535:
441:
64:
819:(Genealogy of the Turks). Abu al-Ghāzī is motivated by functional considerations and describes his choice of language and style in the sentence ‘I did not use one word of Chaghatay (!), Persian or Arabic’. As is clear from his actual language use, he aims at making himself understood to a broader readership by avoiding too ornate a style, notably
4697:"Mirâdj-nâmeh : récit de l'ascension de Mahomet au ciel, composé a.h. 840 (1436/1437), texte turk-oriental, publié pour la première fois d'après le manuscript ouïgour de la Bibliothèque nationale et traduit en français, avec une préf. analytique et historique, des notes, et des extraits du Makhzeni Mir Haïder"
845:(1680–1702) was the author of a work on medicine, "Subkhankuli's revival of medicine" ("Ihya at-tibb Subhani") which was written in the Central Asian Turkic language (Chaghatay) and is devoted to the description of diseases, their recognition and treatment. One of the manuscript lists is kept in the library in
3996:
Ebn Mohannā (Jamāl-al-Dīn, fl. early 8th/14th century, probably in
Khorasan), for instance, characterized it as the purest of all Turkish languages (Doerfer, 1976, p. 243), and the khans of the Golden Horde (Radloff, 1870; Kurat; Bodrogligeti, 1962) and of the Crimea (Kurat), as well as the Kazan
2936:
Plural is formed by adding the suffix -لار (-lar/lär). There are two pronunciations which exist due vowel harmony rules. If the vowel of the last syllable is a front syllable (, , ) -lar is used. If the vowel is a back vowel (, , ) or and , -lär is used. In rare circumstances -lar is sometimes
961:
Mirâdj-nâmeh : récit de l'ascension de
Mahomet au ciel, composé a.h. 840 (1436/1437), texte turk-oriental, publié pour la première fois d'après le manuscript ouïgour de la Bibliothèque nationale et traduit en français, avec une préf. analytique et historique, des notes, et des extraits du
4536:
A Turkic
Medical Treatise from Islamic Central Asia: A Critical Edition of a Seventeenth-Century Chagatay Work by Subḥān Qulï Khan. Edited, Translated and Annotated by László KÁROLY. Brill’s Inner Asian Library. Volume 32. Editors: Michael DROMPP; Devin DEWEESE; Mark C. ELLIOTT. Leiden.
607:
and is the highpoint of
Chagatai literature, followed by the third phase, which is characterized by two bifurcating developments. One is preservation of the classical Chagatai language of Nava'i, the other the increasing influence of dialects of the local spoken languages.
804:
In terms of literary production, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are often seen as a period of decay. It is a period in which
Chagatai lost ground to Persian. Important writings in Chagatai from the period between the 17th and 18th centuries include those of
534:
3755:
The eight teardrop-spoked propeller asterisk indicates a decoration for title. This mark occurs end of the title. This mark also occurs end of a poem. This mark occurs end of a prayer in
Jarring texts. However this mark did not occur consistently.
674:, a detailed comparison of the Chagatai and Persian languages. Here, Nava’i argued for the superiority of the former for literary purposes. His fame is attested by the fact that Chagatai is sometimes called "Nava'i's language". Among prose works,
542:
In the twentieth century, the study of
Chaghatay suffered from nationalist bias. In the former Chaghatay area, separate republics have been claiming Chaghatay as the ancestor of their own brand of Turkic. Thus, Old Uzbek, Old Uyghur,
2832:
The basic word order of
Chagatai is SOV. Chagatai is a head-final language where the adjectives come before nouns. Other words such as those denoting location, time, etc. usually appear in the order of emphasis put on them.
3741:
The four-dot mark indicates a verse break. It is used at the beginning and end of a verse, especially to separate verse from prose. It may occur at the beginning or end of lines, or in the middle of a page.
4449:
Clark, Larry, Michael
Thurman, and David Tyson. "Turkmenistan." Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies. p. 318. Comp. Glenn E. Curtis. Washington, D.C.: Division,
3769:
The period is a punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence. However, this mark did not occur consistently in
Chaghatay manuscripts until the later period (e.g. manuscripts on Russian paper).
