but rather through self-realization in Dharma practice and meditation. Therefore, it is held that it is

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According to Borup the emphasis on 'mind to mind transmission' is a form of esoteric transmission, in which "the tradition and the enlightened mind is transmitted face to face". Metaphorically this can be described as the transmission from a flame from one candle to another candle, or the

5017:'s contention that a spiritual awakening was always the goal of Chan's training, but that part of what distinguished the tradition as it developed through the centuries in China was a way of life radically different from that of Indian Buddhists. In Indian Buddhism, the tradition of the 3408:

It was a desperate attempt on the part of the hard-pressed central government, which had been in disarray since the An Lu-shan rebellion of 756, to gain some measure of political, economic, and military relief by preying on the Buddhist temples with their immense wealth and extensive

2821:) in Chinese Chan texts. Only scarce historical information is available about him but his hagiography developed when the Chan tradition grew stronger and gained prominence in the early 8th century. By this time a lineage of the six ancestral founders of Chan in China was developed. 3325:

These shock techniques became part of the traditional and still popular image of Chan masters displaying irrational and strange behaviour to aid their students. Part of this image was due to later misinterpretations and translation errors, such as the loud belly shout known as

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As the Chan school grew in China, the monastic discipline also became distinct, focusing on practice through all aspects of life. Temples began emphasizing labor and humility, expanding the training of Chan to include the mundane tasks of daily life. The Chinese Chan master

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The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period was followed by the Song dynasty, which established a strong central government. During the Song dynasty, Chan (禪) was used by the government to strengthen its control over the country, and Chan grew to become the largest sect in

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is often pointed to as an event that enhanced its profile in the Western world. It was during the late 1950s and the early 1960s that the number of Westerners pursuing a serious interest in Zen, other than the descendants of Asian immigrants, reached a significant level.

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in the south to avoid the wrath of Hongren's jealous senior disciples. Shenhui succeeded in his campaign, and Huineng eventually came to be regarded as the Sixth Patriarch. In 745 Shenhui was invited to take up residence in the Heze Temple in the capital, Dongdu (modern

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These sources vary in their account of Bodhidharma being either "from Persia" (547 CE), "a Brahman monk from South India" (645 CE), "the third son of a Brahman king of South India" (c. 715 CE). Some traditions specifically describe Bodhidharma to be the third son of a

2304:, calling Chan a "natural evolution of Buddhism under Taoist conditions". Buddhism was first identified to be "a barbarian variant of Taoism", and Taoist terminology was used to express Buddhist doctrines in the oldest translations of Buddhist texts, a practice termed 1937:

The history of Chan in China can be divided into several periods. Zen, as we know it today, is the result of a long history, with many changes and contingent factors. Each period had different types of Zen, some of which remained influential, while others vanished.

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transmission from one vein to another. Exoteric transmission requires "direct access to the teaching through a personal discovery of one's self. This type of transmission and identification is symbolized by the discovery of a shining lantern, or a mirror."

4652:, the absolute reality which pervades everything in the world. In this way, it is also the primordial reality from which phenomenal reality springs. When this understanding is idealized, it becomes a transcendental reality beneath the world of appearances. 3584:

The Linji-school became the dominant school within Chan, due to support from the literati and the court. Before the Song dynasty, the Linji-school is rather obscure, and very little is known about its early history. The first mention of Linji is in the

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Later he went to live on Ta-mei mountain. When the Patriarch heard that he was residing on the mountain, he sent one of his monks to go there and ask Fa-ch'ang, "What did the Venerable obtain when he saw Ma-tsu, so that he has come to live on this

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Sunyata points to the "emptiness" or no-"thing"-ness of all "things". Though we perceive a world of concrete and discrete objects, designated by names, on close analysis the "thingness" dissolves, leaving them "empty" of inherent existence. The

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in many monasteries. In continuity with Buddhism in the previous dynasties, Buddhist masters taught integrated teachings from the various traditions as opposed to advocating for any sectarian delineation between the various schools of thought.

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state that every living being has the potential to realize awakening. Hence Buddhism offers salvation to everyone, not only to monks or those who have freed themselves almost completely from karma in previous lives. The Yogacara theory of the

2490:) masters tended to practice in solitary hermitages, or to be associated with Vinaya training monasteries or the dharma teaching centers. The later naming of the Zen school has its origins in this view of the threefold division of training. 2753:"One Vehicle", the early Chan school was sometimes referred to as the "One Vehicle School". In other early texts, the school that would later become known as Chan is sometimes even referred to as simply the "Laṅkāvatāra school" (Ch. 楞伽宗, 3440:

survive the changing circumstances. Nevertheless, Chan emerged as the dominant stream within Chinese Buddhism, but with various schools developing various emphasises in their teachings, due to the regional orientation of the period. The

3840:("The strict transmission of the five Chan schools") by Feiyin Tongrong's (1593–1662), a dharma heir of Miyun Yuanwu. The book placed self-proclaimed Chan monks without proper Dharma transmission in the category of "lineage unknown" ( 2545:

I possess the true Dharma eye, the marvelous mind of Nirvāṇa, the true form of the formless, the subtle Dharma gate that does not rest on words or letters but is a special transmission outside of the scriptures. This I entrust to

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At the beginning of the Song dynasty, practice with the koan method became popular, whereas others practiced "silent illumination." This became the source of some differences in practice between the Linji and Caodong traditions.

4030:. During his time in Taiwan, Sheng Yen was well known as one of the progressive Buddhist teachers who sought to teach Buddhism in a modern and Western-influenced world. As such, Sheng yen published over 30 Chan texts in English. 4756:, fifth-generation successor to Shenhui, also softened the edge between sudden and gradual. In his analysis, sudden awakening points to seeing into one's true nature, but is to be followed by a gradual cultivation to attain 7055: 2952:

580–651), Chan began to take shape as a distinct school. The link between Huike and Sengcan, and the fourth patriarch Daoxin "is far from clear and remains tenuous". With Daoxin and his successor, the fifth patriarch

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When Buddhism came to China, it was adapted to the Chinese culture and understanding. Theories about the influence of other schools in the evolution of Chan vary widely and are heavily reliant upon speculative

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during the Southern Sung the school of Ta-hui took precedence. The Chinese bureaucratic system entered into Chan temples throughout the country, and a highly organized system of temple rank and administration

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t was only when Hongren's successors moved into the environment of the two capitals, with its literate society and incomparably larger urban scale, that well-written texts were required for disseminating the

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Bailin Monastery was ruined long before 1949. In 1988, Jing Hui was persuaded to take over the Hebei Buddhist Association, and start rebuilding the Monastery. Jing Hui is a student and dharma successor of

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McRae gives no further information on this "Hubei faction". It may be the continuation of Shenxiu's "Northern School". See Nadeau 2012 p.89. Hebei was also the place where the Linji branch of chan arose.

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Chan was repressed in China during the recent modern era in the early periods of the People's Republic, but subsequently has been re-asserting itself on the mainland, and has a significant following in

3431:, China was without effective central control during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. China was divided into several autonomous regions. Support for Buddhism was limited to a few areas. The 3114:

Eventually both schools died out, but the influence of Shenhui was so immense that all later Chan schools traced their origin to Huineng, and "sudden enlightenment" became a standard doctrine of Chan.

3495:, or five "schools", were recognized. These were not originally regarded as "schools" or "sects", but based on the various Chan-genealogies. Historically they have come to be understood as "schools". 2146:

were assembled in this period, which reflect the influence of the "literati" on the development of Chan. In this phase Chan is transported to Japan, and exerts a great influence on Korean Seon via

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on the development of Chan. This period idealized the previous period as the "golden age" of Chan, producing the literature in which the spontaneity of the celebrated masters was portrayed.

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Monasteries and practice centers were created that tended to focus on either the Vinaya and training of monks or the teachings focused on one scripture or a small group of texts. Dhyāna (

3153:, which endorses the Buddha-nature, emphasized purity of mind, which can be attained in gradations. The Diamond-sutra emphasizes sunyata, which "must be realized totally or not at all". 2877:

in the fact that one and the same True Nature is possessed by all sentient beings, both ordinary and enlightened, and that this True Nature is only covered up and made imperceptible by

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Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant, and subsequent accounts became layered with legend. There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma's biography:

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the Chinese supposed that the teaching of Buddha-nature was, as stated by that sutra, the final Buddhist teaching, and that there is an essential truth above sunyata and the two truths.

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A review of the early historical documents and literature of early Chan masters clearly reveals that they were all well-versed in numerous Mahāyāna Buddhist sūtras. For example, in the

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Compare Mazu's "Mind is Buddha" versus "No mind, no Buddha": "When Ch'an Master Fa-ch'ang of Ta-mei Mountain went to see the Patriarch for the first time, he asked, "What is Buddha?"

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Classical Chinese Chan is characterised by a set of polarities: absolute-relative, Buddha-nature – sunyata, sudden and gradual enlightenment, esoteric and exoteric transmission.

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The teaching styles and words of the classical masters were recorded in the so-called "encounter dialogues". Snippets of these encounter dialogues were collected in texts as the

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Chan has become especially popular in its Japanese form. Although it is difficult to trace when the West first became aware of Chan as a distinct form of Buddhism, the visit of

4134:), including Chan. Fo Guang Shan is the most comprehensive of the major Buddhist organizations of Taiwan, focusing extensively on both social works and religious engagement. 4095:, who exhorted her to "work for Buddhism and for all sentient beings". The organisation began with a motto of "instructing the rich and saving the poor" as a group of thirty 9094: 8846: 3685:

The recorded encounter dialogues, and the koan collections which derived from this genre, mark a shift from solitary practice to the interaction between master and student:

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Buswell, Robert E. (1991), "The "Short-cut" Approach of K'an-hua Meditation: The Evolution of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism", in Peter N. Gregory (ed.),

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Over the course of Song dynasty (960–1279), the Guiyang, Fayan, and Yunmen schools were gradually absorbed into the Linji. Song Chan was dominated by the Linji school of

2967:. According to McRae, the "first explicit statement of the sudden and direct approach that was to become the hallmark of Ch'an religious practice" is associated with the 8408:

Mahakasyapa's smile. Silent Transmission and the Kung-an (Koan) Tradition. In: Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright (eds)(2000): "The Koan. Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism

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This persecution was devastating for metropolitan Chan, but the Chan school of Ma-tsu and his likes had survived, and took a leading role in the Chan of the later Tang.

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There were dangers involved in such a literary approach, such as fixing specific meanings to the cases. Dahui Zonggao is even said to have burned the woodblocks of the

2925:. The transmission then passed to the second ancestral founder Dazu Huike, the third Sengcan, the fourth ancestral founder Dayi Daoxin, and the fifth ancestral founder 3123:, which gives a popular account of the story of Huineng but also reconciles the antagonism created by Shenhui. Salient is that Shenhui himself does not figure in the 4128:, is the largest Buddhist monastery in Taiwan. Hsing Yun's stated position within Fo Guang Shan is that it is an "amalgam of all Eight Schools of Chinese Buddhism" ( 8723: 8490:

Linji Lu and Chinese Orthodoxy. Review of "Albert Welter. The Linji lu and the Creation of Chan Orthodoxy: The Development of Chan's Records of Sayings Literature.

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Although John R. McRae has reservations about the division of Chan history in phases or periods, he nevertheless distinguishes four phases in the history of Chan:

3781:(憨山德清), who wrote and taught extensively on both Chan and Pure Land Buddhism; Miyun Yuanwu (密雲圓悟), who came to be seen posthumously as the first patriarch of the 4706:

Early Chan recognized the "transcendence of the body and mind", followed by "non-defilement knowledge and perception", or sudden insight into the true nature (

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Though Zen-narrative states that it is a "special transmission outside scriptures" which "did not stand upon words", Zen does have a rich doctrinal background.

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According to Welter, the real founder of the Linji-school was Shoushan (or Baoying) Shengnian (首山省念) (926–993), a fourth generation dharma-heir of Linji. The

2592:, figures in the stories about Bodhidharma. Huike is regarded as the second Chan patriarch, appointed by Bodhidharma to succeed him. One of Huike's students, 2359:, and thus, rather than feeling bound to the abstract "wisdom of the sūtras", emphasized Buddha-nature to be found in "everyday" human life, just as the Tao. 5618: 3201:

also signifies a tension between Buddha-nature teachings, which imply a transcendental reality, versus śūnyatā, which denies such a transcendental reality.

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A large group of students gathered at a permanent residence, and extreme asceticism became outdated. The period of Daoxin and Hongren came to be called the

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Chan (c. 950–1300). In this phase, Chan took its definitive shape including the picture of the "golden age" of the Chan of the Tang-dynasty, and the use of

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The Formation of the Linji lu: An Examination of the Guangdeng lu/Sijia yulu and Linji Huizhao Chanshi yulu. Versions of the Linji lu in Historical Context

3620:... the Ta-hui school of Sung Chan had become closely associated with the Sung court, high officials, and the literati With the establishment of the 2270: 11963: 3761:(1263–1323). During this period, other Chan lineages, not necessarily connected with the original lineage, began to emerge with the 108th Chan Patriarch, 15257: 12878: 11353: 3892:

The modernisation of China led to the end of the Chinese Empire, and the installation of the Republic of China, which lasted on the mainland until the

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logical way we order the world, so that, like creativity in art, the appropriate insight and response arises naturally and spontaneously in the mind.

15348: 5148:(Records of the Masters of the Lankavatara). The Records of the Masters of the Lankavatara is associated with the early Chan tradition known as the " 4952:

postures. To regulate the mind, awareness is directed towards counting or watching the breath, or put in the energy center below the navel (see also

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When Buddhism was introduced in China it was understood in native terms. Various sects struggled to attain an understanding of the Indian texts. The

4306:) background began to travel to China to learn the newly developing tradition. Seon received its most significant impetus and consolidation from the 2285:. These Chinese translations of mostly Indian Sarvāstivāda Yogacara meditation manuals were the basis for the meditation techniques of Chinese Chan. 760: 4906:

In meditation practice, the Chan tradition holds that the very notions of doctrine and teachings create various other notions and appearances (Skt.

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were compiled, collections of sayings and deeds by the famous masters, appended with poetry and commentary. This genre reflects the influence of

4362:. Of these, Sōtō is the largest and Ōbaku the smallest. Rinzai is itself divided into several subschools based on temple affiliation, including 2419: 2241:(Chán-jing, 禪経, "meditation treatises"), which were influential early meditation texts mostly based on the Yogacara meditation teachings of the 716: 18696: 13106: 5176:

Fa-ch'ang said, "That old man still hasn't stopped confusing people. You can have 'neither mind nor Buddha,' I only care for 'mind is Buddha."'

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It was in this context that Buddhism entered into Chinese culture. Three types of teachers with expertise in each training practice developed:

8683: 9154: 4850:, attributed to Huineng. The most important Chan texts belong to the "encounter dialogue" genre, which developed into various collections of 4645:

explains how sensory input and the mind create the world we experience, and obscure the alaya-jnana, which is equated to the Buddha-nature.

18648: 15996: 11323: 3368:(Ch. 石頭希遷, c. 700 – c.790) is seen as the other great figure of this period. In the Chan lineages he is regarded as the predecessor of the 9103: 7800:

Gregory, Peter N. (1991), "Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation: Tsung-mi's Analysis of mind", in Peter N. Gregory (ed.),

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Gimello, Robert M. (1994), "Marga and Culture: Learning, Letters, and Liberation in Northern Sung Ch'an.", in Buswell; Gimello (eds.),

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propagated by Shenhui, insight into true nature is sudden; thereafter there can be no misunderstanding anymore about this true nature.

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in some cases. Chan Buddhism survived in Tibet for several centuries, but had mostly been replaced by the 10th century developments in

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Shuai, J. J.; Chen, H. C.; Chang, C. H. (2010-12-01). "Visualization of the Taiwaness Buddhism web based on social network analysis".

6380: 17484: 13861: 11188: 11058: 5634: 4502: 38: 17935: 7126: 3836:, Chan was "reinvented", by the "revival of beating and shouting practices" by Miyun Yuanwu (1566–1642), and the publication of the 2899:

Practice of accordance with the Dharma: to eradicate wrong thoughts and practice the six perfections, without having any "practice".

17775: 17649: 17634: 8613: 8335: 2807:, Bodhidharma is depicted as a rather ill-tempered, profusely bearded and wide-eyed barbarian. He is referred to as "The Blue-Eyed 2325:

in China were Taoists. They developed high esteem for the newly introduced Buddhist meditational techniques, and blended them with

9091: 8435:

Chan. A Historical Sketch. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori

7940: 5026:. Consequently, the enlightenment sought in Chan had to stand up well to the demands and potential frustrations of everyday life. 4501:, a master trained in both the Caodong and Linji schools. He first visited the United States in 1978 under the sponsorship of the 2890:

Practice of the retribution of enmity: to accept all suffering as the fruition of past transgressions, without enmity or complaint

13698: 13150: 9405: 9129: 8577: 8444:

Zen. A Historical Sketch. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori

7592: 8809: 8508: 3678:(大慧宗杲; 1089–1163) that Koan Chan entered its determinative stage." Gōng'àn practice was prevalent in the Linji school, to which 13353: 11333: 3903:(虛雲), a well-known figure of 20th-century Chinese Buddhism. Many Chan teachers today trace their lineage to Hsu Yun, including 3666:

These texts became classic gōng'àn cases, together with verse and prose commentaries, which crystallized into the systematized

3422: 2079: 1657: 1272: 15574: 8134: 4120:. Fo Guang Shan also calls itself the International Buddhist Progress Society. The headquarters of Fo Guang Shan, located in 3322:

them during formal ceremonies which is a symbol of authority and which can be also used to strike on the table during a talk.

17795: 9171: 9119: 8983: 8969: 8424: 8376: 8307: 8289: 8247: 8096: 8060: 8042: 8000: 7914: 7853: 7818: 7744: 7689: 7671: 7653: 7549: 7168: 3629:

The Wu-shan system was a system of state-controlled temples, which were established by the Song government in all provinces.

3330:. "Katsu" means "to shout", which has traditionally been translated as "yelled 'katsu'" – which should mean "yelled a yell". 8454:

Historical Introduction to The Record of Linji. In: The record of Linji, translated by Ruth Fuller Sasakia e.a. Pages 59–115

5005:) left behind a famous saying which had been the guiding principle of his life, "A day without work is a day without food". 3082:

of Hongren instead of Shenxiu, the recognized successor. A dramatic story of Huineng's life was created, as narrated in the

18260: 15252: 11516: 11358: 7906:

Ch'an Spirituality. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori

7813:, University of Hawai’i Press, Kuroda Institute, (originally published Princeton University Press, 1991, Princeton, N.J.), 4040:, China, and ordained in Taiwan. In 1982, he founded Lin Quan Temple in Taipei County and became known for his teaching on 3141:) in 8th-century Chinese Buddhism. Thereafter, the essential texts of the Chan school were often considered to be both the 18378: 17659: 17255: 13693: 9146: 8731: 3381: 1345: 4956:). Often, a square or round cushion placed on a padded mat is used to sit on; in some other cases, a chair may be used. 3181:

philosophies respectively. The same comparison has been made by McRae. The Madhyamaka school elaborated on the theme of

2195:

rather than on written records or histories. Some scholars have argued that Chan developed from the interaction between

18588: 18318: 18200: 17654: 16234: 14146: 13590: 13140: 11235: 8190: 3471:. An ideal picture of the Chan of the Tang period was produced, which served the legacy of this newly acquired status: 2964: 2873:

The entrance of principle is to become enlightened to the Truth on the basis of the teaching. One must have a profound

2176: 1961:. Little written information is left from this period. It is the time of the Six Patriarchs, including Bodhidharma and 1924: 1335: 740: 9038: 8386: 4898:

Central to Chan practice is dhyana or meditation. In the Lin-ji (Rinzai) school this is supplemented with koan study.

2026:(589–618 CE)). In this phase, Chan developed in multiple locations in northern China. It was based on the practice of 18638: 17459: 14667: 11436: 10327: 10101: 8889: 8874: 8766: 8355: 8230: 8034: 7791: 7707: 6862: 5964: 5587: 5557: 4494: 3933:, to spread Chinese Buddhism. Presently, Guanghua Monastery has seven branches in the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia. 3694:

This mutual enquiry of the meaning of the encounters of masters and students of the past gave students a role model:

2154:

Neither Ferguson nor McRae gives a periodisation for Chinese Chan following the Song-dynasty, though McRae mentions

1191: 755: 13683: 2861:

written by Tan Lin (曇林; 506–574), contains teachings that are attributed to Bodhidharma. The text is known from the

2580:

The actual origins of Chan may lie in ascetic practitioners of Buddhism, who found refuge in forests and mountains.

18691: 16244: 13368: 13113: 10122: 9064: 6518:

Zigmond, The Lost Tradition of Tibetan Zen Dan Zigmond reviews Sam van Schaik’s The Lost Tradition of Tibetan Zen,

4016:

Several Chinese Buddhist teachers left China during the Communist Revolution, and settled in Hong Kong and Taiwan.

3014:

later followers of Hongren had produced two separate texts describing the transmission from Bodhidharma to Shenxiu.

2499:

there was never any such thing as an institutionally separate Chan "school" at any time in Chinese Buddhist history

1305: 9021: 4795:

primarily through Dharma practice and meditation that others may attain enlightenment and become Buddhas as well.

4347:, a younger contemporary of Eisai's, journeyed to China himself, where he became a disciple of the Caodong master 18653: 18548: 17674: 17669: 17625: 17250: 16094: 15316: 14301: 13760: 13750: 11579: 8316:

Swanson, Paul L. (1993), "The Spirituality of Emptiness in Early Chinese Buddhism", in Takeuchi Yoshinori (ed.),

4875:

As a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, Chan draws many of its basic driving concepts from that tradition, such as the

3998:

year, Venerable Master Yuanzhou funded the establishment of the new Fujian Buddhism Academy (福建佛学院) on the site.

3871: 3523:(died 866), whose lineage came to be traced to Mazu, establishing him as the archetypal iconoclastic Chan-master; 2893:

Practice of the acceptance of circumstances: to remain unmoved even by good fortune, recognizing it as evanescent

2800: 2511: 2019: 8461: 18508: 18333: 17606: 16620: 16561: 16448: 16327: 16259: 14645: 14283: 14202: 13705: 13358: 13160: 13051: 12996: 11569: 8510:

Buddhism in China Today: The Example of the Bai Lin Chan Monastery. In: Perspectives, Volume 4, No.2, June 2003

7017: 5144:(JTFM, Instructions on essential expedients for calming the mind and accessing the path), itself a part of the 2764: 2082:(907–960/979)). In this phase developed the well-known Chan of the iconoclastic zen-masters. Prime figures are 1817: 1783: 1759: 745: 711: 254: 75: 16740: 16615: 4648:

When this potential is realized, and the defilements have been eliminated, the Buddha-nature manifests as the

3341:". Nevertheless, seated dhyana remained an important part of the Chan tradition, also due to the influence of 2541:, gazed at the flower and smiled. The Buddha then acknowledged Mahākāśyapa's insight by saying the following: 18658: 18073: 17810: 17469: 17318: 17240: 16662: 15704: 15215: 13854: 13675: 13373: 13056: 11348: 11181: 10631: 10374: 9202: 8860: 8644: 5209:

At least two westerners are, or claim, to be dharma successors to Jing Hui: Lily-Marie Johnson (Ming Qi) and

4343:

traveled to China and returned to establish a Linji lineage, which is known in Japan as the Rinzai. In 1215,

4158: 3086:, which tells that there was a contest for the transmission of the title of patriarch. After being chosen by 2706:, it is written that Bodhidharma was the 28th patriarch in a line of descent from Mahākāśyapa, a disciple of 1793: 1723: 61: 9297: 8705: 4838: 2741: 691: 18716: 18518: 15726: 14434: 13258: 13130: 13101: 12803: 11004: 10695: 10106: 10076: 7872: 5178:

The monk returned to the Patriarch and reported what has happened. "The plum is ripe." said the Patriarch."

