Chad - Knowledge

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Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017).

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National Assembly president every two years. The president must sign or reject newly passed laws within 15 days. The National Assembly must approve the prime minister's plan of government and may force the prime minister to resign through a majority vote of no confidence. However, if the National Assembly rejects the executive branch's programme twice in one year, the president may disband the Assembly and call for new legislative elections. In practice, the president exercises considerable influence over the National Assembly through his party, the

3829: 3821: 4564: 4323: 4015: 1740: 4105:) that links the southern oilfields to terminals on the Atlantic coast of Cameroon. As a condition of its assistance, the World Bank insisted that 80% of oil revenues be spent on development projects. In January 2006 the World Bank suspended its loan programme when the Chadian government passed laws reducing this amount. On 14 July 2006, the World Bank and Chad signed a memorandum of understanding under which the Government of Chad commits 70% of its spending to priority poverty reduction programmes. 1186: 97: 2206: 1263: 775: 10303: 12729: 11892: 11227: 10123: 2633: 11239: 83: 2926:, but the legal and regulatory framework has not yet been completed. The constitution provides for decentralised government to compel local populations to play an active role in their own development. To this end, the constitution declares that each administrative subdivision be governed by elected local assemblies, but no local elections have taken place, and communal elections scheduled for 2005 have been repeatedly postponed. 4057:; in 1987, Chad had only 30 kilometres (19 mi) of paved roads. Successive road rehabilitation projects improved the network to 550 kilometres (340 mi) by 2004. Nevertheless, the road network is limited; roads are often unusable for several months of the year. With no railways of its own, Chad depends heavily on Cameroon's rail system for the transport of Chadian exports and imports to and from the seaport of 4181: 10113: 800: 752: 733: 700: 681: 3895: 1538: 2709:, have become fully operational since 2000. The Supreme Court is made up of a chief justice, named by the president, and 15 councillors, appointed for life by the president and the National Assembly. The Constitutional Court is headed by nine judges elected to nine-year terms. It has the power to review legislation, treaties and international agreements prior to their adoption. 4314:, a traditional style of music from southern Chad. The people of Chad have customarily disdained modern music. However, in 1995 greater interest has developed and fostered the distribution of CDs and audio cassettes featuring Chadian artists. Piracy and a lack of legal protections for artists' rights remain problems to further development of the Chadian music industry. 3911:

that the majority of Chadians live in daily uncertainty and hunger. Over 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood. The crops grown and the locations of herds are determined by the local climate. In the southernmost 10% of the territory lies the nation's most fertile cropland, with rich yields of

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Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).

1947:(2%). Women lack equal opportunities in education and training, making it difficult for them to compete for the relatively few formal-sector jobs. Although property and inheritance laws based on the French code do not discriminate against women, local leaders adjudicate most inheritance cases in favour of men, according to traditional practice. 4839: 6026: 9042: 6205:

Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;

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grow in the Sahelian region. The southern, or Sudanic, zone consists of broad grasslands or prairies suitable for grazing. As of 2002, there were at least 134 species of mammals, 509 species of birds (354 species of residents and 155 migrants), and over 1,600 species of plants throughout the country.

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has seen an economic, political and spiritual drought that has affected its best known writers. Chadian authors have been forced to write from exile or expatriate status and have generated literature dominated by themes of political oppression and historical discourse. Since 1962, 20 Chadian authors

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Chad's national statistical agency projected the country's 2015 population between 13,630,252 and 13,679,203, with 13,670,084 as its medium projection; based on the medium projection, 3,212,470 people lived in urban areas and 10,457,614 people lived in rural areas. The country's population is young:

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industry and a threat to lives of rangers even in the national parks such as Zakouma. Elephants are often massacred in herds in and around the parks by organized poaching. The problem is worsened by the fact that the parks are understaffed and that a number of wardens have been murdered by poachers.

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Chad is ranked last in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Chad ranked number 148 out of 148 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 142 in 2013. In September 2010

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Chad has made some progress in reducing poverty, there was a decline in the national poverty rate from 55% to 47% between 2003 and 2011. However, the number of poor people increased from 4.7 million (2011) to 6.5 million (2019) in absolute numbers. By 2018, 4.2 out of 10 people still live below the

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Uneven inclusion in the global political economy as a site for colonial resource extraction (primarily cotton and crude oil), a global economic system that does not promote nor encourage the development of Chadian industrialization, and the failure to support local agricultural production has meant

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is around 3% of the total land area, equivalent to 4,313,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 6,730,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 4,293,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 19,800 hectares (ha). For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area

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have become active. In 2005, opposition parties and human rights organisations supported the boycott of the constitutional referendum that allowed Déby to stand for re-election for a third term amid reports of widespread irregularities in voter registration and government censorship of independent

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by popular vote for a five-year term; in 2005, constitutional term limits were removed, allowing a president to remain in power beyond the previous two-term limit. Most of Déby's key advisers are members of the Zaghawa ethnic group, although southern and opposition personalities are represented in

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Chad has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups, which create diverse social structures. The colonial administration and independent governments have attempted to impose a national society, but for most Chadians the local or regional society remains the most important influence outside the immediate

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to improve relations between farmers, agro-pastoralists and pastoralists in the Zakouma National Park (ZNP), Siniaka-Minia, and Aouk reserve in southeastern Chad to promote sustainable development. As part of the national conservation effort, more than 1.2 million trees have been replanted to

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rebel forces attempted to take the capital by force, but failed on both occasions. An agreement for the restoration of harmony between Chad and Sudan, signed 15 January 2010, marked the end of a five-year war. The fix in relations led to the Chadian rebels from Sudan returning home, the opening of

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Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist,

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mean score of 6.18/10, ranking it 83rd globally out of 172 countries. Extensive deforestation has resulted in loss of trees such as acacias, baobab, dates and palm trees. This has also caused loss of natural habitat for wild animals; one of the main reasons for this is also hunting and livestock

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The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 155 members elected for four-year terms who meet three times per year. The Assembly holds regular sessions twice a year, starting in March and October, and can hold special sessions when called by the prime minister. Deputies elect a

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face considerable challenges due to the nation's dispersed population and a certain degree of reluctance on the part of parents to send their children to school. Although attendance is compulsory, only 68 percent of boys attend primary school, and more than half of the population is illiterate.

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Chad's television audience is limited to N'Djamena. The only television station is the state-owned Télé Tchad. Radio has a far greater reach, with 13 private radio stations. Newspapers are limited in quantity and distribution, and circulation figures are small due to transportation costs, low

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Chad is a religiously diverse country. Various estimates, including from Pew Research Center in 2010, found that 52–58% of the population was Muslim, while 39–44% were Christian, with 22% being Catholic and a further 17% being Protestant. According to a 2012 Pew Research survey, 48% of Muslim

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Chad's energy sector has had years of mismanagement by the parastatal Chad Water and Electric Society (STEE), which provides power for 15% of the capital's citizens and covers only 1.5% of the national population. Most Chadians burn biomass fuels such as wood and animal manure for power.

3891:. However, years of civil war have scared away foreign investors; those who left Chad between 1979 and 1982 have only recently begun to regain confidence in the country's future. In 2000, major direct foreign investment in the oil sector began, boosting the country's economic prospects. 1254:

The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labour and raw cotton; France introduced large-scale cotton production in 1929. The colonial administration in Chad was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service. Only the

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and Chadian customary law where the latter does not interfere with public order or constitutional guarantees of equality. Despite the constitution's guarantee of judicial independence, the president names most key judicial officials. The legal system's highest jurisdictions, the

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Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (1 December 2016).

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expressed "extreme concern" that the crisis would have a negative effect on the ability of humanitarians to deliver life-saving assistance to half a million beneficiaries, most of whom – according to him – heavily rely on humanitarian aid for their survival. UN spokesperson

9038: 4827: 2771:. The constitution is currently suspended, pending replacement with one drafted by a civilian National Transitional Council, yet to be appointed. The military council has stated that elections will be held at the end of an 18-month transitional period. According to 2023 1886:

an estimated 47% is under 15. The birth rate is estimated at 42.35 births per 1,000 people, and the mortality rate at 16.69. The life expectancy is 52 years. The agency assessed the population as at mid 2017 at 15,775,400, of whom just over 1.5 million were in N'Djaména.

199: 4133:, a pan-African wholesale connectivity and telecommunications provider also has a presence in Chad. In September 2013, Chad's Ministry for Posts and Information & Communication Technologies (PNTIC) announced that the country will be seeking a partner for 4309:

formed in 1964 and initiated Chad's modern music scene. Later, more renowned groups such as African Melody and International Challal attempted to mix modernity and tradition. Popular groups such as Tibesti have clung faster to their heritage by drawing on

3919:. In the Sahel only the hardier varieties of millet grow, and with much lower yields than in the south. On the other hand, the Sahel is ideal pastureland for large herds of commercial cattle and for goats, sheep, donkeys and horses. The Sahara's scattered 1926:

is common, with 39% of women living in such unions. This is sanctioned by law, which automatically permits polygamy unless spouses specify that this is unacceptable upon marriage. Although violence against women is prohibited, domestic violence is common.

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The CIA World Factbook estimates the military budget of Chad to be 4.2% of GDP as of 2006. Given the then GDP ($ 7.095 bln) of the country, military spending was estimated to be about $ 300 million. This estimate however dropped after the end of the

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in 2005; in 2013, Habré was formally charged with war crimes committed during his rule. In May 2016, he was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison.

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estimated the vast majority of Muslims Chadians to be Sunni belonging to the Sufi brotherhood Tijaniyah. A small minority of the country's Muslims (5–10%) hold more fundamentalist practices, which, in some cases, may be associated with Saudi-oriented

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Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the

4729: 2551:. Many Muslims also reside in southern Chad but the Christian presence in the north is minimal. The constitution provides for a secular state and guarantees religious freedom; different religious communities generally co-exist without problems. 6366: 3926:

Before the development of oil industry, cotton dominated industry and the labour market accounted for approximately 80% of export earnings. Cotton remains a primary export, although exact figures are not available. Rehabilitation of

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and the cabinet, and exercises considerable influence over appointments of judges, generals, provincial officials and heads of Chad's para-statal firms. In cases of grave and immediate threat, the president, in consultation with the

197: 2767:'s death on 20 April 2021 resulted in both the nation's National Assembly and government being dissolved and national leadership being replaced with a transitional military council consisting of military officers and led by his son 9225: 7759: 1326:

Two years later, Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and established a one-party system. Tombalbaye's autocratic rule and insensitive mismanagement exacerbated inter-ethnic tensions. In 1965, Muslims in the north, led by the

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7,000 years ago. Although in the 21st century it covers only 17,806 square kilometres (6,875 sq mi), and its surface area is subject to heavy seasonal fluctuations, the lake is Africa's second largest wetland.

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on 13 April 2006, but were ultimately repelled. Chad's greatest foreign influence is France, which maintains 1,000 soldiers in the country. Déby relied on the French to help repel the rebels, and France gives the

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In southern Chad, bitter conflicts over land are becoming more and more common. They frequently turn violent. Long-standing community culture is being eroded – and so are the livelihoods of many farmers.

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Habré consolidated his dictatorship through a power system that relied on corruption and violence with thousands of people estimated to have been killed under his rule. The president favoured his own

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represent the largest Christian denomination in the country. Most Protestants, including the Nigeria-based "Winners' Chapel", are affiliated with various evangelical Christian groups. Members of the

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logistical and intelligence support for fear of a complete collapse of regional stability. Nevertheless, Franco-Chadian relations were soured by the granting of oil drilling rights to the American

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Because of its great variety of peoples and languages, Chad possesses a rich cultural heritage. The Chadian government has actively promoted Chadian culture and national traditions by opening the

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support only some dates and legumes. Chad's cities face serious difficulties of municipal infrastructure; only 48% of urban residents have access to potable water and only 2% to basic sanitation.

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lies in the country's northern third. Yearly precipitations throughout this belt are under 50 millimetres (2.0 in); only occasional spontaneous palm groves survive, all of them south of the

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the border between the two countries after seven years of closure, and the deployment of a joint force to secure the border. In May 2013, security forces in Chad foiled a coup against President

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literacy rates, and poverty. While the constitution defends liberty of expression, the government has regularly restricted this right, and at the end of 2006 began to enact a system of prior

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is the lineage. In the Sahel, sedentary peoples live side by side with nomadic ones, such as the Arabs, the country's second major ethnic group. The north is inhabited by nomads, mostly

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have fled to eastern Chad from war-ridden Darfur. With the 172,600 Chadians displaced by the civil war in the east, this has generated increased tensions among the region's communities.

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religious communities also are present in the country. Both faiths were introduced after independence in 1960 and therefore are considered to be "new" religions in the country.

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was inaugurated in the Chadian city of Amdjarass on 3 August 2023. The UAE's continuous efforts to provide assistance to the Chadian people and support endeavors to provide

13336: 13321: 13316: 13306: 13296: 12786: 11416: 10715: 7313: 3861: 2605:'s Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor in Chad reported that school attendance of children aged 5 to 14 was as low as 39%. This can also be related to the issue of 2725:

media outlets during the campaign. Correspondents judged the 2006 presidential elections a mere formality, as the opposition deemed the polls a farce and boycotted them.

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exploitation began in Chad in 2003, bringing with it hopes that Chad would, at last, have some chances of peace and prosperity. Instead, internal dissent worsened, and a

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with a new charter, granting Mahamat Déby the powers of the presidency and naming him head of the armed forces. On 23 May 2024, Mahamat Idriss Déby was sworn in as

9747: 7732: 6885: 12800: 4098: 1578: 8043: 1174:, ecological conditions in the northern half of Chadian territory favored human settlement, and its population increased considerably. Some of the most important 12732: 9808: 8331: 5752: 3993:: "If we do not manage to provide aid at sufficient levels, the humanitarian crisis might become a humanitarian catastrophe". In addition, organizations such as 2671:

Chad's constitution provides for a strong executive branch headed by a president who dominates the political system. The president has the power to appoint the

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that lasts from May to October in the south, and from June to September in the Sahel. Variations in local rainfall create three major geographical zones. The

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as the report also stated that 53% of children aged 5 to 14 were working, and that 30% of children aged 7 to 14 combined work and school. A more recent DOL

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is also prohibited, but the practice is widespread and deeply rooted in tradition; 45% of Chadian women undergo the procedure, with the highest rates among

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Chad's animal and plant life correspond to the three climatic zones. In the Saharan region, the only flora is the date-palm groves of the oasis. Palms and

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belt in Chad's centre; precipitation there varies from 300 to 600 mm (11.8 to 23.6 in) per year. In the Sahel, a steppe of thorny bushes (mostly

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to further knowledge of Chad's literature internationally and among youth and to make up for Chad's lack of publishing houses and promotional structure.