4651:
623:, two modern languages descended from Chagatai, are the closest to it. Uzbeks regard Chagatai as the origin of their language and Chagatai literature as part of their heritage. In 1921 in
2758:
For Kazakh and Kyrgyz, letters in parentheses () indicate a modern borrowed pronunciation from Tatar that is not consistent with historic Kazakh and Kyrgyz treatments of these letters
2796:
Virtually all other Turkic languages have a history of being written with an alphabet descended from Kona Yëziq, however, due to various writing reforms conducted by Turkey and the
2919:: and almost always follow the front vowel inflections; and, if the stem contains or , which are formed in the back of the mouth, back vowels are more likely in the inflection.
4859:
Dictionnaire Turk-Oriental: Destinée principalement à faciliter la lecture des ouvrages de Bâber, d'Aboul-Gâzi, de Mir Ali-Chir Nevâï, et d'autres ouvrages en langues touraniennes
3521:, as there are formal and informal forms of the second person singular form. Unlike other languages these pronouns do not differ between genders. Each of these pronouns have
4864:
Eastern Turkish Dictionary: Intended Primarily to Facilitate the Reading of the Works of Babur, Abu'l Ghazi, Mir ʿAli Shir Navaʾi, and Other Works in Turanian Languages
635:. However, when it became evident that the language was too archaic for that purpose, it was replaced by a new literary language based on a series of Uzbek dialects.
551:
have been studied separately from each other. There has been a tendency to disregard certain characteristics of Chaghatay itself, e.g. its complex syntax copied from
4135:
779:, and dedicated it to his son, Muhammad Timur. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work, "Bahr ul-Khuda", written in 1508, is located in London
2937:
written as -لر, though generally the suffix -لار is used for both the pronunciations /-lär/ and /-lar/. Or in the case of Kazakh and Kyrgyz /-ler/ and /-lar/.
4776:
5823:
4831:"Persian-Chaghatay Bilingualism in the Intellectual Circles of Central Asia during the 15th–18th Centuries (the case of poetical anthologies, bayāz)"
4681:
3221:
Accusative case only takes effect in the case that the direct object is “definite”. So ‘a road’ is <yol> but ‘the road’ is <yolni>.
655:
and most of Central Asia. While it had some influence on Turkmen, the two languages belong to different branches of the Turkic language family.
5828:
3413:
The case marking for ablative is occasionally rendered as -دهن or -دان (dan/dän), and can become -تين (tin) before a voiceless consonants.
597:
The first period is a transitional phase characterized by the retention of archaic forms; the second phase began with the publication of
4931:
3309:, which changes may be included in writing or not, so <inäk> + <ǧa> = <inäkka> but may be written as <inäkǧa>.
2853:, despite being a direct descendant of Chaghatai, notably doesn't). There are mainly eight vowels, and vowel harmony system works upon
4345:
4252:
4225:
4069:
2915:
The vowels and are central or front-central/back-central and therefore are considered both. Usually these will follow two rules in
1247:
3795:
Dash: mostly with red ink, occurs on the top of names, prayers, and highlighted questions, answers, and important outline numbers.
4906:
by Eric Schluessel, Maize Books; University of Michigan Publishing 2018 (A self study, open access textbook with graded lessons)
4033:) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.
4021:
was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (
4518:
Bodrogligeti, A.J.E. (1982). "Muhammad Shaybanî's Bahru'l-huda : An Early Sixteenth Century Didactic Qasida in Chagatay".
1289:
3313:
is taken into effect if the vowel of the last syllable is a front vowel the suffix attains pronunciation of -ä instead of -a.
522:
identity. It was also referred to as "Turki" or "Sart" in Russian colonial sources. In China, it is sometimes called "ancient
4819:
4765:
4634:
4469:
4398:
4325:
4292:
4262:
4208:
4079:
4574:
Materials for the history of the Kazakh Khanates of the 15–18th cc. (Extracts from Persian and Turkic literary works)
2755:
The letters ف، ع، ظ، ط، ض، ص، ژ، ذ، خ، ح، ث، ء are only used in loanwords and do not represent any additional phonemes.