5023: 4486: 4466: 4232:), which was associated with the teachings of Mazu Daoyi, and the Thảo Đường (Caodong), which incorporated 4138: 3251:

is traditionally regarded as the "golden age" of Chan. This proliferation is described in a famous saying:

16750: 4400:

In the 20th century, during the First Buddhist revival, missionaries were sent to Indonesia and Malaysia.

3911:(宣化), who have propagated Chan in the West where it has grown steadily through the 20th and 21st century. 3352:. Guifeng Zongmi (圭峰宗密) (780–841), an influential teacher-scholar and patriarch of both the Chan and the 656: 18726: 18438: 18433: 18205: 16723: 16684: 16239: 16153: 15721: 15385: 14051: 12949: 12858: 12328: 11973: 11486: 11381: 10700: 8500:

A Selected Bibliography on Chan Buddhism in China, Journal of Chinese Philosophy V. 3, (1976) pp. 299-311

7559: 4599: 4526: 3746: 2589: 1891:, which is the most commonly used English name for the school). Chan Buddhism spread from China south to 1318: 542: 16755: 16745: 12493: 9905: 9322: 6996: 3899:

After further centuries of decline during the Qing, Chan was revived again in the early 20th century by

2044:(618–907 CE)). In this phase, Chan took its first clear contours. Prime figures are the fifth patriarch 1929:

The historical records required for a complete, accurate account of early Chan history no longer exist.

735: 18881: 17499: 17444: 17140: 15880: 15375: 14046: 13988: 13798: 13278: 12754: 12240: 11363: 11196: 10764: 10584: 10322: 8106: 4625: 4510: 3444:, named after Fa-yen Wen-i (885–958) became the dominant school in the southern kingdoms of Nan-T'ang ( 3247:

Daoxin, Hongren, Shenxiu, Huineng and Shenhui all lived during the early Tang. The later period of the

2406:: reality exists on two levels, a relative level and an absolute level. Taoists at first misunderstood 2378:

Buddhism, which consequently influenced Chan deeply. On the other hand, Taoists at first misunderstood

1289: 1265: 15468: 12688: 9977: 8337:

Je kunt er niet uitvallen. Interview met Ton Lathouwers. In: Zen, jaargang 13, januari 1992, nummer 48

2064:(670–762), whose propaganda elevated Huineng to the status of sixth patriarch. Prime factions are the 1106: 18751: 18540: 18398: 17850: 16733: 16512: 16143: 15773: 15296: 14428: 14180: 14017: 13972: 13688: 13501: 13491: 13363: 12346: 11926: 11687: 11662: 10446: 8107:"A Review of Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China" 5286: 4688: 3813: 3218: 2866: 2745:. As a result, early masters of the Chan tradition were referred to as "Laṅkāvatāra masters". As the 2282: 1752: 1611: 1363: 16851: 11712: 8368:

Introduction to "Branching streams flow in the darkness: Zen talks on the Sandokai"by Shunryū Suzuki

7033: 4425: 3967:

of the 1970s, a new revival of Chinese Buddhism has been ongoing. Ancient Buddhist temples, such as

3009:, who paid him due to imperial reverence. The first lineage documents were produced in this period: 17: 18255: 18215: 18170: 17960: 17950: 17755: 17504: 17329: 17265: 17235: 17125: 16890: 16799: 16767: 16728: 16640: 15537: 14762: 14698: 14168: 14153: 13847: 13793: 13145: 12959: 12937: 12930: 12833: 12366: 11986: 11802: 11747: 11368: 11174: 10369: 9271: 9250: 8691: 8665: 7973: 4283: 3994: 3972: 3930: 2569: 1601: 1325: 1219: 868: 465: 428: 314: 15205: 9368: 8614:"Tstuomu Kambe: Bodhidharma (around 440? - 528?). A collection of stories from Chinese literature" 6241:

The Formation of Ch'an Ideology in China and Korea: The Vajrasamadhi-Sutra, a Buddhist Apocryphon.

2803:

to teach a "special transmission outside scriptures" which "did not stand upon words". Throughout

1606: 1214: 18706: 18643: 18593: 18553: 18498: 18133: 18128: 18018: 17965: 17855: 17785: 17581: 17387: 17302: 16507: 16485: 16284: 16106: 15631: 15247: 15174: 14858: 14229: 14029: 13938: 13730: 13710: 13041: 13021: 12778: 12508: 11752: 10843: 9967: 4404:, who played a central role in the revival of Indonesian Buddhism, received ordination as a Chan 3968: 3964: 3923: 3857:

Around 1900, Buddhists from other Asian countries showed a growing interest in Chinese Buddhism.

3027:

Members of the "East Mountain Teaching" shifted the alleged scriptural basis, realizing that the

1186: 1096: 1091: 9373: 4571: 4555:

emphasize the non-duality of form and emptiness: "form is emptiness, emptiness is form", as the

2736: 2572:

or an Indian monk. The story of his life, and of the Six Patriarchs, was constructed during the

1999:, from around 950 to 1250, which spans the era of the Song dynasty (960–1279). In this time the 1639: 18871: 18573: 18468: 18428: 18408: 18265: 18240: 18145: 18118: 18068: 18038: 18028: 17945: 17910: 17895: 17880: 17835: 17770: 17439: 17370: 17275: 17270: 17011: 16934: 16696: 16578: 16502: 16299: 16289: 16148: 16116: 16054: 16025: 15532: 15527: 15311: 15192: 15152: 14937: 14278: 14273: 14253: 14249: 13740: 13580: 13248: 13218: 12991: 12942: 12783: 12731: 12726: 12488: 12309: 12206: 11958: 11953: 11702: 11142: 10466: 10359: 10014: 8256: 6892:

The Revival of Tiantai Buddhism in the Late Ming: On the Thought of Youxi Chuandeng (1554-1628)

5149: 4720: 4660:, a text from the prajñaparamita sutras, articulates this in the following saying in which the 4109: 3716:

insight into one's true nature. Cheng-chueh in his turn criticized the emphasis on koan study.

3401: 2987: 2968: 2896:

Practice of the absence of craving: to be without craving, which is the source of all suffering

2266: 2065: 1634: 1159: 818: 778: 636: 455: 12070: 10548: 10538: 10009: 2250: 2208: 1111: 803: 18814: 18759: 18676: 18628: 18603: 18403: 18225: 18220: 18088: 18078: 17900: 17576: 17514: 17334: 17280: 16701: 16679: 16598: 16539: 16205: 15644: 15495: 14625: 14224: 14136: 13745: 13715: 13296: 13228: 13061: 12976: 12971: 12895: 12890: 12808: 11338: 10716: 10658: 10436: 10251: 9858: 9070:

Dharma Drum Retreat Center (New York) Official Website. Established by Chan Master Sheng Yen.

9047: 8366: 7781: 5577: 4642: 4391: 3929:

Until 1949, monasteries were built in the Southeast Asian countries, for example by monks of

3217:. There seems to have been disputes between them and Indian Buddhists, as exemplified by the 2690: 2297: 1258: 833: 15515: 15463: 12361: 9982: 8135:"The Taoist Influence on Hua-yen Buddhism: A Case of the Scinicization of Buddhism in China" 7963: 7783:

History of Ch'an Buddhism previous to the times of Hui-neng (Wie-lang). In: A Buddhist Bible

6519: 5547: 4941: 3682:

and Dahui belonged, but it was also employed on a more limited basis by the Caodong school.

1841: 1453: 1101: 18804: 18794: 18779: 18686: 18613: 18583: 18558: 18523: 18483: 18478: 18453: 18323: 18245: 18195: 18175: 18165: 18053: 18000: 17975: 17825: 17820: 17800: 17765: 17750: 17694: 17464: 17397: 17365: 17245: 17180: 17046: 16924: 16777: 16657: 16556: 16468: 16436: 16431: 16279: 16011: 15380: 15264: 14848: 14608: 14219: 14163: 14114: 14099: 13952: 13768: 13735: 13720: 13238: 13135: 13081: 12966: 12905: 12873: 12868: 12853: 12838: 12828: 12793: 12706: 12398: 12321: 11624: 11564: 11313: 11280: 11230: 10979: 10507: 10286: 10081: 9163:

Exploring Chán: An Introduction to the Religious and Mystical Tradition of Chinese Buddhism

6983: 6377: 5062: 4421: 4207: 4181: 4142: 4023: 3858: 3621: 3226: 2862: 2322: 1896: 1340: 585: 15579: 14461: 13608: 12223: 12092: 12018: 11894: 11632: 5631: 5621:. Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan (TICOJ) 37, 42-57. 2106:(952), which contains many "encounter-stories" and the canon genealogy of the Chan-school. 8: 18809: 18784: 18764: 18741: 18668: 18618: 18598: 18513: 18503: 18458: 18418: 18373: 18368: 18358: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18328: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18270: 18180: 18155: 18033: 18023: 17985: 17955: 17940: 17925: 17915: 17905: 17870: 17865: 17815: 17760: 17735: 17679: 17536: 17519: 17407: 17402: 17392: 17260: 17061: 16974: 16919: 16895: 16782: 16667: 16625: 16420: 16269: 15897: 15689: 15564: 15343: 15130: 15015: 14943: 14833: 14754: 14581: 14234: 14058: 13904: 13575: 13454: 13288: 13263: 13253: 13213: 13190: 13073: 13046: 13006: 12925: 12915: 12843: 12770: 12201: 12058: 11839: 11817: 11769: 11589: 11389: 11245: 11225: 10848: 10600: 10579: 10431: 10400: 9863: 8517: 7975:

Buddhist Revival under State Watch, in: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 40, 2,107-134

7130: 5057: 4578: 4514: 4462: 4225: 4195: 4185: 4170: 4117: 4092: 3984: 3919: 3486: 3269: 3018:

The transition from the East Mountain to the two capitals changed the character of Chan:

2399: 2351:

was inherited by the early Chan disciples: they equated – to some extent – the ineffable

2230: 2075: 1973: 1954: 1616: 1176: 823: 184: 11549: 11476: 11018: 8620: 4611:, which was understood as a transcendental reality underlying the world of appearances. 2963:

601–674), there emerged a new style of teaching, which was inspired by the Chinese text

2904:

This text was used and studied by Huike and his students. The True Nature refers to the

2792: 2538: 2389:

The emerging Chinese Buddhism nevertheless had to compete with Taoism and Confucianism:

18789: 18769: 18736: 18633: 18623: 18568: 18563: 18493: 18473: 18463: 18448: 18443: 18423: 18393: 18388: 18363: 18353: 18285: 18250: 18235: 18140: 18113: 18103: 18063: 18048: 18043: 17995: 17990: 17930: 17885: 17845: 17740: 17727: 17529: 17509: 17434: 17307: 17130: 16804: 16762: 16603: 16571: 16546: 16473: 16453: 16274: 16222: 16210: 16188: 15780: 15738: 15611: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15225: 15009: 14985: 14364: 14288: 14036: 13982: 13638: 13543: 13385: 13348: 13343: 13273: 13223: 13170: 13165: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13016: 13001: 12986: 12981: 12920: 12900: 12863: 12788: 12593: 12294: 12218: 12096: 12038: 11879: 11779: 11707: 11682: 11328: 11258: 11149: 11085: 10853: 10528: 10486: 10091: 9576: 9052: 8551: 8417:

The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. Translated with notes by Philip B. Yampolski

8213: 8178: 7951: 7612: 7174: 5029: 4944:". During this sitting meditation, practitioners usually assume a position such as the 4884: 4636:, "Buddha Element", "Buddha-Principle"), the element from which awakening springs. The 4589:

doctrines also give depictions of the interplay between the absolute and the relative.

4405: 4401: 4395: 4011: 3801: 3754: 3655: 2878: 2556: 2447: 2258: 1888: 1705: 1596: 1413: 1244: 1181: 605: 15892: 15441: 15037: 14767: 13437: 10986: 10405: 8797: 8601:

Soothill, William Edward; Hodous, Lewis (1995), A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms

8584: 8498: 7931: 7755:

The Anthropology of Religion, Charisma and Ghosts: Chinese Lessons for Adequate Theory

7620: 4727:, and his own line of teaching, which he called the "Southern school". Shenhui placed 4044:

practices by offering many lectures and seven-day Ch'an retreats. His order is called

3936: 1941:

Andy Ferguson distinguishes three periods from the 5th century into the 13th century:

1822: 18876: 18846: 18840: 18774: 18731: 18721: 18711: 18701: 18608: 18528: 18488: 18413: 18383: 18275: 18230: 18210: 18185: 18160: 18123: 18108: 18083: 18058: 17970: 17920: 17875: 17860: 17840: 17830: 17805: 17745: 17689: 17449: 17225: 16821: 16792: 16716: 16711: 16672: 16610: 16566: 16551: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16463: 16198: 16084: 15850: 15820: 15800: 15621: 15416: 15397: 15392: 15306: 15269: 14990: 14905: 14828: 14726: 14716: 14684: 14672: 14640: 14617: 14599: 14495: 14350: 14258: 14244: 14207: 14195: 14024: 13943: 13895: 13816: 13778: 13474: 13459: 13422: 13407: 13180: 13096: 13011: 12848: 12813: 12798: 12525: 12515: 12196: 12043: 12028: 11899: 11822: 11742: 11677: 11609: 11496: 11253: 11101: 10690: 10451: 9496: 9312: 9195: 9167: 9124: 8979: 8965: 8817: 8420: 8372: 8351: 8303: 8285: 8279: 8243: 8224: 8217: 8170: 8092: 8089:

Seeing through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism

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In later writings, this lineage was extended to include 28 Indian patriarchs. In the

2566: 2143: 986: 942: 863: 706: 686: 30:

This article is about Chan/Zen Buddhism in China. For an overview of the school, see

16304: 15902: 15552: 15274: 12760: 11554: 11454: 10354: 9837: 8488: 8347:

The Lion's Roar of Queen Śrīmālā: A Buddhist Scripture on the Tathāgatagarbha Theory

7178: 5188: 4692: 4206:, the third patriarch of Chinese Chan. This, then, would be the first appearance of 3333:

A well-known story depicts Mazu practicing dhyana, but being rebuked by his teacher

2990:, due to the location of the residence of Hongren at Huangmei. The term was used by 2787: 2030:

and is connected to the figures of Bodhidharma and Huike. Its principal text is the

1138: 1032: 503: 18799: 18681: 18578: 18190: 18150: 18098: 18093: 18010: 17980: 17890: 17780: 17644: 17596: 17591: 17150: 17115: 17088: 16846: 16831: 16706: 16630: 16480: 16458: 16366: 16227: 16006: 15969: 15825: 15810: 15758: 15542: 15522: 15490: 15485: 15456: 15451: 15363: 15353: 15162: 15126: 15118: 15089: 15002: 14922: 14917: 14880: 14870: 14796: 14734: 14576: 14413: 14263: 13921: 13464: 13417: 13412: 13268: 13233: 13208: 13203: 12954: 12910: 12823: 12498: 12154: 12147: 11931: 11921: 11807: 11471: 11343: 11116: 10674: 10574: 10461: 10390: 9962: 9832: 9616: 9611: 9601: 9531: 9511: 9506: 9481: 9317: 8543: 8205: 8162: 7926: 7604: 7156: 7103: 7098: 7086: 6896: 5952: 5710: 5072: 4832: 4699:

In Zen Buddhism two main views on the way to enlightenment are discernible, namely

4506: 4478: 4215: 4106: 3957: 3468: 3307: 3230: 3154: 2980: 2759: 2127: 1728: 1700: 1488: 1448: 1297: 1234: 967: 98: 37:"Chan school" redirects here. For the Harvard University public health school, see 16443: 12543: 10161: 9957: 4810: 2238: 18850: 17474: 17454: 16944: 16836: 16826: 16495: 16163: 15954: 15934: 15865: 15830: 15763: 15547: 15473: 15446: 15421: 15358: 15321: 15109: 15052: 14823: 14340: 14141: 14067: 14007: 13962: 13931: 13828: 13773: 13725: 13653: 13523: 13321: 13301: 13243: 13155: 12818: 12716: 12563: 12299: 12282: 12267: 12245: 11797: 11667: 11501: 11481: 10615: 10543: 10533: 10471: 10456: 10421: 10019: 9853: 9816: 9626: 9606: 9581: 9556: 9541: 9471: 9456: 9161: 9098: 7873:"Review of Monks, Rulers and Literati: The Political Ascendancy of Chan Buddhism" 7160: 6852: 6384: 5638: 4908: 4489:, a monastery and retreat center located on a 237-acre (959,000 m) property near 4287: 4263: 4249: 3660: 3506: 3334: 3295: 3281: 2847: 2699: 2274: 2099: 1965:, and the legendary "split" between the Northern and the Southern School of Chan. 1733: 1383: 1368: 1128: 873: 798: 580: 341: 12573: 11727: 11717: 9276: 9081: 8748: 8260: 4612: 3820:

With the downfall of the Ming, several Chan masters fled to Japan, founding the

3762: 3182: 552: 17601: 17489: 17429: 17145: 17120: 16905: 16809: 16691: 16635: 16588: 16001: 15949: 15845: 15815: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15768: 15664: 15584: 15557: 15510: 15500: 14512: 14175: 14158: 13977: 13957: 13926: 13783: 13486: 13336: 13118: 12698: 12678: 12598: 12287: 12277: 12211: 12048: 11534: 11397: 11011: 10951: 10502: 10441: 10096: 10055: 10050: 9884: 9868: 9749: 9692: 9621: 9571: 9551: 9292: 8780: 8166: 4945: 4888: 4800: 4789: 4753: 4748: 4724: 4548: 4146: 4121: 4077:, Taiwan. She was inspired by her master and mentor, the late Venerable Master 4045: 3778: 3502: 3342: 3214: 3186: 3158: 3119: 3103: 3083: 3002: 2991: 2707: 2611:, the traditional list of patriarchs of the Chan lineage had been established: 2530: 2139: 2057: 2049: 1875: 1508: 1503: 1196: 1133: 991: 957: 912: 750: 674: 641: 537: 161: 154: 119: 14777: 9910: 9120:

Buddhism and Confucianism in Chan Sudden Approach: A Cunning Cultural Paradigm

8893: 5714: 4452: 3670:(koan) practice. According to Miura and Sasaki, "t was during the lifetime of 3109:

Doctrinally, Shenhui's "Southern School" is associated with the teaching that

2757:). Accounts recording the history of this early period are to be found in the 198: 18865: 17524: 17078: 16959: 16351: 16346: 16294: 16131: 16069: 15964: 15855: 15753: 15684: 15616: 15606: 15569: 15505: 15402: 15368: 15286: 15182: 15145: 15064: 14423: 14374: 14079: 13553: 13402: 12711: 12613: 12471: 12272: 12250: 12186: 11652: 11647: 11539: 11208: 10569: 10481: 10301: 10182: 10086: 10029: 9889: 9811: 9791: 9657: 9596: 9591: 9561: 9546: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9486: 9466: 9302: 9266: 9107: 8666:"Buddhism and Buddhists in China - IX. Present-Day Buddhism (by Lewis Hodus)" 8174: 7112: 5087: 4629: 4617: 4604: 4482: 4339:

was not introduced as a separate school in Japan until the 12th century when

4154: 3790: 3742: 3675: 3613: 3594: 3566: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3436: 3432: 3365: 3353: 3311: 3170: 3133: 3091: 3087: 3075: 2954: 2926: 2905: 2663: 2529:, the earliest source for which comes from the 14th century. It is said that 2526: 2452: 2418:: two different ways to look at reality. Based on their understanding of the 2375: 2356: 2180: 2135: 2119: 2095: 2087: 2045: 1591: 1558: 1493: 1478: 1330: 972: 962: 947: 937: 932: 907: 843: 813: 788: 646: 575: 460: 16193: 12011: 12001: 11373: 10906: 5168:

Fach'ang said, "Ma-tsu told me that mind is Buddha; so I came to live here."

4892: 4880: 4363: 4191: 2233:

was practiced in China centuries before the rise of Chan, by people such as

1798: 1788: 661: 17664: 17566: 17422: 17110: 17105: 17083: 17073: 16954: 16386: 16321: 16264: 16249: 16215: 15840: 15748: 14744: 14635: 14630: 14481: 14451: 14325: 14293: 14041: 14012: 13999: 13643: 13628: 13598: 13548: 13538: 13380: 13175: 12668: 12503: 12381: 12169: 12164: 11991: 11862: 11737: 11198: 11135: 11111: 10610: 10426: 10364: 10224: 10208: 10203: 10136: 10045: 10024: 9806: 9775: 9631: 9586: 9566: 9536: 9491: 9240: 9188: 8395: 6509:

Sam van Schaik, Where Chan and Tantra Meet: Buddhist Syncretism in Dunhuang

5699:"Exploring Chinese folk religion: Popularity, diffuseness, and diversities" 5632:

A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts

5573: 5223: 5210: 5119: 5115: 5077: 4331: 4074: 3833: 3774: 3750: 3730: 3679: 3671: 3579: 3558: 3520: 3516: 3461: 3441: 3428: 3318:(Rinzai). Linji is also regarded as the founder of one of the Five Houses. 3315: 3303: 3248: 3166: 2917: 2804: 2573: 2289: 2242: 2110: 2091: 2041: 1985: 1977: 1958: 1912: 1884: 1869: 1865: 1685: 1523: 1498: 1123: 1047: 952: 858: 404: 352: 105: 15887: 14532: 12426: 12411: 12371: 12068: 11732: 11308: 10916: 9134: 8209: 7993:

Cultivating the Empty Field: The Silent Illumination of Zen Master Hongzhi

7965:

The Religious Revival in China. In: Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 18

7637:

Sun-Face Buddha. The Teachings of Ma-tsu and the Hung-chou School of Ch'an

4379: 4371: 4358:

The schools of Zen that currently exist in Japan are the Sōtō, Rinzai and

4190:

According to traditional accounts of Vietnam, in 580 an Indian monk named

4062: 2374:(理事 Noumenon and Phenomenon, or Principle and Practice) first appeared in 2220: 2210: 1992:

genre, the recordings of the sayings and teachings of these great masters.

17586: 17561: 17380: 17348: 17339: 17285: 17215: 17200: 17093: 16984: 16645: 16593: 16381: 16099: 16079: 15919: 15860: 15598: 15594: 15407: 14895: 14843: 14813: 14650: 14504: 14396: 14320: 14185: 14121: 14072: 13613: 13442: 12583: 12568: 12351: 12159: 12087: 11867: 11697: 11599: 11446: 11318: 10958: 10605: 10553: 10512: 10272: 10267: 9796: 9697: 9461: 9446: 9307: 9235: 7581:

Ch'an Hermeneutics: A Korean View. In: Donald S. Lopez, Jr. (ed.)(1993),

5014: 4953: 4876: 4816: 4557: 4431: 4319: 4245: 4099:

who donated a small amount of money each day to care for needy families.

