322:
595:, led by a sieve-maker, revolted against tax demands—the rebellion attracted wide support and succeeded in expelling the Mongol garrison. Chagatai did not help and left the revolt to Ögedei, whose armies quickly suppressed the uprising; the population faced total slaughter but was spared after Mahmud argued that only a part had been involved. It is likely that Chagatai exploited the situation to Mahmud's detriment, although the precise details are unknown. Soon afterwards, Chagatai transferred the control of certain lands under Mahmud's jurisdiction to one of his own followers. Mahmud complained to the khagan, who ordered his brother to explain himself. Upon receiving an apology, Ögedei settled the tense situation to the satisfaction of all by sanctioning Chagatai's initial transfer, moving Mahmud to an important post in north China, and promoting Mahmud's son to govern in his place with the same powers as his father. Chagatai also squabbled with
408:—succession of the youngest son—because he would have had the least time to gain a following for himself and needed the help of his father's inheritance. However, this type of inheritance applied only to property, not to titles. Although some Mongols argued that Chagatai's traits would make him an excellent successor to his father, Genghis thought that he was too strict and narrow-minded, indicating a degree of inflexibility that did not suit a ruler. Genghis was also concerned about Chagatai's intense dislike for Jochi, whom Chagatai regarded as illegitimate: at one family meeting, he reportedly called his brother a "Merkit bastard" and started brawling with him in front of their father. For these reasons, Genghis excluded Chagatai from succession to the throne and eventually settled on his younger brother Ögedei.
498:, whose population was massacred by the Mongols on the request of Mutukan's widow. Genghis had been angered by Chagatai's failure to capture Gurganj without significant Mongol casualties, and he decided to teach his son a lesson in self-control. He summoned Chagatai to his tent and accused him of not following orders; Chagatai replied that he would rather be executed than disobey. Genghis then revealed Mutukan's death and ordered Chagatai not to grieve—the latter managed to control himself until he was able to weep in private. He was later present at the defeat of the Khwarazmian prince
612:
523:
29:
487:
his domain and wished to damage it as little as possible. Chagatai on the other hand held no such qualms. When
Genghis heard about this infighting, he ordered that Ögedei be promoted to command his brothers. Atwood however argues that the narrative of fraternal conflicts was a later invention designed to buttress Ögedei's right to rule the empire and that Jochi in reality retained primacy throughout the siege.
662:, storehouses, and small villages in his territories, he was a capable ruler who recruited educated experts from across the empire to help administer his realm, but who also took advantage of the capabilities of Uighur officials within his realm. Because Chagatai was a strict upholder of the traditional Mongol law, which forbade various elements of
583:
state during the late 1100s, and contained a mixture of nomadic and sedentary populations. Chagatai and his descendants remained largely nomadic in the Mongol tradition and often disagreed with the governors of the settlements in
Transoxiana, who were representatives not of the Chagatayids but of the
682:
claimed that he urged Ögedei to kill every Muslim in the empire. Such hyperbole is probably far from the truth: modern historians point to a number of powerful Muslim officials and nobles at
Chagatai's court whom he relied on and would have been unlikely to antagonise unnecessarily. More probable is
486:
or flooding from collapsed dams. After the city's eventual fall in April 1221, its inhabitants were either killed or enslaved. The usual narrative of the siege recounts that Jochi and
Chagatai quarrelled on how best to conduct its progress, as Jochi presumed that the rich city would become part of
530:
After the death of
Genghis Khan in 1227, Chagatai remained strictly obedient to his will and, having authority of the oldest son of Genghis (Jochi had already died), played an important role in stabilising the empire before Ögedei's accession in 1229. He presided over the coronation ceremony
539:
to serve as one of
Chagatai's guards. Chagatai nevertheless chastised Ögedei for his excessive drinking and made him agree to limit the number of cups of alcohol he drank; Ögedei managed to get around this restriction by finding a very large cup.