4572:: Preface)], in: "Материалы по истории казахских ханств XV–XVIII веков (Извлечения из персидских и тюркских сочинений)" (
4371:
1282:
1275:
4830:
2767:
5818:
5803:
4355:
4235:
2766:
Many orthographies, particularly that of Turkic languages, are based on Kona Yëziq. Examples include the alphabets of
933:Ćagataische Sprachstudien, enthaltend grammatikalischen Umriss, Chrestomathie, und Wörterbuch der ćagataischen Sprache
4871:
4607:
4504:
4145:
3971:
17:
5793:
5788:
4548:; Qahhar, Tahir, and William Dirks. “Uzbek Literature.” World Literature Today, vol. 70, no. 3, 1996, pp. 611–618.
1138:
1045:
4799:
4624:
1434:
1124:
862:
831:
also introduced the use of classical Chagatai into Turkmen literature as a literary language, incorporating many
507:
4728:
4565:
4227:
Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice
2945:
Chagatai has six different cases. The nominative and sometimes the accusative does not have any special making.
4924:
4390:
Chinese Lexical Semantics: 14th Workshop, CLSW 2013, Zhengzhou, China, May 10–12, 2013. Revised Selected Papers
719:
The following is a prime example of the 16th-century literary Chagatai Turkic, employed by Babur in one of his
5412:
5407:
4894:
1182:
1094:
882:
309:
4462:
Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire. Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia
1168:
1131:
276:
1154:
574:
4682:"Mabaniul Lughat: Yani Sarf o Nahv e Lughat e Chughatai – Mirza Muhammad Mehdi Khan Astarabadi (Farsi)"
4652:"EASTERN TURKISH - LATIN DICTIONARY: VOCABULARIUM LINGUAE GIAGATAICAE SIVE IGUREAE (LEXICO ĆIAGATAICO)"
3987:
1383:
1296:
1147:
1038:
1031:
4178:
4163:
The Formation of the Soviet Central Asian Republics: A Study in Soviet Nationalities Policy, 1917–1936
3833:
Rare punctuation: sets off following information like a colon, it is used to list a table of contents
5813:
5798:
5783:
5471:
4917:
2815:
commissioned dictionaries on the major languages of China which included Chagatai Turki, such as the
1376:
1311:
Sounds /f, ʃ, χ, v, z, ɡ, ʁ, d͡ʒ, ʔ, l/ do not occur in initial position of words of Turkish origin.
1175:
711:
3859:
Colons appear extremely rarely preceding a direct quote. Colons can also mark beginning of dialogue
5808:
5225:
1059:
918:
5833:
5586:
5300:
5254:
5237:
5202:
5163:
5022:
4968:
1411:
1235:
1191:
1087:
1080:
1052:
560:
514:
argued "badly distorted the literary history of the region" and was used to give authors such as
445:
126:
4898:
379:
in the region until the early 20th century. It was used across a wide geographic area including
5640:
5613:
5426:
5280:
5170:
2783:
670:
31:
4388:
4317:
4282:
4198:
2787:
5760:
5446:
4956:
4903:
4498:
1463:
1253:
1214:
1207:
5736:
4857:
3137:
The possessed object must be inflected with third person possessive pronouns ‘ى/سى’ (si/i).
928:
811:
5576:
5402:
5138:
4485:
Bodrogligeti, A.J.E. (1993–1994). "Muḥammad Shaybānī Khan's Apology to the Muslim Clergy".
2816:
1101:
806:
788:
548:
8:
5376:
5285:
5092:
4888:
2775:
1113:
940:Čagataj-Osmanisches Wörterbuch: Verkürzte und mit deutscher Übersetzung versehene Ausgabe
651:. Up to and including the eighteenth century, Chagatai was the main literary language in
180:
156:
4696:
5055:
4549:
4429:
1443:
1420:
1404:
1390:
1369:
1223:
988:
838:
598:
515:
511:
434:
631:, Chagatai was initially intended to be the national and governmental language of the
325:
5702:
5591:
5247:
5192:
5108:
5085:
4867:
4815:
4761:
4663:
4630:
4603:
4465:
4418:. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 60. Indiana University Publications. p. 7.