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is a popular sweet red tea extracted from hibiscus leaves. Alcoholic beverages, though absent in the north, are popular in the south, where people drink

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Déby faced armed opposition from groups who are deeply divided by leadership clashes but were united in their intention to overthrow him. These forces

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of the south was governed effectively; French presence in the Islamic north and east was nominal. The educational system was affected by this neglect.

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that has invested $ 3.7 billion to develop oil reserves estimated at one billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production began in 2003 with the

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check the advancement of the desert, which incidentally also helps the local economy by way of financial return from acacia trees, which produce

8355: 6763: 6708: 5393: 1147:. Since 2003 crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings, superseding the traditional cotton industry. Chad has a poor 12130: 11914: 9994: 8712: 6922: 4127:. In 2000, there were only 14 fixed telephone lines per 10,000 inhabitants in the country, one of the lowest telephone densities in the world. 9860: 8647: 8243: 5628: 11518: 10706: 9164: 7115: 5324: 1676: 1456: 1136: 756: 12632: 9034:". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. 7716:". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. 6805: 6302: 2907:. The subdivision of Chad in regions came about in 2003 as part of the decentralisation process, when the government abolished the previous 1351:

took the capital, and all central authority in the country collapsed. Armed factions, many from the north's rebellion, contended for power.

1229:, never extended their control to the southern grasslands except to raid for slaves. In Kanem, about a third of the population were slaves. 13523: 12751: 11561: 11085: 9513: 9017: 7815: 6563: 6084: 4755: 3857: 811: 13508: 12678: 11815: 11541: 11462: 11457: 9027: 9005: 7709: 6973: 6551: 6171: 5122: 13341: 13256: 11571: 7579: 7365: 2824: 979: 607: 9605: 9364: 9081: 9061: 8908: 8277: 7083: 6837: 6683: 5442: 12121: 11495: 10020: 9196: 8780: 5791: 1679:. The region's tall grasses and extensive marshes make it favourable for birds, reptiles, and large mammals. Chad's major rivers—the 704: 9128: 7641: 6468:"COMMISSION DECISION of on the financing of a Global Plan for humanitarian operations from the budget of the European Union in CHAD" 6112:"Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania" 10097: 9495: 5232: 939: 9726: 8800: 8090: 6947: 6208:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 5084: 4494:

are widely practiced, the latter in a form in which the wrestlers put on traditional animal hides and cover themselves with dust.

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There have been numerous rebel groups in Chad throughout the last few decades. In 2007, a peace treaty was signed that integrated

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was characterised by an absence of policies to unify the territory and sluggish modernisation compared to other French colonies.

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Brito, José C.; Martínez-Freiría, Fernando; Sierra, Pablo; Sillero, Neftalí; Tarroso, Pedro; Fenton, Brock (25 February 2011).

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as loudspeakers. Other instruments and their combinations are more linked to specific ethnic groups: the Sara prefer whistles,

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Muslims are largely concentrated in northern and eastern Chad, and animists and Christians live primarily in southern Chad and

1425: 978:. With a total area of around 1,300,000 km (500,000 sq mi), Chad is the fifth-largest country in Africa and the 8065: 11937: 11528: 11510: 11374: 11337: 11071: 10280: 10167: 10005: 9774: 9647: 9542: 9119: 9099: 7867: 7847: 6800: 5847: 5479: 2347: 1647:

word for "lake"), is the remains of an immense lake that occupied 330,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) of the

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farming by increasing human settlements. Populations of animals like lions, leopards and rhino have fallen significantly.

12774: 11825: 11820: 11551: 11546: 11379: 9740: 8887: 8824: 8524: 7729: 2797: 2346:, an order followed by the 35% of Chadian Muslims which incorporates some local African religious elements. In 2020, the 1452: 1433: 1429: 1306:, PPT), based in the southern half of the colony. Chad was granted independence on 11 August 1960 with the PPT's leader, 9313: 8038: 6446: 1057:

conquered the capital and put an end to the South's hegemony. The rebel commanders then fought amongst themselves until

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ranks Chad as the seventh poorest country in the world, with 80% of the population living below the poverty line. The

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are found here, although most large carnivore populations have been drastically reduced since the early 20th century.

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to remove the two-term limit on the presidency; this caused an uproar among the civil society and opposition parties.

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Urban life is concentrated in the capital, whose population is mostly engaged in commerce. The other major towns are

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for 2021 ranked Chad 164th among the 180 countries listed. Critics of former President Déby had accused him of

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Until the legalisation of opposition parties in 1992, Déby's MPS was the sole legal party in Chad. Since then,

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gets its name from Chad, and is represented by dozens of languages native to the country. Chad is also home to

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family. Nevertheless, Chad's people may be classified according to the geographical region in which they live.

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routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of

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is closely followed during international competitions and Chadian footballers have played for French teams.

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the mobile phone penetration rate was estimated at 24.3% over a population estimate of 10.7 million.

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Victims of Genocide in Darfur: Past, Present, and Future – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan

4703:. Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques du Tchad. Archived from 13533: 11810: 11615: 11322: 10509: 9945: 8134: 7533: 7436: 7196: 6999: 4114: 3815: 3357: 2844: 2741: 2591: 2296:

Due to the important role played by itinerant Arab traders and settled merchants in local communities,

2018: 1420:

Déby attempted to reconcile the rebel groups and reintroduced multiparty politics. Chadians approved a

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Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries

9743:

A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête

9204: 8403:

Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries

8348: 7730:

A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête

5719: 5053: 4399:, of which there is currently only one in the whole country (the Normandie in N'Djamena). The Chadian 1561:. It covers an area of 1,284,000 square kilometres (496,000 sq mi), lying between latitudes 11768: 10499: 10494: 10404: 10292: 10160: 9673:

Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law

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Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law

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and other Islamist militants. Chad's army announced the death of Déby on 20 April 2021, following an

1295: 1132: 862: 822: 96: 13251: 13145: 12213: 12107: 11963: 11805: 11449: 11307: 10775: 10438: 10384: 9864: 8247: 6608:"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations" 5636: 4760: 3967: 3544: 3398: 2677: 2602: 1894: 1802: 1609: 1291: 1244: 1093: 1049:. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting 1042: 947: 935: 479: 6187: 4206:. It is used to make balls of paste that are dipped in sauces. In the north this dish is known as 3277: 1065:

erupted in 1978 by the Libyan invasion which stopped in 1987 with a French military intervention (

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includes a variety of ancestor and place-oriented religions whose expression is highly specific.

1660: 1364: 1201:

people. The region became a crossroads of civilizations. The earliest of these was the legendary

1128: 955: 789: 662: 486: 360: 10058: 9517: 7819: 6088: 5054:"This African Country Has Had a Yearlong Ban on Social Media. Here's What's Behind the Blackout" 1395:, overthrew him in 1990. Attempts to prosecute Habré led to his placement under house arrest in 13140: 12663: 12496: 11895: 11862: 11773: 11482: 11327: 11263: 10453: 10353: 10323: 10136: 5804:

Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992). "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist (Review Article)".

4653: 4589: 4130: 4120: 4039: 3841: 2672: 2432: 2421: 2123: 1928: 1810: 1455:

in elections that the opposition boycotted. Ethnic violence in eastern Chad has increased; the

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in 1900. By 1920, France had secured full control of the colony and incorporated it as part of

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is basic and expensive, with fixed telephone services provided by the state telephone company

3651: 1889:

Chad's population is unevenly distributed. Density is 0.1/km (0.26/sq mi) in the Saharan

1408: 1307: 1046: 12233: 11628: 11600: 10795: 10565: 10343: 10216: 10140: 10116: 9613: 9154:

Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa

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Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa

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serves the capital and provides regular nonstop flights to Paris and several African cities.

3213: 3040: 2702: 2275: 2200: 1806: 1744: 1718: 1656: 1488: 967: 931: 923: 405: 24: 12743: 9602: 9076: 9072:. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. 7080: 6848:. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. 5582: 5439: 4336: 1687:

and their tributaries—flow through the southern savannas from the southeast into Lake Chad.

1085:. Already poor, the nation and people struggled to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of 1066: 13262: 13215: 13092: 12470: 11595: 10555: 10519: 10409: 10389: 10302: 10153: 9368: 9058: 8905: 8281: 6834: 6762:. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. pp. 128–129. Archived from 6680: 6219: 6125: 4475: 4404: 4335:

have written some 60 works of fiction. Among the most internationally renowned writers are

4154: 4150: 3849: 3558: 2737: 2484: 1866: 1852:

Poaching is a serious problem in the country, particularly of elephants for the profitable

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group, during which the president was killed amid fighting on the front lines. Déby's son,

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since at least 2001. As of 2008, the country of Chad hosts over 280,000 refugees from the

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and relief aid through the UAE's humanitarian institutions to Sudanese refugees in Chad.

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are observed throughout the year, and movable holidays include the Christian holiday of

3273: 2911:. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor. Prefects administer the 2646:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2613:

listed cattle herding as a major agricultural activity that employed underage children.

13528: 13017: 12714: 12511: 11846: 11799: 10595: 10426: 10394: 10073: 9844: 9723: 9137: 8978: 8797: 8717: 8207: 8082: 7610: 6951: 6640: 6607: 6250: 6207: 6148: 6111: 6049: 5931: 5896: 5817: 5138: 4865: 4792: 4457: 4331: 3888: 3585: 3470: 3384: 3133: 3096: 3077: 2867: 2840: 2690: 2681: 2595: 2060: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1372: 1348: 1267: 1117: 1074: 1058: 907: 10684: 9848: 9709: 9407: 9389: 7477: 7306:"Chad Sets Up Transitional Military Council Headed By Son Of Late President – Reports" 7142: 2081: 1116:

assumed control of the government and dissolved the Assembly. Chad remains plagued by

12516: 12253: 11633: 11332: 11238: 10811: 10580: 10560: 10524: 10399: 10311: 9795: 9770: 9676: 9643: 9620: 9570: 9556: 9538: 9499: 9472: 9430: 9268: 9115: 8963: 8568: 8552: 8465: 8186: 7974: 7943: 7912: 7863: 6645: 6627: 6420: 6255: 6237: 6153: 6054: 5961: 5936: 5918: 5877: 5843: 5821: 5531: 5423: 5402: 4880: 4054: 4022: 3994: 3984: 3903: 3828: 3166: 3137: 2793: 2685: 2582: 2435:

arrived in Chad with the French and American missionaries; as with Chadian Islam, it

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The dominant physical structure is a wide basin bounded to the north and east by the

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An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")

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An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")

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As of 2013 Chad had an estimated 59 airports, only 9 of which had paved runways. An

3725: 3595: 3246: 2335:. Islam is expressed in diverse ways; for example, 55% of Muslim Chadians belong to 2039: 1612:. The country's capital is 1,060 kilometres (660 mi) from the nearest seaport, 1403: 1359:

The disintegration of Chad caused the collapse of France's position in the country.

1197:

For more than 2,000 years, the Chadian Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and

1121: 82: 11312: 10625: 10615: 10590: 10372: 10358: 10102: 8062: 6635: 6619: 6245: 6227: 6143: 6133: 6044: 6034: 5926: 5908: 5813: 5475: 4545: 4446: 4408: 3880: 3632: 3622: 3474: 3343: 3306: 3026: 2993: 2622: 2447: 2313: 2271: 2144: 1734: 1703: 1542: 1202: 1030: 994: 844: 764: 471: 399: 393: 10002: 9833:" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004. 9096: 7844: 7071:" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004. 5840:

Glocal English: The Changing Face and Forms of Nigerian English in a Global World.

4395:

in the 1960s, was hampered by the devastations of civil wars and from the lack of

13150: 12658: 12308: 11231: 11140: 10727: 10644: 10550: 10514: 10477: 10338: 10328: 10188: 10127: 10024: 10009: 9982: 9917: 9892: 9830: 9812: 9783: 9762: 9751: 9730: 9716: 9627: 9609: 9490: 9414: 9396: 9349: 9335: 9317: 9299: 9285: 9229: 9192: 9132: 9103: 9085: 9065: 9031: 9009: 8912: 8804: 8784: 8757: 8594: 8587: 8575: 8496: 8409: 8335: 8316: 8141: 8119: 8069: 8047: 7964: 7933: 7906: 7851: 7790: 7763: 7736: 7713: 7540: 7521: 7484: 7432: 7149: 7087: 7068: 6892: 6841: 6687: 6555: 6522: 6515: 6498: 6450: 6427: 6138: 5787: 5756: 5653: 5569: 5501: 5446: 5388: 4701:"Analyse Thematique des Resultats Definitifs Etat et Structures de la Population" 4665: 4640: 4622: 4610: 4604: 4580: 4519: 4433: 4203: 4194: 3807: 3688: 3614: 2904: 2890: 2827:

also clashed with government forces in 2003 in an attempt to overthrow President

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A small proportion of the population continues to practice indigenous religions.

2413: 2352: 2286: 2278: 2267: 1826: 1766: 1644: 1464: 1332: 1299: 1283: 1226: 1160: 1010: 541: 520: 330: 272: 267: 141: 126: 65: 50: 9247: 8444: 7693:"Tableau des codes des circonscritions – Ministère de l'Intérieur", April 2008. 7396: 7336:"Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, according to an army statement" 7222: 7032: 5606: 5562: 4998: 4322: 4014: 3721: 3421: 2548: 505: 13220: 12506: 11317: 11302: 11177: 11161: 10620: 10575: 10504: 10206: 9976:

World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction

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World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction

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is provided by a water tower. Access to clean water is often a problem in Chad.