443:, Chagatai was charged with building bridges and maintaining roads to speed the Mongol advance and keep lines of communication open, in which capacity he was aided by his retainer Zhang Rong (1158–1230). He and Ögedei took charge of the
639:, the mother of his heir Güyük, sought to convince Chagatai of her suitability to rule: his approval was critical to her becoming regent. However, Chagatai died in 1242; he was replaced as the senior Genghisid prince by Jochi's son
220:, whose paternity was disputed, he excluded Chagatai from succession to the Mongol throne. He was nevertheless a key figure in ensuring the stability of the empire after Genghis's death and during the reign of his younger brother
385:
Chagatai was renowned for his expertise in Mongol laws and traditional customs, especially when it came to following the will of the khan. According to some sources, Genghis entrusted him and his adopted brother
302:, was never known, although Temüjin accepted his legitimacy. Chagatai, born in late 1183 or 1184, was thus the first son definitively fathered by Temüjin. He had six younger full siblings: two brothers named
478:. The siege was lengthy, lasting between four and seven months, and exceptionally fierce: the defiant Khwarazmian defenders forced the Mongol army to engage in bitter house-by-house
235:
in 1219. During the latter, he was appointed to a key role in organising logistics in addition to battlefield responsibilities, but was censured after feuding with Jochi during the
370:
tribes. Chagatai's two primary wives were the
Onggirat women Yesülün and Tögen, the daughters of Börte's cousin Qata; Yesülün was his favourite and the mother of his favourite son
243:
over matters of jurisdiction and advised Ögedei on questions of rulership. Chagatai died shortly after Ögedei in 1242; his descendants would rule his territories as the eponymous
757:
At this point in time, the word "Mongols" only referred to the members of one tribe in northeast
Mongolia; because this tribe played a central role in the formation of the
651:, the son of Mutukan, but he was usurped by his drunkard uncle Yesü-Möngke between 1246 and 1250, causing long-term weaknesses in the territories which became known as the
346:
where he was acclaimed as "Genghis Khan". He began to reorder his new nation, dividing it between members of his ruling dynasty. Chagatai was granted territories near the
239:. After the campaign, Chagatai was granted large tracts of conquered land in Central Asia, which he ruled until his death. He quarrelled with civil officials such as
2278:
321:
216:, and his harsh temperament. Because Genghis felt that he was too inflexible in character, most notably never accepting the legitimacy of his elder brother
2206:
2273:
3149:
2612:
543:
After the conclusion of the
Khwarazmian campaign, Chagatai had been allocated a wide span of territories in Central Asia, stretching from the
535:
and was a stalwart follower of Ögedei throughout his reign. In return, Ögedei often sought his elder brother's advice and sent his eldest son
1628:
Biran, Michal (2009). "The
Mongols in Central Asia from Chinggis Khan's invasion to the rise of Temür: the Ögödeid and Chaghadaid realms".
507:
374:. His other named sons were Mochi Yaba, the son of one of Yesülün's servants and thus given little regard by his father, Balgashi, Sarban,
2756:
1921:
2524:
2516:
440:
232:
1920:
Togan, Isenbike (2016). "Otchigin's Place in the Transformation from Family to Dynasty". In Zimonyi, Istvan; Karatay, Osman (eds.).
2003:
3227:
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1939:
1910:
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1816:
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1745:
1715:
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1618:
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after a seven-year betrothal. After giving birth to a daughter named Qojin, Börte was kidnapped and raped by members of the
439:, where they pillaged and plundered in autumn 1213, capturing the pastures of their enemies' cavalry reserves. During the
2847:
2796:
2772:
2571:
2537:
2221:
1633:
2555:
2508:
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the theory he forbade the practice of any non-Mongol legal system at his court. Nevertheless, his anti-Islamic and pro-
412:
228:
2589:
3247:
2804:
2732:
2716:
2788:
2748:
2812:
2740:
2646:
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1703:
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from North China named Vajir, of poisoning him, and had him executed. Chagatai was succeeded in Central Asia by
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2708:
2620:
2545:
2216:
3193:
2919:
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2263:
2236:
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1996:
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416:
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1707:
1660:
1637:
3237:
2724:
2682:
2665:
2599:
2579:
2563:
2325:
1804:
460:
404:
The tribes of the Mongol steppe had no fixed succession system, but often defaulted to some form of
1600:
823:
3222:
2630:
212:, Chagatai was renowned for his masterful knowledge of Mongol traditions, his strict fidelity to
658:
Although Chagatai's loyalty to nomadic customs meant that he constructed no more than pools for
2268:
1989:
679:
499:
42:
3011:
2955:
2288:
1512:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300)
1733:
1234:
3217:
3212:
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2903:
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1902:
1871:
1610:
617:
335:
327:
8:
3159:
2113:
1931:
1783:
1725:
1520:
503:
1973:
1063:
60:
2035:
1847:
1760:
1604:
1562:
1538:
1506:
611:
475:
184:
2981:
2313:
2253:
1678:
Biran, Michal. "Mongol Central Asia: The Chaghadaids and the Ögödeids, 1260–1370". In
636:
559:, which served as his winter pastures. These territories, roughly encompassing modern
354:
had previously ruled. He also received either 4,000 or 8,000 subjects, drawn from the
2348:
1935:
1906:
1875:
1864:
1837:
1812:
1768:
1741:
1734:
1711:
1664:
1641:
1614:
1582:
1548:
1524:
775:
548:
444:
432:
114:
1851:
1827:
1374:
1342:
2895:
2855:
2308:
1961:
1578:
1502:
652:
648:
600:
467:
452:
375:
244:
236:
132:
1755:
Hope, Michael (2022). "The Middle Empire". In May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.).