4394:
4351:
4321:
4310:
4288:
4258:
4231:
4204:
4141:
4110:
4099:. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 60. Indiana University Publications. p. 6.
4075:
4052:. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 60. Indiana University Publications. p. 4.
3967:
3782:
Dialogue was wrapped in quotation marks, rarely used for certain words with emphasis
3518:
3306:
2925:
1008:
993:
828:
768:
697:
384:
380:
376:
161:
4599:
Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877
897:
The following are books written on the Chagatai language by natives and westerners:
5672:
5601:
5596:
5441:
5381:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5133:
5123:
5002:
4940:
4791:
2928:
is relatively less common and only appears in a few suffixes such as the genitive.
2842:
2779:
2771:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1003:
983:
858:
842:
832:
776:
648:
556:
552:
484:
449:
431:
of Turkic languages, was nonetheless heavily influenced by Chagatai for centuries.
424:
368:
232:
205:
131:
121:
96:
5436:
5060:
4546:
3501:; of the vowel of the final syllable is a front syllable the suffix turns to -dä.
467:, where the language is seen as the predecessor and the direct ancestor of modern
5731:
5726:
5714:
5695:
5677:
5664:
5581:
5546:
5507:
5486:
5453:
5431:
5386:
5319:
5290:
5242:
5232:
5187:
5182:
5043:
5038:
4992:
4597:
4347:
The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: A Cultural History
3142:
3003:
2805:
2791:
1239:
1201:
998:
620:
523:
471:, and the literature is regarded as part of the national heritage of Uzbekistan.
440:
428:
247:
237:
217:
113:
4009:
Sertkaya, Ayşe Gül (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In Hazai, György (ed.).
503:, who spoke this language claimed political descent from the Chagatai Khanate.
5754:
5556:
5530:
5491:
5371:
5327:
5295:
5259:
5197:
5175:
5128:
5017:
4985:
4977:
4948:
2854:
2850:
1510:
1486:
824:
616:
603:
500:
468:
452:
404:
252:
242:
222:
173:
5777:
5608:
5551:
5209:
4845:
4667:
3498:
3418:
3318:
3310:
3058:
2846:
1462:
Chagatai has been a literary language and is written with a variation of the
693:
564:
496:
488:
420:
302:
227:
4760:. Languages of the World: Materials. Vol. 155. München: LINCOM Europa.
4312:
Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages
4200:
Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: Sources and Documents
668:
The most famous of Chagatai poets, Ali-Shir Nava'i, among other works wrote
2812:
2801:
2797:
1066:
870:
783:
703:
652:
628:
492:
412:
392:
372:
89:
293:
5417:
5048:
4593:
3226:
1363:
1340:
1327:
1269:
707:
644:
210:
4553:
5633:
5624:
4795:
4197:
Babak, Vladimir; Vaisman, Demian; Wasserman, Aryeh (23 November 2004).
2916:
1428:
1332:
861:
writers include Shermuhammad Munis and his nephew Muhammad Riza Agahi.
639:
624:
464:
400:
396:
388:
63:
4071:
Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
448:. The second column from the left is the Chagatai language written in
5143:
3997:
Tatars (Akhmetgaleeva; Yusupov), wrote in Chaghatay much of the time.
3872:
Ellipsis: a series of dots (typically 3) that indicate missing text.
1398:
1020:
680:
632:
547:, Old Turkmen, and a Chaghatay-influenced layer in sixteenth-century
544:
416:
318:
286:
268:
3807:
Can indicate a stanza break in verse, and a new paragraph in brows.
1454:
Vowel length is distributed among five vowels /iː, eː, ɑː, oː, uː/.