3865: 3734: 3562: 3099:) In 753, he fell out of grace and had to leave Dongdu to go into exile. 3053: 2851: 2835: 2782: 2651: 2615: 2597: 2562: 2534: 2515: 2342: 2313: 2301: 2254: 2192: 2172: 2103: 2023: 1950: 1904: 1695: 1690: 1675: 1548: 1468: 1463: 902: 838: 828: 793: 701: 631: 520: 412: 16900: 16841: 15944: 15338: 15157: 14706: 13603: 12063: 10156: 9972: 8151:"On Pure Land Buddhism and Ch'an/Pure Land Syncretism in Medieval China" 5163:

The Patriarch replied, "Mind is Buddha." Fa-ch'ang had great awakening.

4051:

Two additional traditions emerged in the 1960s, based their teaching on

3242: 17552: 17547: 17417: 17412: 17375: 17353: 17210: 17190: 17185: 17026: 17016: 16979: 16583: 16361: 16309: 16049: 15694: 15674: 15210: 15135: 15074: 14838: 14818: 14739: 14391: 14359: 14330: 14109: 14104: 14089: 13558: 13516: 13392: 13198: 13123: 12737: 12721: 12683: 12663: 12558: 12533: 12441: 12376: 12356: 12102: 12033: 11904: 11787: 11757: 11692: 11642: 11300: 11290: 11263: 11036: 10911: 10827: 10306: 9936: 9476: 9451: 9394: 9348: 9343: 8182: 8150: 7616: 5002: 4757: 4649: 4563: 4552: 4375: 4211: 4096: 3794: 3510: 3416: 3389: 3299: 3178: 3078:

in the south to avoid the wrath of Hongren's jealous senior disciples.

2627: 2411: 2261:

meditation, mindfulness of the impurities of the body; loving-kindness

2131: 2083: 1981: 1861: 1846: 1680: 1518: 1483: 1458: 1388: 1079: 927: 783: 626: 590: 525: 498: 16391: 15230: 12578: 11574: 10885: 8555: 8318:

Buddhist Spirituality. Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, Early Chinese

5187:

This role-taking is described by the Swedish psychologist of religion

3225:, where Chan and Tantric Buddhists lived side by side and this led to 2750: 2473:

masters specialized in all the rules of discipline for monks and nuns,

2398:

One point of confusion for this new emerging Chinese Buddhism was the

1980:

around 950 CE. This is the time of the great masters of Chan, such as

508: 17494: 17290: 17205: 17195: 17066: 17021: 17006: 16939: 16787: 16254: 16176: 16136: 16126: 16089: 16064: 16044: 15939: 15805: 15659: 15649: 15411: 15331: 15326: 15237: 15047: 15032: 14997: 14980: 14962: 14875: 14655: 14571: 14550: 14545: 14522: 14517: 14476: 14471: 14408: 14345: 14268: 14239: 14190: 14131: 14084: 13533: 13506: 12673: 12548: 12260: 12176: 12053: 11943: 11916: 11909: 11872: 11829: 11792: 11559: 11524: 11491: 11466: 11421: 11106: 10972: 10780: 10476: 10177: 9931: 9744: 9723: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9338: 9245: 9086: 7719:

The Will to Orthodoxy: A Critical Genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism

6997:

https://chancenter.org/cmc/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/MindDharma1.pdf

6900: 5293:(Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5018: 4975:

test a student's progress in Chan practice. Koans often appear to be

4567: 4498: 4474: 4367: 4125: 4102: 4058: 4033: 4019: 3953: 3908: 3904: 3881: 3373: 3162: 3006: 2808: 2799:

Bodhidharma is recorded as having come into China during the time of

2438: 2432:

When Buddhism came to China, there were three divisions of training:

2347: 2334: 2234: 1543: 1148: 1143: 1064: 1015: 848: 493: 420: 133: 14927: 14456: 13306: 12142: 11996: 11762: 11544: 11413: 11405: 9358: 9069: 7608: 7034:"The Origin of Tzu Chi: Work for Buddhism and for All Living Beings" 5030:

Reciprocal Relationship of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Buddhism

4707: 4258:

period (7th through 9th centuries) as Korean monks of predominantly

2550: 651: 470: 17297: 17041: 17031: 16886: 16376: 16356: 16183: 16059: 15914: 15478: 15200: 15140: 15059: 14967: 14954: 14932: 14912: 14890: 14885: 14865: 14805: 14772: 14711: 14555: 14540: 14418: 14379: 14335: 14126: 14063: 13967: 13870: 13823: 13663: 13618: 13563: 13528: 13432: 13091: 12658: 12653: 12603: 12538: 12456: 12421: 12416: 12077: 11948: 11936: 11847: 11506: 11203: 10965: 10945:

Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices

10890: 10880: 10395: 9801: 9754: 9662: 9418: 9353: 8547: 6890: 5052: 4998: 4700: 4669: 4314:(知訥) (1158–1210), who established a reform movement and introduced 4078: 4070: 4052: 4041: 3937:

People's Republic of China (1949–present) – Second Buddhist Revival

3876: 3738: 3707:, for the hindrance it had become to study of Chan by his students 3377: 3349: 3222: 3213:

first went to Tibet in the eighth century during the height of the

3174: 3110: 3065: 2859:

Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices

2831:

Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices

2330: 2196: 1853: 1850: 1837: 1553: 1513: 1418: 1403: 1393: 1373: 1153: 547: 480: 291: 140: 12648: 12638: 12623: 12446: 12316: 11584: 10822: 10187: 10151: 9770: 7802:

Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought

7572:

Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought

5174:

The monk said, "Nowadays he also says, 'Neither mind nor Buddha."'

4865: 4562:

relative world. This question is answered in such schemata as the

4473:

The first Chinese master to teach Westerners in North America was

4359: 4352: 4344: 3821: 3782: 3616:, which in turn became strongly affiliated to the Imperial Court: 2262: 1052: 1037: 853: 17571: 17170: 17135: 17056: 16969: 16910: 16814: 16517: 16371: 16121: 16074: 15959: 15835: 15654: 15079: 15042: 14853: 14403: 14369: 14212: 13913: 13568: 13511: 13496: 12643: 12633: 12608: 12483: 12478: 12436: 12406: 12338: 12304: 12191: 12132: 12127: 11981: 11884: 11722: 11672: 11459: 11285: 11080: 9718: 9667: 9501: 9413: 5046: 4976: 4805: 4728: 4716: 4661: 4586: 4435: 4409: 4203: 4150: 4066: 4037: 3980: 3900: 3809: 3526: 3445: 3369: 3210: 3096: 3071: 3057: 2886:

The entrance of practice includes the following four increments:

2703: 2675: 2639: 2608: 2604: 2593: 2407: 2379: 2363: 2246: 2185: 2166: 2123: 2061: 2053: 1962: 1892: 1586: 1563: 1538: 1473: 1438: 1428: 1423: 1408: 1229: 922: 917: 621: 600: 595: 450: 166: 12255: 12023: 10801: 8949:

Swampland Flowers: The Letters and Lectures of Zen Master Ta Hui

8907: 6469: 6467: 6086: 5226:

can be translated as "consciousness", but also as "discernment".

4715:

In the 8th century, Chan history was effectively refashioned by

4408:

on July 29, 1953 and received the name Ti Zheng (Te Cheng) from

4315: 4137:

In Taiwan, these four masters are popularly referred to as the "

3896:

and the installation of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

3221:. Many Tibetan Chan texts have been recovered from the caves at 2525:

The Chan tradition ascribes the origins of Chan in India to the

2115: 376: 17479: 17358: 17343: 17162: 17051: 17036: 16994: 16772: 16650: 15924: 15679: 15669: 15281: 15242: 15084: 14692: 14662: 14386: 13648: 13633: 13469: 13331: 13311: 13086: 12748: 12628: 12618: 12553: 12181: 12137: 12122: 12112: 12082: 12006: 11889: 11657: 11529: 11273: 11268: 11075: 10817: 9941: 9363: 9042: 6258: 5082: 4348: 4307: 4259: 4233: 4113: 4007: 3949: 3885: 3805: 3597:

lineage as heir to the legacy of Mazu and the Hongzhou-school.

3033: 2995: 2971:. It is a method named "Maintaining the one without wavering" ( 2943: 2584:, "a dhuta (extreme ascetic) who schooled others" and used the 2479: 2470: 2383: 2326: 2293: 2218: 2200: 1827: 1803: 1443: 1378: 1239: 1224: 1074: 1042: 1010: 610: 475: 217: 15870: 7347: 5795: 5240:

Bodhisattva of compassion - the mystical tradition of kuan Yin

3509:(771–854) and Yangshan Huiji (813–890), dharma-descendants of 3286: 3102:

The most prominent of the successors of Shenhui's lineage was

3070:

According to tradition, the sixth and last ancestral founder,

17175: 16949: 16929: 16914: 16490: 16316: 16111: 15974: 15929: 15909: 15069: 14466: 14312: 14094: 13788: 13623: 13481: 13447: 13427: 13397: 13326: 12743: 12588: 12466: 12461: 12431: 12386: 12233: 12228: 12107: 11812: 11637: 11604: 11594: 10785: 10759: 9926: 9739: 9713: 9652: 9647: 9389: 9026: 8839:"Buddhism in Indonesia, Past and Present Ven. Ditthisampanno" 8071:

The Northern School and the Formation of Early Chʻan Buddhism

7560:"From India to China: Transformations in Buddhist Philosophy" 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6613: 6464: 4949: 4936: 4925: 4680:śūnyatā, the absence of an independent and substantial self. 4607:

were endorsed because of the perceived similarities with the

4505:, and subsequently founded the CMC Chan Meditation Center in 4355:

established the Sōtō school, the Japanese branch of Caodong.

4340: 4311: 4297: 4273: 4255: 4141:" of Taiwanese Buddhism, with their respective organizations 3988: 3942: 3915: 3650: 3455: 3449: 2581: 2476:

Dhyāna masters specialized in the practice of meditation, and

2338: 2204: 2147: 1908: 1900: 1857: 1533: 1528: 1433: 1398: 1069: 1027: 1005: 570: 277: 231: 8649:. Asian Philosophy, Vol. 13, Nos. 2/3, 2003. Notes 26 and 41 8329:, Boston & London: Shambhala (translator: Thomas Cleary) 7698:

Dumoulin, Heinrich; Heisig, James W.; Knitter, Paul (2005).

7308: 7306: 5950: 4731:

into prominence as the sixth Chan-patriarch, and emphasized

4497:. Another Chinese Chan teacher with a Western following was 3800:

Chan was taught alongside other Buddhist traditions such as

2869:

are the entrance of principle and the entrance of practice:

2715:

Mahākāśyapa was the first, leading the line of transmission;

2436:

The training in virtue and discipline in the precepts (Skt.

2345:. Against this background, especially the Taoist concept of 17100: 16989: 14900: 13839: 13658: 12451: 12117: 11614: 9423: 9399: 7564:

Qi: The Journal of Traditional Eastern Health & Fitness

7185: 6442: 6440: 6134: 5824: 5822: 4969: 4852: 4457: 3667: 2735:

In its beginnings in China, Chan primarily referred to the

2000: 1738: 616: 8327:

The Undying Lamp of Zen. The Testament of Zen Master Torei

7533:

Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion

7482: 7388: 7386: 7325: 7323: 7321: 6943: 6931: 6110: 5920: 5834: 5455: 5443: 5407: 5395: 4752:, the dichotomy between sudden and gradual is reconciled. 4254:

Seon was gradually transmitted into Korea during the late

16999: 16964: 15639: 14976: 13316: 11852: 9225: 9211: 7775:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, pp. 475–505 7303: 7236: 7224: 7197: 6919: 6520:

https://tricycle.org/magazine/lost-tradition-tibetan-zen/

6209: 5651: 5649: 5647: 4735:, as opposed to the concurrent Northern School's alleged 4608: 4336: 4236:

chanting techniques; both were founded by Chinese monks.

3786: 3589:, compiled in 952, 86 years after Linji's death. But the 3348:

The Hung-chou school has been criticised for its radical

2561:

Traditionally the origin of Chan in China is credited to

2482:

masters specialized in the mastery of the Buddhist texts.

2352: 391: 366: 145: 31: 6664: 6548: 6437: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6246: 5819: 5807: 5254: 5170:

The monk said, "Ma-tsu's teaching has changed recently."

4202:) traveled to Vietnam after completing his studies with 4105:(1927-2023), founded the Fo Guang Shan an international 3719: 3048: 2932: 8767:"Modern Chan: A short biography of Chan Master Jinghui" 8242:, Livingston Manor, NY: The Zen Studies Society Press, 7899:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 7804:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 7574:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 7470: 7434: 7398: 7383: 7371: 7335: 7318: 7291: 6688: 6591: 6589: 6576: 6574: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6098: 5783: 5771: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5361: 5359: 5357: 3090:, the fifth patriarch, Huineng had to flee by night to 2828:

by Yáng Xuànzhī's (楊衒之, 547), Tan Lin's preface to the

2719:

The Lamp was then brought over the sea to this country;

2551:

First six patriarchs (c. 500 – early 8th century)

2505: 2337:

were deeply influenced by the Taoist keystone works of

2273:. Other important translators of meditation texts were 2237:(c. 148–180 CE) and his school, who translated various 2118:

for individual study and meditation. Prime figures are

13882: 9180: 8645:

James D. Sellmann & Hans Julius Schneider (2003),

7542:

The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen

7257: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7214: 7212: 7085:

Schak, David; Hsiao, Hsin-Huang Michael (2005-06-01).

6964: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6401: 5932: 5644: 5431: 3866:

Republic of China (1912–1949) – First Buddhist Revival

3844:), thereby excluding several prominent Caodong monks. 3127:; he was effectively written out of Chan history. The 319: 7697: 7452: 6793: 6637: 6524: 6452: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6270: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6025: 6023: 5721: 5661: 5515: 5383: 5371: 4774: 3243:

Classical or Middle Chan – Tang dynasty (c. 750–1000)

2265:

meditation; the contemplation on the twelve links of

124: 110: 8534:

Zvelebil, K.V. (1987), "The Sound of the One Hand",

8240:

Points of Departure: Zen Buddhism with a Rinzai View

7728:

Visions of Power. Imaging Medieval Japanese Buddhism

7422: 7410: 7359: 6601: 6586: 6571: 6479: 6221: 6190: 6052: 6050: 5673: 5419: 5354: 5266: 5008: 3773:

Chan Buddhism enjoyed something of a revival in the

3417:

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)

2723:

His mantle, as we all know, passed over six Fathers,

2520: 2279:

The Sutra on the Concentration of Sitting Meditation

259: 7730:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 7634: 7494: 7248: 7209: 6700: 6625: 6425: 6413: 6264: 5887: 5885: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5503: 5491: 5467: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 4683: 4624:The doctrine of the Buddha-nature asserts that all 3852: 3376:) school. He is also regarded as the author of the 8962:Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China 8284:, New York: Bollingen/Princeton University Press, 8126:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions 8013:, Kuroda Institute (translator: William F. Powell) 7664:Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China 7458: 6907: 6810: 6808: 6733: 6721: 6316: 6173: 6062: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5959:. Vol. 2. New York: Proseworks. p. 749. 5858: 5479: 5222:Translations do differ, which makes a difference. 4771:), who described the five ranks of enlightenment. 4712:) followed by gradual purification of intentions. 4615:at first was understood as pointing to the Taoist 4164: 3005:was invited to the Imperial Court by Zhou Empress 2066:Northern School, Southern School and Oxhead School 9149:A Critical Survey of Works on Zen since Yampolsky 8743: 8741: 8480:Dharma Drum: The Life and Heart of Ch'an Practice 6047: 6035: 5870: 5846: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5527: 3922:, which is endorsed by Jing Hui, former abbot of 2826:The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang 2329:. Representatives of early Chinese Buddhism like 2300:influences when it came to China. Goddard quotes 1849:" or "meditative state"), is a Chinese school of 18863: 7915:"Ma-Tsu Tao-I And The Unfolding Of Southern Zen" 7544:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 7279: 6306: 6304: 6151: 6149: 5882: 5750: 5317: 5191:, though McRae does not seem to be aware of this 4719:, who created a dichotomy between the so-called 4485:during the early 1960s. He went on to found the 3456:Literary Chan – Song dynasty (c. 960–1300) 3259:The whole of it is the realm of the Chan school. 2603:By the late 8th century, under the influence of 2102:and the Hubei faction. An important text is the 1864:onwards, becoming especially popular during the 203: 189: 7153:2010 International Computer Symposium (ICS2010) 6805: 6001: 5131:Godard does not provide a source for this quote 4763:This gradual cultivation is also recognized by 4461:Covering over 480 acres of land and located in 3862:in China in the beginning of the 20th century. 2702:(永嘉玄覺, 665–713), one of the chief disciples of 8738: 7150: 6654: 6652: 5957:The Encyclopedia of American Religious History 5733: 5697:Zhang, Chunni; Lu, Yunfeng; Sheng, He (2021). 4846:dating to at least the 9th century CE, is the 3041:masters, as being the sutra that preluded the 2725:And by them many minds came to see the Light. 2717:Twenty-eight Fathers followed him in the West; 2445:The training in mind through meditation (Skt. 2410:to be akin to the Taoist non-being. In Indian 2317:as an extension of Daoist breathing exercises. 2186:Sinification of Buddhism and Taoist influences 2167:Introduction of Buddhism in China (c. 200–500) 296: 282: 13855: 11182: 9196: 8647:Liberating Language in Linji and Wittgenstein 8191:"Mindfullness and Mindlessness in Early Chan" 8104: 6937: 6505: 6503: 6301: 6146: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5619:Mindfulness of Breathing in the Dhyāna Sūtras 5601: 5599: 5308: 5306: 5140:It first appears in a Chinese text named the 4219: 4210:. Other early Thiền schools included that of 4129: 2958: 2947: 2721:And Bodhidharma became the First Father here: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2458:The training in the recorded teachings (Skt. 2402:. Chinese thinking took this to refer to two 2056:(638–713), protagonist of the quintessential 1760: 1266: 80: 66: 11964:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 8460:, University of Hawaii Press, archived from 8343: 7635:Cheng Chien Bhikshu (1992), "Introduction", 7312: 7026: 6857:. Princeton University Press. p. 1056. 6850: 6844: 6233: 5696: 4592: 4426:Japanese Zen § Zen in the Western world 4415: 4301: 4291: 4277: 4267: 3255:Look at the territory of the house of Tang — 3131:also reflects the growing popularity of the 2710:, and the first patriarch of Chan Buddhism. 2203:, while one believes that Chan has roots in 2142:. The classic koan-collections, such as the 236: 222: 8706:"RELIGION-CHINA: Buddhism Enjoys A Revival" 8660: 8658: 8656: 8008: 7843: 7218: 7087:"Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups" 6775: 6649: 4988:Chan developed a distinct monastic system. 3827: 3768: 3724: 3573: 3388:(Jp. Tōzan Ryōkan) and the teaching of the 3345:, who tried to balance dhyana and insight. 3294:The most important of these schools is the 13862: 13848: 11189: 11175: 9203: 9189: 8441: 8432: 8020:Hakuin on Kensho. The Four Ways of Knowing 7981: 7894: 7885: 7864:Basic Buddhism: exploring Buddhism and Zen 7848:, New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 7752: 7557: 7440: 7353: 7341: 7329: 7127:"Come to Taiwan,Return with good memories" 7084: 6958: 6826: 6763: 6751: 6694: 6658: 6542: 6500: 6473: 6395: 6080: 5973: 5655: 5596: 5579:China Root:Taoism, Ch'an, and Original Zen 5303: 5235: 5172:Fa-ch'ang asked, "What is the difference?" 4940:in Japanese, both simply meaning "sitting 4477:, who taught Chan and other traditions of 3404:persecuted the Buddhist schools in China: 3037:, commentary, and fabricated a lineage of 2937: 1767: 1753: 1273: 1259: 11059:Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance 9082:Sacred-text.com's collection of Zen texts 9065:Western Ch'an Fellowship Official Website 8881: 8875:"Tozan Ryokai's Verses on the Five Ranks" 8496: 8414: 7984:Meer dan een mens kan doen. Zentoespraken 7971: 7930: 7811:Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism 7700:Zen Buddhism: A History (India and China) 7679: 7661: 7539: 7191: 7102: 6970: 6925: 6838: 6619: 6283: 6128: 6116: 6104: 6092: 5938: 5926: 5915: 5840: 5828: 5813: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5605: 5582:. Shambala Publications. pp. 21–26. 5260: 4991: 4503:Buddhist Association of the United States 4318:practice to Korea. Jinul established the 2791:Bodhidharma with Dazu Huike. Painting by 39:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 16419: 10072:Buddha's Light International Association 8976:Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 2: Japan 8653: 8536:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8533: 8450: 8333: 7990: 7941:"Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey" 7734: 7682:Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 2: Japan 7646:Classics of Buddhism and Zen: Volume One 6984:"Chan Newsletter No. 106, February 1995" 6643: 6140: 5437: 5365: 5348: 5284: 4859: 4687: 4456: 4446: 4440:1893 Parliament of the World's Religions 4322:(松廣寺) as a new center of pure practice. 3875: 3395: 3380:, a poem which formed the basis for the 3285: 3117:Shenhui's influence is traceable in the 3052: 2786: 2427: 1887:(the Japanese pronunciation of the same 1874: 17716: 13151:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 9004:Buddhist Faith and Sudden Enlightenment 8831: 8315: 8237: 8050: 8026: 7903: 7861: 7808: 7799: 7779: 7770: 7593:"Ch'an Buddhism: Logical and Illogical" 7578: 7569: 7476: 7416: 7365: 7297: 7273: 7230: 6851:Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald (2014). 6787: 6607: 6554: 6530: 6458: 6446: 6407: 6341: 5727: 5667: 5611: 5552:. Shambala Publications. pp. 4–5. 5521: 5509: 5473: 5291:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5272: 5155: 4520: 3880:Traditional Chan Buddhist Grand Master 3551:(822–908), whose lineage was traced to 3263: 3209:Chinese Chan Buddhist teachers such as 14: 18864: 13354:List of Buddhist architecture in China 9406:Who is the master that sees and hears? 8405: 8384: 8364: 8297: 8277: 8268: 8255: 8123: 7844:Isshū, Miura; Sasaki, Ruth F. (1993), 7761: 7648:, Boston, MA: Shambhala publications, 7643: 7500: 7488: 7056:"Biography of Dharma Master Cheng Yen" 6769: 6715: 6670: 6631: 6068: 5684: 5624: 5572: 5485: 5425: 5312: 3710: 3480: 3423:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period 2600:, is regarded as the third patriarch. 2080:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 1976:around 765 CE to the beginning of the 17715: 16868: 16418: 13881: 13843: 11170: 9184: 8486: 8344:Wayman, Alex; Wayman, Hideko (1990). 8324: 8300:The Training of the Zen Buddhist Monk 8188: 8148: 8086: 8077: 8068: 7950:, New York: Routledge, archived from 7919:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 7888:The Principles of Buddhist Psychology 7870: 7835: 7826: 7725: 7716: 7590: 7530: 7521: 7464: 7453:Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter (2005) 7428: 7404: 7392: 7377: 7261: 7242: 7203: 7007: 6913: 6877: 6814: 6799: 6739: 6727: 6682: 6595: 6580: 6566: 6485: 6431: 6419: 6365: 6353: 6310: 6295: 6252: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6167: 6155: 6056: 6041: 5996: 5903: 5533: 5497: 5461: 5449: 5413: 5401: 5389: 5377: 5336: 5238::221 mentions: Blofeld, John (1988), 5200:See for more information on Jinghui. 4919: 4848:Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch 4801:Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch 3720:Post-classical Chan (c. 1300–present) 3699:interaction with "educated literati". 3653:, both of the Linji lineage, and the 3049:Southern School – Huineng and Shenhui 2933:Early Chan in Tang China (c. 600–900) 2533:gathered his disciples one day for a 2249:circa 1st-4th centuries CE. The five 1883:Chan is the originating tradition of 9166:. Songlark Publishing. p. 472. 7961: 7938: 7129:. Info.taiwan.net.tw. Archived from 6854:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 6329: 6184: 6029: 5955:; Shattuck Jr., Gardiner H. (1996). 5891: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5765: 4870: 4542: 4385: 2840:Further Biographies of Eminent Monks 2730: 2506:Legendary or Proto-Chan (c. 500–600) 2217:, the consideration of objects, and 1957:around 765 CE, in the middle of the 1907:, and, in the 13th century, east to 1813: 9159: 9087:Buddhanet's collection of Zen texts 8506: 8477: 8017: 7912: 7764:Zen Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices 7739:, Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications, 7285: 6243:Princeton University Press, p. 141. 6014: 5152:" and has been dated to around 713. 5142:Ju-tao an-hsin yao-fang-pien fa-men 4983: 4676:also emphasizes that Buddha-nature 4175: 4026:, a Buddhist organization based in 4022:(1930–2009) was the founder of the 3382:Song of the Precious Mirror Samadhi 3275: 2455:and non-reactive state of mind, and 2366:concepts as well. Concepts such as 2271:Buddha's thirty-two Characteristics 1346:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China 27:Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism 24: 17685:Religions and spiritual traditions 13884:Religious groups and denominations 13141:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 8924: 8371:, University of California Press, 8132: 8091:, University of California Press, 7948:Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy 7514: 6888: 5744: 5545: 4901: 4775:Esoteric and exoteric transmission 3529:school (曹洞宗), named after masters 3139:Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra 2965:Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana 2760:Records of the Laṅkāvatāra Masters 2414:philosophy the two truths are two 2312:Judging from the reception by the 2177:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 2098:(822–908). Prime factions are the 1925:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 1304: 25: 18893: 10102:Dharma Realm Buddhist Association 9010: 8887: 8798:Biography (at bottom of the page) 8410:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 8035:University of Massachusetts Press 7932:10.18874/jjrs.12.2-3.1985.173-192 5009:Sinification of Buddhism in China 4783: 4495:Dharma Realm Buddhist Association 3193:also belongs. The shift from the 2521:Mahākāśyapa and the Flower Sermon 2104:Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall 1192:Zen organisation and institutions 808: 756:Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall 18845: 18836: 18835: 18649:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17791:Democratic Republic of the Congo 13822: 13812: 13811: 13369:Thai temple art and architecture 13114:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 11354:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 11220: 11207: 11197: 11154: 11153: 11130: 11129: 10123:Dharma Realm Buddhist University 9022:Zen Buddhism WWW Virtual Library 8908:"Digital Dictionary of Buddhism" 8900: 8872: 8866: 8853: 8802: 8791: 8773: 8759: 8716: 8698: 8676: 8637: 8482:, Boston & London: Shambhala 8082:, The University Press Group Ltd 8053:The Making of Buddhist Modernism 8022:, Boston & London: Shambhala 7991:Leighton, Taigen Daniel (2000), 7897:A history of Buddhist philosophy 7890:, Delhi: ri Satguru Publications 7446: 7267: 7144: 7119: 7078: 7048: 7001: 6990: 6976: 6882: 6871: 6832: 6820: 6781: 6757: 6745: 6676: 6560: 6497:Van Schaik, Tibetan Zen, page 1. 5641:, The Buddhist Academy of China. 5229: 5216: 5203: 5194: 5181: 5022:direction), and the practice of 4963: 4684:Sudden and gradual enlightenment 4570:("the Oxherding Pictures"), and 4239: 3853:19th century (late Qing dynasty) 3847: 3765:active in both China and Korea. 3607: 3565:(885–958), a "grand-student" of 3359: 2921:robe, a bowl, and a copy of the 2281:, amongst many other texts; and 2052:(606?–706), the sixth patriarch 2032:Two Entrances and Four Practices 1932: 731:Two Entrances and Four Practices 375: 340: 17251:Evolutionary origin of religion 11221: 8606: 8594: 8570: 8478:Yen, Chan Master Sheng (1996), 6895:(Thesis). Columbia University. 6536: 6512: 6491: 6389: 6371: 6359: 6347: 6335: 6289: 6161: 6122: 6074: 5944: 5909: 5897: 5690: 5566: 5539: 5134: 5125: 5108: 5099: 4325: 4171:Spread of Chan Buddhism in Asia 4165:Spread of Chan Buddhism in Asia 4069:as a charity organization with 3233:. According to Sam Van Schaik: 3204: 2801:Southern and Northern Dynasties 2512:Southern and Northern Dynasties 2269:; and the contemplation on the 2122:(1089–1163) who introduced the 2020:Southern and Northern Dynasties 1953:in the late 5th century to the 167: 146: 17607:Separation of church and state 16260:Polytheistic reconstructionism 13359:Japanese Buddhist architecture 13161:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 12241:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 11432:Places where the Buddha stayed 10726:Other Rinzai or Linji lineages 10594:Other Rinzai or Linji lineages 8937:Essays in Zen Buddhism, 3 vols 8563: 8189:Sharf, Robert (October 2014), 7540:Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), 7524:Zen and Zen Classics, Volume 4 7104:10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803 6239:Robert E. Buswell Jr. (2017). 5278: 4302: 4292: 4278: 4268: 4087: 3753:. Chan began to be mixed with 3733:was the empire established by 3632: 2817: 2776: 2768: 2421:Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra 2370:(體用 Essence and Function) and 2227:, total fixation of the mind. 1832: 1821: 1808: 1797: 1787: 1658:Buddhist architecture in China 746:Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment 320: 260: 204: 125: 111: 81: 67: 13: 1: 15216:Traditional Sabahan religions 13374:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 10632:Soto Zen Buddhist Association 10375:Tassajara Zen Mountain Center 8497:Zeuschner, Robert B. (1976), 8419:, Columbia University Press, 8415:Yampolski, Philip B. (1967), 8229:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 7895:Kalupahana, David J. (1994), 7886:Kalupahana, David J. (1992), 7455:, pp. 68, 70–73, 167–168 7010:Zen: Tradition and Transition 5289:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5248: 4930:Sitting meditation is called 4723:or "Northern School", led by 4572:Hakuin's Four ways of knowing 4534: 3918:propagated a Chan-influenced 3498:The Five Houses of Chan are: 3185:, which was set forth in the 2493:McRae goes so far as to say: 2277:(334–413 CE), who translated 1724:Buddhist Association of China 504:Hakuin's Four ways of knowing 13869: 13131:Buddhism and the Roman world 13107:Decline of Buddhism in India 13102:History of Buddhism in India 11202: Topics in 10696:Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey 10328:Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat 10107:City of Ten Thousand Buddhas 10077:Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan) 8890:"Fundamentals of Meditation" 8843:www.buddhismandaustralia.com 8446:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 8437:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 8105:Meng-Tat Chia, Jack (2011), 8073:, University of Hawaii Press 7946:, in Cua, Antonio S. (ed.), 7908:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 7753:Feuchtwang, Stephen (2010), 7680:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005b), 7662:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005a), 7586:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 7161:10.1109/COMPSYM.2010.5685523 5703:Chinese Journal of Sociology 5024:Traditional Chinese medicine 4668:of are "mere concepts", not 4487:City Of Ten Thousand Buddhas 4467:City of Ten Thousand Buddhas 4116:in 1967. The order promotes 3493:Five Houses (Ch. 五家) of Chan 2749:teaches the doctrine of the 2257:(mindfulness of breathing); 2162:or perhaps multiple phases". 2034:, attributed to Bodhidharma. 963:Yunmen Wenyan (Ummon Bun'en) 7: 17460:National religiosity levels 16685:Nauruan Indigenous religion 16240:Hellenism (modern religion) 12329:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 12069: 10701:Norwich Zen Buddhist Priory 9155:Homepage of Robert H. Sharf 8974:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), 8960:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), 8917:, entry "Baizhang Huaihai". 8442:Yampolski, Philip (2003b), 8433:Yampolski, Philip (2003a), 8124:Nadeau, Randall L. (2012), 8055:, Oxford University Press, 8030:Taoism and Chinese Religion 7962:Lai, Hongyi Harry (2003b), 7904:Kasulis, Thomas P. (2003), 7721:, Stanford University Press 5034: 4703:and gradual enlightenment. 4527:Doctrinal background of Zen 3983:, but has also adopted the 3872:Republic of China (1912–49) 3505:(潙仰宗), named after masters 3173:, sudden) schools with the 2942:With the fourth patriarch, 2308:, "matching the concepts". 2221: 2211: 2130:(1091–1157) who emphasized 2048:(601–674), his dharma-heir 1879:Chinese Buddha Character Fo 543:Doctrinal background of Zen 10: 18898: 16869: 13279:The unanswerable questions 10837:Institutional organisation 10765:Buddhist initiation ritual 10585:Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji 10065:Contemperory Organizations 9092:Shambhala Sun Zen Articles 8724:"Erica B. Mitchell (201), 8334:Verboven, Lucette (1992), 8198:Philosophy East & West 8167:10.1163/156853202100368398 8139:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 8114:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 8051:McMahan, David L. (2008), 7880:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 7871:Jones, Charles B. (2010), 7809:Gregory, Peter N. (2002), 7591:Chang, Chung-Yuan (1967). 7579:Buswell, Robert E (1993), 7558:Brown Holt, Linda (1995), 7509: 5608::8–9, 68, 166–167, 169–172 4967: 4948:, half-lotus, Burmese, or 4923: 4891:embodies the striving for 4863: 4787: 4524: 4511:Dharma Drum Retreat Center 4450: 4434:, a Japanese Zen monk, to 4419: 4389: 4329: 4243: 4179: 4168: 4157:being referred to as the " 4073:ethics on May 14, 1966 in 4005: 3940: 3869: 3577: 3561:(法眼宗), named after master 3543:(雲門宗), named after master 3519:(臨濟宗), named after master 3484: 3459: 3420: 3279: 3063: 2780: 2596:, to whom is ascribed the 2554: 2509: 2362:Chinese Buddhism absorbed 2170: 1988:, and the creation of the 1922: 1918: 36: 29: 18831: 18750: 18667: 18539: 18284: 18009: 17726: 17722: 17711: 17620: 17545: 17316: 17224: 17161: 16879: 16875: 16864: 16427: 16414: 16339: 16162: 16144:Transcendental Meditation 16037: 16024: 15989: 15737: 15714: 15703: 15630: 15593: 15295: 15191: 15173: 15117: 15108: 15025: 14953: 14804: 14795: 14753: 14725: 14683: 14616: 14607: 14598: 14564: 14531: 14503: 14494: 14444: 14311: 13998: 13912: 13903: 13894: 13890: 13877: 13807: 13759: 13674: 13589: 13364:Buddhist temples in Korea 13287: 13189: 13072: 12769: 12697: 12524: 12397: 12337: 11972: 11927:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 11838: 11830:Three planes of existence 11778: 11623: 11515: 11445: 11437:Buddha in world religions 11299: 11244: 11216: 11125: 11094: 11068: 11050: 11028: 11005:Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind 10996: 10936: 10929: 10899: 10873: 10866: 10836: 10810: 10794: 10773: 10752: 10745: 10725: 10709: 10683: 10667: 10651: 10644: 10624: 10593: 10562: 10521: 10495: 10447:Zen Center of Los Angeles 10414: 10383: 10347: 10340: 10315: 10294: 10285: 10260: 10244: 10237: 10217: 10196: 10170: 10144: 10135: 10115: 10064: 10038: 10002: 9995: 9950: 9919: 9898: 9877: 9846: 9825: 9784: 9763: 9732: 9706: 9640: 9439: 9432: 9382: 9331: 9285: 9259: 9218: 8812:Biography of Daniel Odier 8603:, London: RoutledgeCurzon 8451:Yanagida, Seizan (2009), 8238:Shimano, Eido T. (1991), 8149:Sharf, Robert H. (2002), 7972:Laliberte, Andre (2011), 5715:10.1177/2057150X211042687 4827:Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra 4822:Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra 4593:Buddha-nature and śūnyatā 4469:was founded by Hsuan Hua. 4416:Chan in the Western world 4220: 4130: 4082: 4001: 3814:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 3547:(died 949), a student of 2959: 2948: 2812: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2567:Iranian-language speaking 2382:to be akin to the Taoist 2253:in the Dhyana sutras are 2134:. Prime factions are the 943:Dongshan Liangjie (Tozan) 331: 313: 308: 304: 297: 290: 283: 276: 271: 253: 248: 244: 237: 230: 223: 216: 211: 197: 183: 178: 160: 153: 139: 132: 118: 104: 97: 92: 88: 74: 60: 55: 51: 46: 17776:Central African Republic 14763:Vietnamese folk religion 14154:Charismatic Christianity 13146:Persecution of Buddhists 12367:Four stages of awakening 11748:Three marks of existence 11334:Physical characteristics 10370:San Francisco Zen Center 9906:Karlfried Graf Dürckheim 9251:Zen in the United States 9048:Zen centers of the world 9033:Overview of Chan centers 8365:Wegner, Michael (2001), 8281:Zen and Japanese Culture 7982:Lathouwers, Ton (2000), 7831:, Edison, NJ: Alva Press 7780:Goddard, Dwight (2007), 7639:, Asian Humanities Press 7597:Philosophy East and West 7526:, Tokyo: Hokuseido Press 7313:Wayman & Wayman 1990 6265:Cheng Chien Bhikshu 1992 5617:Deleanu, Florin (1992); 5285:Hershock, Peter (2019), 5146:Leng Ch'ieh Shih Tzu Chi 5093: 4664:are said to be "empty": 4493:, and thus founding the 4061:(born 1937), a Buddhist 4036:(1928–2016) was born in 3888:, sitting in meditation. 3832:At the beginning of the 3828:Qing dynasty (1644–1912) 3777:, with teachers such as 3769:Ming dynasty (1368–1644) 3725:Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) 3663:of the Caodong lineage. 3574:Rise of the Linji-school 2911: 2288:Buddhism was exposed to 2251:main types of meditation 2207:practices, specifically 1326:Buddhism in Central Asia 869:Ordinary Mind Zen School 761:Transmission of the Lamp 466:Turning the light around 429:Zen in the United States 76:Traditional Chinese 17670:New religious movements 17303:Theories about religion 17256:Evolutionary psychology 16285:Modern Finnish paganism 14230:Independent Catholicism 12509:Ten principal disciples 11392:(aunt, adoptive mother) 10844:Zen ranks and hierarchy 9210: 9125:History of Zen Buddhism 8861:Who Is Master Sheng-yen 8406:Welter, Albert (2000), 8385:Welter, Albert (2006), 8350:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8302:, Tokyo: Cosimo, inc., 8128:, John Wiley & Sons 8027:Maspero, Henri (1981), 8011:The Record of Tung-shan 7766:, Sussex Academic Press 7735:Ferguson, Andy (2000), 7726:Faure, Bernard (2000), 7717:Faure, Bernard (1997), 7644:Cleary, Thomas (2005), 7008:Kraft, Kenneth (1988). 6776:Isshū & Sasaki 1993 4808:cites and explains the 3975:have been refurbished. 3965:Chinese economic reform 3914:The Buddhist reformist 3757:as in the teachings of 3747:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 3302:, to which also belong 3111:enlightenment is sudden 2938:East Mountain Teachings 2916:Bodhidharma settled in 2879:false sense impressions 2865:. The two entrances to 1187:Zen ranks and hierarchy 1160:Category: Zen Buddhists 494:Ten Ox-Herding Pictures 62:Simplified Chinese 18319:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16300:Erzyan native religion 16149:Unitarian Universalism 15528:Native American Church 14274:Oneness Pentecostalism 13219:Buddhism and democracy 12732:Tibetan Buddhist canon 12727:Chinese Buddhist canon 11959:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 11954:Early Buddhist schools 10496:Philip Kapleau lineage 10467:Geoffrey Shugen Arnold 10360:Zentatsu Richard Baker 10348:Shunryū Suzuki lineage 10218:Academic organizations 10116:Academic organizations 10015:East Mountain Teaching 9369:Three Mysterious Gates 9141:Critical Chan Research 8978:. World Wisdom Books. 8964:. World Wisdom Books. 8859:Dharma Drum Mountain. 8726:A Revival of Buddhism? 8487:Young, Stuart (2009), 8262:Manual of Zen Buddhism 7836:Heine, Steven (2008), 7737:Zen's Chinese Heritage 7684:, World Wisdom Books, 7666:, World Wisdom Books, 6095:, p. 29, note 87. 