1150:
2989:
1891:
1859:
1787:
1510:
1302:
1103:
1043:
615:
Depiction of the funeral of Chagatai Khan, from a 15th-century manuscript of the
588:
536:
396:. He was infamously strict in interpreting the law and was harsh in temperament.
347:
269:
240:
451:, whose actions had provoked the invasion. They then rejoined their father, who
419:. The Mongols marched southwards from Genghis's campaign headquarters in modern
325:
Depiction of Chagatai Khan and a consort, from a 14th-century manuscript of the
2258:
1898:
1729:
1596:
1566:
420:
405:
363:
277:
3002:
2976:
1438:
632:
411:
Alongside his brothers Jochi and Ögedei, Chagatai commanded the right wing in
303:
221:
3206:
2994:
2301:
2119:
2012:
1322:
758:
479:
315:
205:
3058:
1023:
2963:
2403:
2320:
2296:
2211:
2145:
2068:
2048:
692:
688:
659:
387:
273:
201:
162:
2408:
903:
522:
3129:
3078:
3038:
3007:
2108:
995:
963:
580:
556:
511:
311:
1206:
923:
624:
After Ögedei's death from alcoholism in December 1241, Chagatai was the
3174:
3083:
2433:
2418:
2155:
1799:
May, Timothy (2017). "Chagatai Khan (d. 1242)". In May, Timothy (ed.).
1687:
Dunnell, Ruth W. "The Rise of Chinggis Khan and the United Empire". In
1134:
687:
reputation strongly influenced his descendants, who were far slower to
572:
568:
564:
560:
285:
3043:
3033:
2398:
2378:
2373:
2332:
1927:
1923:
Central Asia in the Middle Ages: Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden
1764:
1516:
1474:
1270:
843:
696:
640:
628:
552:
494:. Unknown to him, his favourite son Mutukan had died while besieging
456:
423:
in November 1211: first they attacked the cities in the area between
265:
859:
532:
3169:
2388:
2248:
2130:
1808:
1542:
1505:(1993). "Mahmud Yalavac, Mas'ud Beg, 'Ali Beg, Safaliq, Bujir". In
1422:
667:
576:
448:
367:
341:
152:
34:
1406:
261:
227:
Chagatai held military commands alongside his brothers during the
209:
172:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3109:
2413:
2368:
2363:
2150:
2140:
2078:
1286:
1007:
875:
644:
592:
491:
483:
471:
371:
355:
351:
281:
147:
122:
1981:
979:
28:
3119:
3093:
3088:
2423:
2393:
2353:
2103:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2043:
1574:
663:
596:
495:
436:
428:
424:
379:
359:
295:
127:
1458:
1222:
1087:
3164:
3144:
3073:
3053:
3048:
3028:
2968:
2135:
2125:
2073:
675:
544:
399:
392:
307:
299:
217:
213:
2549:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
3114:
3068:
2428:
2358:
671:
490:
Chagatai returned to his father's side during the siege of
447:, capturing it in February 1220 and executing its governor
1724:
1001:
691:
than their counterparts in the other Mongol khanates, the
3154:
811:
466:
Chagatai and Ögedei were then sent to join Jochi at the
1194:
891:
587:
Tension soon developed between one such official named
551:, which became his capital and summer pastures, to the
339:
939:
2279:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1258:
1124:
1122:
506:
in November 1221, and commanded the rearguard during
1565:(2017). "Jochi and the Early Western Campaigns". In
799:
482:, with much of the city destroyed either by burning
1362:
298:—the true paternity of her next child, a son named
1890:
1863:
1394:
1119:
951:
2274:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
1740:. Washington: Mongolian Preservation Foundation.
643:. Yesülün accused one of Chagatai's stewards, an
3204:
678:, he gained a reputation for being anti-Muslim.
16:Second son of Genghis Khan and Börte (1183–1242)
2694:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
761:, their name was later used for all the tribes.
390:with administering the legal code known as the
1544:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1997:
1702:. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization.
526:Map of the Chagatai Khanate in the late 1200s
255:
2177:
1801:The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
1888:
1697:
1571:How Mongolia Matters: War, Law, and Society
1384:
1228:
1216:
1188:
1156:
1113:
973:
929:
881:
869:
849:
833:
829:
2004:
1990:
1657:The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
599:, his brother's governor in the region of
400:Succession question and military campaigns
27:
1700:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
1655:Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong, eds. (2023).