720:
4909:
886:
846:
793:
184:
77:
4183:
1015:
820:
555:. Chagatai developed in the late 15th century. It belongs to the
5718:
4577:
3522:
3305:
To be noted is that the ending varies from word to word due to
866:
568:
519:
408:
3053:
Nominative is unmarked and usually comes first in a sentence.
3526:
689:
675:
506:
As part of the preparation for the 1924 establishment of the
4699:. Amsterdam : Philo Press – via Internet Archive.
4777:"Chagatai Turkish and Its Effects on Central Asian Culture"
3710:
Below are some punctuation marks associated with Chagatai.
584:
Pre-classical Chagatay (the first half of the 15th century)
2907:
2902:
2897:
538:
Late 15th century Chagatai Turkic text in Nastaliq script.
4695:
Haïder, Mir; Pavet de Courteille, Abel (1 January 1975).
4694:
3846:
Marks a tangential or contextual remark, word or phrase.
4254:
Law and the Making of the Soviet World: The Red Demiurge
4176:
McHenry, Robert, ed. (1993). "Navā'ī, (Mir) 'Alī Shīr".
2800:, many of these languages now are written in either the
823:, rhymed prose. In the second half of the 18th century,
587:
Classical Chagatay (the second half of the 15th century)
437:
was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature.
881:, completed in 1908, represent the best sources on the
4445:
4443:
954:
Mabaniul Lughat: Yani Sarf o Nahv e Lughat e Chughatai
678:'s biography is written in Chagatai, as is the famous
611:
4656:Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi
4196:
2922:
These affect the suffixes that are applied to words.
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
510:, Chagatai was officially renamed "Old Uzbek", which
4622:
3820:
Rare punctuation: used for number ranges (e.g. 2–5)
559:
of the Turkic language family. It is descended from
407:(where a dialect, known as Kaşğar tılı, developed),
4855:
4440:
775:in Chagatai in 1507, shortly after his capture of
427:, which is not within the Karluk branch but in the
4309:
4376:. Arabian American Oil Company. 1985. p. 27.
590:Continuation of Classical Chagatay (16th century)
5775:
4414:Eckmann, János (1966). Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.).
4190:
4095:Eckmann, János (1966). Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.).
4048:Eckmann, János (1966). Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.).
4623:Brill; Sellheim, R.; Endress, G. (2001-06-01).
4276:
4274:
706:is written in Persian and Chagatai, and one of
463:Chagatai literature is still studied in modern
4838:International Journal of Central Asian Studies
4729:"Chaghatay manuscripts transcription handbook"
4350:. Hoover Institution Press. pp. 229–230.
4028:
4022:
4016:
2836:
732:
362:
344:
338:
70:
53:
46:
27:Extinct Karluk Turkic language of Central Asia
4925:
4484:
4134:Bakker, Peter; Matras, Yaron (26 June 2013).
949:(Dictionary of Chagatai and Ottoman Turkish).
902:Vocabularium Linguae Giagataicae Sive Igureae
877:, completed in 1903, and its revised version
751:Having joined battle with infidels and Hindus
577:divides Chagatay into the following periods:
4755:
4712:
4517:
4459:
4271:
4186:: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 563.
4133:
4063:
4061:
4059:
3692:
3682:
3669:
3654:
3644:
3632:
3622:
3612:
3602:
3587:
3577:
3567:
3557:
892:
30:"Turki" redirects here. For other uses, see
4829:Erkinov, Aftandil (2008). Woo, C.H. (ed.).
4067:
3966:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 143.
3497:Like the dative the locative works through
567:in Central Asia, with a strong infusion of
4932:
4918:
4602:. Stanford University Press. p. xvi.
4387:Liu, Pengyuan; Su, Qi (12 December 2013).
4244:
4160:
1466:. This variation is known as Kona Yëziq, (
852:
799:
663:
643:records the use of the word "Chagatai" in
69:
45:
4889:Russian imperial policies in Central Asia
4464:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 42–43.
4380:
4301:
4287:. Springer Science & Business Media.