4992:Emphasizing daily life 4883:is the counterpart of 4721:East Mountain Teaching 4696: 4638:Tathāgatagarbha sutras 4600:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 4470: 4229: 4199: 4110:new religious movement 3889: 3701: 3692: 3627: 3622:Wu-shan (Gozan) system 3602:Tiansheng Guangdeng lu 3478: 3427:After the fall of the 3411: 3291: 3261: 3240: 3061: 3025: 3016: 2988:East Mountain Teaching 2902: 2883: 2834:(6th century CE), and 2796: 2739:and especially to the 2728: 2590:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 2548: 2503: 2416:epistemological truths 2396: 2319: 1972:, from the end of the 1880: 1635:Chinese Buddhist canon 1336:Silk Road transmission 1310: 819:Plum Village Tradition 779:East Mountain Teaching 741:The Awakening of Faith 637:Prostration (Buddhism) 456:Original enlightenment 190: 18639:Saint Kitts and Nevis 17936:São Tomé and Príncipe 17796:Republic of the Congo 15997:Aboriginal Australian 14626:Chinese folk religion 13229:Eight Consciousnesses 11339:Life of Buddha in art 10717:Shinzan Miyamae Roshi 10659:Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle 10563:Soen Nakagawa lineage 10252:Nine mountain schools 9859:Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle 9147:Steven Heine (2007), 9059:Specific Chan centers 8943:Zen Mind, Buddha Mind 8694:on December 18, 2012. 8507:Zhu, Caifang (2003), 8320:, New York: Crossroad 8298:Suzuki, D.T. (2004), 8278:Suzuki, D.T. (1970), 8269:Suzuki, D.T. (1955), 8210:10.1353/pew.2014.0074 8133:Oh, Kang-nam (2000), 7995:, Tuttle Publishing, 7939:Lai, Whalen (2003a), 7862:Huaijin, Nan (1997), 7762:Fowler, Merv (2005), 7583:Buddhist Hermeneutics 7522:Blyth, R. H. (1966), 6889:Ma, Yung-fen (2011). 5951:Queen II, Edward L.; 5804:, pp. 70&74. 4860:Teaching and practice 4737:gradual enlightenment 4695:sitting in meditation 4691: 4643:Eight Consciousnesses 4460: 4447:Western Chan lineages 4392:Buddhism in Indonesia 3879: 3751:Southern Song dynasty 3696: 3687: 3618: 3473: 3406: 3396:The Great Persecution 3289: 3253: 3235: 3189:sutras, to which the 3157:associates the later 3056: 3031:is not a sutra but a 3020: 3011: 2884: 2871: 2790: 2712: 2691:Song of Enlightenment 2543: 2495: 2428:Divisions of training 2391: 2310: 1878: 1860:from the 6th century 1308: 973:Dahui Zonggao (Tahui) 953:Linji Yixuan (Rinzai) 948:Xuefeng Yicun (Seppo) 933:Shitou Xiqian (Kisen) 834:Kwan Um School of Zen 717:Mahaparinirvana Sutra 687:Prajñaparamita sutras 681:Indian Mahayana texts 18261:United Arab Emirates 17047:Religious experience 16421:Historical religions 15381:Four Mothers Society 14783:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 14115:Schwenkfelder Church 13706:East Asian religions 13136:Buddhism in the West 12707:Early Buddhist texts 12322:Four Right Exertions 11788:Ten spiritual realms 11281:Noble Eightfold Path 11019:Three Pillars of Zen 10980:The Gateless Barrier 10746:Hierarchy and titles 10508:Rochester Zen Center 10082:Dharma Drum Mountain 9374:Four Ways of Knowing 9354:Sudden Enlightenment 9260:Doctrinal background 8990:Critical Zen-studies 8712:. November 30, 2010. 8684:"Voice of Longquan, 8087:McRae, John (2004), 8078:McRae, John (2003), 8069:McRae, John (1986), 8018:Low, Albert (2006), 8009:Liang-Chieh (1986), 7957:on November 12, 2014 7913:Lai, Whalen (1985), 7838:Zen Skin, Zen Marrow 7531:Borup, Jørn (2008), 7155:. pp. 187–191. 5953:Prothero, Stephen R. 5464:, p. 13, 19–21. 5452:, p. 13, 18–19. 5416:, p. 13, 17–18. 5404:, p. 13, 15–17. 5150:East Mountain School 5118:(1368–1644) and the 5063:Timeline of Buddhism 4741:sudden enlightenment 4733:sudden enlightenment 4603:and the idea of the 4521:Doctrinal background 4453:Western Zen lineages 4422:Buddhism in the West 4351:. After his return, 4159:Four Great Mountains 4143:Dharma Drum Mountain 4024:Dharma Drum Mountain 3894:Communist Revolution 3859:Anagarika Dharmapala 3737:, the leader of the 3491:During the Song the 3264:An Lu-shan rebellion 3227:religious syncretism 2969:East Mountain School 2863:Dunhuang manuscripts 2074:(c. 750–1000) (from 1341:Dunhuang manuscripts 586:Bodhisattva Precepts 255:Revised Romanization 18654:Trinidad and Tobago 18549:Antigua and Barbuda 17717:Religion by country 16773:Cult of Magna Mater 15253:Philippine Dayawism 14834:Nimbarka Sampradaya 14582:Chinese Manichaeism 14254:Jehovah's Witnesses 14059:Proto-Protestantism 13829:Religion portal 13576:Temple of the Tooth 13455:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 12494:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 11987:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 11770:Two truths doctrine 11590:Mahapajapati Gotamī 11390:Mahapajapati Gotamī 10900:Main Rinzai Temples 10849:Dharma transmission 10684:Other Sōtō lineages 10668:Kōdō Sawaki lineage 10601:Kyozan Joshu Sasaki 10580:Zen Studies Society 10549:Gudō Wafu Nishijima 10539:Kōbun Chino Otogawa 10522:Other Sōtō lineages 10432:Robert Baker Aitken 10384:Kōdō Sawaki lineage 10010:Five Houses of Chán 9272:East Asian Yogācāra 9160:Zhi, Chuan (2019). 8995:Jeffrey Broughton, 8769:. December 8, 2008. 8710:Inter Press Service 7827:Grigg, Ray (1999), 7786:, Forgotten Books, 7773:Paths to Liberation 7757:, Walter de Gruyter 7245:, pp. 123–138. 7206:, pp. 138–142. 6622:, pp. 165–166. 6218:, p. 939, 951. 5576:(2020). "Ch1-Tao". 5549:The Essence of Chan 5242:. Boston: Shanbhala 5058:Outline of Buddhism 4739:. According to the 4579:two truths doctrine 4515:Pine Bush, New York 4463:Talmage, California 4284:East Asian Yogācāra 4186:Buddhism in Vietnam 4139:Four Heavenly Kings 4118:Humanistic Buddhism 4093:Humanistic Buddhism 3985:Humanistic Buddhism 3920:humanistic Buddhism 3711:Silent illumination 3487:Five Houses of Chan 3481:Five Houses of Chan 3270:An Lushan Rebellion 2400:two truths doctrine 2321:The first Buddhist 2231:Buddhist meditation 2160:postclassical phase 2076:An Lushan Rebellion 2001:gong'an-collections 1974:An Lushan Rebellion 1955:An Lushan Rebellion 1784:traditional Chinese 1617:Humanistic Buddhism 1177:Dharma transmission 824:Order of Interbeing 804:Five Houses of Chán 548:Representation-only 499:Five ranks of Tozan 185:Vietnamese alphabet 18589:Dominican Republic 17635:Abrahamic prophets 16724:Proto-Indo-Iranian 15226:Aliran Kepercayaan 14429:Non-denominational 14351:Modernist Salafism 14037:Oriental Orthodoxy 13751:Western philosophy 13349:Dzong architecture 13171:Vipassana movement 13166:Buddhist modernism 12594:Emperor Wen of Sui 12362:Pratyekabuddhayāna 12295:Threefold Training 12097:Vipassana movement 11813:Hungry Ghost realm 11633:Avidyā (Ignorance) 11580:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 11329:Great Renunciation 11324:Eight Great Events 11206: 11086:Pure Land Buddhism 11051:Cultural influence 10854:Zen lineage charts 10487:Kanzeon Zen Center 10323:Vạn Hạnh Monastery 10261:Contemporary sects 10092:Tzu Chi Foundation 9577:Liangshan Yuanguan 9286:Influential Sutras 9097:2008-09-24 at the 8686:Guanghua Monastery 8080:Seeing Through Zen 7986:, Rotterdam: Asoka 7491:, p. 155–156. 7356:, p. 160–169. 7091:China Perspectives 6938:Meng-Tat Chia 2011 6476:, p. 228–236. 6383:2013-09-16 at the 6255:, p. 945-950. 6143:, p. 125–126. 5637:2013-05-08 at the 4920:Sitting meditation 4697: 4471: 4402:Ashin Jinarakkhita 4396:Ashin Jinarakkhita 4067:Tzu Chi Foundation 4012:Buddhism in Taiwan 3995:Guanghua Monastery 3973:Guanghua Monastery 3931:Guanghua Monastery 3890: 3755:Pure Land Buddhism 3656:Book of Equanimity 3643:(1125) of Yuanwu, 3448:, Chiang-hsi) and 3292: 3062: 3043:Awakening of Faith 3029:Awakening of Faith 2842:(7th century CE). 2797: 2570:Central Asian monk 2557:Lineage (Buddhism) 2404:ontological truths 2259:paṭikūlamanasikāra 1881: 1856:. It developed in 1794:simplified Chinese 1706:White Horse Temple 1311: 1245:Pure Land Buddhism 1182:Zen lineage charts 606:Walking meditation 18882:Buddhism in China 18859: 18858: 18827: 18826: 18823: 18822: 17811:Equatorial Guinea 17707: 17706: 17703: 17702: 17241:Cognitive science 16860: 16859: 16793:Mysteries of Isis 16567:Frankish paganism 16410: 16409: 16406: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16154:White Brotherhood 16020: 16019: 15985: 15984: 15386:Keetoowah Society 15287:Sundanese Wiwitan 15104: 15103: 15100: 15099: 14829:Brahma Sampradaya 14791: 14790: 14594: 14593: 14590: 14589: 14572:Assianism/Uatsdin 14490: 14489: 14259:British Israelism 14245:Nontrinitarianism 14208:Plymouth Brethren 14203:Nondenominational 14137:Congregationalism 14025:Eastern Orthodoxy 13973:Reconstructionist 13837: 13836: 13475:Om mani padme hum 13181:Women in Buddhism 13097:Buddhist councils 12967:Western countries 12755:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 12516:Shaolin Monastery 12093:Samatha-vipassanā 11703:Pratītyasamutpāda 11507:Metteyya/Maitreya 11425: 11417: 11409: 11401: 11393: 11385: 11377: 11254:Four Noble Truths 11164: 11163: 11102:Heinrich Dumoulin 11095:Academic research 11046: 11045: 10925: 10924: 10874:Main Sōtō Temples 10862: 10861: 10741: 10740: 10691:Houn Jiyu-Kennett 10640: 10639: 10452:White Plum Asanga 10336: 10335: 10281: 10280: 10233: 10232: 10209:Ningen Zen Kyodan 10197:Lay organizations 10131: 10130: 9991: 9990: 9878:White Plum Asanga 9497:Dongshan Liangjie 9313:Vimalakirti Sutra 9298:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 9173:978-1-73331-430-5 8984:978-0-941532-90-7 8970:978-0-941532-89-1 8873:Says, Anonymous. 8849:on March 9, 2013. 8785:www.jaysquare.com 8753:www.jaysquare.com 8734:on July 14, 2014. 8670:www.authorama.com 8426:978-0-231-08361-4 8378:978-0-520-23212-9 8309:978-1-59605-041-9 8291:978-0-691-09849-4 8273:, New York: Delta 8249:978-0-9629246-0-6 8098:978-0-520-23798-8 8062:978-0-19-518327-6 8044:978-0-87023-308-1 8002:978-0-8048-3240-3 7855:978-0-15-699981-6 7820:978-0-8248-2623-9 7746:978-0-86171-163-5 7691:978-0-941532-90-7 7673:978-0-941532-89-1 7655:978-1-57062-831-3 7551:978-0-520-21972-4 7233:, pp. 26–29. 7170:978-1-4244-7639-8 7066:on 23 August 2016 6557:, pp. 28–29. 5630:Ven. Dr. Yuanci, 5068:List of Buddhists 5041:Blue Cliff Record 4871:Bodhisattva ideal 4839:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 4765:Dongshan Liangjie 4581:and the Yogacara 4543:Absolute-relative 4491:Ukiah, California 4386:Chan in Indonesia 4091:) a proponent of 3956:as well as among 3759:Zhongfeng Mingben 3705:Blue Cliff Record 3646:The Gateless Gate 3640:Blue Cliff Record 3531:Dongshan Liangjie 3386:Dongshan Liangjie 3195:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 3151:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 3143:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 3039:Lankavatara Sutra 2923:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 2747:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 2742:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 2731:Lankavatara Sutra 2624:) c. 440 – c. 528 2501:(emphasis McRae). 2327:Taoist meditation 2267:pratītyasamutpāda 2144:Blue Cliff Record 2022:(420 to 589) and 1777: 1776: 1612:Esoteric Buddhism 1309:Chinese: "Buddha" 1283: 1282: 987:Zhongfeng Mingben 928:Mazu Daoyi (Baso) 864:White Plum Asanga 707:Vimalakirti Sutra 697:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra 692:Lankavatara Sutra 521:Bodhisattva ideal 335: 334: 327: 326: 267: 266: 174: 173: 99:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 18889: 18849: 18839: 18838: 18717:Papua New Guinea 18692:Marshall Islands 18519:Northern Ireland 17724: 17723: 17713: 17712: 17597:Secular theology 17592:Secular humanism 16877: 16876: 16866: 16865: 16741:Ancestral Pueblo 16416: 16415: 16035: 16034: 15712: 15711: 15115: 15114: 14871:Shaiva Siddhanta 14802: 14801: 14735:Korean shamanism 14614: 14613: 14605: 14604: 14501: 14500: 14414:Mahdawi movement 14284:Swedenborgianism 14264:Christadelphians 13910: 13909: 13901: 13900: 13892: 13891: 13879: 13878: 13864: 13857: 13850: 13841: 13840: 13827: 13826: 13815: 13814: 13654:Sacred languages 13502:Maya Devi Temple 13465:Mahabodhi Temple 13269:Secular Buddhism 13234:Engaged Buddhism 12074: 11922:Tibetan Buddhism 11873:Vietnamese Thiền 11472:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 11423: 11415: 11407: 11399: 11391: 11383: 11375: 11224: 11223: 11211: 11201: 11191: 11184: 11177: 11168: 11167: 11157: 11156: 11133: 11132: 11117:William Bodiford 10934: 10933: 10871: 10870: 10750: 10749: 10675:Taisen Deshimaru 10649: 10648: 10575:Eido Tai Shimano 10462:John Daido Loori 10415:Yasutani lineage 10345: 10344: 10292: 10291: 10287:Vietnamese Thiền 10245:Historical sects 10242: 10241: 10145:Historical sects 10142: 10141: 10003:Historical sects 10000: 9999: 9951:Vietnamese Thiền 9617:Tiantong Zongjue 9612:Zhenxie Qingliao 9602:Hongzhi Zhengjue 9532:Dongshan Shouchu 9512:Nanyang Huizhong 9507:Baizhang Huaihai 9482:Baizhang Huaihai 9437: 9436: 9318:Avatamsaka Sutra 9246:Vietnamese Thiền 9205: 9198: 9191: 9182: 9181: 9177: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8896:on 13 June 2010. 8892:. Archived from 8885: 8879: 8878: 8870: 8864: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8845:. Archived from 8835: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8816:. Archived from 8810:"zhaozhou-chan, 8806: 8800: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8745: 8736: 8735: 8730:. Archived from 8720: 8714: 8713: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8690:. Archived from 8680: 8674: 8673: 8662: 8651: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8625: 8619:. Archived from 8618: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8590:on May 18, 2015. 8589: 8583:. Archived from 8582: 8574: 8558: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8522: 8516:, archived from 8515: 8503: 8493: 8483: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8466: 8459: 8447: 8438: 8429: 8411: 8402: 8400: 8394:, archived from 8393: 8381: 8361: 8340: 8330: 8321: 8312: 8294: 8274: 8265: 8252: 8234: 8228: 8220: 8195: 8185: 8161:(4/5): 282–331, 8145: 8129: 8120: 8111: 8101: 8083: 8074: 8065: 8047: 8023: 8014: 8005: 7987: 7978: 7968: 7958: 7956: 7945: 7935: 7934: 7925:(2/3): 173–192, 7909: 7900: 7891: 7882: 7877: 7867: 7858: 7840: 7832: 7823: 7805: 7796: 7776: 7767: 7758: 7749: 7731: 7722: 7713: 7702:. World Wisdom. 7694: 7676: 7658: 7640: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7619:. Archived from 7587: 7575: 7566: 7554: 7536: 7527: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7407:, p. 60-67. 7402: 7396: 7395:, p. 54–56. 7390: 7381: 7380:, p. 88–92. 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7316: 7310: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7219:Liang-Chieh 1986 7216: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7194:, p. 85–94. 7189: 7183: 7182: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7106: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7062:. Archived from 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7005: 6999: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6901:10.7916/d81g0t8p 6886: 6880: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6673:, p. 86–87. 6668: 6662: 6656: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6584: 6578: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6507: 6498: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6449:, p. 26–28. 6444: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6314: 6308: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6188: 6182: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6119:, p. 85-94. 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6018: 6012: 5999: 5994: 5971: 5970: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5929:, p. 54-55. 5924: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5843:, p. 45–49. 5838: 5832: 5826: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5748: 5742: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5642: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5546:Gu, Guo (2020). 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5392:, p. 11-21. 5387: 5381: 5380:, p. 11-15. 5375: 5369: 5363: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5315: 5310: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5243: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5185: 5179: 5159: 5153: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5073:Chinese Buddhism 4984:Chan monasticism 4507:Queens, New York 4479:Chinese Buddhism 4305: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4223: 4222: 4200:Tì-ni-đa-lưu-chi 4182:Vietnamese Thiền 4176:Thiền in Vietnam 4133: 4132: 4107:Chinese Buddhist 4089: 4084: 3969:Bailin Monastery 3958:Overseas Chinese 3924:Bailin Monastery 3741:clan, after the 3469:Chinese Buddhism 3308:Baizhang Huaihai 3276:Hung-chou School 3231:Tibetan Buddhism 3155:David Kalupahana 2962: 2961: 2951: 2950: 2819: 2814: 2770: 2708:Śākyamuni Buddha 2683: 2682: 2671: 2670: 2659: 2658: 2647: 2646: 2635: 2634: 2623: 2622: 2224: 2214: 2128:Hongzhi Zhengjue 2094:(died 867), and 2078:(755–763) until 1970:Classical period 1947:Legendary period 1834: 1825: 1815: 1810: 1801: 1791: 1769: 1762: 1755: 1701:Tiantai Mountain 1640:Taishō Tripiṭaka 1489:Hongzhi Zhengjue 1298:Chinese Buddhism 1285: 1284: 1275: 1268: 1261: 1086:Thiền in Vietnam 968:Yongming Yanshou 712:Avatamsaka Sutra 481:Sudden awakening 379: 369: 361: 357: 351: 344: 337: 336: 323: 322: 306: 305: 300: 299: 286: 285: 263: 262: 246: 245: 240: 239: 226: 225: 207: 206: 193: 170: 169: 149: 148: 128: 127: 114: 113: 90: 89: 84: 83: 70: 69: 44: 43: 21: 18897: 18896: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18888: 18887: 18886: 18862: 18861: 18860: 18855: 18819: 18746: 18727:Solomon Islands 18663: 18535: 18439:North Macedonia 18280: 18005: 17718: 17699: 17660:Mass gatherings 17628: 17623: 17616: 17555: 17550: 17541: 17475:Religiocentrism 17455:National church 17323: 17320: 17312: 17227: 17220: 17157: 17079:Bodies of water 16871: 16856: 16641:Jamaican Maroon 16423: 16398: 16335: 16165: 16158: 16029: 16027: 16016: 15981: 15955:Trinidad Orisha 15740: 15733: 15706: 15699: 15626: 15589: 15575:Washat Dreamers 15298: 15291: 15187: 15169: 15096: 15070:Srilankan Vedda 15021: 14949: 14824:Sri Vaishnavism 14787: 14749: 14721: 14679: 14586: 14560: 14527: 14486: 14440: 14365:Twelver Shi'ism 14307: 14169:Neo-charismatic 14142:Presbyterianism 13994: 13886: 13873: 13868: 13838: 13833: 13821: 13803: 13755: 13670: 13585: 13322:Ordination hall 13283: 13185: 13156:Buddhist crisis 13068: 12765: 12717:Mahayana sutras 12693: 12689:Thích Nhất Hạnh 12520: 12393: 12333: 12283:Bodhisattva vow 11968: 11834: 11774: 11733:Taṇhā (Craving) 11668:Five hindrances 11619: 11511: 11441: 11295: 11240: 11212: 11195: 11165: 11160: 11121: 11090: 11069:Related schools 11064: 11042: 11024: 10992: 10921: 10895: 10858: 10832: 10806: 10790: 10769: 10737: 10721: 10705: 10679: 10663: 10636: 10620: 10616:Keido Fukushima 10589: 10558: 10544:Gyokuko Carlson 10534:Dainin Katagiri 10517: 10491: 10472:Zen Peacemakers 10457:Bernie Glassman 10422:Hakuun Yasutani 10410: 10406:Shōhaku Okumura 10379: 10332: 10311: 10277: 10256: 10229: 10213: 10192: 10166: 10127: 10111: 10060: 10034: 10020:Hongzhou school 9987: 9978:Thích Nhất Hạnh 9946: 9915: 9894: 9873: 9854:Hakuun Yasutani 9842: 9821: 9817:Keido Fukushima 9780: 9764:Traditional Zen 9759: 9728: 9702: 9636: 9627:Tiantong Rujing 9607:Wansong Xingxiu 9582:Dayang Jingxuan 9557:Yunyan Tansheng 9542:Qingyuan Xingsi 9472:Nanyue Huairang 9457:Jianzhi Sengcan 9428: 9378: 9327: 9323:Śūraṅgama Sūtra 9281: 9255: 9214: 9209: 9174: 9135:Zen Quick Facts 9099:Wayback Machine 9013: 9002:Sung Bae Park, 8955:Classic history 8941:Thomas Cleary, 8930:Modern classics 8927: 8925:Further reading 8922: 8921: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8901: 8886: 8882: 8871: 8867: 8858: 8854: 8837: 8836: 8832: 8823: 8821: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8796: 8792: 8779: 8778: 8774: 8765: 8764: 8760: 8747: 8746: 8739: 8722: 8721: 8717: 8704: 8703: 8699: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8664: 8663: 8654: 8642: 8638: 8629: 8627: 8623: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8587: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8513: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8427: 8398: 8391: 8379: 8358: 8310: 8292: 8250: 8222: 8221: 8193: 8109: 8099: 8063: 8045: 8003: 7954: 7943: 7875: 7866:, Samuel Weiser 7856: 7821: 7794: 7747: 7710: 7692: 7674: 7656: 7626: 7624: 7609:10.2307/1397043 7552: 7517: 7515:Printed sources 7512: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7441:Lathouwers 2000 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7354:Kalupahana 1994 7352: 7348: 7342:Kalupahana 1994 7340: 7336: 7330:Kalupahana 1992 7328: 7319: 7311: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7217: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7190: 7186: 7171: 7149: 7145: 7136: 7134: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7036:. Tzu Chi Merit 7032: 7031: 7027: 7020: 7012:. Grove Press. 7006: 7002: 6995: 6991: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6959:Feuchtwang 2010 6957: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6887: 6883: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6827:Yampolski 2003a 6825: 6821: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6764:Yampolski 2003b 6762: 6758: 6752:Yampolski 2003b 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6701: 6695:Yampolski 2003a 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6659:Yampolski 2003a 6657: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6594: 6587: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6543:Yampolski 2003a 6541: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6474:Kalupahana 1992 6472: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6396:Yampolski 2003a 6394: 6390: 6385:Wayback Machine 6376: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6317: 6309: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6282: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6251: 6247: 6238: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6191: 6183: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6154: 6147: 6139: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6081:Yampolski 2003b 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6021: 6013: 6002: 5995: 5974: 5967: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5751: 5743: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5656:Brown Holt 1995 5654: 5645: 5639:Wayback Machine 5629: 5625: 5616: 5612: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5296: 5294: 5287:"Chan Buddhism" 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5263:, p. xvii. 5259: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5236:Lathouwers 2000 5234: 5230: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5037: 5032: 5013:It was scholar 5011: 4994: 4986: 4972: 4966: 4928: 4922: 4904: 4902:Chan meditation 4873: 4868: 4862: 4833:Śūraṅgama Sūtra 4792: 4786: 4777: 4686: 4626:sentient beings 4595: 4577:The Madhyamaka 4545: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4455: 4449: 4428: 4418: 4398: 4388: 4334: 4328: 4252: 4250:Korean Buddhism 4242: 4188: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4088:Yìn Shùn dǎoshī 4014: 4004: 3945: 3939: 3874: 3868: 3855: 3850: 3830: 3771: 3727: 3722: 3713: 3661:Wansong Xingxiu 3635: 3610: 3582: 3576: 3507:Guishan Lingyou 3489: 3483: 3464: 3458: 3425: 3419: 3400:During 845–846 3398: 3362: 3335:Nanyue Huairang 3296:Hongzhou school 3284: 3282:Hongzhou school 3278: 3266: 3257: 3245: 3207: 3165:, gradual) and 3068: 3051: 2940: 2935: 2914: 2795:, 15th century. 