591:and Chagatai. In 1238, the population of
338:, Temüjin held a large assembly called a
1688:
1679:
1654:
1595:
1184:
1144:
1002:Fitzhugh, Rossabi & Honeychurch 2009
610:
521:
517:
320:
1781:
1686:
1464:
1444:
1356:
1336:
1312:
1296:
1264:
1252:
1180:
1073:
989:
909:
441:1219 invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
3205:
2624:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
2583:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
1858:
1561:
1537:
1501:
1480:
1448:
1428:
1412:
1380:
1348:
1328:
1292:
1280:
1276:
1240:
1200:
1176:
1164:
1160:
1140:
1093:
1081:
1077:
1049:
1029:
969:
897:
865:
817:
805:
789:
781:
2943:
2454:
2176:
2023:
1985:
1919:
1736:Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire
1732:; Honeychurch, William, eds. (2009).
1677:
1627:
1606:Turkestan Down To The Mongol Invasion
1484:
1416:
1368:
1352:
1332:
1308:
1244:
1013:
985:
793:
2455:
2207:Administrative divisions and vassals
1792:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
1754:
1468:
1432:
917:
336:having united the tribes of Mongolia
204:and a prominent figure in the early
2474:
1825:
1798:
1634:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
1452:
1400:
1388:
1316:
1248:
1212:
1128:
1109:
1097:
1069:
1057:
1053:
1037:
1033:
1017:
957:
945:
933:
913:
885:
853:
837:
785:
606:
208:. The second son of Genghis's wife
13:
1794:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
233:invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
229:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
14:
3259:
2011:
1893:Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy
1870:. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford:
579:in China, had been ruled by the
531:alongside Tolui and their uncle
2024:
635:initially assumed control, but
751:
714:
680:One contemporary Muslim writer
270:Greater Khingan mountain range
189:
1:
3228:13th-century monarchs in Asia
3194:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
2891:Division of the Mongol Empire
1698:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
1609:(Third ed.). New Delhi:
702:
431:, and then they followed the
288:
194:
74:
1955:Chagatai khanate established
1116:, pp. 123–124, 130–133.
768:
250:
43:Khan of the Chagatai Khanate
7:
2141:Manghit / Mangudai
1547:. New York: Facts on File.
508:his father's final campaign
340:
268:tribe, who lived along the
33:Statue of Chagatai Khan in
10:
3264:
2944:
2920:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
1889:Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991).
1834:Edinburgh University Press
1708:Cambridge University Press
1661:Cambridge University Press
1638:Cambridge University Press
1494:
631:. Ögedei's favourite wife
445:siege of the city of Otrar
256:Early life and personality
3191:
3102:
3021:
2954:
2950:
2939:
2883:
2832:
2735:(1223 / 1236–40)
2681:
2658:
2641:(1257 / 1284–88)
2611:
2536:
2481:
2470:
2450:
2341:
2287:
2264:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
2199:
2195:
2172:
2087:
2034:
2030:
2019:
1970:
1958:
1952:
1052:, pp. 81, 278, 416;
545:former Uighur territories
318:, Tümelün, and Al Altan.
310:, and four sisters named
188:
168:
158:
146:
113:
91:
83:
70:
66:
56:
48:
41:
26:
21:
3248:Children of Genghis Khan
707:
2217:Invasions and conquests
2136:Paiza / Gerege
1782:Jackson, Peter (2011).
720:Also transliterated as
2874:(1260 / 1301)
2602:(1274 / 1281)
2269:Franco-Mongol alliance
1689:Biran & Kim (2023)
1680:Biran & Kim (2023)
1563:Atwood, Christopher P.
1539:Atwood, Christopher P.
836:, pp. 20–21, 31;
832:, pp. 49–50, 57;
621:
584:ruler of the empire.
527:
331:
1826:May, Timothy (2018).
1601:Bosworth, Clifford E.
614:
525:
518:Ruler in Central Asia
324:
214:Mongol custom and law
200:– 1242) was a son of
2765:Serbia and Bulgaria
1934:. pp. 407–424.
1903:Blackwell Publishing
1872:Blackwell Publishing
1852:10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68
1811:. pp. 138–139.
1784:"Chagatayid Dynasty"
1767:. pp. 298–316.
1726:Fitzhugh, William W.
1611:Munshiram Manoharlal
1523:. pp. 122–135.
1483:, pp. 87, 253;
1387:, pp. 169–170;
1351:, pp. 124–124;
1279:, pp. 100–101;
1016:, pp. 408–409;
453:had captured Bukhara
264:, was born into the
3012:Khagans of the Yuan
2741:Poland and Bohemia
2517:Khwarazmian Empire
2242:Society and economy
1932:Harrassowitz Verlag
1682:, pp. 319–396.
1521:Harrassowitz Verlag
1507:de Rachewiltz, Igor
1455:, pp. 102–103.
1435:, pp. 298–299.
1319:, pp. 257–258.