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Chad is 16th lowest ranked electoral democracy worldwide and 4th lowest ranked

2733: 2297: 2218: 2165: 2102: 1879: 1814: 1739: 1722: 1624: 1388: 915: 464: 366: 354: 312: 306: 8948:

Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist",

7554:"United Arab Emirates (UAE) Opens Coordination Office for Foreign Aid in Chad" 6039: 3820: 2828: 2764: 1643:, after which the country is named (and which in turn takes its name from the 1477: 1413: 1392: 1070: 13468: 13462: 13444: 13431: 13205: 12900: 12429: 12278: 12008: 11286: 11243: 10851: 10660: 10605: 10600: 10211: 10131: 9357: 9310: 8891: 8828: 8685:

Fatherlands: On Mahamat-Saleh Haroun, Africa and an Evolving Political Cinema

8528: 6631: 6443: 6359:"Rangers in Isolated Central Africa Uncover Grim Cost of Protecting Wildlife" 6241: 6173:

Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194

5922: 5825: 4511: 4479: 4417: 4396: 4370: 4269: 4263: 4162: 4134: 3758: 3091: 2697: 2469: 2301: 1875: 1546: 1384: 1248: 1185: 1101: 1078: 1022: 879: 476: 428: 378: 336: 318: 300: 244: 231: 166: 8597:. Ndjamena.usembassy.gov (25 February 2013). Retrieved on 28 September 2013. 8578:. Ndjamena.usembassy.gov (25 February 2013). Retrieved on 28 September 2013. 8144:(PDF). Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad. N. 3. September 2004 5913: 1616:, Cameroon. Because of this distance from the sea and the country's largely 13077: 13037: 13027: 12850: 12183: 12068: 11953: 10961: 10951: 10755: 10570: 10196: 10053: 9987: 8747: 8388: 7908:

Poverty and neoliberalism: persistence and reproduction in the global south

6705:"Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country" 6649: 6259: 6157: 6058: 5940: 5119:"Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military" 4400: 4352: 4348: 4251: 3768: 3437: 3324: 3269: 3161: 2855: 2809: 2729: 2567: 2378: 2241: 2226: 1997: 1986: 1821: 1770: 1684: 1279: 1271: 1218: 1213:

strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD. Two other states in the region,

1206: 975: 971: 911: 282: 223: 88: 10084: 9483: 3683: 2205: 2175: 1939:, and Ouaddaians (90% or more). Lower percentages were reported among the 1262: 13210: 12925: 12815: 12586: 12388: 12368: 12288: 12013: 11135: 10966: 10856: 9447:

Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries

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Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries

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in 1975, but the insurgency continued. In 1979 the rebel factions led by

1311: 1256: 558: 384: 372: 348: 342: 324: 294: 20: 3577: 3425: 1209:, the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad's 970:. Chad has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the 13087: 13057: 12985: 12975: 12945: 12935: 12890: 12840: 12830: 12561: 12556: 12450: 12383: 12323: 12313: 12303: 12208: 12038: 11993: 11958: 11841: 11042: 10946: 10911: 10896: 10881: 10836: 10770: 10246: 9233: 8373: 7767: 6917: 6431: 4487: 4381: 4306: 4226: 4124: 4102: 4086: 3944: 3936: 3928: 3655: 3539: 3511: 3433: 3412: 3388: 3310: 3227: 3203: 3194: 3030: 2878: 2813: 2555: 2499: 2436: 2133: 2112: 1913: 1846: 1774: 1725:

zone. Yearly rainfall in this belt is over 900 mm (35.4 in).

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Despite internal political opposition, coup attempts, and a civil war,

1368: 440: 11119: 9954:"Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic" 7451:"Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic" 7192: 6604: 5897:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" 4403:

industry began growing again in the 1990s, with the work of directors

1620:

climate, Chad is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".

1225:

routes that passed through the region. These states, at least tacitly

12910: 12546: 12541: 12486: 12328: 10901: 7970: 5502:"Hissène Habré: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity" 4451: 3899: 3618: 3466: 3338: 3301: 3265: 3054: 2985: 2980: 2836: 2753: 2343: 2328: 1640: 1437: 1198: 1092:

While many political parties participated in Chad's legislature, the

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Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

13160: 13052: 13005: 12965: 12960: 12875: 12860: 12688: 12612: 12581: 12576: 12243: 12238: 12198: 12193: 12178: 11978: 11001: 10976: 10826: 10821: 10800: 10765: 10750: 10671: 10106: 9923:

L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays

9400: 8616: 7795:

L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays

7664: 6116: 4287: 4094: 3646: 3429: 3236: 3128: 3100: 3017: 2832: 2749: 2571: 2091: 1936: 1923: 1782: 1758: 1605: 1550: 1460: 1328: 1143:

countries in the world. Most of its inhabitants live in poverty as

943: 874: 826: 482: 12129: 7280:"Chad President Idriss Deby killed on frontline, son to take over" 7162: 6394:(Report) (in French). INSEED. July 2014. p. 7. Archived from 6109: 4756:"Chad's military ruler Mahamat Deby names transitional parliament" 4302:

combine the sounds of drums with those of flute-like instruments.

4214:. Fish is popular, which is generally prepared and sold either as 3380: 3376: 1100:

during the presidency of Idriss Déby, whose rule was described as

13067: 13042: 13032: 12995: 12980: 12950: 12870: 12835: 12825: 12820: 12596: 12591: 12566: 12521: 12501: 12491: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12378: 12358: 12343: 12333: 12298: 12223: 12188: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12088: 12073: 12063: 12053: 12043: 12023: 11988: 11973: 11208: 11187: 11156: 11114: 10986: 10956: 10941: 10926: 10916: 10906: 10871: 10866: 10816: 10785: 10760: 10735: 9995:

World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database

7879: 5632: 5085:"ExxonMobil and Chad's Authoritarian Regime: An 'Unholy Bargain'" 4291: 4220: 4180: 3912: 3371: 2428: 2388: 2245: 2007: 1905: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1636: 1601: 1404:

Déby lineage & democracy with second Civil War (1990–present)

1396: 1002: 951: 459: 11255: 10145: 8007:

Humanitarian Action in Chad: Facts and Figures – Snapshot Report

6329:"African Elephants Slaughtered in Herds Near Chad Wildlife Park" 6176:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. 3104: 2070: 13155: 13082: 13072: 12940: 12930: 12905: 12895: 12855: 12571: 12551: 12536: 12531: 12465: 12460: 12434: 12363: 12338: 12273: 12268: 12258: 12203: 12003: 11936: 11011: 10996: 10991: 10931: 10886: 10846: 10740: 10719: 9927: 7798: 7366:"Calm and order in Chad three months after Idriss Déby's death" 4828:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Chad)" 4423: 4278: 4199: 4174: 4058: 3963: 3940: 3916: 3692: 3503: 3498: 3461: 3417: 3059: 2559: 2339: 2336: 2263: 2154: 1944: 1817:

represents one of the last colonies known in the Sahara today.

1714: 1699: 1617: 1613: 1558: 1205:, known from artifacts and oral histories. The Sao fell to the 1069:). Hissène Habré was overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general 1006: 986: 545: 13479:

Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language

9223:

Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project

7757:

Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project

6886:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Chad

5994:"Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – Chad" 5680:"Chad transitional ruler inaugurated amid legitimacy concerns" 3716: 2594:. At 33 percent, Chad has one of the lowest literacy rates of 1387:

ethnic group and discriminated against his former allies, the

1286:

and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to the

1045:. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of 13113: 13097: 13047: 13022: 12990: 12955: 12885: 12880: 12845: 12773: 12455: 12353: 12348: 12283: 12263: 12248: 12173: 12078: 12048: 12028: 12018: 11998: 11983: 11948: 11658: 11182: 10971: 10921: 10876: 10861: 10841: 10831: 10805: 10745: 7282:. Thomas Reuters News. Reuters. 20 April 2021. Archived from 5233:"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History" 4548: 3959: 3920: 3865: 2563: 2368: 2320: 1853: 1798: 1794: 1710: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1360: 1210: 990: 989:

desert in the north, an arid zone in the centre known as the

963: 927: 919: 867: 12787:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

8569:

Radio Stations | Embassy of the United States Ndjamena, Chad

6389:

Projections demographiques 2009–2050 Tome 1: Niveau national

5654:"Chad's president Idriss Déby dies 'in clashes with rebels'" 3894: 3862:

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

2782: 1950: 1805:, particularly in the south of the country in areas such as 1639:

that reaches 3,414 metres (11,201 ft) above sea level.

1274:. The Free French Forces included 15,000 soldiers from Chad. 13062: 13000: 12970: 12920: 12915: 12393: 12318: 12293: 12083: 12033: 10981: 10891: 9767:

Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad

9553:

Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders

8960:

Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures

8549:

Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures

5528:

Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders

3884: 3572: 3347: 2324: 2049: 1932: 1901: 1762: 1582: 1537: 19:

This article is about the country. For the given name, see

3997:

have suspended activities due to killings of aid workers.

2667:

Chadian woman voting during the 2016 presidential election

1557:

Chad is a large landlocked country spanning north-central

1416:

continuously ruled Chad from 1990 until his death in 2021.

1001:, after which the country is named, is the second-largest 9896: 9819:. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007. 9567:

Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs

9329:

Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development

8413: 8113:

Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development

8072:. Savethechildren.org.uk. Retrieved on 28 September 2013. 5893: 5874:

Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs

5476:"Chad ex-leader Habre charged in Senegal with war crimes" 4551: 4027:

Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Chad:

2851: 891: 13519:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

9824:

Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile

8588:

Newspapers | Embassy of the United States Ndjamena, Chad

7062:

Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile

6204: 10714: 7580:"UAE opens coordination office for foreign aid in Chad" 6974:"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor" 6707:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011. Archived from 2839:

rebels in eastern Chad, who killed civilians by use of

2554:

Chad is home to foreign missionaries representing both

7534:

Chad rebels say to resume fight, Deby's promises unmet

6862:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Chad" 3978:, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs 2831:. In addition, there have been various conflicts with 1581:

in the world. Chad is, by size, slightly smaller than

1240:

Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats du Tchad

9426:

Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne

6303:"Livestock-wildlife-environment interactions in Chad" 5999:. Birdlife International Organization. Archived from 5958:

Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne

5605:. Human Rights Watch. 24 January 2011. Archived from 4572: 3939:

is now expected to be privatised. Other than cotton,

3933:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

2915:

within the regions. The departments are divided into

1354: 1237:

French colonial expansion led to the creation of the

1232: 8021:

Eastern Chad: Concerns over vital humanitarian needs

5550:

Le pétrole au cœur des nouveaux soubresauts au Tchad

4658: 4594: 4554: 4501: 2213:

The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from

1809:, is a severe problem. The small group of surviving 1378: 9304:

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

6948:"Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Chad" 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6503:

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

6305:. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from 6192:

Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

6027:"The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis" 5887: 5117:Ramadane, Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat (21 April 2021). 3824:

A proportional representation of Chad exports, 2019

1483:Chad is currently one of the leading partners in a 9322:United States Agency for International Development 7496: 6455:United States Agency for International Development 6198: 5272: 5270: 2240:, the nation's main ethnic group, whose essential 13269:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 11675:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 9769:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 9636:– Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century 8958:Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); 8547:Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); 7804: 7500:Early to War: Child Soldiers in the Chad Conflict 7298: 7250:"Commercialisation is destroying community rules" 7247: 4942:(in French). INSEED. 22 July 2013. Archived from 1690:Each year a tropical weather system known as the 1480:that had been in preparation for several months. 606:1,300,000 km (500,000 sq mi) ( 13460: 7687: 7524:. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved on 28 September 2013. 6820: 5331:, (28 April 1975). Accessed on 3 September 2007. 4724: 4722: 2736:(FFP). Chad had the seventh-highest rank in the 11716:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 9788:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 9665:Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad 7394: 6188:"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Chad" 5629:"Chad government foils coup attempt – minister" 5394:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 5267: 2236:In the south live sedentary people such as the 1541:Chad is divided into three distinct zones, the 12131:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 9692:Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche 8620:Chad's only cinema dusts off its silver screen 8522:Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche 8329:Gateway expands presence in Guinea and Senegal 8040:Chadian Rebels Urge Cease-Fire As Push Falters 7880:"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa" 6697: 6582:. Inseed-td.net. 24 April 2018. Archived from 4693: 4391:industry, which began with the short films of 3832:GDP per capita development of Chad, since 1950 1321: 1089:who live in and around camps in eastern Chad. 1073:. With French support, a modernization of the 12759: 12638:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 12115: 11922: 11271: 10700: 10161: 9537:(2 ed.). Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. 7966:Looting Africa: The Economics of Exploitation 7634:"Military expenditure (% of GDP) | Data" 7388: 7272: 6024: 5803: 5023:"Chad's authoritarian Deby unwilling to quit" 4999:"Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1996–1997" 4719: 4272:includes a number of instruments such as the 3883:, or natron. There have also been reports of 2919:, which are in turn composed of 446 cantons. 1694:crosses Chad from south to north, bringing a 1677:Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands 1511:. That transitional council has replaced the 1457:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 13289: 11711:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 11086:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 9938: 9921: 9907: 9741: 9697: 9690: 9663: 9656: 9591: 9584: 9551:East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); 9424: 9018:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 8937: 8927: 8500: 8486: 6564:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 5763:. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 5548: 5526:East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); 5143:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4356: 3858:Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa 2922:The cantons are scheduled to be replaced by 2439:aspects of pre-Christian religious beliefs. 1655:Chad is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: 1238: 1193:controlled almost all of what is today Chad. 178: 163: 133: 118: 57: 42: 13244: 12679:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 11938:Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD) 9998:. 2006. United Nations Population Division. 9070:International Religious Freedom Report 2006 8432: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8422: 7935:Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure 7163:"Fragile States Index | The Fund for Peace" 6846:International Religious Freedom Report 2006 6723: 6025:Brundu, Giuseppe; Camarda, Ignazio (2013). 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4184:A Chadian tailor sells traditional dresses. 3974:. In February 2008 in the aftermath of the 2884: 2740:in 2021. Corruption is rife at all levels; 13539:States and territories established in 1960 13257:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 12766: 12752: 12633:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 12122: 12108: 11929: 11915: 11519:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 11278: 11264: 10707: 10693: 10168: 10154: 8650:The man who brought cinema to war-hit Chad 8147: 7872: 6757:"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" 6381: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 2825:Movement for Justice and Democracy in Chad 2616: 1363:moved to fill the power vacuum and became 208: 13494:French-speaking countries and territories 10096:web resources provided by GovPubs at the 9861:"Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005" 9381:. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. 9197:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 9014:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 8294:. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. 8244:"Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005" 7656: 7056: 7054: 6639: 6560:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 6249: 6231: 6147: 6137: 6048: 6038: 5930: 5912: 5792:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 2783:Internal opposition and foreign relations 2270:, but over 100 languages are spoken. The 1951:Largest cities, towns, and municipalities 1509:Transitional Council of military officers 1371:in 1987; the French-supported president, 1131:, with 0.394 in 2021 placed 190th, and a 1005:in Africa. Chad's official languages are 774: 10098:University of Colorado Boulder Libraries 9756:4th PEP Research Network General Meeting 8679: 8419: 8381:"Chad Mobile Market (Q1 2008 – Q3 2010)" 8195: 7839: 7837: 7741:4th PEP Research Network General Meeting 7027: 7025: 6910:"50 Things You Didn't Know About Africa" 6733:. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 5116: 4993: 4991: 4811: 4427:won the Grand Special Jury Prize at the 4321: 4179: 4013: 3893: 3827: 3819: 2792: 2662: 2204: 1870: 1738: 1536: 1523:outright, with 61 per cent of the vote. 1507:, has been named interim president by a 1407: 1261: 1184: 1096:, power laid firmly in the hands of the 12643:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 8645: 8606:"Chad – 2006". Freedom Press Institute. 8272: 8270: 8237: 8235: 8233: 7751: 7749: 7193:"Corruption Perceptions Index (latest)" 6574: 6572: 6421:Life expectancy at birth, total (years) 5988: 5986: 5192: 5163: 4934: 4932: 4429:63rd Venice International Film Festival 4358:Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne 4351:. In 2003 Chad's sole literary critic, 1585:and slightly larger than South Africa. 1178:sites are found in Chad, mainly in the 1135:facing the effects of being one of the 13461: 9293:Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007 9156:. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000 8950:The South African Journal of Economics 8852:. FIFA, Goal Programme. Archived from 7051: 6808:from the original on 29 September 2022 6749: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6612:The American Journal of Human Genetics 6543: 6541: 6539: 6492:Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007 6271: 6269: 5766: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5713: 5082: 5051: 4053:Civil war crippled the development of 2903:Since 2012 Chad has been divided into 1717:) gradually gives way to the south to 1446:unilaterally modified the constitution 1337:Front de libération nationale du Tchad 1294:. The largest political party was the 1077:was initiated in 1991. From 2003, the 12747: 12103: 11910: 11668:Specialised agencies and institutions 11259: 10688: 10675: 10149: 9338:" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997. 9288:" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank. 8962:. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. 8929:Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: 8847: 8748:Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: 8710: 8551:. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. 8122:" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997. 8063:Crisis in Chad | Save the Children UK 7834: 7442: 7229:from the original on 5 September 2007 7215: 7106: 7104: 7022: 7010:from the original on 5 September 2015 6856: 6854: 6801:Association of Religion Data Archives 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6731:"Table: Muslim Population by Country" 6065:from the original on 11 December 2019 6018: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5648: 5646: 5112: 5110: 4988: 4621: 4603: 4108: 2717:(MPS), which holds a large majority. 1182:; some date to earlier than 2000 BC. 1104:. After President Déby was killed by 11417:Permanent Representatives' Committee 10676: 9879:United States Department of Commerce 9675:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 9442:& Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); 8267: 8262:United States Department of Commerce 8230: 8175:from the original on 5 February 2009 8156:& Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); 7962: 7931: 7904: 7746: 7403:from the original on 8 December 2022 6569: 6480:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6283:from the original on 17 October 2013 5983: 5589:. Associated Press. 6 February 2008. 5422:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 5095:from the original on 22 October 2020 5033:from the original on 8 November 2020 5011:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4929: 4908:United Nations Development Programme 4893: 4842:from the original on 4 November 2023 4246:when brewed from red millet, and as 2823:soldiers into the Chadian Army. The 2626: 2342:. Its most common expression is the 1893:but 52.4/km (136/sq mi) in the 1669:East Saharan montane xeric woodlands 1282:, France granted Chad the status of 13524:Member states of the United Nations 12775:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 11826:Single African Air Transport Market 11821:African Continental Free Trade Area 9940:Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre? 8662:from the original on 7 October 2020 8628:from the original on 7 October 2020 8361:from the original on 9 October 2022 7503:. Human Rights Watch. pp. 13–. 7426:Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre? 7376:from the original on 10 August 2021 7328: 7260:from the original on 15 August 2017 7241: 6879: 6656: 6536: 6351: 6266: 6087:. The Living Africa. Archived from 6077: 5726: 5583:"Chad's leader asserts he controls" 4976:from the original on 15 August 2023 4966:"Glottolog 4.8 - Languages of Chad" 4644: 4584: 4364: 3852:1,651 in 2009. Chad is part of the 2798:Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C. 1081:in Sudan spilt over the border and 1013:. It is home to over 200 different 179: 134: 43: 13: 13509:Member states of the African Union 10137:Key Development Forecasts for Chad 9858:Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); 9838:"Circonscriptions Administratives" 9265:Citizenship and Immigration Canada 9263:(PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. 9179:Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition 8646:Praveen, S. r. (9 December 2017), 8462:Citizenship and Immigration Canada 8460:(PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. 8241:Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); 7886:from the original on 26 March 2009 7644:from the original on 25 April 2010 7586:from the original on 4 August 2023 7560:from the original on 4 August 2023 7346:from the original on 20 April 2021 7316:from the original on 20 April 2021 7248:Djeralar Miankeol (17 June 2017). 7130:Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition 7101: 7033:"Chad votes to end two-term limit" 6851: 6781: 5818:10.1111/j.1813-6982.1992.tb01049.x 5806:South African Journal of Economics 5690: 5660:from the original on 20 April 2021 5643: 5125:from the original on 21 April 2021 5107: 5064:from the original on 8 August 2020 4917:from the original on 13 March 2024 4901:"Human Development Report 2023/24" 4768:from the original on 19 March 2023 4730:"Religions in Chad | PEW-GRF" 4421:was critically acclaimed, and his 4286:, a stringed instrument that uses 2821:United Front for Democratic Change 1673:South Saharan steppe and woodlands 1355:Chad's first civil war (1979–1987) 1233:French colonial period (1900–1960) 14: 13560: 13201:Economic Cooperation Organization 11285: 10281:Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 10175: 10033: 9586:La musique recherche son identité 9383:Energy Information Administration 9078:Amnesty International Report 2006 8925:Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); " 8917:United States Department of State 8746:Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); " 8713:"'Uncle Boonmee' wins Palme d'Or" 8488:La musique recherche son identité 8296:Energy Information Administration 8037:Timberg, Craig (6 February 2008) 7675:from the original on 4 April 2020 7203:from the original on 24 July 2013 7173:from the original on 30 July 2014 7092:Amnesty International Report 2006 7039:from the original on 8 April 2008 6866:United States Department of State 6737:from the original on 6 April 2018 6692:United States Department of State 6369:from the original on 17 July 2016 5508:from the original on 12 July 2018 4004: 1842:Food and Agriculture Organization 1430:competitive presidential election 1428:, and in 1996, Déby easily won a 1379:Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990) 1329:National Liberation Front of Chad 1127:Chad ranks the 2nd lowest in the 12728: 12727: 12229:Democratic Republic of the Congo 11891: 11890: 11741:African Union–Ethiopia relations 11422:Specialized Technical Committees 11237: 11226: 11225: 11033:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 11010: 10791:Democratic Republic of the Congo 10301: 10121: 10111: 10003:Worst corruption offenders named 9899:. 29 November – 1 December 1972. 9761: 9739:Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); " 9724:Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice 9408:Chad may face genocide, UN warns 9045:from the original on 4 July 2014 8884:Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir 8841: 8821:Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir 8810: 8798:Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice 8790: 8770: 8737: 8704: 8673: 8639: 8609: 8600: 8581: 8562: 8541: 8511: 8474: 8416:. 29 November – 1 December 1972. 8395: 8341: 8338:. IT News Africa. 22 April 2010. 8322: 8301: 8125: 8105: 8093:from the original on 27 May 2022 8075: 8056: 8031: 8013: 7999: 7987: 7956: 7925: 7898: 7773: 7719: 7699: 7626: 7598: 7572: 7546: 7527: 7507: 7490: 7470: 7415: 7358: 7254:D+C, development and cooperation 6335:. 30 August 2006. Archived from 5563:Chad may face genocide, UN warns 5482:from the original on 3 July 2013 5462: 5376: 5364: 5352: 5312: 4544: 4504: 4330:As in other Sahelian countries, 2696:Chad's legal system is based on 2631: 2194: 1834:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 1588:Chad is bounded to the north by 1519:. He had won the disputed 6 May 1189:Group of Kanem-Bu warriors. The 1165: 980:twentieth largest nation by area 799: 798: 773: 751: 750: 732: 731: 699: 698: 680: 679: 194: 95: 81: 13411:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 9895:". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. 9390:Chad leader's victory confirmed 9041:. International Monetary Fund. 8412:". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. 7940:United Nations University Press 7728:Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005) " 7662: 7223:"Isolated Deby clings to power" 7185: 7155: 7143:Chad leader's victory confirmed 7135: 7074: 6992: 6966: 6940: 6902: 6796:"Religious demographics (Chad)" 6598: 6508: 6484: 6460: 6436: 6413: 6321: 6295: 6180: 6164: 6103: 5971: 5947: 5866: 5853: 5832: 5797: 5742: 5672: 5621: 5593: 5575: 5556: 5541: 5520: 5494: 5468: 5456: 5433: 5412: 5382: 5370: 5358: 5346: 5334: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5255: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5151: 5076: 5052:Haynes, Suyin (28 March 2019). 5045: 5015: 4958: 2722:78 registered political parties 1860: 1266:A Chadian soldier fighting for 1145:subsistence herders and farmers 16:Country in North-Central Africa 13181:Moro National Liberation Front 12669:International Francophonie Day 10012:", BBC News, 18 November 2005. 9758:. Poverty and Economic Policy. 9733:", BBC News, 9 September 2006. 9640:University of California Press 9621:The Chad region as a crossroad 9514:"La decentralisation au Tchad" 9417:", BBC News, 16 February 2007. 9279:Chad Urban Development Project 8931:On a encore du travail à faire 8807:", BBC News, 9 September 2006. 8750:On a encore du travail à faire 7816:"La decentralisation au Tchad" 7743:. Poverty and Economic Policy. 6531:Center for Reproductive Rights 5091:. Public Radio International. 4854: 4780: 4748: 4631: 4537: 4525:Index of Chad-related articles 4218:(sun-dried and lightly smoked 3954:, Chad has been affected by a 3854:Bank of Central African States 3848:) per capita was estimated as 2558:and Islamic groups. Itinerant 2262:Chad's official languages are 1840:Efforts have been made by the 1499:in the northern region by the 985:Chad has several regions: the 1: 13474:1960 establishments in Africa 11873:United States of Latin Africa 11567:Rural Economy and Agriculture 11344:Organisation of African Unity 10464:Transitional Military Council 10259:Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) 10222:Chadian Civil War (1965–1979) 9847:. 3 July 2007. Archived from 9535:Historical Dictionary of Chad 9210:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 9195:". Human Rights Instruments. 9108:African Economic Outlook 2007 8711:Chang, Justin (23 May 2010). 7856:African Economic Outlook 2007 7513:Reeves, Eric (9 August 2008) 6473:. European Commission. 2008. 5790:". Human Rights Instruments. 5083:Werman, Marco (5 June 2012). 4681: 4326:Fried or Grilled Grasshoppers 4317: 3966:region, over 55,000 from the 2875:Civil war in Chad (2005–2010) 2777:electoral democracy in Africa 1849:, and also from fruit trees. 1110:Transitional Military Council 910:located at the crossroads of 535:National Transitional Council 11730:United States military bases 11726:United States Africa Command 10538: 10059:Resources in other libraries 9792:University of Nebraska Press 9471:. New York: United Nations. 9354:Country Report: 2006 Edition 9232:" (PDF). 24 September 2002. 8776:Young, Neil (23 March 2004) 8185:. New York: United Nations. 7766:" (PDF). 24 September 2002. 6139:10.1371/journal.pone.0014734 5572:. BBC News, 16 February 2007 5399:University of Nebraska Press 4686: 4009: 3972:internally displaced persons 2877:to 2.0% as estimated by the 2746:Corruption Perceptions Index 2715:Patriotic Salvation Movement 2577: 2251: 1891:Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region 1526: 1365:involved in Chad's civil war 1180:Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region 1098:Patriotic Salvation Movement 7: 13544:1960 establishments in Chad 12425:French Community of Belgium 11557:HR, Sciences and Technology 10126:Geographic data related to 10079:Central Intelligence Agency 10015:Young, Neil (August 2002); 9973:World Bank (14 July 2006). 9719:", BBC News, 15 March 2006. 9710:Chad's vulnerable president 9569:. World Bank Publications. 9532: 9511:Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); 9143:Central Intelligence Agency 9020:, U.S. Department of State. 8984:Central Intelligence Agency 8307:World Bank (14 July 2006). 8213:Central Intelligence Agency 7993: 7813:Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); 7616:Central Intelligence Agency 7497:Human Rights Watch (2007). 7487:", BBC News, 15 March 2006. 7478:Chad's vulnerable president 7225:. BBC News. 13 April 2006. 6566:, U.S. Department of State. 6279:. Our Africa organization. 5977: 5876:. World Bank Publications. 5656:. BBC News. 20 April 2021. 5340: 5300: 5288: 5276: 5261: 5219: 5207: 5157: 4836:International Monetary Fund 4798:Central Intelligence Agency 4659: 4595: 4497: 4282:, a long tin horn; and the 4165:and the Muslim holidays of 3779: 3776: 3773: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3013: 3010: 3007: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2861: 2307: 2209:Mboum girls dancing in Chad 2182: 2179: 2171: 2161: 2158: 2150: 2140: 2137: 2129: 2119: 2116: 2108: 2098: 2095: 2087: 2077: 2074: 2066: 2056: 2053: 2045: 2035: 2032: 2024: 2014: 2011: 2003: 1993: 1990: 1982: 1728: 1505:General Mahamat Idriss Déby 1322:Tombalbaye rule (1960–1979) 1304:Parti Progressiste Tchadien 1031:religions practiced in Chad 10: 13565: 11811:African Economic Community 11616:Peace and Security Council 11323:African and Malagasy Union 10432:Chief of the General Staff 9946:International Crisis Group 9241:"Chad: A Cultural Profile" 8882:Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) " 8872: 8819:Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) " 8438:"Chad: A Cultural Profile" 8349:"NRI Overall Ranking 2014" 7437:International Crisis Group 7197:Transparency International 7035:. BBC News. 22 June 2005. 6624:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012 6233:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 4885:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 4468: 4368: 4276:, a type of bow harp; the 4261: 4192: 4188: 4144: 4115:Telecommunications in Chad 4112: 4075: 4020: 3970:, as well as over 170,000 3816:Petroleum industry in Chad 3805: 3801: 2888: 2865: 2845:Union of Resistance Forces 2786: 2742:Transparency International 2620: 2562:preachers, primarily from 2311: 2255: 2198: 1864: 1732: 1709:The Sahara gives way to a 1608:, and to the south by the 1530: 1158: 1154: 18: 13504:Least developed countries 13484:Central African countries 13407: 13354: 13282: 13237: 13189: 13169: 13129: 13122: 13106: 12808: 12799: 12782: 12723: 12702: 12651: 12625: 12605: 12479: 12443: 12418:National/regional members 12417: 12146: 12137: 11944: 11886: 11855: 11834: 11786: 11749: 11736:United States ambassadors 11696: 11687: 11667: 11614: 11588: 11552:Social Affairs and Health 11547:Infrastructure and Energy 11527: 11509: 11481: 11448: 11430: 11407: 11398: 11365: 11293: 11221: 11201: 11170: 11149: 11128: 11107: 11096: 11080: 11064: 11051: 11019: 11008: 10726: 10716:Countries and territories 10682: 10638: 10546: 10537: 10485: 10476: 10380: 10371: 10319: 10310: 10299: 10187: 10054:Resources in your library 9688:Malo, Nestor H. (2003); " 9634:General History of Africa 9302:" (PDF). 8 January 2007. 9191:29 September 2007 at the 8928: 8593:17 September 2013 at the 8520:Malo, Nestor H. (2003); " 7539:24 September 2015 at the 7152:", BBC News, 14 May 2006. 6580:"INSEED-TCHAD – Document" 6501:" (PDF). 8 January 2007. 6040:10.3897/phytokeys.23.4752 6033:(23). Pensoft.net: 1–18. 5786:29 September 2007 at the 4464: 4443:2010 Cannes Film Festival 4101:(financed in part by the 4071: 4047:Ndjamena-Djibouti Highway 4033:Tripoli-Cape Town Highway 2789:Foreign relations of Chad 2640:This section needs to be 2538: 2528: 2523: 2513: 2508: 2498: 2493: 2483: 2478: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2446: 2333:non-denominational Muslim 2319:Chadians professed to be 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1929:Female genital mutilation 1825:was reported to be under 1665:Lake Chad flooded savanna 1579:twentieth-largest country 1296:Chadian Progressive Party 1061:defeated his rivals. The 885: 873: 861: 851: 833: 823:Central African CFA franc 818: 788: 763: 744: 725: 711: 692: 673: 655: 651:14.4/km (37.3/sq mi) 645: 631: 624: 614: 600: 593: 589: 579: 569: 555: 551: 540: 530: 526: 511: 496: 492: 470: 458: 417: 281: 260: 216: 207: 164: 155: 120:"Unité, Travail, Progrès" 119: 111: 77: 34: 13252:Abuja Declaration (1989) 13146:Central African Republic 12214:Central African Republic 11964:Central African Republic 11511:African Court of Justice 11308:Decolonisation of Africa 10776:Central African Republic 10008:1 September 2007 at the 9970:, PINR, 6 December 2006. 9891:22 December 2007 at the 9715:19 February 2007 at the 9671:Macedo, Stephen (2006); 9603:"Chad: the Habré Legacy" 9481:Collelo, Thomas (1990); 9440:Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim 9413:17 February 2008 at the 9311:Chad Livelihood Profiles 9284:26 February 2008 at the 9064:23 December 2019 at the 9030:28 December 2019 at the 8997:(Archived 2010 edition.) 8911:22 December 2019 at the 8408:22 December 2007 at the 8354:. World Economic Forum. 8226:(Archived 2017 edition.) 8154:Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim 8083:"The World Bank in Chad" 7712:28 December 2019 at the 7622:(Archived 2021 edition.) 7543:. Reuters. 21 March 2013 7483:19 February 2007 at the 7467:, PINR, 6 December 2006. 7431:5 September 2011 at the 7395:V-Dem Institute (2023). 6891:16 December 2013 at the 6840:23 December 2019 at the 6686:22 December 2019 at the 6444:Chad Livelihood Profiles 5440:"Chad: the Habré Legacy" 5418:Macedo, Stephen (2006); 4862:"Gini Index coefficient" 4530: 4431:. The 2010 feature film 4257: 4121:telecommunication system 4099:completion of a pipeline 4055:transport infrastructure 3968:Central African Republic 2885:Administrative divisions 2763:Longtime Chad President 2603:U.S. Department of Labor 1895:Logone Occidental Region 1610:Central African Republic 1245:French Equatorial Africa 1120:and recurrent attempted 1043:French Equatorial Africa 936:Central African Republic 571:• Autonomy granted 12674:Jeux de la Francophonie 11878:East African Federation 11868:United States of Africa 11606:African Investment Bank 10242:Chadian–Libyan conflict 10237:Transitional government 10117:Wikimedia Atlas of Chad 9981:12 October 2007 at the 9811:9 February 2014 at the 9668:. N. 3. September 2004. 9608:13 January 2015 at the 9582:Gondjé, Laoro (2003); " 9533:Decalo, Samuel (1987). 9489:17 January 1999 at the 9423:Chapelle, Jean (1981); 9348:12 October 2007 at the 9216:Encyclopædia Britannica 9205:Encyclopædia Britannica 9131:26 January 2021 at the 9084:13 January 2015 at the 9008:16 October 2019 at the 8484:Gondjé, Laoro (2003); " 8334:29 October 2013 at the 8315:12 October 2007 at the 8140:24 October 2007 at the 8046:14 October 2017 at the 7086:13 January 2015 at the 7000:"Chad 1996 (rev. 2005)" 6554:16 October 2019 at the 6426:10 October 2017 at the 6085:"Plant and Animal Life" 5861:Encyclopædia Britannica 5755:9 February 2014 at the 5720:Encyclopædia Britannica 5602:World Report 2011: Chad 5445:13 January 2015 at the 5237:Encyclopædia Britannica 4478:is Chad's most popular 3887:-bearing quartz in the 3877:mining industry of Chad 3871:Chad's currency is the 3846:purchasing power parity 3838:Human Development Index 2899:Sub-prefectures of Chad 2773:V-Dem Democracy indices 2617:Government and politics 2592:University of N'Djamena 1811:West African crocodiles 1661:Sahelian Acacia savanna 1467:may yet occur in Chad. 1133:least developed country 1129:Human Development Index 1083:destabilised the nation 1063:Chadian–Libyan conflict 581:• Sovereign state 487:hereditary dictatorship 261:Official languages 148:"Unity, Work, Progress" 13549:Military dictatorships 13141:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13011:Pakistan-OIC relations 12664:UN French Language Day 12497:Bosnia and Herzegovina 11589:Financial institutions 11580:Cross-Cutting Programs 11483:Pan-African Parliament 10212:French Colonial Period 9939: 9922: 9908: 9742: 9698: 9691: 9664: 9657: 9619:Lange, Dierk (1988). " 9592: 9585: 9429:. Paris: L'Harmattan. 9425: 8938: 8501: 8487: 7963:Bond, Patrick (2006). 7167:fragilestatesindex.org 5960:. Paris: L'Harmattan. 5956:Chapelle, Jean (1981) 5635:. 2013. Archived from 5549: 4669: 4614: 4357: 4327: 4202:is the staple food of 4185: 4131:Gateway Communications 4089:leads a consortium of 4040:Dakar-Ndjamena Highway 4018: 3907: 3833: 3825: 2800: 2707:Constitutional Council 2668: 2210: 1882: 1797:, and many species of 1747: 1554: 1549:in the north, and the 1485:West African coalition 1417: 1336: 1303: 1275: 1239: 1194: 1176:African archaeological 736:$ 12.596 billion ( 684:$ 32.375 billion ( 135:الاتحاد، العمل، التقدم 58: 23:. For other uses, see 12374:São Tomé and Príncipe 12234:Republic of the Congo 12059:São Tomé and Príncipe 11629:African Standby Force 11601:African Monetary Fund 10937:São Tomé and Príncipe 10796:Republic of the Congo 10217:Tombalbaye government 10141:International Futures 9614:Amnesty International 9565:Dinar, Ariel (1995); 9494:, 2d ed. Washington: 9484:Chad: A Country Study 9395:31 March 2007 at the 9320:" (PDF). March 2005. 9181:. Freedom House, Inc. 9090:Amnesty International 8906:Background Note: Chad 8890:28 September 2013 at 8848:Staff (2 July 2007). 8827:28 September 2013 at 8527:28 September 2013 at 8495:22 April 2014 at the 8068:22 April 2014 at the 7520:22 April 2014 at the 7148:31 March 2007 at the 7132:. Freedom House, Inc. 7096:Amnesty International 6681:Background Note: Chad 6453:" (PDF). March 2005. 6212:Nature Communications 5914:10.1093/biosci/bix014 5872:Dinar, Ariel (1995); 5838:Kperogi, F.A. (2015) 5451:Amnesty International 5325:"Death of a Dictator" 4764:. 24 September 2021. 4601:Arabic pronunciation: 4387:The development of a 4325: 4234:(smoked large fish). 4183: 4066:international airport 4017: 3897: 3831: 3823: 3806:Further information: 2796: 2666: 2208: 2201:Ethnic groups in Chad 1874: 1807:Zakouma National Park 1745:African bush elephant 1742: 1719:East Sudanian savanna 1657:East Sudanian savanna 1540: 1411: 1345:overthrown and killed 1339:, FRONILAT), began a 1265: 1188: 1029:(41.1%) are the main 616:• Water (%) 245:12.10528°N 15.04472°E 25:Chad (disambiguation) 13499:Landlocked countries 13263:OIC Resolution 10/11 13216:Non-Aligned Movement 13093:United Arab Emirates 12471:United Arab Emirates 11596:African Central Bank 10263:Battle of N'Djamena 10023:4 March 2007 at the 9930:, Education for All. 9829:14 June 2007 at the 9729:8 April 2008 at the 9658:Lettre d'information 9626:1 March 2008 at the 9334:14 June 2007 at the 9298:14 July 2007 at the 9228:14 June 2007 at the 9102:14 June 2007 at the 9016:2006, 6 March 2007. 8803:8 April 2008 at the 8787:. jigsawlounge.co.uk 8783:4 March 2007 at the 8574:17 July 2007 at the 8135:Lettre d'information 8118:14 June 2007 at the 7932:Amin, Samir (1990). 7850:14 June 2007 at the 7801:, Education for All. 7762:14 June 2007 at the 7618:. 29 September 2021. 7067:14 June 2007 at the 6562:2006, 6 March 2007. 6521:14 June 2007 at the 6497:14 July 2007 at the 6365:. 31 December 2012. 6006:on 11 September 2016 5568:21 June 2022 at the 5478:. BBC. 2 July 2013. 4405:Mahamat-Saleh Haroun 4155:Chad Cultural Centre 4151:Chad National Museum 3875:. In the 1960s, the 3836:The United Nations' 2738:Fragile States Index 2728:Chad is listed as a 1867:Demographics of Chad 1367:. Libya's adventure 1215:Sultanate of Bagirmi 974:and largest city of 918:. It is bordered by 633:• 2024 estimate 13489:Countries in Africa 13441: / 13342:Arab–Islamic (2023) 12791:Hissein Brahim Taha 12710:Francophone economy 11193:Plazas de soberanía 11097:African territories 11037:unclear sovereignty 11022:States with limited 10202:Kingdom of Baguirmi 10089:Library of Congress 9916:15 May 2007 at the 9784:Pollack, Kenneth M. 9763:Nolutshungu, Sam C. 9750:12 May 2012 at the 9638:, vol. 3: 436–460. 9365:"Chad and Cameroon" 9208:. (2000). Chicago: 9199:. 