2785: 2779: 2737:Mahāyāna sūtras 2733: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2700:Yongjia Xuanjue 2559: 2553: 2523: 2518: 2508: 2430: 2188: 2183: 2169: 2100:Hongzhou school 1997:Literary period 1935: 1927: 1921: 1773: 1744: 1743: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1671: 1663: 1662: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1630: 1622: 1621: 1577: 1569: 1568: 1359: 1351: 1350: 1321: 1279: 1250: 1249: 1210: 1209:Related schools 1202: 1201: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1129:Hakuun Yasutani 1107:Thích Nhất Hạnh 892: 887: 879: 878: 874:Zen Peacemakers 799:Hongzhou school 774: 766: 765: 736:Śūraṅgama Sūtra 677: 667: 666: 662:Zen calligraphy 581:Bodhisattva vow 576:Six Perfections 566: 558: 557: 489: 447: 442: 434: 433: 387: 367: 359: 353: 349: 179:Vietnamese name 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18895: 18885: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18857: 18856: 18854: 18853: 18843: 18832: 18829: 18828: 18825: 18824: 18821: 18820: 18818: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18802: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18756: 18754: 18748: 18747: 18745: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18673: 18671: 18665: 18664: 18662: 18661: 18656: 18651: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18621: 18616: 18611: 18606: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18545: 18543: 18537: 18536: 18534: 18533: 18532: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18509:United Kingdom 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18290: 18288: 18282: 18281: 18279: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18137: 18136: 18131: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18015: 18013: 18007: 18006: 18004: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17732: 17730: 17720: 17719: 17709: 17708: 17705: 17704: 17701: 17700: 17698: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17631: 17629: 17621: 17618: 17617: 17615: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17602:Secularization 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17582:Deconstruction 17579: 17574: 17569: 17564: 17558: 17556: 17546: 17543: 17542: 17540: 17539: 17534: 17533: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17430:Fundamentalism 17427: 17426: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17384: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17363: 17362: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17337: 17332: 17326: 17324: 17317: 17314: 17313: 17311: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17294: 17293: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17232: 17230: 17222: 17221: 17219: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17167: 17165: 17159: 17158: 17156: 17155: 17154: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17097: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17071: 17070: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17004: 17003: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16908: 16906:Call to prayer 16903: 16898: 16893: 16891:Disaffiliation 16883: 16881: 16873: 16872: 16862: 16861: 16858: 16857: 16855: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16818: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16797: 16796: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16765: 16760: 16759: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16738: 16737: 16736: 16731: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16694: 16689: 16688: 16687: 16677: 16676: 16675: 16670: 16660: 16655: 16654: 16653: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16607: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16589:Greco-Buddhism 16586: 16576: 16575: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16549: 16544: 16543: 16542: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16521: 16520: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16499: 16498: 16493: 16483: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16440: 16439: 16428: 16425: 16424: 16412: 16411: 16408: 16407: 16404: 16403: 16400: 16399: 16397: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16343: 16341: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16333: 16332: 16331: 16319: 16314: 16313: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16231: 16230: 16220: 16219: 16218: 16213: 16203: 16202: 16201: 16196: 16186: 16181: 16180: 16179: 16170: 16168: 16160: 16159: 16157: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16140: 16139: 16134: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16103: 16102: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16041: 16039: 16032: 16022: 16021: 16018: 16017: 16015: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15993: 15991: 15987: 15986: 15983: 15982: 15980: 15979: 15978: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15950:Tambor de Mina 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15906: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15876: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15777: 15776: 15771: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15745: 15743: 15735: 15734: 15732: 15731: 15730: 15729: 15727:Guanche church 15718: 15716: 15709: 15701: 15700: 15698: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15636: 15634: 15632:Tibeto-Burmese 15628: 15627: 15625: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15603: 15601: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15561: 15560: 15555: 15545: 15540: 15538:Nuu-chah-nulth 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15519: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15482: 15481: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15460: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15447:Muscogee Creek 15444: 15439: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15389: 15388: 15383: 15373: 15372: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15335: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15314: 15309: 15303: 15301: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15289: 15284: 15282:Sumbese Marapu 15279: 15278: 15277: 15272: 15262: 15261: 15260: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15234: 15233: 15228: 15220: 15219: 15218: 15213: 15203: 15201:Batak Parmalim 15197: 15195: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15185: 15179: 15177: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15167: 15166: 15165: 15160: 15150: 15149: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15123: 15121: 15112: 15106: 15105: 15102: 15101: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15094: 15093: 15092: 15087: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15056: 15055: 15050: 15040: 15035: 15029: 15027: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15019: 15012: 15007: 15006: 15005: 14995: 14994: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14965: 14959: 14957: 14951: 14950: 14948: 14947: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14909: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14810: 14808: 14799: 14793: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14759: 14757: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14731: 14729: 14723: 14722: 14720: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14703: 14702: 14689: 14687: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14670: 14660: 14659: 14658: 14653: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14622: 14620: 14611: 14602: 14596: 14595: 14592: 14591: 14588: 14587: 14585: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14568: 14566: 14562: 14561: 14559: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14537: 14535: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14513:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 14509: 14507: 14498: 14492: 14491: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14448: 14446: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14438: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14400: 14399: 14389: 14384: 14383: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14357: 14356: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14348: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14317: 14315: 14309: 14308: 14306: 14305: 14298: 14297: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14250:Bible Students 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14220:Restorationism 14217: 14216: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14199: 14198: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14176:Evangelicalism 14173: 14172: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14118: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14087: 14077: 14076: 14075: 14070: 14056: 14055: 14054: 14049: 14039: 14034: 14033: 14032: 14022: 14021: 14020: 14015: 14004: 14002: 13996: 13995: 13993: 13992: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13949: 13948: 13947: 13946: 13936: 13935: 13934: 13918: 13916: 13907: 13898: 13888: 13887: 13875: 13874: 13867: 13866: 13859: 13852: 13844: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13831: 13819: 13808: 13805: 13804: 13802: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13765: 13763: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13696: 13686: 13680: 13678: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13668: 13667: 13666: 13661: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13595: 13593: 13587: 13586: 13584: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13478: 13477: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13451: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13389: 13388: 13386:Greco-Buddhist 13378: 13377: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13340: 13339: 13337:Burmese pagoda 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13293: 13291: 13285: 13284: 13282: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13195: 13193: 13187: 13186: 13184: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13119:Greco-Buddhism 13116: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13078: 13076: 13070: 13069: 13067: 13066: 13065: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13052:United Kingdom 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12997:Czech Republic 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12957: 12947: 12946: 12945: 12935: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12887: 12886: 12876: 12871: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12775: 12773: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12763: 12761:Abhidharmadīpa 12758: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12703: 12701: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12679:B. R. Ambedkar 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12599:Songtsen Gampo 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12530: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12518: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12403: 12401: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12343: 12341: 12335: 12334: 12332: 12331: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12314: 12313: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12278:Eight precepts 12275: 12265: 12264: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12215: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12167: 12157: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12066: 12056: 12051: 12049:Five Strengths 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12015: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11989: 11984: 11978: 11976: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11844: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11832: 11827: 11826: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11790: 11784: 11782: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11772: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11688:Mental factors 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11629: 11627: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11540:Mahamoggallāna 11537: 11532: 11527: 11521: 11519: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11455:Avalokiteśvara 11451: 11449: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11428: 11427: 11419: 11411: 11403: 11395: 11387: 11379: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11305: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11256: 11250: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11194: 11193: 11186: 11179: 11171: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11158: 11146: 11139: 11126: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11072: 11070: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11062: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11040: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11015: 11012:The Way of Zen 11008: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10990: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10962: 10955: 10952:Platform Sutra 10948: 10940: 10938: 10931: 10930:Zen literature 10927: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10903: 10901: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10877: 10875: 10868: 10864: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10840: 10838: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10814: 10812: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10804: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10783: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10756: 10754: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10729: 10727: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10713: 10711: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10687: 10685: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10677: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10661: 10655: 10653: 10646: 10642: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10628: 10626: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10597: 10595: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10503:Philip Kapleau 10499: 10497: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10442:Taizan Maezumi 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10401:Kōshō Uchiyama 10398: 10393: 10387: 10385: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10355:Shunryū Suzuki 10351: 10349: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10304: 10298: 10296: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10254: 10248: 10246: 10239: 10235: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10227: 10221: 10219: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10211: 10206: 10200: 10198: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10174: 10172: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10148: 10146: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10125: 10119: 10117: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10097:Chung Tai Shan 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10056:Guiyang school 10053: 10051:Caodong school 10048: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10006: 10004: 9997: 9993: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9985: 9983:Thích Thanh Từ 9980: 9975: 9970: 9968:Trần Nhân Tông 9965: 9960: 9954: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9913: 9908: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9892: 9887: 9885:Taizan Maezumi 9881: 9879: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9871: 9869:Philip Kapleau 9866: 9861: 9856: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9840: 9838:Shunryū Suzuki 9835: 9829: 9827: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9736: 9734: 9733:Modern Guiyang 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9710: 9708: 9707:Modern Caodong 9704: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9622:Xuedou Zhijian 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9572:Tongan Guanzhi 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9552:Yaoshan Weiyan 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9441: 9440:Classical Chan 9434: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9397: 9392: 9386: 9384: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9293:Zen scriptures 9289: 9287: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9263: 9261: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9208: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9172: 9157: 9152: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9111: 9110: 9101: 9089: 9084: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9030: 9029: 9024: 9012: 9011:External links 9009: 9008: 9007: 9000: 8997:Zongmi on Chan 8987: 8986: 8972: 8952: 8951: 8947:J. C. Cleary, 8945: 8939: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8899: 8880: 8865: 8852: 8830: 8801: 8790: 8772: 8758: 8737: 8715: 8697: 8675: 8652: 8636: 8605: 8593: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8548:10.2307/602960 8542:(1): 125–126, 8531: 8504: 8494: 8484: 8475: 8448: 8439: 8430: 8425: 8412: 8403: 8382: 8377: 8362: 8356: 8341: 8331: 8325:Torei (2010), 8322: 8313: 8308: 8295: 8290: 8275: 8271:Studies in Zen 8266: 8253: 8248: 8235: 8204:(4): 933–964, 8186: 8146: 8130: 8121: 8102: 8097: 8084: 8075: 8066: 8061: 8048: 8043: 8024: 8015: 8006: 8001: 7988: 7979: 7969: 7959: 7936: 7910: 7901: 7892: 7883: 7868: 7859: 7854: 7841: 7833: 7824: 7819: 7806: 7797: 7792: 7777: 7768: 7759: 7750: 7745: 7732: 7723: 7714: 7708: 7695: 7690: 7677: 7672: 7659: 7654: 7641: 7632: 7603:(1/4): 37–49. 7588: 7576: 7567: 7555: 7550: 7537: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7479:, p. 152. 7469: 7457: 7445: 7433: 7421: 7409: 7397: 7382: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7317: 7302: 7300:, p. 373. 7290: 7278: 7266: 7247: 7235: 7223: 7208: 7196: 7192:Dumoulin 2005a 7184: 7169: 7143: 7118: 7077: 7047: 7025: 7018: 7000: 6989: 6975: 6971:Laliberte 2011 6963: 6961:, p. 189. 6942: 6930: 6928:, p. 299. 6926:Dumoulin 2005b 6918: 6906: 6881: 6870: 6863: 6843: 6839:Dumoulin 2005a 6831: 6819: 6804: 6802:, p. 130. 6792: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6720: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6620:Dumoulin 2005a 6612: 6600: 6585: 6570: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6490: 6488:, p. 123. 6478: 6463: 6451: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6410:, p. 279. 6400: 6388: 6370: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6315: 6300: 6288: 6284:Dumoulin 2005a 6269: 6257: 6245: 6232: 6230:, p. 939. 6220: 6208: 6206:, p. 143. 6189: 6172: 6160: 6145: 6133: 6129:Dumoulin 2005a 6121: 6117:Dumoulin 2005a 6109: 6105:Dumoulin 2005a 6097: 6093:Yampolski 1967 6085: 6073: 6061: 6046: 6034: 6019: 6000: 5972: 5965: 5943: 5939:Broughton 1999 5931: 5927:Broughton 1999 5919: 5916:Dumoulin 2005a 5908: 5896: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5841:Dumoulin 2005a 5833: 5831:, p. 168. 5829:Dumoulin 2005a 5818: 5816:, p. 167. 5814:Dumoulin 2005a 5806: 5802:Dumoulin 2005a 5794: 5790:Dumoulin 2005a 5782: 5778:Dumoulin 2005a 5770: 5749: 5732: 5720: 5709:(4): 575–592. 5689: 5672: 5660: 5643: 5623: 5610: 5606:Dumoulin 2005a 5595: 5588: 5565: 5558: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5466: 5454: 5442: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5394: 5382: 5370: 5353: 5341: 5316: 5302: 5277: 5265: 5261:Dumoulin 2005a 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5228: 5215: 5202: 5193: 5189:Hjalmar Sundén 5180: 5154: 5133: 5124: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5010: 5007: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4968:Main article: 4965: 4962: 4946:lotus position 4924:Main article: 4921: 4918: 4903: 4900: 4895:, compassion. 4889:Avalokiteśvara 4872: 4869: 4861: 4858: 4790:Zen and Sutras 4788:Main article: 4785: 4784:Chan scripture 4782: 4776: 4773: 4754:Guifeng Zongmi 4749:Platform Sutra 4725:Yuquan Shenxiu 4693:Avalokiteśvara 4685: 4682: 4594: 4591: 4566:of Tozan, the 4549:Prajnaparamita 4544: 4541: 4536: 4533: 4525:Main article: 4522: 4519: 4448: 4445: 4417: 4414: 4387: 4384: 4327: 4324: 4241: 4238: 4208:Thiền Buddhism 4177: 4174: 4166: 4163: 4147:Chung Tai Shan 4122:Dashu District 4065:, founded the 4046:Chung Tai Shan 4003: 4000: 3938: 3935: 3867: 3864: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3838:Wudeng yantong 3829: 3826: 3779:Hanshan Deqing 3770: 3767: 3745:conquered the 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3674:'s successor, 3634: 3631: 3609: 3606: 3578:Main article: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3556: 3538: 3533:(807–869) and 3524: 3514: 3503:Guiyang school 3482: 3479: 3457: 3454: 3452:(Che-chiang). 3418: 3415: 3402:Emperor Wuzong 3397: 3394: 3364:Traditionally 3361: 3358: 3343:Guifeng Zongmi 3280:Main article: 3277: 3274: 3265: 3262: 3244: 3241: 3215:Tibetan Empire 3206: 3203: 3187:prajnaparamita 3159:Caodong school 3129:Platform Sutra 3125:Platform Sutra 3120:Platform Sutra 3104:Guifeng Zongmi 3084:Platform Sutra 3060:tearing sutras 3050: 3047: 2992:Yuquan Shenxiu 2981:nature of mind 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2913: 2910: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2781:Main article: 2778: 2775: 2732: 2729: 2713: 2686: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2555:Main article: 2552: 2549: 2531:Gautama Buddha 2522: 2519: 2507: 2504: 2484: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2464: 2463: 2456: 2451:) to attain a 2443: 2429: 2426: 2298:Folk religious 2187: 2184: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2152: 2151: 2140:Caodong school 2107: 2069: 2058:Platform Sutra 2050:Yuquan Shenxiu 2040:(c. 600–900) ( 2035: 2018:(c. 500–600) ( 2009: 2008: 1993: 1966: 1934: 1931: 1920: 1917: 1870:Song dynasties 1775: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1757: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1509:Hanshan Deqing 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1454:Śubhakarasiṃha 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1301: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1263: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1197:Zen Narratives 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1139:Shunryū Suzuki 1136: 1134:Taizan Maezumi 1131: 1126: 1115: 1114: 1112:Thích Thiên-Ân 1109: 1104: 1102:Thích Thanh Từ 1099: 1097:Trần Nhân Tông 1094: 1092:Trần Thái Tông 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 995: 994: 992:Hanshan Deqing 989: 980:Post-classical 976: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 888: 885: 884: 881: 880: 877: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 775: 772: 771: 768: 767: 764: 763: 758: 753: 751:Platform Sutra 748: 743: 738: 733: 720: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 678: 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 642:Buddhist chant 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 550: 545: 540: 538:Zen and Sutras 529: 528: 523: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 484: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 426: 418: 410: 402: 394: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 372: 371: 363: 362: 346: 345: 333: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 317: 311: 310: 309:Transcriptions 302: 301: 294: 288: 287: 280: 274: 273: 269: 268: 265: 264: 257: 251: 250: 249:Transcriptions 242: 241: 234: 228: 227: 220: 214: 213: 209: 208: 201: 195: 194: 187: 181: 180: 176: 175: 172: 171: 164: 162:Middle Chinese 158: 157: 155:Middle Chinese 151: 150: 143: 137: 136: 134:Yue: Cantonese 130: 129: 122: 116: 115: 108: 102: 101: 95: 94: 93:Transcriptions 86: 85: 78: 72: 71: 64: 58: 57: 53: 52: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18894: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18872:Chan Buddhism 18870: 18869: 18867: 18852: 18848: 18844: 18842: 18834: 18833: 18830: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18757: 18755: 18753: 18752:South America 18749: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18674: 18672: 18670: 18666: 18660: 18659:United States 18657: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18546: 18544: 18542: 18541:North America 18538: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18511: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18399:Liechtenstein 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18291: 18289: 18287: 18283: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18126: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18016: 18014: 18012: 18008: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17851:Guinea-Bissau 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17733: 17731: 17729: 17725: 17721: 17714: 17710: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17675:Organizations 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17619: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17538: 17535: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17512: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17500:Vegetarianism 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17445:Homosexuality 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17405: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17368: 17367: 17364: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17346: 17345: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17315: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17292: 17289: 17288: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17266:Neurotheology 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17233: 17231: 17229: 17223: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17168: 17166: 17164: 17160: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17138: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17076: 17075: 17072: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17054: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16987: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16960:Folk religion 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16888: 16885: 16884: 16882: 16878: 16874: 16867: 16863: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16802: 16801: 16798: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16783:Imperial cult 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16770: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16739: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16726: 16725: 16722: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16699: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16686: 16683: 16682: 16681: 16678: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16581: 16580: 16577: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16554: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16519: 16516: 16515: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16488: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16461: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16438: 16435: 16434: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16426: 16422: 16417: 16413: 16393: 16390: 16389: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16352:Discordianism 16350: 16348: 16347:Anthroposophy 16345: 16344: 16342: 16338: 16330: 16329: 16325: 16324: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16295:Mari religion 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16277: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16229: 16226: 16225: 16224: 16221: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16208: 16207: 16204: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16191: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16178: 16175: 16174: 16172: 16171: 16169: 16167: 16161: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16132:Neo-Theosophy 16130: 16129: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16101: 16098: 16097: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16070:New Acropolis 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16042: 16040: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16023: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15994: 15992: 15988: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15890: 15889: 15886: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15878: 15877: 15872: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15766: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15746: 15744: 15742: 15736: 15728: 15725: 15724: 15723: 15720: 15719: 15717: 15715:North African 15713: 15710: 15708: 15702: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15633: 15629: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15604: 15602: 15600: 15596: 15592: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15550: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15498: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15480: 15477: 15476: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15469:Kwakwakaʼwakw 15467: 15465: 15462: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15434: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15378: 15377: 15374: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15351: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15319: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15300: 