1231:, pp. 133–134.
1219:, pp. 161–163.
1191:, pp. 136–137.
1147:, pp. 434–437.
1040:, pp. 69, 102.
948:, pp. 138–139.
936:, pp. 138–139.
820:, pp. 389–391.
504:Battle of the Indus
260:Chagatai's mother,
2757:Holy Roman Empire
2212:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
1691:, pp. 19–106.
1640:. pp. 46–66.
1630:The Chinggisid Age
1581:. pp. 35–56.
1311:, pp. 46–48;
1247:, pp. 47–48;
1179:, pp. 52–53;
852:, pp. 58–63;
664:Islamic Sharia law
622:
528:
476:Khwarazmian Empire
332:
3243:Tengrist monarchs
3233:Founding monarchs
3200:
3199:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2912:Kaidu–Kublai war
2904:Berke–Hulagu war
2896:Toluid Civil War
2677:
2676:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2249:House of Borjigin
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
1980:
1979:
1971:Succeeded by
1941:978-3-4471-0664-1
1912:978-0-6311-6785-3
1881:978-0-6311-7563-6
1843:978-0-7486-4237-3
1829:The Mongol Empire
1818:978-1-6106-9339-4
1774:978-1-3151-6517-2
1747:978-0-2959-8957-0
1717:978-1-1086-3662-9
1670:978-1-3163-3742-4
1647:978-1-1390-5604-5
1620:978-8-1215-0544-4
1588:978-9-0043-4340-5
1554:978-0-8160-4671-3
1530:978-3-4470-3339-8
1503:Allsen, Thomas T.
1419:, pp. 48–49.
1359:, pp. 62–63.
1255:, pp. 54–55.
1203:, pp. 53–54.
972:, p. 84–86;
900:, pp. 98–99.
840:, pp. 23–28.
618:Jami' al-tawarikh
433:Taihang Mountains
413:the 1211 invasion
328:Jami' al-tawarikh
178:
177:
3255:
3238:Sons of emperors
2998:
2985:
2982:Töregene Khatun
2972:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2669:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2603:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2502:
2494:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2452:
2451:
2414:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2404:Sarai Batu/Berke
2309:Chagatai Khanate
2197:
2196:
2174:
2173:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1962:Chagatai Khanate
1953:Preceded by
1950:
1949:
1945:
1916:
1897:. Translated by
1896:
1885:
1869:
1855:
1822:
1795:
1788:Yarshater, Ehsan
1778:
1757:The Mongol World
1751:
1739:
1721:
1704:Great Barrington
1692:
1683:
1674:
1651:
1624:
1597:Barthold, Vasily
1592:
1558:
1534:
1488:
1478:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1385:Broadbridge 2018
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1346:
1340:
1326:
1320:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1238:
1232:
1229:Ratchnevsky 1991
1226:
1220:
1217:Ratchnevsky 1991
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1189:Ratchnevsky 1991
1174:
1168:
1157:Ratchnevsky 1991
1154:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1114:Ratchnevsky 1991
1107:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1067:
1061:
1047:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
983:
977:
974:Ratchnevsky 1991
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
930:Broadbridge 2018
927:
921:
907:
901:
895:
889:
882:Broadbridge 2018
879:
873:
870:Broadbridge 2018
863:
857:
850:Broadbridge 2018
847:
841:
834:Ratchnevsky 1991
830:Broadbridge 2018
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
779:
762:
755:
749:
718:
689:convert to Islam
668:animal slaughter
653:Chagatai Khanate
607:Death and legacy
468:Siege of Gurganj
345:
293:
290:
280:. She married a
276:, in modern-day
245:Chagatai Khanate
237:Siege of Gurganj
231:in 1211 and the
199:
196:
192:
191:
79:
76:
31:
19:
18:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3179:
3098:
3017:
2996:
2983:
2970:
2946:
2927:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2717:Volga Bulgaria
2710:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2673:
2667:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2607:
2601:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2573:
2572:Southern China
2565:
2557:
2556:Northern China
2548:
2546:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2500:
2492:
2466:
2465:
2438:
2337:
2314:House of Ögedei
2283:
2254:House of Ögedei
2222:Destructiveness
2191:
2190:
2160:
2097:
2083:
2026:
2015:
2010:
1976:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1926:. Turcologica.
1913:
1882:
1844:
1819:
1803:. Vol. I.