12 December 1997. 8915:". September 2006. 8756:30 May 2013 at the 8391:on 4 December 2011. 8278:"Chad and Cameroon" 8052:The Washington Post 7789:15 May 2007 at the 7735:12 May 2012 at the 7397:"The V-Dem Dataset" 6897:Pew Research Center 6690:". September 2006. 6586:on 28 December 2019 6401:on 22 December 2015 6333:National Geographic 6224:2020NatCo..11.5978G 6130:2011PLoSO...614734B 6091:on 28 December 2013 5794:. 12 December 1997. 5389:Pollack, Kenneth M. 4946:on 22 December 2015 4838:. 10 October 2023. 4707:on 28 December 2019 4670:République du Tchad 4492:freestyle wrestling 4449:directed the films 4413:Abakar Chene Massar 4210:; in the south, as 3990:The Washington Post 3976:Battle of N'Djamena 3956:humanitarian crisis 3812:Agriculture in Chad 2924:communautés rurales 2917:200 sub-prefectures 2895:Departments of Chad 2881:for the year 2011. 2841:helicopter gunships 2805:stormed the capital 2684:. The president is 2590:is provided at the 2422:Jehovah's Witnesses 2407: Others (0.1%) 1957: 1692:intertropical front 1553:belt in the center. 1308:François Tombalbaye 1249:French rule in Chad 1223:trans-Saharan trade 1149:human rights record 1108:in April 2021, the 1047:François Tombalbaye 1039:trans-Saharan trade 997:zone in the south. 993:and a more fertile 241: / 59:République du Tchad 12715:Senghor University 12512:Dominican Republic 11847:African Border Day 11562:Trade and Industry 11537:Peace and Security 11529:ECOSOCC Committees 11463:Deputy Chairperson 11101:non-African states 10510:Telecommunications 10232:Malloum government 10197:Kanem-Bornu Empire 10085:Chad country study 10074:The World Factbook 9867:on 15 October 2007 9845:Government of Chad 9817:The World Factbook 9616:. 16 October 2001. 9461:on 5 February 2009 9371:on 13 January 2009 9316:4 May 2012 at the 9138:The World Factbook 8979:The World Factbook 8725:on 3 December 2012 8559:, pp. 12, 132, 135 8284:on 13 January 2009 8250:on 15 October 2007 8208:The World Factbook 8010:, UN, 6 March 2008 7905:Bush, Ray (2007). 7638:data.worldbank.org 7611:The World Factbook 6769:on 24 October 2012 6449:4 May 2012 at the 6363:The New York Times 6339:on 17 October 2013 6309:on 19 October 2013 5761:The World Factbook 5453:. 16 October 2001. 4940:"Le TCHAD en bref" 4866:The World Factbook 4793:The World Factbook 4458:DP75: Tartina City 4337:Joseph Brahim Seïd 4332:literature in Chad 4328: 4186: 4109:Telecommunications 4019: 3908: 3889:Biltine Prefecture 3834: 3826: 3471:Mandoul Occidental 3134:Barh El Gazel Nord 2868:Chad National Army 2801: 2682:state of emergency 2669: 2596:Sub-Saharan Africa 2211: 1955: 1883: 1748: 1555: 1545:in the south, the 1459:has warned that a 1436:five years later. 1418: 1284:overseas territory 1276: 1195: 1191:Kanem–Bornu Empire 1118:political violence 1075:Chad National Army 1067:Operation Épervier 908:landlocked country 721:2023 estimate 669:2023 estimate 283:Ethnic groups 250:12.10528; 15.04472 189:"The Song of Chad" 13534:Saharan countries 13424: 13423: 13418: 13417: 13350: 13349: 13278: 13277: 13233: 13232: 13229: 13228: 12741: 12740: 12621: 12620: 12606:Suspended members 12444:Associate members 12254:Equatorial Guinea 12097: 12096: 11904: 11903: 11782: 11781: 11706:Foreign relations 11683: 11682: 11634:Panel of the Wise 11542:Political Affairs 11412:Executive Council 11355:Secretary General 11333:Sirte Declaration 11253: 11252: 11217: 11216: 11092: 11091: 10812:Equatorial Guinea 10669: 10668: 10634: 10633: 10533: 10532: 10472: 10471: 10444:Political parties 10439:National Assembly 10405:Foreign relations 10367: 10366: 10293:COVID-19 pandemic 10040:Library resources 9960:on 5 January 2007 9806:Rank Order – Area 9776:978-0-8139-1628-6 9708:Manley, Andrew; " 9648:978-0-520-03914-8 9544:978-0-8108-1937-5 9253:on 1 October 2006 9120:978-92-64-02510-3 8982:(2024 ed.). 8693:on 7 October 2020 8450:on 1 October 2006 8211:(2024 ed.). 8028:, 7 February 2008 8024:(press release), 7868:978-92-64-02510-3 7665:"Regions of Chad" 7614:(2024 ed.). 7582:. 3 August 2023. 7556:. 3 August 2023. 7476:Manley, Andrew; " 7457:on 5 January 2007 7342:. 20 April 2021. 6430:". October 2016. 5848:978-1-4331-2926-1 5750:Rank Order – Area 5739:CIA, "Chad", 2009 5609:on 28 August 2012 5243:on 6 October 2014 4910:. 13 March 2024. 4796:(2024 ed.). 4736:on 8 October 2022 4657: 4593: 4159:national holidays 4023:Transport in Chad 3995:Save the Children 3985:Maurizio Giuliano 3950:According to the 3799: 3798: 3660:Haraze-Mangueigne 3358:Logone Occidental 3138:Barh El Gazel Sud 2843:. Presently, the 2816:company in 1999. 2678:National Assembly 2661: 2660: 2543: 2542: 2361:Religion in Chad 2258:Languages of Chad 2192: 2191: 2019:Logone Occidental 1918:Sudanese refugees 1803:Elephant poaching 1629:Tibesti Mountains 1596:, to the west by 1592:, to the east by 1533:Geography of Chad 1517:President of Chad 1451:In 2006 Déby won 1369:ended in disaster 1343:. Tombalbaye was 1288:National Assembly 1172:7th millennium BC 1094:National Assembly 1087:Sudanese refugees 1053:in 1965. In 1979 1019:linguistic groups 902:, officially the 897: 896: 782:medium inequality 746:• Per capita 694:• Per capita 480:semi-presidential 200: 13556: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13452: 13451: 13446: 13442: 13439: 13438: 13437: 13434: 13287: 13286: 13242: 13241: 13127: 13126: 12806: 12805: 12768: 12761: 12754: 12745: 12744: 12731: 12730: 12144: 12143: 12124: 12117: 12110: 12101: 12100: 11931: 11924: 11917: 11908: 11907: 11894: 11893: 11806:Development Bank 11694: 11693: 11576:Women and Gender 11572:Economic Affairs 11501:Gallagher Estate 11405: 11404: 11313:Casablanca Group 11280: 11273: 11266: 11257: 11256: 11241: 11229: 11228: 11105: 11104: 11062: 11061: 11014: 10808:(partly in Asia) 10728:Sovereign states 10709: 10702: 10695: 10686: 10685: 10677:Related articles 10673: 10672: 10654: 10647: 10591:List of Chadians 10544: 10543: 10483: 10482: 10378: 10377: 10317: 10316: 10305: 10254:1990 coup d'état 10227:1975 coup d'état 10170: 10163: 10156: 10147: 10146: 10125: 10124: 10115: 10114: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9956:. Archived from 9942: 9935: 9925: 9911: 9904: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9863:. Archived from 9855: 9853: 9842: 9780: 9745: 9738: 9701: 9699:Tchad et Culture 9694: 9687: 9667: 9660: 9654: 9595: 9593:Tchad et Culture 9588: 9581: 9548: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9516:. Archived from 9510: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9460: 9454:. Archived from 9453: 9428: 9422: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9367:. Archived from 9262: 9260: 9258: 9252: 9246:. Archived from 9245: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9163:. Archived from 9141:. United States 9054: 9052: 9050: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8941: 8939:Tchad et Culture 8934: 8933: 8924: 8896:Tchad et Culture 8881: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8845: 8839: 8833:Tchad et Culture 8818: 8814: 8808: 8794: 8788: 8774: 8768: 8762:Tchad et Culture 8745: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8721:. 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Archived from 6914: 6906: 6900: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6858: 6849: 6831: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6792: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6768: 6761: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6701: 6695: 6677: 6654: 6653: 6643: 6618:(6): 1316–1324. 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6576: 6567: 6545: 6534: 6512: 6506: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6458: 6440: 6434: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6235: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6151: 6141: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6052: 6042: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6005: 5998: 5990: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5934: 5916: 5891: 5885: 5870: 5864: 5857: 5851: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5801: 5795: 5777: 5764: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5724: 5715: 5688: 5687: 5684:Voice of America 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5639:on 6 March 2016. 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5579: 5573: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5437: 5431: 5416: 5410: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5239:. Archived from 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5029:. 8 April 2016. 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5003: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4936: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4916: 4905: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4884: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4824: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4732:. Archived from 4726: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4697: 4675: 4662: 4660:Jumhūriyyat Tšād 4652: 4650: 4648: 4635: 4629: 4625: 4623:[tʃa(d)] 4620: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4541: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4482:. The country's 4447:Issa Serge Coelo 4415:. Haroun's film 4409:Issa Serge Coelo 4365:Media and cinema 4360: 4355:, published his 4305:The music group 3881:sodium carbonate 3860:(UDEAC) and the 3526:Mayo-Kebbi Ouest 3475:Mandoul Oriental 2929: 2928: 2850:The UAE foreign 2698:French civil law 2686:directly elected 2680:, may declare a 2656: 2653: 2647: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2623:Politics of Chad 2588:Higher education 2448:Religion in Chad 2444: 2443: 2406: 2396: 2386: 2376: 2366: 2353:Salafi movements 2314:Religion in Chad 2145:Mayo-Kebbi Ouest 1958: 1954: 1880:Ennedi Mountains 1832:Chad had a 2018 1827:public ownership 1735:Wildlife of Chad 1704:Tropic of Cancer 1631:, which include 1543:Sudanian Savanna 1444:broke out. Déby 1422:new constitution 1292:Chadian assembly 1242: 995:Sudanian Savanna 904:Republic of Chad 842: 809: 808: 802: 801: 795: 784: 783: 777: 776: 770: 754: 753: 735: 734: 718: 702: 701: 683: 682: 666: 637:19,093,595 ( 575:28 November 1958 565:5 September 1900 256: 255: 253: 252: 251: 246: 242: 239: 238: 237: 234: 219:and largest city 212: 202: 201: 186: 182: 181: 180:نشيد تشاد الوطني 175: 171: 170: 145: 137: 136: 130: 122: 121: 99: 85: 69: 61: 54: 46: 45: 36:Republic of Chad 32: 31: 13564: 13563: 13559: 13558: 13557: 13555: 13554: 13553: 13459: 13458: 13449: 13447: 13443: 13440: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13420: 13419: 13414: 13403: 13346: 13274: 13225: 13194: 13192: 13185: 13174: 13172: 13165: 13151:Northern Cyprus 13134: 13133:and territories 13132: 13118: 13102: 12795: 12778: 12772: 12742: 12737: 12719: 12698: 12659:French language 12647: 12617: 12601: 12475: 12439: 12413: 12309:North Macedonia 12133: 12128: 12098: 12093: 11940: 11935: 11905: 11900: 11882: 11851: 11830: 11778: 11745: 11679: 11663: 11610: 11584: 11523: 11505: 11477: 11444: 11426: 11394: 11361: 11289: 11284: 11254: 11249: 11213: 11197: 11166: 11145: 11141:Pelagie Islands 11124: 11100: 11098: 11088: 11076: 11058: 11055: 11047: 11026: 11023: 11015: 11006: 10722: 10713: 10678: 10670: 10665: 10657: 10650: 10643: 10630: 10611:Public holidays 10529: 10468: 10422:Law enforcement 10363: 10306: 10297: 10183: 10174: 10122: 10112: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10048: 10047: 10043: 10036: 10031: 10025:Wayback Machine 10010:Wayback Machine 9983:Wayback Machine 9963: 9961: 9952: 9933: 9918:Wayback Machine 9902: 9893:Wayback Machine 9870: 9868: 9859: 9854:on 3 July 2007. 9851: 9840: 9836: 9831:Wayback Machine 9813:Wayback Machine 9777: 9752:Wayback Machine 9736: 9731:Wayback Machine 9717:Wayback Machine 9685: 9652: 9628:Wayback Machine 9610:Wayback Machine 9579: 9545: 9523: 9521: 9520:on 8 March 2008 9512: 9508: 9491:Wayback Machine 9464: 9462: 9458: 9451: 9443: 9420: 9415:Wayback Machine 9397:Wayback Machine 9374: 9372: 9363: 9350:Wayback Machine 9336:Wayback Machine 9318:Wayback Machine 9300:Wayback Machine 9286:Wayback Machine 9256: 9254: 9250: 9243: 9239: 9230:Wayback Machine 9193:Wayback Machine 9170: 9168: 9159: 9133:Wayback Machine 9104:Wayback Machine 9086:Wayback Machine 9066:Wayback Machine 9048: 9046: 9037: 9032:Wayback Machine 9010:Wayback Machine 8988: 8986: 8972: 8922: 8913:Wayback Machine 8879: 8875: 8870: 8869: 8859: 8857: 8856:on 29 June 2007 8846: 8842: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8805:Wayback Machine 8795: 8791: 8785:Wayback Machine 8775: 8771: 8758:Wayback Machine 8743: 8742: 8738: 8728: 8726: 8709: 8705: 8696: 8694: 8678: 8674: 8665: 8663: 8644: 8640: 8631: 8629: 8615: 8614: 8610: 8605: 8601: 8595:Wayback Machine 8586: 8582: 8576:Wayback Machine 8567: 8563: 8546: 8542: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8497:Wayback Machine 8481: 8479: 8475: 8453: 8451: 8447: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8420: 8410:Wayback Machine 8400: 8396: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8342: 8336:Wayback Machine 8327: 8323: 8317:Wayback Machine 8306: 8302: 8287: 8285: 8276: 8275: 8268: 8253: 8251: 8242: 8240: 8231: 8217: 8215: 8201: 8200: 8196: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8165: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8142:Wayback Machine 8131: 8130: 8126: 8120:Wayback Machine 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8070:Wayback Machine 8061: 8057: 8048:Wayback Machine 8036: 8032: 8018: 8014: 8004: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7961: 7957: 7950: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7911:. Pluto Press. 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7852:Wayback Machine 7842: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7822:on 8 March 2008 7814: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7791:Wayback Machine 7779: 7778: 7774: 7764:Wayback Machine 7754: 7747: 7737:Wayback Machine 7725: 7724: 7720: 7714:Wayback Machine 7704: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7688: 7678: 7676: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7632: 7631: 7627: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7589: 7587: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7541:Wayback Machine 7532: 7528: 7522:Wayback Machine 7512: 7508: 7495: 7491: 7485:Wayback Machine 7475: 7471: 7460: 7458: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7433:Wayback Machine 7421: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7404: 7393: 7389: 7379: 7377: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7349: 7347: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7206: 7204: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7176: 7174: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7150:Wayback Machine 7140: 7136: 7121: 7119: 7110: 7109: 7102: 7088:Wayback Machine 7079: 7075: 7069:Wayback Machine 7059: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7031: 7030: 7023: 7013: 7011: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6980:on 10 June 2015 6972: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6931: 6929: 6928:on 25 July 2013 6925: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6893:Wayback Machine 6884: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6860: 6859: 6852: 6842:Wayback Machine 6832: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6794: 6793: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6714: 6712: 6703: 6702: 6698: 6688:Wayback Machine 6678: 6657: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6587: 6578: 6577: 6570: 6556:Wayback Machine 6546: 6537: 6523:Wayback Machine 6513: 6509: 6499:Wayback Machine 6489: 6485: 6477: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6451:Wayback Machine 6441: 6437: 6428:Wayback Machine 6418: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6370: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6312: 6310: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6286: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6267: 6203: 6199: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5984: 5976: 5972: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5892: 