15294: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15267: 15266: 15263: 15259: 15256: 15255: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15223: 15221: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15194: 15190: 15184: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15176: 15175:Austroasiatic 15172: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15155: 15154: 15151: 15147: 15146:Vattisen Yaly 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15133: 15132: 15128: 15125: 15124: 15122: 15120: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15107: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15082: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15065:Kirat Mundhum 15063: 15061: 15058: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15045: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15030: 15028: 15024: 15018: 15017: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15004: 15001: 15000: 14999: 14996: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14978: 14974: 14971: 14970: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14960: 14958: 14956: 14952: 14946: 14945: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14867: 14864: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14816: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14809: 14807: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14794: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14760: 14758: 14756: 14752: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14732: 14730: 14728: 14724: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14701: 14700: 14696: 14695: 14694: 14691: 14690: 14688: 14686: 14682: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14661: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14648: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14623: 14621: 14619: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14597: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14563: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14538: 14536: 14534: 14530: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14510: 14508: 14506: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14493: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14449: 14447: 14443: 14437: 14436: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14424:Milah Abraham 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14398: 14395: 14394: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14362: 14361: 14358: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14343: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14323: 14322: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14314: 14310: 14304: 14303: 14299: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14251: 14248: 14247: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14197: 14194: 14193: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14156: 14155: 14152: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14082: 14081: 14080:Protestantism 14078: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14065: 14062: 14061: 14060: 14057: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14044: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14031: 14028: 14027: 14026: 14023: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14010: 14009: 14006: 14005: 14003: 14001: 13997: 13991: 13990: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13945: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13937: 13933: 13930: 13929: 13928: 13925: 13924: 13923: 13920: 13919: 13917: 13915: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13893: 13889: 13885: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13865: 13860: 13858: 13853: 13851: 13846: 13845: 13842: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13818: 13810: 13809: 13806: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13766: 13764: 13762: 13758: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13691: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13677: 13673: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13656: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13596: 13594: 13592: 13591:Miscellaneous 13588: 13582: 13581:Vegetarianism 13579: 13577: 13574: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13546: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13476: 13473: 13472: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13425: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13403:Buddha in art 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13379: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13338: 13335: 13334: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13298: 13295: 13294: 13292: 13290: 13286: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13196: 13194: 13192: 13188: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13075: 13071: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13057:United States 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12968: 12965: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12951: 12948: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12939: 12936: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12923: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12884: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12768: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12739: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12696: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12614:Padmasambhava 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12526:Major figures 12523: 12517: 12514: 12510: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12473: 12472:Western tulku 12470: 12469: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12396: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12369: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12336: 12330: 12327: 12323: 12320: 12319: 12318: 12315: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12296: 12293: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12273:Five precepts 12271: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12251:Dhamma vicaya 12249: 12247: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12239: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12019:Buddhābhiṣeka 12017: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11971: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11915: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11837: 11831: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11781: 11777: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11750: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11663:Enlightenment 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11653:Dhamma theory 11651: 11649: 11648:Buddha-nature 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11622: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11518: 11514: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11487:Samantabhadra 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11426: 11420: 11418: 11412: 11410: 11404: 11402: 11396: 11394: 11388: 11386: 11380: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11219: 11218: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11192: 11187: 11185: 11180: 11178: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11152: 11151: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11143:Zen Buddhists 11140: 11138: 11137: 11128: 11127: 11124: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11061: 11060: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11049: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11021: 11020: 11016: 11014: 11013: 11009: 11007: 11006: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10995: 10989: 10988: 10984: 10982: 10981: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10970: 10968: 10967: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10956: 10954: 10953: 10949: 10947: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10872: 10869: 10865: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10835: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10809: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10772: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10734: 10733:Kaishin Inshu 10731: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10682: 10676: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10666: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10623: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10570:Soen Nakagawa 10568: 10567: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10529:Sōyū Matsuoka 10527: 10526: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10482:Dennis Merzel 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10413: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10346: 10343: 10339: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10314: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10243: 10240: 10236: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10216: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10114: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10087:Fo Guang Shan 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10030:Yunmen school 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9994: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9897: 9891: 9890:Dennis Merzel 9888: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9864:Robert Aitken 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9812:Soen Nakagawa 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9792:Imakita Kosen 9790: 9789: 9787: 9785:Modern Rinzai 9783: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9731: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9658:Nan Huai-Chin 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9641:Modern Lingji 9639: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9597:Danxia Zichun 9595: 9593: 9592:Furong Daokai 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9562:Yunju Daoying 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9547:Shitou Xiqian 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9527:Yunmen Wenyan 9525: 9523: 9522:Xuefeng Yicun 9520: 9518: 9517:Dahui Zonggao 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9487:Huangbo Xiyun 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9400:Koan practice 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9330: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9303:Diamond Sutra 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9267:Buddha-nature 9265: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9231:Chan Buddhism 9229: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9219:Main articles 9217: 9213: 9206: 9201: 9199: 9194: 9192: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9175: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9109: 9108:Fo Guang Shan 9105: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8950: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8938: 8935:D.T. Suzuki, 8934: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8909: 8903: 8895: 8891: 8884: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8856: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8820:on 2016-03-03 8819: 8815: 8813: 8805: 8799: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8768: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8742: 8733: 8729: 8727: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8687: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8650: 8648: 8640: 8626:on 2015-11-06 8622: 8615: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8586: 8579: 8573: 8569: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8532: 8523:on 2010-09-29 8519: 8512: 8511: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8467:on 2012-06-22 8463: 8456: 8455: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8428: 8422: 8418: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8401:on 2013-03-16 8397: 8390: 8389: 8383: 8380: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8363: 8359: 8357:9788120807310 8353: 8349: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8311: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8282: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8108: 8103: 8100: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8072: 8067: 8064: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8046: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8031: 8025: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8007: 8004: 7998: 7994: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7960: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7881: 7874: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7857: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7829:The Ta of Zen 7825: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7795: 7793:9781605061047 7789: 7785: 7784: 7778: 7774: 7769: 7765: 7760: 7756: 7751: 7748: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7709:0-941532-89-5 7705: 7701: 7696: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7675: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7657: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7623:on 2011-05-24 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7556: 7553: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7502: 7497: 7490: 7485: 7478: 7473: 7466: 7461: 7454: 7449: 7442: 7437: 7431:, p. 58. 7430: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7389: 7387: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7275: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7244: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7220: 7215: 7213: 7205: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7133:on 2012-02-27 7132: 7128: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7093:(in French). 7092: 7088: 7081: 7065: 7061: 7060:tw.tzuchi.org 7057: 7051: 7035: 7029: 7021: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6998: 6993: 6985: 6979: 6972: 6967: 6960: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6939: 6934: 6927: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6885: 6879: 6874: 6866: 6864:9780691157863 6860: 6856: 6855: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6816: 6811: 6809: 6801: 6796: 6789: 6784: 6777: 6772: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6660: 6655: 6653: 6645: 6644:Leighton 2000 6640: 6633: 6628: 6621: 6616: 6609: 6604: 6598:, p. 74. 6597: 6592: 6590: 6583:, p. 73. 6582: 6577: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6556: 6551: 6544: 6539: 6533:, p. 95. 6532: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6506: 6504: 6494: 6487: 6482: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6461:, p. 92. 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6434:, p. 62. 6433: 6428: 6422:, p. 63. 6421: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6374: 6367: 6362: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6332:, p. 18. 6331: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6312: 6307: 6305: 6297: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6187:, p. 17. 6186: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6169: 6164: 6157: 6152: 6150: 6142: 6141:Zvelebil 1987 6137: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6107:, p. 52. 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6043: 6038: 6032:, p. 17. 6031: 6026: 6024: 6016: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5968: 5966:0-8160-3545-8 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5886: 5878: 5873: 5867:, p. 11. 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5823: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5798: 5792:, p. 64. 5791: 5786: 5780:, p. 65. 5779: 5774: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5746: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5730:, p. 11. 5729: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5687:, p. 79. 5686: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5670:, p. 10. 5669: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5607: 5602: 5600: 5591: 5589:9781611807134 5585: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5574:Hinton, David 5569: 5561: 5559:9781611808711 5555: 5551: 5550: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5524:, p. 46. 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5500:, p. 13. 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5440:, p. 63. 5439: 5438:Yanagida 2009 5434: 5428:, p. 89. 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5366:Ferguson 2000 5362: 5360: 5358: 5350: 5349:Ferguson 2000 5345: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5307: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5275:, p. 24. 5274: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5158: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5102: 5098: 5089: 5088:Putong Temple 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4989: 4981: 4978: 4971: 4964:Koan practice 4961: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4812: 4811:Diamond Sūtra 4807: 4803: 4802: 4796: 4791: 4781: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4662:five skandhas 4659: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4630:Buddha-nature 4627: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4605:Buddha-nature 4602: 4601: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4583:three natures 4580: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483:San Francisco 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4240:Seon in Korea 4237: 4235: 4231: 4230:Vô Ngôn Thông 4227: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4155:Fo Guang Shan 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3863: 3860: 3848:Modernisation 3845: 3843: 3842:sifa weixiang 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3791:Yunqi Zhuhong 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743:Mongol Empire 3740: 3736: 3732: 3717: 3708: 3706: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3676:Dahui Zonggao 3673: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3614:Dahui Zonggao 3608:Dahui Zonggao 3605: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3595:Xuefeng Yicun 3593:pictures the 3592: 3588: 3581: 3568: 3567:Xuefeng Yicun 3564: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3553:Shitou Xiqian 3550: 3549:Xuefeng Yicun 3546: 3545:Yunmen Wenyan 3542: 3541:Yunmen school 3539: 3536: 3535:Caoshan Benji 3532: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3488: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366:Shítóu Xīqiān 3360:Shitou Xiqian 3357: 3355: 3354:Huayan school 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3260: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3199:Diamond Sutra 3196: 3192: 3191:Diamond Sutra 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171:Rinzai school 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3147:Diamond Sūtra 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3134:Diamond Sūtra 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3093: 3092:Nanhua Temple 3089: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3076:Nanhua Temple 3073: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2945: 2930: 2928: 2927:Daman Hongren 2924: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2906:Buddha-nature 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2868: 2867:enlightenment 2864: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2774: 2773: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2726: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2677: 2674: 2665: 2664:Daman Hongren 2662: 2653: 2650: 2641: 2638: 2629: 2626: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2588:, one of the 2587: 2586:Srimala Sutra 2583: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527:Flower Sermon 2517: 2513: 2502: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2357:Buddha-nature 2354: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239:Dhyāna sutras 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2206: 2202: 2199:Buddhism and 2198: 2194: 2182: 2181:Six Dynasties 2178: 2174: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2126:practice and 2125: 2121: 2120:Dahui Zonggao 2117: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2096:Xuefeng Yicun 2093: 2089: 2088:Shitou Xiqian 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2046:Daman Hongren 2043: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1933:Periodisation 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1899:and north to 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1811: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1559:Nan Huai-Chin 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1494:Dahui Zonggao 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1479:Daman Hongren 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1358:Major figures 1355: 1354: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1331:Dharmaguptaka 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1246: 1243: 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812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 789:Oxhead school 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 770: 769: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 727: 726: 725: 724:Chinese texts 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 683: 682: 676: 675:Zen scripture 671: 670: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 647:Dharma combat 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 568: 562: 561: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 534: 533: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 517: 516: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 490: 488: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 461:Buddha-nature 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 446: 445:The "essence" 438: 437: 430: 427: 425: 424: 419: 417: 416: 411: 409: 408: 403: 401: 400: 395: 393: 390: 389: 386:Main articles 383: 382: 378: 374: 373: 370: 365: 364: 358: 356: 348: 347: 343: 339: 338: 330: 318: 316: 312: 307: 303: 295: 293: 289: 281: 279: 275: 272:Japanese name 270: 258: 256: 252: 247: 243: 235: 233: 229: 221: 219: 215: 210: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 186: 182: 177: 165: 163: 159: 156: 152: 144: 142: 138: 135: 131: 123: 121: 117: 109: 107: 103: 100: 96: 91: 87: 79: 77: 73: 65: 63: 59: 54: 50: 47:Chan Buddhism 45: 40: 33: 19: 18256:Turkmenistan 18216:Saudi Arabia 17961:South Africa 17951:Sierra Leone 17756:Burkina Faso 17665:Names of God 17612:Unaffiliated 17567:Antireligion 17423:Universalism 17371:Assimilation 17236:Anthropology 17111:Supernatural 17106:Spirituality 17074:Sacred space 17062:Purification 16935:Denomination 16889: / 16697:Paleo-Balkan 16663:Mesopotamian 16503:Cook Islands 16474:Old Prussian 16387:UFO religion 16326: 16322:Zalmoxianism 16250:Neoshamanism 16107:Spiritualism 15990:Other ethnic 15879: 15705:Traditional 15665:Bongthingism 15553:Acoma Pueblo 15496:Mesoamerican 15193:Austronesian 15014: 15010:Neo-Buddhism 14972: 14942: 14938:Neo-Hinduism 14859:Swaminarayan 14697: 14646:Salvationist 14631:Confucianism 14482:Samaritanism 14452:Ali-Illahism 14433: 14300: 14294:Unitarianism 14235:Old Catholic 14042:Nestorianism 14000:Christianity 13987: 13953:Conservative 13769:Bodhisattvas 13689:Christianity 13684:Baháʼí Faith 13549:Dharmachakra 13539:Prayer wheel 13529:Prayer beads 13297:Architecture 13176:969 Movement 12960:Saudi Arabia 12938:Central Asia 12931:South Africa 12753: 12736: 12669:Panchen Lama 12574:Buddhapālita 12170:Satipatthana 12165:Mindful Yoga 12078:Recollection 11992:Brahmavihara 11863:Japanese Zen 11858:Chinese Chan 11857: 11818:Animal realm 11625:Key concepts 11447:Bodhisattvas 11259:Three Jewels 11148: 11141: 11136:Zen Buddhism 11134: 11112:Steven Heine 11057: 11035: 11017: 11010: 11003: 10985: 10978: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10710:Zendo Kyodan 10652:Sanbo Kyodan 10645:European Zen 10611:Shodo Harada 10437:John Tarrant 10427:Sanbo Kyodan 10365:Mel Weitsman 10295:Extant sects 10225:Kyoto School 10204:Sanbo Kyodan 10171:Extant sects 10137:Japanese Zen 10046:Linji school 10039:Extant sects 10025:Fayan school 9996:Chinese Chán 9847:Sanbo Kyodan 9807:D. T. Suzuki 9776:Hakuin Ekaku 9632:Xueting Fuyu 9587:Touzi Yiqing 9567:Tongan Daopi 9537:Yuanwu Keqin 9492:Linji Yixuan 9241:Japanese Zen 9230: 9162: 9148: 9140: 9139: 9113: 9112: 9075: 9074: 9058: 9057: 9032: 9031: 9027:The Zen Site 9015: 9014: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8988: 8975: 8961: 8954: 8953: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8911:. Retrieved 8902: 8894:the original 8888:Sheng, Yen. 8883: 8868: 8855: 8847:the original 8842: 8833: 8822:. Retrieved 8818:the original 8811: 8804: 8793: 8784: 8775: 8761: 8752: 8732:the original 8725: 8718: 8709: 8700: 8692:the original 8685: 8678: 8669: 8646: 8639: 8628:. Retrieved 8621:the original 8608: 8596: 8585:the original 8572: 8539: 8535: 8525:, retrieved 8518:the original 8509: 8499: 8489: 8479: 8469:, retrieved 8462:the original 8453: 8443: 8434: 8416: 8407: 8396:the original 8387: 8367: 8346: 8336: 8326: 8317: 8299: 8280: 8270: 8261: 8257:Suzuki, D.T. 8239: 8201: 8197: 8158: 8154: 8142: 8138: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8088: 8079: 8070: 8052: 8029: 8019: 8010: 7992: 7983: 7974: 7964: 7952:the original 7947: 7922: 7918: 7905: 7896: 7887: 7879: 7863: 7846:The Zen Koan 7845: 7837: 7828: 7810: 7801: 7782: 7772: 7763: 7754: 7736: 7727: 7718: 7699: 7681: 7663: 7645: 7636: 7625:. Retrieved 7621:the original 7600: 7596: 7584: 7580: 7571: 7563: 7541: 7532: 7523: 7496: 7484: 7477:Shimano 1991 7472: 7460: 7448: 7436: 7424: 7417:Gregory 1991 7412: 7400: 7373: 7366:Swanson 1993 7361: 7349: 7337: 7298:Swanson 1993 7293: 7281: 7274:Kasulis 2003 7269: 7264:, p. 9. 