1775:
1748:
1730:Rossabi, Morris
1718:
1671:
1648:
1621:
1589:
1567:Rossabi, Morris
1555:
1531:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1451:, p. 208;
1443:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1347:
1343:
1331:, p. 124;
1327:
1323:
1307:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:, p. 138;
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:, p. 139;
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:, p. 435;
1175:
1171:
1159:, p. 131;
1155:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1112:, p. 138;
1108:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1080:, p. 278;
1072:, p. 138;
1068:
1064:
1056:, p. 138;
1048:
1044:
1036:, p. 139;
1028:
1024:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
984:
980:
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:, p. 119;
928:
924:
916:, p. 138;
908:
904:
896:
892:
880:
876:
864:
860:
848:
844:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:, p. 124;
788:, p. 138;
780:
776:
771:
766:
765:
756:
752:
719:
715:
710:
705:
609:
589:Mahmud Yalavach
575:, and parts of
520:
415:of the Chinese
402:
348:Altai Mountains
291:
258:
253:
241:Mahmud Yalavach
197:
142:
109:
77:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Chagatai khans
3220:
3215:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2995:Oghul Qaimish
2992:
2987:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:Mongol Armenia
2256:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1957:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1917:
1911:
1899:Thomas Haining
1886:
1880:
1856:
1842:
1823:
1817:
1796:
1779:
1773:
1752:
1746:
1722:
1716:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1669:
1652:
1646:
1625:
1619:
1593:
1587:
1559:
1553:
1535:
1529:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:, p. 386.
1473:
1471:, p. 299.
1457:
1437:
1431:, p. 87;
1421:
1415:, p. 81;
1405:
1403:, p. 122.
1393:
1391:, p. 138.
1383:, p. 81;
1373:
1361:
1355:, p. 48;
1341:
1335:, p. 48;
1321:
1315:, p. 54;
1301:
1295:, p. 81;
1285:
1269:
1257:
1243:, p. 81;
1233:
1221:
1205:
1193:
1183:, p. 44;
1169:
1163:, p. 81;
1149:
1143:, p. 51;
1133:
1131:, p. 138.
1118:
1102:
1100:, p. 138.
1096:, p. 81;
1086:
1076:, p. 35;
1062:
1042:
1032:, p. 81;
1022:
1006:
1004:, p. 109.
994:
988:, p. 47;
978:
976:, p. 166.
962:
960:, p. 139.
950:
938:
922:
920:, p. 298.
912:, p. 30;
902:
890:
884:, p. 67;
874:
868:, p. 81;
858:
856:, p. 162.
842:
822:
810:
808:, p. 456.
798:
784:, p. 81;
773:
772:
770:
767:
764:
763:
750:
712:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
672:ritual hygiene
608:
605:
519:
516:
421:Inner Mongolia
406:ultimogeniture
401:
398:
278:Inner Mongolia
257:
254:
252:
249:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
119:
117:
111:
110:
108:
107:
102:
99:
95:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
72:
68:
67:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
39:
38:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3260:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3195:
3190:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Chagatai Khan
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2773:Latin Empire
2771:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:Northern Yuan
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Imperial Seal
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:Pax Mongolica
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:Mongol Empire
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:Morgan, David
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1832:. Edinburgh:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:Santa Barbara
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1659:. Cambridge:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1636:. Cambridge:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1371:, p. 48.
1370:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1339:, p. 63.
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1299:, p. 53.
1298:
1294:
1289:
1283:, p. 81.
1282:
1278:
1273:
1267:, p. 63.
1266:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1185:Barthold 1992
1182:
1178:
1173:
1167:, p. 51.
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1145:Barthold 1992
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1084:, p. 36.
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1060:, p. 69.
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1020:, p. 68.
1019:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
992:, p. 63.
991:
987:
982:
975:
971:
966:
959:
954:
947:
942:
935:
931:
926:
919:
915:
911:
906:
899:
894:
888:, p. 51.
887:
883:
878:
872:, p. 67.
871:
867:
862:
855:
851:
846:
839:
835:
831:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
796:, p. 46.