5888: 5871: 5867: 5858: 5854: 5837: 5833: 5802: 5798: 5788:Wayback Machine 5778: 5767: 5757:Wayback Machine 5747: 5743: 5738: 5727: 5716: 5691: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5570:Wayback Machine 5561: 5557: 5546: 5542: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5447:Wayback Machine 5438: 5434: 5417: 5413: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5136: 5135: 5128: 5126: 5115: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4878: 4877: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4826: 4825: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4728: 4727: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4646: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4605:[tʃaːd] 4600: 4576: 4563: 4562: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4520:Outline of Chad 4510: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4473: 4467: 4434:A Screaming Man 4377: 4369:Main articles: 4367: 4320: 4298:drums; and the 4266: 4260: 4204:Chadian cuisine 4197: 4195:Cuisine of Chad 4191: 4175:Eid Milad Nnabi 4147: 4117: 4111: 4080: 4074: 4025: 4012: 4007: 3818: 3808:Economy of Chad 3804: 3793:arrondissements 3689:Djourf Al Ahmar 3399:Logone Oriental 2951: 2944: 2939: 2901: 2891:Regions of Chad 2889:Main articles: 2887: 2870: 2864: 2791: 2785: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2580: 2545: 2544: 2536: 2521: 2506: 2491: 2476: 2414:Roman Catholics 2411: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2394: 2392: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2316: 2310: 2283:Central Sudanic 2279:language family 2260: 2254: 2227:Northern Africa 2203: 2197: 2124:Logone Oriental 1956:Cities of Chad 1953: 1869: 1863: 1737: 1731: 1535: 1529: 1453:a third mandate 1406: 1391:. His general, 1381: 1357: 1324: 1314:, as its first 1235: 1168: 1163: 1161:History of Chad 1157: 1112:led by his son 837: 806: 805: 804: 793: 781: 780: 779: 768: 747: 728: 716: 695: 676: 660: 648: 634: 617: 603: 582: 572: 562: 521:Allamaye Halina 517: 502: 454: 421: 413: 287: 277: 249: 247: 243: 240: 235: 232: 230: 228: 227: 226: 220: 203: 195: 192: 184: 173: 151: 139: 124: 107: 106: 105: 100: 92: 91: 86: 73: 72: 63: 48: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13562: 13552: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13422: 13421: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13412: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13401: 13396: 13394:Largest cities 13391: 13386: 13385: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13372:GDP per capita 13369: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13351: 13348: 13347: 13345: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13293: 13291: 13284: 13280: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13272: 13266: 13260: 13254: 13248: 13246: 13239: 13235: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13227: 13226: 13224: 13223: 13221:United Nations 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13197: 13195: 13190: 13187: 13186: 13184: 13183: 13177: 13175: 13170: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13137: 13135: 13130: 13124: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13116: 13110: 13108: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13014: 13013: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12812: 12810: 12803: 12797: 12796: 12794: 12793: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12771: 12770: 12763: 12756: 12748: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12735: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12717: 12712: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12655: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12629: 12627: 12623: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12615: 12609: 12607: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12507:Czech Republic 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12483: 12481: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12447: 12445: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12150: 12148: 12141: 12135: 12134: 12127: 12126: 12119: 12112: 12104: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 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10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10732: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10712: 10711: 10704: 10697: 10689: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10663: 10656: 10655: 10648: 10640: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10547: 10541: 10535: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10486: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10466: 10461: 10459:Prime Minister 10456: 10454:Vice President 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10424: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10381: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10307: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10295: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10286:2021 offensive 10278: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10269: 10256: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10207:Ouaddai Empire 10204: 10199: 10193: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10173: 10172: 10165: 10158: 10150: 10144: 10143: 10134: 10119: 10109: 10100: 10091: 10082: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034:External links 10032: 10030: 10029: 10013: 9999: 9991: 9971: 9949: 9948:. 1 June 2006. 9931: 9900: 9882: 9856: 9834: 9820: 9802: 9781: 9775: 9759: 9734: 9720: 9706: 9683: 9669: 9650: 9617: 9600: 9577: 9563: 9549: 9543: 9530: 9506: 9479: 9437: 9418: 9404: 9403:, 14 May 2006. 9386: 9361: 9339: 9325: 9307: 9289: 9275: 9237: 9219: 9214:"Chad, Lake". 9212: 9200: 9182: 9167:on 4 June 2011 9157: 9146: 9145:. 15 May 2007. 9122: 9093: 9073: 9055: 9035: 9021: 8999: 8970: 8956: 8946: 8920: 8902: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8840: 8809: 8789: 8769: 8736: 8703: 8680:White, Jerry, 8672: 8638: 8608: 8599: 8580: 8561: 8540: 8510: 8473: 8418: 8394: 8372: 8340: 8321: 8300: 8266: 8229: 8194: 8146: 8124: 8104: 8087:The World Bank 8074: 8055: 8030: 8012: 7998: 7986: 7979: 7955: 7948: 7924: 7917: 7897: 7871: 7833: 7803: 7772: 7745: 7718: 7698: 7686: 7663:Law, Gwillim. 7655: 7625: 7597: 7571: 7545: 7526: 7506: 7489: 7469: 7441: 7439:. 1 June 2006. 7414: 7387: 7357: 7340:Deutsche Welle 7327: 7297: 7271: 7240: 7214: 7184: 7154: 7134: 7118:on 4 June 2011 7100: 7073: 7050: 7021: 6991: 6965: 6939: 6901: 6878: 6850: 6819: 6780: 6748: 6722: 6711:on 11 May 2017 6696: 6655: 6597: 6568: 6535: 6507: 6483: 6459: 6435: 6412: 6380: 6350: 6320: 6294: 6265: 6197: 6179: 6163: 6102: 6076: 6017: 5982: 5970: 5946: 5907:(6): 534–545. 5886: 5865: 5859:"Chad, Lake". 5852: 5831: 5812:(4): 246–255. 5796: 5765: 5741: 5725: 5689: 5686:. 23 May 2024. 5671: 5642: 5620: 5592: 5574: 5555: 5540: 5519: 5493: 5467: 5455: 5432: 5411: 5381: 5369: 5357: 5345: 5333: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5266: 5254: 5224: 5212: 5200: 5191: 5162: 5150: 5106: 5075: 5044: 5027:Deutsche Welle 5014: 4987: 4957: 4928: 4892: 4853: 4810: 4779: 4747: 4718: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4663: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4608: 4577: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4499: 4496: 4471:Sports in Chad 4469:Main article: 4466: 4463: 4393:Edouard Sailly 4384:on the media. 4375:Cinema of Chad 4366: 4363: 4345:Antoine Bangui 4341:Baba Moustapha 4319: 4316: 4262:Main article: 4259: 4256: 4193:Main article: 4190: 4187: 4146: 4143: 4110: 4107: 4078:Energy in Chad 4073: 4070: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4021:Main article: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4005:Infrastructure 4003: 4001:poverty line. 3952:United Nations 3947:are dominant. 3803: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3726:Tandjilé Ouest 3719: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3485:Mayo-Kebbi Est 3482: 3478: 3477: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3068:Haraze Al Biar 3057: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3004:Chari-Baguirmi 3001: 2997: 2996: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2946:(1 July 2023) 2941: 2936: 2933: 2913:61 departments 2909:14 prefectures 2886: 2883: 2866:Main article: 2863: 2860: 2787:Main article: 2784: 2781: 2734:Fund for Peace 2673:prime minister 2659: 2658: 2639: 2637: 2630: 2621:Main article: 2618: 2615: 2579: 2576: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2442: 2441: 2403: 2393: 2383: 2373: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2312:Main article: 2309: 2306: 2298:Chadian Arabic 2289:, and several 2256:Main article: 2253: 2250: 2199:Main article: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2166:Mayo-Kebbi Est 2163: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1952: 1949: 1943:(38%) and the 1878:nomads in the 1865:Main article: 1862: 1859: 1815:Ennedi Plateau 1771:hippopotamuses 1733:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1625:Ennedi Plateau 1531:Main article: 1528: 1525: 1405: 1402: 1380: 1377: 1356: 1353: 1323: 1320: 1234: 1231: 1167: 1164: 1159:Main article: 1156: 1153: 982:in the world. 916:Central Africa 895: 894: 889: 883: 882: 877: 871: 870: 865: 859: 858: 855: 849: 848: 835: 831: 830: 820: 816: 815: 796: 786: 785: 771: 761: 760: 748: 745: 742: 741: 729: 726: 723: 722: 719: 709: 708: 696: 693: 690: 689: 677: 674: 671: 670: 667: 653: 652: 649: 647:• Density 646: 643: 642: 635: 632: 629: 628: 622: 621: 618: 615: 612: 611: 604: 601: 598: 597: 591: 590: 587: 586: 585:11 August 1960 583: 580: 577: 576: 573: 570: 567: 566: 563: 556: 553: 552: 549: 548: 538: 537: 532: 528: 527: 524: 523: 518: 515:Prime Minister 512: 509: 508: 503: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 474: 468: 467: 462: 456: 455: 453: 452: 449: 443: 437: 431: 424: 422: 419: 415: 414: 412: 411: 408: 402: 396: 390: 387: 381: 375: 369: 363: 357: 351: 345: 339: 333: 327: 321: 315: 309: 303: 297: 290: 288: 285: 279: 278: 276: 275: 270: 264: 262: 258: 257: 221: 218: 214: 213: 205: 204: 193: 191: 190: 187: 176: 160: 153: 152: 150: 149: 146: 131: 115: 109: 108: 101: 94: 93: 87: 80: 79: 78: 75: 74: 71: 70: 55: 39: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13561: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13457: 13454: 13410: 13409: 13406: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13364: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13353: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13294: 13292: 13290:Extraordinary 13288: 13285: 13281: 13270: 13267: 13264: 13261: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13243: 13240: 13236: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13206:African Union 13204: 13202: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13193:organizations 13191:International 13188: 13182: 13179: 13178: 13176: 13168: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13128: 13125: 13121: 13115: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13105: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12901:Guinea-Bissau 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12801:Member states 12798: 12792: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12781: 12776: 12769: 12764: 12762: 12757: 12755: 12750: 12749: 12746: 12734: 12726: 12725: 12722: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12650: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12624: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12604: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12478: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12442: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12430:New Brunswick 12428: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12416: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12279:Guinea-Bissau 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12149: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12125: 12120: 12118: 12113: 12111: 12106: 12105: 12102: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12009:Guinea-Bissau 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11932: 11927: 11925: 11920: 11918: 11913: 11912: 11909: 11897: 11889: 11888: 11885: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11801: 11800:Gold standard 11797: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11785: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11731: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11686: 11676: 11673: 11672: 11670: 11666: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11613: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11526: 11520: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11474: 11473:2025 election 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11385:Member states 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11364: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11345: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11287:African Union 11281: 11276: 11274: 11269: 11267: 11262: 11261: 11258: 11246: 11245: 11244:Africa portal 11240: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11200: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11169: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11148: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11106: 11103: 11099:fully part of 11095: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11063: 11060: 11057: 11050: 11044: 11041: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11018: 11013: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10852:Guinea-Bissau 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10710: 10705: 10703: 10698: 10696: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10681: 10674: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10653: 10649: 10646: 10642: 10641: 10637: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10566:Ethnic groups 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10548: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10536: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10475: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10304: 10294: 10291: 10287: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10171: 10166: 10164: 10159: 10157: 10152: 10151: 10148: 10142: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10132:OpenStreetMap 10129: 10120: 10118: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10027: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10014: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9992: 9989: 9988:Press release 9985: 9984: 9980: 9977: 9972: 9959: 9955: 9951:Wolfe, Adam; 9950: 9947: 9943: 9941: 9932: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9901: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9866: 9862: 9857: 9850: 9846: 9843:(in French). 9839: 9835: 9832: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9807: 9803: 9801: 9800:0-8032-3733-2 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9735: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9695: 9693: 9684: 9682: 9681:0-8122-1950-3 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9661: 9659: 9651: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9635: 9629: 9625: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9587: 9578: 9576: 9575:0-8213-3321-6 9572: 9568: 9564: 9562: 9561:1-85743-126-X 9558: 9555:. Routledge. 9554: 9550: 9546: 9540: 9536: 9531: 9519: 9515: 9507: 9505: 9504:0-16-024770-5 9501: 9497: 9493: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9480: 9478: 9477:92-1-104540-1 9474: 9457: 9450: 9448: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9435:2-85802-169-4 9432: 9427: 9419: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9358:Freedom House 9355: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9340: 9337: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9274: 9273:0-7727-9102-3 9270: 9266: 9249: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9220: 9217: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9166: 9162: 9161:"Chad (2006)" 9158: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9140: 9139: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9092:Publications. 