7238: 7231:Kasulis 2003 7226: 7199: 7187: 7152: 7146: 7135:. Retrieved 7131:the original 7121: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7070:15 September 7068:. Retrieved 7064:the original 7059: 7050: 7038:. Retrieved 7028: 7009: 7003: 6992: 6978: 6966: 6933: 6921: 6909: 6891: 6884: 6873: 6853: 6846: 6834: 6822: 6795: 6788:Kasulis 2003 6783: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6639: 6627: 6615: 6608:Gregory 2002 6603: 6562: 6555:Kasulis 2003 6550: 6538: 6531:Huaijin 1997 6526: 6514: 6493: 6481: 6459:Huaijin 1997 6454: 6447:Kasulis 2003 6427: 6415: 6408:Gregory 1991 6403: 6391: 6373: 6361: 6349: 6342:Kasulis 2003 6337: 6291: 6260: 6248: 6240: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6163: 6136: 6124: 6112: 6100: 6088: 6076: 6064: 6037: 5956: 5946: 5941:, p. 8. 5934: 5922: 5911: 5899: 5879:, p. 8. 5872: 5860: 5855:, p. 8. 5848: 5836: 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5728:Goddard 2007 5723: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5668:Goddard 2007 5663: 5626: 5613: 5578: 5568: 5548: 5541: 5529: 5522:Maspero 1981 5517: 5510:McMahan 2008 5505: 5493: 5481: 5474:Gimello 1994 5469: 5457: 5445: 5433: 5421: 5409: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5368:, p. 3. 5344: 5295:, retrieved 5290: 5280: 5273:Kasulis 2003 5268: 5256: 5239: 5231: 5218: 5211:Daniel Odier 5205: 5196: 5183: 5157: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5127: 5120:Qing dynasty 5116:Ming dynasty 5110: 5101: 5078:Japanese Zen 5045: 5012: 4995: 4987: 4973: 4958: 4935: 4931: 4929: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4874: 4866:Zen practice 4851: 4847: 4844: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4778: 4768: 4762: 4747: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4698: 4677: 4674: 4666: 4657: 4654: 4647: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4616: 4598: 4596: 4576: 4556: 4546: 4538: 4530: 4472: 4429: 4399: 4357: 4335: 4332:Japanese Zen 4326:Zen in Japan 4253: 4224:; 4189: 4136: 4101: 4086: 4057: 4050: 4032: 4018: 4015: 3993: 3977: 3962: 3946: 3928: 3913: 3898: 3891: 3856: 3841: 3837: 3834:Qing dynasty 3831: 3822:Ōbaku school 3819: 3799: 3775:Ming dynasty 3772: 3763:Dhyānabhadra 3731:Yuan dynasty 3728: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3690:other people 3688: 3684: 3665: 3654: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3619: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3580:Linji school 3559:Fayan school 3521:Linji Yixuan 3517:Linji school 3497: 3492: 3490: 3474: 3465: 3462:Song dynasty 3442:Fayan school 3429:Tang dynasty 3426: 3412: 3407: 3399: 3363: 3347: 3338: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3304:Dazhu Huihai 3293: 3267: 3256: 3254: 3249:Tang dynasty 3246: 3236: 3219:Samye debate 3208: 3205:Tibetan Chan 3198: 3194: 3190: 3167:Linji school 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3101: 3080: 3069: 3042: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3000: 2985: 2976: 2973:shou-i pu i, 2972: 2941: 2922: 2918:Northern Wei 2915: 2903: 2885: 2872: 2858: 2856: 2848:Pallava king 2844: 2839: 2829: 2825: 2823: 2816: 2805:Buddhist art 2798: 2771: 2758: 2755:Léngqié Zōng 2754: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2714: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2648:) ?–606 2602: 2579: 2574:Tang dynasty 2560: 2546:Mahākāśyapa. 2544: 2524: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2465: 2459: 2446: 2437: 2431: 2420: 2415: 2403: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2346: 2320: 2311: 2305: 2287: 2283:Buddhabhadra 2278: 2243:Sarvāstivāda 2229: 2219: 2209: 2189: 2159: 2158:"at least a 2153: 2136:Linji school 2111:Song dynasty 2109: 2092:Linji Yixuan 2071: 2042:Tang dynasty 2037: 2027: 2015: 2010: 2004: 1996: 1989: 1986:Linji Yixuan 1978:Song dynasty 1969: 1959:Tang dynasty 1946: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1913:Japanese Zen 1885:Zen Buddhism 1882: 1840: 1831: 1807: 1779: 1778: 1734:Martial arts 1686:Mount Jiuhua 1670:Sacred Sites 1652:Architecture 1581: 1524:Miyun Yuanwu 1158: 1124:D. T. Suzuki 1117: 1116: 1085: 1084: 1058: 1057: 1048:Hakuin Ekaku 1022:Zen in Japan 1021: 1020: 999:Contemporary 998: 997: 996: 979: 978: 977: 895: 894: 893: 889: 859:Sanbo Kyodan 854:Ōbaku school 809:Tibetan Chan 723: 722: 721: 680: 679: 531: 530: 514: 513: 486: 485: 444: 422: 414: 406: 398: 396: 368:Zen Buddhism 354: 315:Romanization 106:Hanyu Pinyin 56:Chinese name 18707:New Zealand 18644:Saint Lucia 18594:El Salvador 18499:Switzerland 18434:Netherlands 18206:Philippines 18134:South Korea 18129:North Korea 18019:Afghanistan 17966:South Sudan 17856:Ivory Coast 17640:Deification 17587:Objectivism 17562:Agnosticism 17515:Persecution 17505:Video games 17470:Populations 17381:Proselytism 17349:Monasticism 17340:Clericalism 17330:Agriculture 17321:and society 17286:Soteriology 17246:Comparative 17216:Transtheism 17201:Panentheism 16985:Monasticism 16778:Gallo-Roman 16680:Micronesian 16646:Manichaeism 16594:Hermeticism 16562:Continental 16557:Anglo-Saxon 16437:Paleolithic 16432:Prehistoric 16382:Scientology 16245:Italo-Roman 16100:Radha Soami 16080:New Thought 15920:Espiritismo 15861:Waaqeffanna 15801:Fon and Ewe 15739:Sub-Saharan 15622:Satsana Phi 15408:Ghost Dance 15349:Californian 15317:Anishinaabe 15243:Karo Pemena 15222:Indonesian 14896:Lingayatism 14844:Mahanubhava 14814:Vaishnavism 14745:Jeungsanism 14668:Folk Taoism 14651:Xiantiandao 14505:Zoroastrian 14164:Charismatic 14159:Pentecostal 14122:Anglicanism 14073:Waldensians 14008:Catholicism 13614:Dharma talk 13443:Asalha Puja 13239:Eschatology 13042:Switzerland 13022:New Zealand 12950:Middle East 12859:Philippines 12779:Afghanistan 12584:Bodhidharma 12569:Buddhaghosa 12489:Householder 12399:Monasticism 12352:Bodhisattva 12207:Prostration 12160:Mindfulness 12088:Anapanasati 12071:Kammaṭṭhāna 11868:Korean Seon 11808:Asura realm 11803:Human realm 11743:Ten Fetters 11698:Parinirvana 11600:Uppalavanna 11565:Mahākaccana 11550:Mahākassapa 11482:Kṣitigarbha 11477:Ākāśagarbha 11374:Suddhodāna 11319:Four sights 11246:Foundations 10959:Xinxin Ming 10625:Pan-lineage 10606:Omori Sogen 10554:Brad Warner 10513:Toni Packer 10391:Kōdō Sawaki 10273:Jogye Order 10268:Taego Order 10238:Korean Seon 9920:Korean Seon 9911:Muhō Noelke 9833:Kōdō Sawaki 9826:Modern Sōtō 9797:Soyen Shaku 9698:Shi Yinshun 9462:Dayi Daoxin 9447:Bodhidharma 9308:Heart Sūtra 9236:Korean Seon 9130:Zen history 9053:Zen centers 9039:Zen Centers 8564:Web-sources 7501:Suzuki 1970 7489:Suzuki 1955 6716:Welter 2006 6671:Welter 2000 6632:Wegner 2001 6069:Suzuki 1935 5685:Fowler 2005 5486:Welter 2000 5426:Nadeau 2012 5313:Cleary 2005 5114:During the 5015:D.T. Suzuki 4977:paradoxical 4954:anapanasati 4877:Bodhisattva 4817:Lotus Sūtra 4658:Heart sutra 4634:Buddhadhātu 4558:Heart sutra 4551:sutras and 4438:during the 4432:Soyen Shaku 4320:Songgwangsa 4300:: 4290:: 4276:: 4266:: 4246:Korean Seon 4055:practices. 3793:(雲棲祩宏) and 3735:Kublai Khan 3633:Koan-system 3563:Fayan Wenyi 2852:Kanchipuram 2836:Dayi Daoxin 2793:Sesshū Tōyō 2783:Bodhidharma 2777:Bodhidharma 2696:Zhèngdào gē 2652:Dayi Daoxin 2616:Bodhidharma 2598:Xinxin Ming 2577:developed. 2563:Bodhidharma 2539:Mahākāśyapa 2535:Dharma talk 2516:Sui dynasty 2348:naturalness 2302:D.T. Suzuki 2255:anapanasati 2212:kammaṭṭhāna 2193:correlation 2173:Han dynasty 2090:(710–790), 2086:(709–788), 2072:Middle Chan 2024:Sui dynasty 1951:Bodhidharma 1691:Mount Putuo 1676:Mount Wutai 1549:Yang Wenhui 1469:Bodhidharma 1464:Amoghavajra 1384:Dharmakṣema 1171:Institution 1118:Western Zen 903:Bodhidharma 849:Sōtō school 839:Taego Order 829:Jogye Order 794:Heze school 702:Lotus Sutra 509:One Vehicle 421:Vietnamese 212:Korean name 18866:Categories 18697:Micronesia 18574:Costa Rica 18469:San Marino 18429:Montenegro 18409:Luxembourg 18266:Uzbekistan 18241:Tajikistan 18146:Kyrgyzstan 18119:Kazakhstan 18069:East Timor 18039:Bangladesh 18029:Azerbaijan 17946:Seychelles 17911:Mozambique 17896:Mauritania 17881:Madagascar 17771:Cape Verde 17553:irreligion 17548:Secularism 17450:Minorities 17418:Toleration 17413:Syncretism 17398:Fanaticism 17388:Disability 17376:Missionary 17366:Conversion 17354:Ordination 17276:Psychology 17271:Philosophy 17211:Polytheism 17191:Monotheism 17186:Henotheism 17027:Orthopraxy 17017:Ordination 16980:Meditation 16975:Indigenous 16940:Entheogens 16925:Conversion 16751:Pueblo III 16668:Babylonian 16658:Melanesian 16584:Gnosticism 16469:Lithuanian 16362:Fourth Way 16216:Circassian 16194:Dievturība 16117:Tensegrity 16050:Falun Gong 15695:Sanamahism 15675:Donyi-Polo 15265:Polynesian 15211:Kaharingan 15136:Burkhanism 15075:Ravidassia 15053:Śvetāmbara 14839:Pushtimarg 14819:Krishnaism 14755:Vietnamese 14740:Cheondoism 14673:Yao Taoism 14609:East Asian 14375:Isma'ilism 14331:Maturidism 14110:Mennonites 14105:Hutterites 14090:Anabaptism 13983:Humanistic 13731:Psychology 13711:Gnosticism 13699:Comparison 13694:Influences 13676:Comparison 13559:Bhavacakra 13517:Kushinagar 13492:Pilgrimage 13438:Māgha Pūjā 13393:Bodhi Tree 13209:Buddhology 13199:Abhidharma 13191:Philosophy 13124:Menander I 12992:Costa Rica 12943:Uzbekistan 12784:Bangladesh 12738:Dhammapada 12722:Pali Canon 12684:Ajahn Chah 12664:Dalai Lama 12564:Kumārajīva 12559:Vasubandhu 12534:The Buddha 12442:Zen master 12377:Sakadagami 12357:Buddhahood 12288:Pratimokṣa 12103:Shikantaza 12059:Meditation 12034:Deity yoga 11905:Madhyamaka 11798:Deva realm 11693:Mindstream 11643:Bodhicitta 11555:Aṅgulimāla 11422:Devadatta 11398:Yaśodharā 11301:The Buddha 11291:Middle Way 11037:Zen at War 10987:Shōbōgenzō 10912:Daitoku-ji 10907:Myōshin-ji 10828:Zen master 10774:Attendants 10307:Wu Yantong 9937:Seongcheol 9899:German Zen 9477:Mazu Daoyi 9452:Dazu Huike 9395:Shikantaza 9349:Five Ranks 9344:Shikantaza 8913:2008-03-26 8824:2013-03-27 8630:2011-12-13 8527:2013-03-29 8471:2021-05-29 8155:T'oung Pao 7627:2011-12-13 7465:Blyth 1966 7429:Faure 2000 7405:McRae 2003 7393:McRae 2003 7378:McRae 2003 7262:Borup 2008 7243:McRae 2003 7204:McRae 2003 7137:2012-02-15 7019:080213162X 6914:Sharf 2002 6878:Sharf 2002 6815:McRae 2003 6800:McRae 2003 6740:Young 2009 6728:Jones 2010 6683:McRae 2003 6596:Faure 1997 6581:Faure 1997 6567:Heine 2008 6486:McRae 2003 6432:McRae 2003 6420:McRae 2003 6366:McRae 2003 6354:McRae 2003 6311:McRae 2003 6296:McRae 2003 6253:Sharf 2014 6228:Sharf 2014 6216:Sharf 2014 6204:McRae 1986 6168:McRae 2003 6156:McRae 2003 6057:Chang 1967 6042:McRae 2004 5997:McRae 2003 5904:McRae 2003 5534:Grigg 1999 5498:McRae 2003 5462:McRae 2003 5450:McRae 2003 5414:McRae 2003 5402:McRae 2003 5390:McRae 2003 5378:McRae 2003 5337:McRae 2003 5297:2020-01-17 5249:References 5166:mountain?" 4864:See also: 4836:, and the 4767:(Japanese 4758:Buddhahood 4650:Dharmakaya 4564:Five Ranks 4553:Madhyamaka 4535:Polarities 4451:See also: 4420:See also: 4412:Ben Qing. 4390:See also: 4376:Daitoku-ji 4364:Myōshin-ji 4330:See also: 4244:See also: 4226:Vietnamese 4212:Wu Yantong 4196:Vietnamese 4192:Vinītaruci 4180:See also: 4169:See also: 4097:housewives 4006:See also: 3963:Since the 3941:See also: 3870:See also: 3795:Ouyi Zhixu 3785:school of 3659:(1223) by 3649:(1228) of 3625:developed. 3537:(840–901); 3511:Mazu Daoyi 3485:See also: 3460:See also: 3437:T'ient-tai 3421:See also: 3390:Five Ranks 3179:Madhyamaka 3169:(Japanese 3161:(Japanese 3064:See also: 2979:being the 2628:Dazu Huike 2510:See also: 2412:Madhyamaka 2364:Neo-Daoist 2296:and local 2275:Kumārajīva 2245:school of 2171:See also: 2132:Shikantaza 2084:Mazu Daoyi 2038:Early Chan 2016:Proto-Chan 1982:Mazu Daoyi 1923:See also: 1847:meditation 1845:(meaning " 1681:Mount Emei 1576:Traditions 1519:Ouyi Zhixu 1484:Mazu Daoyi 1459:Vajrabodhi 1389:Paramartha 1369:Kumārajīva 1080:Seongcheol 784:Sanjiejiao 773:Traditions 657:Zen poetry 627:Samu (Zen) 591:Shikantaza 532:Background 526:Buddhahood 515:The "goal" 120:Wade–Giles 18:Ch'an 18815:Venezuela 18760:Argentina 18677:Australia 18629:Nicaragua 18604:Guatemala 18404:Lithuania 18226:Sri Lanka 18221:Singapore 18201:Palestine 18089:Indonesia 18079:Hong Kong 17901:Mauritius 17622:Overviews 17577:Criticism 17530:Sectarian 17520:Terrorism 17495:Theocracy 17440:Happiness 17408:Pluralism 17393:Education 17319:Religion 17291:Salvation 17281:Sociology 17226:Religious 17206:Pantheism 17196:Nontheism 17089:Mountains 17067:Sacrifice 17022:Orthodoxy 17012:Mythology 17007:Mysticism 16896:Behaviour 16805:Canaanite 16788:Mithraism 16756:Pueblo IV 16746:Pueblo II 16651:Mazdakism 16626:Hungarian 16599:Mysteries 16508:Dravidian 16290:Hungarian 16206:Caucasian 16177:Godianism 16137:Agni Yoga 16127:Theosophy 16090:Rastafari 16065:Modekngei 16045:Brahmoism 16038:Syncretic 16030:movements 16028:religious 15940:Quimbanda 15888:Candomblé 15881:Diasporic 15660:Bathouism 15650:Benzhuism 15565:Tsimshian 15516:Purépecha 15437:Longhouse 15412:Sun Dance 15344:Blackfoot 15332:Wabunowin 15327:Midewiwin 15248:Malaysian 15238:Kapitayan 15048:Digambara 15033:Ayyavazhi 14998:Vajrayana 14963:Theravada 14876:Ganapatya 14849:Ramanandi 14778:Hoahaoism 14656:Yiguandao 14551:Yarsanism 14546:Shabakism 14533:Yazdânism 14523:Zurvanism 14518:Mazdaznan 14477:Rastafari 14472:Mandaeism 14346:Wahhabism 14326:Ash'arism 14289:Tolstoyan 14279:Spiritual 14269:Mormonism 14240:Judaizers 14213:Quakerism 14191:Methodist 14181:Irvingism 14132:Calvinism 14085:Adventism 14068:Moravians 13905:Abrahamic 13799:Festivals 13779:Buddhists 13741:Theosophy 13544:Symbolism 13534:Hama yumi 13507:Bodh Gaya 13274:Socialism 13249:Evolution 13224:Economics 13062:Venezuela 12977:Australia 12972:Argentina 12896:Sri Lanka 12891:Singapore 12809:Indonesia 12771:Countries 12712:Tripiṭaka 12674:Ajahn Mun 12549:Nagarjuna 12544:Aśvaghoṣa 12427:Anagārika 12422:Śrāmaṇerī 12417:Śrāmaṇera 12412:Bhikkhunī 12372:Sotāpanna 12261:Passaddhi 12202:Offerings 12177:Nekkhamma 12054:Iddhipada 11974:Practices 11944:Theravada 11917:Vajrayana 11910:Yogachara 11880:Pure Land 11793:Six Paths 11780:Cosmology 11560:Anuruddha 11535:Sāriputta 11525:Kaundinya 11517:Disciples 11492:Vajrapāṇi 11344:Footprint 11309:Tathāgata 11150:Zen texts 11107:Masao Abe 10973:Denkoroku 10917:Tōfuku-ji 10781:Jikijitsu 10477:Joko Beck 9958:Pháp Hiền 9932:Seungsahn 9745:Hsuan Hua 9724:Sheng-yen 9688:Wei Chueh 9683:Cheng Yen 9678:Hsing Yun 9673:Sheng-yen 9339:Ten Bulls 9332:Teachings 9016:Oversight 8218:144208166 8175:0082-5433 7113:1996-4617 6330:Lai 2003b 6185:Lai 2003a 6030:Lai 2003b 5892:Lai 2003b 5877:Lai 2003b 5865:Lai 2003b 5853:Lai 2003a 5766:Lai 2003a 5019:mendicant 5001:(720–814 4912:; Ch. 相, 4568:Ten Bulls 4499:Sheng Yen 4475:Hsuan Hua 4406:śrāmaṇera 4380:Tōfuku-ji 4372:Tenryū-ji 4368:Nanzen-ji 4126:Kaohsiung 4112:based in 4103:Hsing Yun 4059:Cheng Yen 4034:Wei Chueh 4020:Sheng Yen 3954:Hong Kong 3909:Hsuan Hua 3907:(聖嚴) and 3905:Sheng Yen 3882:Wei Chueh 3802:Pure Land 3789:; and as 3591:Zutang ji 3587:Zutang ji 3298:(洪州宗) of 3023:teaching. 3007:Wu Zetian 2809:Barbarian 2684:) 638–713 2672:) 601–674 2660:) 580–651 2636:) 487–593 2605:Huineng's 2384:non-being 2335:Tao Sheng 2290:Confucian 2235:An Shigao 1889:character 1597:Pure Land 1544:Hsuan Hua 1449:Chengguan 1364:Lokakṣema 1149:Seungsahn 1144:Hsuan Hua 1065:Taego Bou 1016:Sheng-yen 896:Classical 565:Practices 553:Emptiness 441:Teachings 405:Japanese 18877:Yogacara 18841:Category 18805:Suriname 18795:Paraguay 18780:Colombia 18687:Kiribati 18614:Honduras 18584:Dominica 18559:Barbados 18524:Scotland 18484:Slovenia 18479:Slovakia 18454:Portugal 18324:Bulgaria 18246:Thailand 18196:Pakistan 18176:Mongolia 18171:Maldives 18166:Malaysia 18054:Cambodia 18001:Zimbabwe 17976:Tanzania 17826:Ethiopia 17821:Eswatini 17801:Djibouti 17766:Cameroon 17751:Botswana 17695:Timeline 17690:Scholars 17650:Founders 17510:Violence 17465:Politics 17335:Business 17298:Theology 17042:Prophecy 17032:Paganism 16920:Covenant 16887:Apostasy 16822:Scythian 16763:Rapa Nui 16717:Thracian 16712:Illyrian 16702:Albanian 16673:Sumerian 16616:Harappan 16552:Germanic 16547:Georgian 16540:Selk'nam 16525:Etruscan 16513:Egyptian 16491:Druidism 16454:Armenian 16377:Satanism 16357:Eckankar 16280:Estonian 16265:Romanian 16255:Ossetian 16235:Germanic 16184:Armenian 16173:African 16166:paganism 16095:Sant Mat 16085:Rajneesh 16060:Meivazhi 16055:Japanese 16012:Siberian 15945:Santería 15915:Convince 15781:Bushongo 15685:Kiratism 15612:Hmongism 15479:Wocekiye 15464:Jivaroan 15432:Iroquois 15427:Ho-Chunk 15376:Cherokee 15299:American 15270:Hawaiian 15183:Sarnaism 15153:Tungusic 15141:Tengrism 15131:Mongolic 15060:Sarnaism 14991:Nichiren 14968:Mahayana 14955:Buddhism 14933:Sant Mat 14923:Sauraism 14918:Smartism 14913:Shaktism 14906:Balinese 14891:Kaumaram 14886:Kapalika 14881:Kashmiri 14866:Shaivism 14806:Hinduism 14773:Caodaism 14717:Ryukyuan 14712:Tenrikyo 14707:Shugendō 14685:Japanese 14556:Yazidism 14541:Ishikism 14419:Quranism 14392:Khawarij 14341:Salafism 14336:Atharism 14225:Esoteric 14196:Holiness 14186:Lutheran 14147:Reformed 14127:Baptists 14100:Brethren 14064:Hussites 14052:Assyrian 13968:Haymanot 13922:Orthodox 13871:Religion 13817:Category 13746:Violence 13716:Hinduism 13664:Sanskrit 13619:Hinayana 13604:Amitābha 13564:Swastika 13433:Uposatha 13423:Holidays 13408:Calendar 13254:Humanism 13092:Kanishka 13082:Timeline 12906:Thailand 12874:Kalmykia 12869:Buryatia 12854:Pakistan 12839:Mongolia 12834:Maldives 12829:Malaysia 12794:Cambodia 12659:Shamarpa 12654:Nichiren 12604:Xuanzang 12539:Nagasena 12457:Rinpoche 12187:Pāramitā 12029:Devotion 11949:Navayana 11937:Dzogchen 11900:Nichiren 11848:Mahayana 11840:Branches 11718:Saṅkhāra 11467:Mañjuśrī 11424:(cousin) 11416:(cousin) 11384:(mother) 11376:(father) 11364:Miracles 11314:Birthday 11231:Glossary 11204:Buddhism 11029:Critical 10966:Sandokai 10891:Antai-ji 10881:Eihei-ji 10396:Antai-ji 10302:Trúc Lâm 10157:Fuke-shū 9973:Pháp Loa 9963:Vạn Hạnh 9802:Sokei-an 9755:Chuanyin 9663:Yuanying 9419:Zazenkai 9383:Practice 9104:Booklets 9095:Archived 8749:"Dharma" 8259:(1935), 8225:citation 7286:Low 2006 7179:18858823 6841::256–257 6685::119–120 6381:Archived 6015:Lai 1985 5635:Archived 5053:Buddhism 5035:See also 4999:Baizhang 4709:jiànxìng 4670:noumenon 4509:and the 4079:Yin Shun 4071:Buddhist 3797:(蕅益智旭). 3749:and the 3739:Borjigin 3378:Sandokai 3350:subitism 3223:Dunhuang 3175:Yogacara 3145:and the 3066:Subitism 2818:Bìyǎn hú 2607:student 2453:luminous 2368:T'i-yung 2343:Zhuangzi 2331:Sengzhao 2323:converts 2197:Mahāyāna 2138:and the 2005:literati 1854:Buddhism 1851:Mahāyāna 1838:Sanskrit 1836:), from 1696:Mount Lu 1554:Yin Shun 1514:Zhu Hong 1404:Woncheuk 1394:Xuanzang 1374:Sengzhao 1290:a series 1288:Part of 1154:Sokei-an 814:Trúc Lâm 397:Chinese 355:a series 292:Hiragana 141:Jyutping 18810:Uruguay 18785:Ecuador 18765:Bolivia 18742:Vanuatu 18669:Oceania 18619:Jamaica 18599:Grenada 18554:Bahamas 18514:England 18504:Ukraine 18459:Romania 18419:Moldova 18379:Ireland 18374:Iceland 18369:Hungary 18359:Germany 18349:Finland 18344:Estonia 18339:Denmark 18334:Czechia 18329:Croatia 18314:Belgium 18309:Belarus 18304:Austria 18299:Andorra 18294:Albania 18271:Vietnam 18181:Myanmar 18156:Lebanon 18074:Georgia 18034:Bahrain 18024:Armenia 17986:Tunisia 17956:Somalia 17941:Senegal 17926:Nigeria 17916:Namibia 17906:Morocco 17871:Liberia 17866:Lesotho 17816:Eritrea 17786:Comoros 17761:Burundi 17736:Algeria 17680:Outline 17645:Deities 17572:Atheism 17485:Science 17403:Freedom 17261:History 17228:studies 17181:Dualism 17171:Animism 17136:Worship 17116:Symbols 17057:Liturgy 16970:Goddess 16930:Deities 16911:Laicism 16901:Beliefs 16880:Aspects 16852:Zapotec 16847:Vainakh 16815:Yahwism 16800:Semitic 16729:Iranian 16631:Hurrian 16621:Hittite 16611:Guanche 16604:Orphism 16535:Fuegian 16530:Finnish 16518:Atenism 16464:Latvian 16449:Arabian 16392:Raëlism 16372:Jediism 16367:Goddess 16340:De novo 16228:Druidry 16122:Thelema 16075:New Age 15960:Umbanda 15851:Tumbuka 15836:Odinala 15821:Lugbara 15741:African 15707:African 15655:Bimoism 15645:Burmese 15491:Mapuche 15457:Wyandot 15417:Guarani 15398:Choctaw 15393:Chilote 15312:Alaskan 15307:Abenaki 15258:Tagalog 15231:Kejawèn 15080:Sikhism 15043:Jainism 15003:Tibetan 14986:Amidism 14854:Warkari 14768:Đạo Mẫu 14618:Chinese 14600:Eastern 14577:Roshani 14496:Iranian 14404:Alevism 14397:Ibadism 14370:Zaydism 14047:Ancient 14018:Eastern 13978:Renewal 13963:Karaite 13944:Zionist 13932:Hasidic 13914:Judaism 13896:Western 13794:Temples 13774:Buddhas 13736:Science 13726:Judaism 13721:Jainism 13639:Lineage 13599:Abhijñā 13569:Thangka 13512:Sarnath 13497:Lumbini 13418:Funeral 13413:Cuisine 13289:Culture 13264:Reality 13214:Creator 13204:Atomism 13074:History 13047:Ukraine 13007:Germany 12926:Senegal 12916:Vietnam 12844:Myanmar 12644:Shinran 12634:Karmapa 12609:Shandao 12579:Dignāga 12504:Śrāvaka 12484:Donchee 12479:Kappiya 12437:Sayadaw 12407:Bhikkhu 12382:Anāgāmi 12339:Nirvana 12305:Samadhi 12192:Paritta 12133:Tonglen 12128:Mandala 12083:Smarana 12064:Mantras 12012:Upekkha 11982:Bhavana 11932:Shingon 11885:Tiantai 11738:Tathātā 11728:Śūnyatā 11723:Skandha 11713:Saṃsāra 11708:Rebirth 11683:Kleshas 11673:Indriya 11575:Subhūti 11460:Guanyin 11414:Ānanda 11406:Rāhula 11286:Nirvana 11226:Outline 11081:Tiantai 10937:Classic 10886:Sōji-ji 10867:Temples 10811:Teacher 10341:USA Zen 10162:Niō Zen 9750:Yicheng 9719:Dongchu 9693:Yicheng 9668:Benhuan 9502:Huineng 9467:Hongren 9433:Persons 9414:Sesshin 9277:Śūnyatā 9114:History 8781:"intro" 8183:4528903 7617:1397043 7535:, Brill 7510:Sources 7040:July 5, 6378:禅宗研究一百年 5745:Oh 2000 5224:Vijñāna 5047:Hua Tou 4932:zuòchán 4879:ideal. 4824:), the 4806:Huineng 4746:In the 4729:Huineng 4717:Shenhui 4613:Śūnyatā 4587:Trikaya 4436:Chicago 4216:Chinese 4204:Sengcan 4151:Tzu Chi 4075:Hualien 4038:Sichuan 3981:Hsu Yun 3901:Hsu Yun 3810:Tiantai 3672:Yüan-wu 3668:gōng'àn 3527:Caodong 3446:Jiangxi 3433:Hua-yen 3370:Caodong 3312:Huangbo 3211:Moheyan 3197:to the 3183:śūnyatā 3097:Luoyang 3088:Hongren 3072:Huineng 3058:Huineng 3003:Shenxiu 3001:In 701 2977:the one 2975:守一不移), 2955:Hongren 2765:Chinese 2751:Ekayāna 2704:Huìnéng 2676:Huineng 2640:Sengcan 2609:Shenhui 2594:Sengcan 2408:sunyata 2380:sunyata 2376:Hua-yen 2372:Li-shih 2247:Kashmir 2124:Hua Tou 2062:Shenhui 2054:Huineng 1963:Huineng 1949:, from 1919:History 1893:Vietnam 1818:Chinese 1729:Cuisine 1718:Culture 1587:Tiantai 1564:Nenghai 1539:Hsu Yun 1474:Huineng 1439:Zhanran 1429:Shandao 1424:Daochuo 1419:Tanluan 1414:Huiyuan 1409:Daoxuan 1319:History 1235:Shingon 1230:Tiantai 938:Huangbo 923:Shenhui 913:Shenxiu 908:Hongren 886:Persons 622:Hua Tou 601:Dhāraṇī 596:Sesshin 487:The way 451:No-mind 413:Korean 350:Part of 199:Chữ Hán 18851:Portal 18790:Guyana 18770:Brazil 18737:Tuvalu 18634:Panama 18624:Mexico 18569:Canada 18564:Belize 18494:Sweden 18474:Serbia 18464:Russia 18449:Poland 18444:Norway 18424:Monaco 18394:Latvia 18389:Kosovo 18364:Greece 18354:France 18286:Europe 18251:Turkey 18236:Taiwan 18141:Kuwait 18114:Jordan 18104:Israel 18064:Cyprus 18049:Brunei 18044:Bhutan 17996:Zambia 17991:Uganda 17931:Rwanda 17886:Malawi 17846:Guinea 17836:Gambia 17741:Angola 17728:Africa 17537:Wealth 17480:Schism 17435:Growth 17359:Priest 17344:Clergy 17163:Theism 17146:Nature 17141:Astral 17084:Groves 17052:Ritual 17037:Prayer 16995:Novice 16945:Ethnic 16870:Topics 16842:Urartu 16837:Tongan 16832:Somali 16827:Slavic 16707:Dacian 16486:Celtic 16481:Basque 16459:Baltic 16310:Udmurt 16275:Uralic 16270:Slavic 16223:Celtic 16211:Abkhaz 16199:Romuva 16189:Baltic 16164:Modern 16007:Papuan 15970:Voodoo 15925:Kumina 15866:Yoruba 15856:Urhobo 15826:Maasai 15811:Lotuko 15759:Baluba 15749:Akamba 15722:Berber 15680:Heraka 15670:Dongba 15548:Pueblo 15543:Pawnee 15533:Navajo 15523:Muisca 15486:Lenape 15474:Lakota 15452:Seneca 15442:Mohawk 15364:Ohlone 15339:Apache 15322:Ojibwe 15297:Native 15163:Manchu 15158:Evenki 15119:Altaic 15110:Ethnic 15085:Khalsa 15038:Kalash 14928:Śrauta 14797:Indian 14727:Korean 14693:Shinto 14663:Taoism 14636:Luoism 14462:Baháʼí 14457:Bábism 14409:Ahmadi 14387:Sufism 14380:Alawis 14030:Church 13958:Reform 13939:Modern 13927:Haredi 13789:Sutras 13784:Suttas 13649:Siddhi 13634:Koliya 13609:Brahmā 13524:Poetry 13470:Mantra 13460:Kasaya 13332:Pagoda 13312:Kyaung 13307:Vihāra 13302:Temple 13244:Ethics 13087:Ashoka 13037:Sweden 13032:Poland 13027:Norway 13017:Mexico 13002:France 12987:Canada 12982:Brazil 12921:Africa 12901:Taiwan 12864:Russia 12789:Bhutan 12749:Vinaya 12629:Naropa 12619:Saraha 12554:Asanga 12310:Prajñā 12219:Refuge 12182:Nianfo 12143:Tertön 12138:Tantra 12123:Ganana 12113:Tukdam 12039:Dhyāna 12007:Mudita 12002:Karuṇā 11895:Risshū 11890:Huayan 11823:Naraka 11763:Anattā 11758:Dukkha 11753:Anicca 11658:Dharma 11610:Channa 11545:Ānanda 11530:Assaji 11497:Skanda 11400:(wife) 11369:Family 11349:Relics 11274:Sangha 11269:Dharma 11264:Buddha 11076:Huayan 10997:Modern 10818:Sensei 10795:Priest 10753:Novice 10316:Temple 10183:Rinzai 9942:Daewon 9364:Satori 9359:Kenshō 9170: 9043:Curlie 8982: 8968: 8556:602960 8554: 8423: 8375: 8354: 8306: 8288: 8246: 8216: 8181: 8173: 8095: 8059: 8041: 7999: 7852: 7817: 7790: 7743: 7706: 7688: 7670: 7652: 7615: 7548: 7177: 7167: 7111: 7097:(59). 7016: 6861: 6344::25–26 6298::33–36 6131::85–90 5963: 5586: 5556: 5083:Yiduan 4942:dhyāna 4934:(坐禅), 4909:saṃjñā 4893:Karuna 4885:prajna 4881:Karuṇā 4830:, the 4814:, the 4701:sudden 4632:(Skt. 4465:, the 4410:bhikṣu 4378:, and 4349:Rujing 4308:Goryeo 4296:; 4288:Korean 4282:) and 4272:; 4264:Korean 4260:Hwaeom 4234:nianfo 4153:, and 4114:Taiwan 4028:Taiwan 4008:Taiwan 4002:Taiwan 3950:Taiwan 3886:Taiwan 3806:Huayan 3680:Yuanwu 3409:lands. 3339:dhyana 3149:. The 3034:sastra 2996:Vinaya 2944:Daoxin 2767:: 2480:Dharma 2471:Vinaya 2460:Dharma 2448:dhyāna 2294:Taoist 2263:maitrī 2222:kasiṇa 2201:Taoism 2179:, and 2060:, and 2028:dhyana 1842:dhyāna 1833:chánnà 1830:: 1828:pinyin 1820:: 1806:: 1804:pinyin 1796:: 1786:: 1607:Sanlun 1602:Weishi 1592:Huayan 1504:Zongmi 1444:Fazang 1379:Jizang 1240:Tendai 1225:Huayan 1220:Wéishí 1215:Sānlùn 1075:Daewon 1043:Bankei 1033:Bassui 1011:Xu Yun 958:Zongmi 652:Kyōgai 632:Ōryōki 611:Nianfo 476:Satori 471:Kenshō 218:Hangul 18775:Chile 18732:Tonga 18722:Samoa 18712:Palau 18702:Nauru 18609:Haiti 18529:Wales 18489:Spain 18414:Malta 18384:Italy 18276:Yemen 18231:Syria 18211:Qatar 18186:Nepal 18161:Macau 18124:Korea 18109:Japan 18084:India 18059:China 17971:Sudan 17921:Niger 17876:Libya 17861:Kenya 17841:Ghana 17831:Gabon 17806:Egypt 17746:Benin 17655:Index 17626:lists 17490:State 17308:Women 17176:Deism 17151:Place 17131:Water 17126:Truth 17094:Trees 16950:Faith 16915:Laity 16810:Punic 16768:Roman 16734:Vedic 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