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
774:
760:
759:Mongol Empire
754:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
713:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
677:
676:public prayer
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:
620:
619:
613:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
538:
534:
524:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
485:
481:
480:urban warfare
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
397:
395:
394:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:, Sonit, and
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
343:
337:
330:
329:
323:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
287:
284:leader named
283:
279:
275:
272:south of the
271:
267:
263:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Mongol Empire
203:
186:
182:
181:Chagatai Khan
174:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
118:
116:
112:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
73:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
22:Chagatai Khan
20:
3063:
2964:Genghis Khan
2733:Kievan Rus'
2711:(1237–1300s)
2703:(1237–1300s)
2547:Western Xia
2509:Qara Khitai
2342:Major cities
2321:Golden Horde
2297:Yuan dynasty
2184:Organization
2118:
2069:Khong Tayiji
1966:
1959:
1922:
1892:
1865:
1828:
1800:
1791:
1756:
1735:
1699:
1656:
1629:
1605:
1570:
1543:
1511:
1476:
1465:Jackson 2011
1460:
1445:Jackson 2011
1440:
1424:
1408:
1396:
1376:
1364:
1357:Dunnell 2023
1344:
1337:Dunnell 2023
1324:
1313:Dunnell 2023
1304:
1297:Dunnell 2023
1288:
1272:
1265:Dunnell 2023
1260:
1253:Dunnell 2023
1236:
1224:
1208:
1196:
1181:Dunnell 2023
1172:
1152:
1136:
1105:
1089:
1074:Dunnell 2023
1065:
1045:
1025:
1009:
997:
990:Dunnell 2023
981:
965:
953:
941:
925:
910:Dunnell 2023
905:
893:
877:
861:
845:
825:
813:
801:
777:
753:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
693:Golden Horde
684:
657:
625:
623:
616:
586:
542:
529:
510:against the
500:Jalal al-Din
489:
465:
410:
403:
391:
388:Shigi Qutuqu
384:
352:Naiman tribe
350:, where the
333:
326:
296:Merkit tribe
274:Ergüne river
259:
226:
202:Genghis Khan
180:
179:
163:Genghis Khan
137:
104:
3218:1242 deaths
3213:1183 births
3039:Sartaq Khan
3008:Kublai Khan
3003:Möngke Khan
2977:Ögedei Khan
2956:Great Khans
2922:(1314–1318)
2914:(1268–1301)
2866:(1260–1323)
2850:(1253–1256)
2833:Middle East
2727:(1238–1239)
2668:(1221–1327)
2527:(1219–1256)
2519:(1219–1221)
2501:(1264–1308)
2493:(1207-1308)
2359:Azov (Azaq)
2025:Terminology
1974:Qara Hülëgü
1866:The Mongols
1481:Atwood 2004
1449:Morgan 1986
1429:Atwood 2004
1413:Atwood 2004
1381:Atwood 2004
1349:Allsen 1993
1329:Allsen 1993
1293:Atwood 2004
1281:Atwood 2004
1277:Morgan 1986
1241:Atwood 2004
1201:Atwood 2017
1177:Atwood 2017
1165:Atwood 2017
1161:Atwood 2004
1141:Atwood 2017
1094:Atwood 2004
1082:Atwood 2017
1078:Atwood 2004
1050:Atwood 2004
1030:Atwood 2004
970:Morgan 1986
898:Atwood 2004
866:Atwood 2004
818:Atwood 2004
806:Atwood 2004
790:Allsen 1993
782:Atwood 2004
649:Qara Hülegü
581:Qara Khitai
571:, southern
557:Transoxiana
512:Western Xia
472:the capital
417:Jin dynasty
376:Yesu-Mongke
312:Checheyigen
292: 1178
222:Ögedei Khan
198: 1184
133:Yesü Möngke
78: 1184
61:Qara Hülëgü
52:1227 – 1242
3207:Categories
3175:Nogai Khan
3059:Özbeg Khan
2990:Güyük Khan
2884:Civil wars
2872:Palestine
2781:Lithuania
2701:Circassia
2434:Xacitarxan
2419:Soltaniyeh
2156:Darughachi
1901:. Oxford:
1485:Biran 2023
1417:Biran 2009
1369:Biran 2009
1353:Biran 2009
1333:Biran 2009
1309:Biran 2009
1245:Biran 2009
1014:Togan 2016
986:Biran 2023
794:Biran 2023
703:References
666:, such as
573:Kazakhstan
569:Kyrgyzstan
565:Tajikistan
561:Uzbekistan
3044:Orda Khan
3034:Batu Khan
2898:(1260–64)
2842:(1241–43)
2840:Anatolia
2815:(1287–88)
2807:(1285–86)
2799:(1264–65)
2791:(1259–60)
2783:(1258–59)
2759:(1241–42)
2751:(1241–42)
2743:(1240–41)
2719:(1229–36)
2709:Chechnya
2649:(1300–02)
2613:Southeast
2592:(1253–56)
2574:(1235–79)
2566:(1231–60)
2558:(1211–34)
2511:(1216–18)
2499:Sakhalin
2459:Campaigns
2409:Saray-Jük
2399:Samarkand
2374:Karakorum
2333:Ilkhanate
2091:Political
1967:1225–1242
1928:Wiesbaden
1765:Routledge
1599:(1992) .
1517:Wiesbaden
1469:Hope 2022
1433:Hope 2022
918:Hope 2022
769:Citations
742:Chaghadai
726:Chaghatai
697:Ilkhanate
660:waterfowl
629:kingmaker
555:river in
553:Amu Darya
461:soon fell
457:Samarkand
334:In 1206,
251:Biography
185:Mongolian
57:Successor
3170:Boroldai
3150:Khubilai
3130:Bo'orchu
3103:Military
2997:(regent)
2984:(regent)
2971:(regent)
2856:Baghdad
2805:Hungary
2749:Hungary
2692:Georgia
2639:Vietnam
2491:Siberia
2389:Maragheh
2289:Khanates
2237:Religion
2232:Military
2181:Politics
2131:Kurultai
2094:Military
1960:Khan of
1862:(1986).