9091: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8998: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8971: 8969: 8968:0-86543-757-2 8965: 8961: 8957: 8955:(4): 246–255. 8954: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8940: 8935: 8932: 8921: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8893: 8892:archive.today 8889: 8885: 8878: 8877: 8855: 8851: 8844: 8837: 8834: 8830: 8829:archive.today 8826: 8822: 8813: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8793: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8773: 8766: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8740: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8707: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8676: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8651: 8642: 8627: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8612: 8603: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8584: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8565: 8558: 8557:0-86543-757-2 8554: 8550: 8544: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8529:archive.today 8526: 8523: 8514: 8507: 8503: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8477: 8471: 8470:0-7727-9102-3 8467: 8463: 8446: 8439: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8398: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8357: 8350: 8344: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8283: 8279: 8273: 8271: 8263: 8249: 8245: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8227: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8191:92-1-104540-1 8188: 8171: 8164: 8162: 8155: 8150: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8128: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8108: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8016: 8009: 8008: 8002: 7995: 7990: 7982: 7980:9781842778111 7976: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7959: 7951: 7949:9780862329310 7945: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7928: 7920: 7918:9780745319605 7914: 7910: 7909: 7901: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7821: 7817: 7807: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7776: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7752: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7722: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7702: 7690: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7510: 7502: 7501: 7493: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7473: 7456: 7452: 7448:Wolfe, Adam; 7445: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7418: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7138: 7131: 7117: 7113: 7112:"Chad (2006)" 7107: 7105: 7098:Publications. 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7057: 7055: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6911: 6905: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6882: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6765: 6758: 6752: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6487: 6476: 6469: 6463: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6416: 6397: 6390: 6384: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6175: 6174: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6124:(2): e14734. 6123: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6021: 6002: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5979: 5974: 5967: 5966:2-85802-169-4 5963: 5959: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5883: 5882:0-8213-3321-6 5879: 5875: 5869: 5862: 5856: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5745: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5722: 5721: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5559: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5536:1-85743-126-X 5533: 5530:. Routledge. 5529: 5523: 5507: 5504:. BBC. 2016. 5503: 5497: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5465:, pp. 234–237 5464: 5459: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5436: 5430:, pp. 133–134 5429: 5428:0-8122-1950-3 5425: 5421: 5415: 5409:, pp. 391–397 5408: 5407:0-8032-3733-2 5404: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5354: 5349: 5342: 5337: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5303:, pp. 248–249 5302: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5263: 5258: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5198:D. Lange 1988 5195: 5189: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5159: 5154: 5146: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5111: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5007: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4975: 4971: 4970:glottolog.org 4967: 4961: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4888: 4882: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4597: 4591: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4566: 4559: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4512:Africa portal 4502: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4484:national team 4481: 4477: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4376: 4372: 4371:Media of Chad 4362: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4270:music of Chad 4265: 4264:Music of Chad 4255: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4182: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163:Easter Monday 4160: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3830: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759:Tibesti Ouest 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3671: 3668: 3665: 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3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2703:Supreme Court 2699: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2665: 2655: 2643: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2601:In 2013, the 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2400: 2390: 2380: 2370: 2362: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2302:lingua franca 2300:has become a 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2272:Chadic branch 2269: 2265: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2202: 2195:Ethnic groups 2188: 2185: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1959: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1577:, and is the 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1547:Sahara Desert 1544: 1539: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1463:like that in 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1442:new civil war 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1410: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1373:Hissène Habré 1370: 1366: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1349:Hissène Habré 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1166:Early history 1162: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:authoritarian 1099: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079:Darfur crisis 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:Hissène Habré 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 956:the southwest 953: 949: 948:the southwest 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 893: 890: 888: 884: 881: 878: 876: 875:ISO 3166 code 872: 869: 866: 864: 860: 856: 854: 850: 846: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 821: 817: 813: 797: 791: 787: 772: 766: 762: 758: 749: 743: 739: 730: 724: 720: 714: 710: 706: 703:$ 1,806 ( 697: 691: 687: 678: 672: 668: 664: 658: 654: 650: 644: 640: 636: 630: 627: 623: 619: 613: 609: 605: 599: 596: 592: 588: 584: 578: 574: 568: 564: 560: 554: 550: 547: 543: 539: 536: 533: 529: 525: 522: 519: 516: 510: 507: 504: 501: 495: 491: 488: 484: 481: 478: 475: 473: 469: 466: 463: 461: 457: 450: 448: 444: 442: 438: 436: 432: 430: 426: 425: 423: 416: 409: 407: 406:other Chadian 403: 401: 397: 395: 391: 388: 386: 382: 380: 376: 374: 370: 368: 364: 362: 358: 356: 352: 350: 346: 344: 340: 338: 334: 332: 328: 326: 322: 320: 316: 314: 310: 308: 304: 302: 298: 296: 292: 291: 289: 284: 280: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 263: 259: 254: 225: 222: 215: 211: 206: 188: 177: 168: 167:La Tchadienne 162: 161: 158: 154: 147: 143: 132: 128: 117: 116: 114: 110: 104: 98: 90: 84: 76: 67: 60: 56: 52: 41: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 13426: 13355:Demographics 13245:Declarations 13078:Turkmenistan 13038:Sierra Leone 13028:Saudi Arabia 12865: 12851:Burkina Faso 12626:Organization 12218: 12184:Burkina Faso 12069:Sierra Leone 11968: 11954:Burkina Faso 11342: 11328:Abuja Treaty 11242: 11230: 11072:Îles Éparses 10962:South Africa 10952:Sierra Leone 10780: 10756:Burkina Faso 10556:Demographics 10520:Trade unions 10410:Human rights 10390:Constitution 10176: 10103:Chad profile 10072: 10044: 10016: 9993: 9974: 9962:. Retrieved 9958:the original 9869:. Retrieved 9865:the original 9849:the original 9816: 9787: 9766: 9755: 9702: 9672: 9631: 9630:" (PDF), in 9596: 9566: 9552: 9534: 9522:. Retrieved 9518:the original 9482: 9463:. Retrieved 9456:the original 9446: 9373:. Retrieved 9369:the original 9353: 9255:. Retrieved 9248:the original 9215: 9203: 9178: 9169:. Retrieved 9165:the original 9153: 9136: 9114:. May 2007. 9107: 9077: 9069: 9047:. Retrieved 8987:. Retrieved 8977: 8959: 8952: 8949: 8942: 8930: 8898: 8895: 8858:. Retrieved 8854:the original 8843: 8835: 8832: 8812: 8792: 8772: 8764: 8761: 8749: 8739: 8727:. Retrieved 8723:the original 8716: 8706: 8695:, retrieved 8691:the original 8686: 8682: 8675: 8664:, retrieved 8655: 8649: 8641: 8630:, retrieved 8621: 8617: 8611: 8602: 8583: 8564: 8548: 8543: 8535: 8532: 8513: 8505: 8476: 8452:. Retrieved 8445:the original 8397: 8389:the original 8384: 8375: 8363:. Retrieved 8343: 8324: 8308: 8303: 8286:. Retrieved 8282:the original 8252:. 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Lincoln: 9737:(in French) 9686:(in French) 9653:(in French) 9580:(in French) 9509:(in French) 9421:(in French) 9343:Chad (2006) 8923:(in French) 8880:(in French) 8817:(in French) 8744:(in French) 8648:"The Hindu 8518:(in French) 8482:(in French) 8132:(in French) 7811:(in French) 7780:(in French) 7726:(in French) 7695:(in French) 7422:(in French) 7233:4 September 6405:18 December 6218:(1): 5978. 5968:, pp. 10–16 5954:(in French) 5463:Nolutshungu 5397:. Lincoln: 5377:Nolutshungu 5365:Nolutshungu 5353:Nolutshungu 5343:, pp. 12–16 5313:Nolutshungu 5160:, pp. 44–45 5121:. 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Area 2905:23 regions 2879:World Bank 2691:government 1967:Population 1847:gum arabic 1721:in Chad's 1696:wet season 1649:Chad Basin 1633:Emi Koussi 1493:Boko Haram 1426:referendum 1055:the rebels 778: 37.4 626:Population 472:Government 460:Demonym(s) 236:15°02′41″E 233:12°06′19″N 13529:Republics 13445:15°N 19°E 13399:Education 13131:Countries 13123:Observers 13107:Suspended 13018:Palestine 12911:Indonesia 12547:Louisiana 12542:Lithuania 12487:Argentina 12480:Observers 12329:Mauritius 11367:Geography 11054:Dependent 10902:Mauritius 10581:Languages 10561:Education 10525:Transport 10500:Companies 10449:President 10400:Elections 10312:Geography 10105:from the 9944:" (PDF). 9754:" (PDF). 9218:. 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(2000). 5826:0038-2280 5587:USA Today 5279:, pp. 8–9 5247:29 August 5222:, pp. 7–8 5139:cite news 5089:The World 4980:15 August 4740:11 August 4687:Citations 4654:romanized 4590:romanized 4452:Daresalam 4010:Transport 3898:Women in 3879:produced 3873:CFA franc 3783:N'Djamena 3777:1,434,592 3771:(capital) 3769:N'Djamena 3710:1,007,812 3684:Goz Beïda 3619:Assoungha 3603:1,102,467 3492:1,179,260 3467:Barh Sara 3455:1,002,346 3406:1,184,567 3365:1,053,958 3266:Abtouyour 3078:Wadi Fira 3055:Massakory 2986:Batha Est 2837:Janjaweed 2754:tribalism 2583:Educators 2578:Education 2556:Christian 2344:Tijaniyah 2252:Languages 2176:Goz Beïda 1998:N'Djamena 1987:N'Djamena 1783:antelopes 1759:Elephants 1641:Lake Chad 1527:Geography 1497:incursion 1341:civil war 1316:president 1199:sedentary 1051:civil war 999:Lake Chad 976:N'Djamena 960:Lake Chad 940:the south 924:the north 853:Drives on 834:Time zone 717:(nominal) 500:President 418:Religion 389:1.4% Karo 224:N'Djamena 13283:Sessions 13161:Thailand 13053:Suriname 13006:Pakistan 12966:Maldives 12961:Malaysia 12876:Djibouti 12861:Cameroon 12733:Category 12689:TV5Monde 12613:Thailand 12582:Slovenia 12577:Slovakia 12244:Dominica 12239:Djibouti 12199:Cameroon 12194:Cambodia 12179:Bulgaria 11979:Djibouti 11896:Category 11774:Passport 11689:Politics 11432:Assembly 11232:Category 11150:Portugal 11002:Zimbabwe 10977:Tanzania 10827:Ethiopia 10822:Eswatini 10801:Djibouti 10766:Cameroon 10751:Botswana 10661:Category 10626:Abortion 10616:Religion 10495:Currency 10427:Military 10373:Politics 10359:Wildlife 10181:articles 10107:BBC News 10021:Archived 10006:Archived 9979:Archived 9914:Archived 9889:Archived 9827:Archived 9809:Archived 9786:(2002); 9765:(1995). 9748:Archived 9727:Archived 9713:Archived 9624:Archived 9606:Archived 9496:U.S. GPO 9487:Archived 9411:Archived 9401:BBC News 9393:Archived 9346:Archived 9332:Archived 9314:Archived 9296:Archived 9282:Archived 9226:Archived 9202:"Chad". 9189:Archived 9129:Archived 9100:Archived 9082:Archived 9062:Archived 9049:18 April 9043:Archived 9028:Archived 9006:Archived 8909:Archived 8888:Archived 8825:Archived 8801:Archived 8781:Archived 8754:Archived 8660:archived 8626:archived 8591:Archived 8572:Archived 8525:Archived 8493:Archived 8406:Archived 8356:Archived 8332:Archived 8313:Archived 8218:16 April 8170:Archived 8138:Archived 8116:Archived 8091:Archived 8089:. 2022. 8066:Archived 8044:Archived 7890:22 March 7884:Archived 7848:Archived 7787:Archived 7760:Archived 7733:Archived 7710:Archived 7673:Archived 7669:Statoids 7642:Archived 7590:4 August 7584:Archived 7564:4 August 7558:Archived 7537:Archived 7518:Archived 7481:Archived 7429:Archived 7401:Archived 7374:Archived 7350:20 April 7344:Archived 7320:20 April 7314:Archived 7290:20 April 7258:Archived 7227:Archived 7201:Archived 7171:Archived 7146:Archived 7084:Archived 7065:Archived 7037:Archived 7014:22 April 7008:Archived 6889:Archived 6838:Archived 6806:Archived 6804:. 2020. 6741:16 April 6735:Archived 6715:16 April 6684:Archived 6650:27889059 6552:Archived 6519:Archived 6495:Archived 6475:Archived 6447:Archived 6424:Archived 6367:Archived 6281:Archived 6260:33293507 6158:21364897 6117:PLOS ONE 6063:Archived 6059:23805051 5941:28608869 5850:, p. 59. 5784:Archived 5753:Archived 5723:. 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19 13332:Eighth 13312:Fourth 13302:Second 13271:(2010) 13265:(2008) 13259:(1990) 13171:Muslim 13156:Russia 13083:Uganda 13073:Turkey 12941:Kuwait 12931:Jordan 12906:Guyana 12896:Guinea 12891:Gambia 12856:Brunei 12572:Poland 12552:Mexico 12537:Latvia 12532:Kosovo 12466:Serbia 12461:Cyprus 12451:Gambia 12435:Quebec 12364:Rwanda 12339:Monaco 12274:Guinea 12269:Greece 12259:France 12204:Canada 12004:Guinea 11994:Gambia 11856:Theory 11764:Emblem 11759:Anthem 11654:AMISOM 11639:UNAMID 11491:Bureau 11400:Organs 11108:France 11065:France 10997:Zambia 10992:Uganda 10932:Rwanda 10887:Malawi 10847:Guinea 10741:Angola 10720:Africa 10621:Sports 10576:Health 10505:Mining 10354:Rivers 10324:Cities 10179: 10042:about 9928:UNESCO 9798: 9773: 9679: 9646: 9573: 9559: 9541: 9502: 9475: 9433: 9375:17 May 9360:, Inc. 9271: 9257:4 June 9118: 9039:"Chad" 8995: 8974:"Chad" 8966: 8850:"Chad" 8729:23 May 8555: 8468: 8224: 8203:"Chad" 8189: 8097:25 May 7994:Decalo 7977: 7946: 7915: 7866: 7799:UNESCO 7620: 7606:"Chad" 7081:"Chad" 6773:2 June 6648: 6638: 6630: 6590:24 May 6533:. 2000 6258: 6248: 6240: 6156: 6146: 6057: 6047: 5980:, p. 3 5978:Decalo 5964: 5939: 5929: 5921: 5880: 5846: 5824: 5613:6 June 5547:IPS, " 5534: 5486:2 July 5426: 5405: 5341:Decalo 5301:Decalo 5289:Decalo 5277:Decalo 5262:Decalo 5220:Decalo 5210:, p. 6 5208:Decalo 5158:Decalo 4788:"Chad" 4666:French 4649:تْشَاد 4647: 4641:Arabic 4611:French 4581:Arabic 4465:Sports 4424:Daratt 4418:Abouna 4279:kakaki 4200:Millet 4173:, and 4157:. 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