1809:ABC-CLIO
1761:Abingdon
1541:(2004).
1453:May 2018
1401:May 2018
1389:May 2017
1317:May 2018
1249:May 2017
1213:May 2017
1129:May 2017
1110:May 2017
1098:May 2017
1070:May 2017
1058:May 2018
1054:May 2017
1038:May 2018
1034:May 2017
1018:May 2018
958:May 2017
946:May 2017
934:May 2017
914:May 2017
886:May 2018
854:May 2017
838:May 2018
786:May 2017
746:Chagatay
734:Chagatay
730:Chagaday
722:Cha'adai
695:and the
637:Töregene
626:de facto
601:Khorasan
577:Xinjiang
459:, which
449:Inalchuq
342:kurultai
266:Onggirat
153:Borjigin
35:Mongolia
3140:Boroqul
3135:Guo Kan
3125:Negudar
3110:Subutai
3010: (
2848:Alamut
2821:Serbia
2813:Poland
2797:Thrace
2789:Poland
2725:Alania
2590:Yunnan
2525:Persia
2483:Central
2462:Battles
2369:Bolghar
2364:Bukhara
2349:Almalik
2151:Kheshig
2079:Tarkhan
1790:(ed.).
1603:(ed.).
1569:(ed.).
1509:(ed.).
1495:Sources
738:Ca'adai
593:Bukhara
549:Almaliq
514:state.
502:at the
496:Bamiyan
492:Taliqan
484:naphtha
474:of the
372:Mutukan
368:Dughlat
356:Jalayir
286:Temüjin
190:ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠶ
123:Mutukan
98:Yesülün
92:Consort
3120:Muqali
3094:Ghazan
3089:Arghun
3079:Hulegu
2969:Tolui
2945:People
2906:(1262)
2864:Syria
2858:(1258)
2823:(1291)
2775:(1242)
2767:(1242)
2683:Europe
2666:India
2647:Burma
2633:(1293)
2622:Burma
2600:Japan
2581:Tibet
2564:Korea
2424:Tabriz
2394:Qarshi
2354:Avarga
2200:Topics
2104:Jarlig
2064:Jinong
2059:Khanum
2054:Khatun
2044:Khagan
2036:Titles
1938:
1909:
1878:
1850:
1840:
1815:
1771:
1744:
1714:
1667:
1644:
1617:
1585:
1575:Leiden
1551:
1527:
645:Uighur
597:Körgüz
533:Temüge
437:Shanxi
429:Datong
425:Hohhot
380:Baidar
378:, and
364:Suldus
360:Barlas
304:Ögedei
282:Mongol
169:Mother
159:Father
138:others
128:Baidar
105:others
3165:Kadan
3160:Bayan
3145:Jelme
3084:Abaqa
3074:Kebek
3054:Toqta
3049:Berke
3029:Jochi
3022:Khans
2659:South
2631:Java
2384:Majar
2326:Wings
2146:Tümen
2126:Yassa
2109:Örtöö
2074:Noyan
1848:JSTOR
1786:. In
1579:Brill
744:, or
708:Notes
674:, or
547:near
537:Güyük
455:, at
435:into
316:Alaqa
308:Tolui
300:Jochi
262:Börte
218:Jochi
210:Börte
173:Börte
148:House
115:Issue
101:Tögen
49:Reign
3115:Jebe
3069:Duwa
2538:East
2475:Asia
2429:Ukek
2379:Dadu
2187:Life
2114:Orda
2049:Khan
1936:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1525:ISBN
685:Yasa
641:Batu
633:Möge
427:and
393:Yasa
306:and
87:1242
84:Died
71:Born
3155:Aju
3209::
1930::
1905:.
1874:.
1846:.
1836:.
1807::
1763::
1759:.
1728:;
1710:.
1706::
1663:.
1632:.
1613:.
1577::
1573:.
1519::
1515:.
1467:;
1447:;
1121:^
740:,
736:,
732:,
728:,
724:,
699:.
670:,
655:.
603:.
567:,
563:,
470:,
463:.
382:.
362:,
358:,
314:,
289:c.
247:.
224:.
195:c.
193:;
187::
75:c.
3014:)
2005:e
1998:t
1991:v
1944:.
1915:.
1884:.
1854:.
1821:.
1777:.
1750:.
1720:.
1673:.
1650:.
1623:.
1591:.
1557:.
1533:.
748:.
183:(
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