4223:
4056:
3752:Eight teardrop-spoked propeller asterisk
487:(1225–1680s), a descendant empire of the
5824:Languages attested from the 15th century
4343:
4280:
4165:. People's Publishing House. p. 24.
4008:
3961:
749:I am become a desert wanderer for Islam,
533:
439:
4828:
4809:
4413:
4175:
4094:
4047:
4043:
4041:
947:Lughat-ï chaghatay ve turkī-yi 'othmānī
571:and Persian words and turns of phrase.
14:
5776:
4316:. Columbia University Press. pp.
4250:
952:Mirza Muhammad Mehdi Khan Astarabadi,
5829:Languages extinct in the 20th century
4913:
4774:
4708:
4706:
4386:
4307:
782:Ötemish Hajji wrote a history of the
4939:
4756:Bodrogligeti, András J. E. (2007) .
4649:
4559:
4230:. Brill Academic. pp. 178–179.
4088:
4038:
3512:
755:God be thanked I am become a ghazi.
753:I readied myself to become a martyr,
738:Jazm aylab idim uzni shahid olmaqqa,
726:
581:Early Chagatay (13th–14th centuries)
339:
71:
47:
4856:Pavet de Courteille, Abel (1972) .
4713:Bodrogligeti, András J. E. (2001).
4592:
4566:МОЛЛА МУСА САЙРАМИ: ТА'РИХ-И АМНИЙА
4284:Language Policy in the Soviet Union
3988:"Chaghatay Language and Literature"
3964:Language Policy of the Soviet Union
3693:
3683:
3670:
3655:
3645:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3603:
3588:
3578:
3568:
3558:
1467:
647:to describe the "Tekke" dialect of
612:Influence on later Turkic languages
371:that was once widely spoken across
24:
5759:Languages between parentheses are
4703:
4251:Newton, Scott (20 November 2014).
4140:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 292.
4013:. Vol. 20. pp. 114–115.
25:
5845:
4881:
4281:Grenoble, L. A. (11 April 2006).
1442:
1433:
1419:
1410:
1403:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1252:
1246:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1190:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
4074:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 24, 137.
815:(Genealogy of the Turkmens) and
771:Khan wrote a prose essay called
734:Islam ichin avara-i yazi buldim,
62:
4866:]. Amsterdam: Philo Press.
4749:
4721:
4688:
4674:
4643:
4616:
4586:
4540:
4530:
4511:
4478:
4453:
4422:
4407:
4364:
4337:
4217:
4182:. Vol. 8 (15th ed.).
4169:
4154:
4127:
4015:As a result, we can claim that
863:Muhammad Rahim Khan II of Khiva
740:Amminna' lillahi ki gazi buldim
5763:of the language on their left.
4103:
4002:
3980:
3955:
3909:
3885:
3705:
1457:
13:
1:
4684:– via Internet Archive.
4503:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3948:
2827:
973:
736:Kuffar u hind harbsazi buldim
692:, the Timurid founder of the
658:
593:Decline (17th–19th centuries)
508:Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan
101:
4904:An introduction to Chaghatay
4626:Oriens , Volume 36 Volume 36
4344:Allworth, Edward A. (1990).
4332:Chagatai Old Uzbek official.
4257:. Routledge. pp. 232–.
4203:. Routledge. pp. 343–.
4068:Paul Bergne (29 June 2007).
4029:
4023:
4017:
2761:
968:
474:
363:
345:
7:
4629:. BRILL. pp. 299–300.
4580:, Nauka Publishers, 1969.
4460:Balabanlilar, Lisa (2015).
4393:. Springer. pp. 448–.
3507:
3475:
3448:
3428:
3383:
3356:
3328:
3283:
3256:
3236:
3199:
3172:
3152:
3115:
3088:
3068:
3037:
3016:
2982:
2961:
2837:Vowel and consonant harmony
833:Turkmen linguistic features
773:Risale-yi maarif-i Shaybāni
10:
5850:
4717:. Munich: München: Lincom.
4224:Schiffman, Harold (2011).
3878:
2822:
959:Abel Pavet de Courteille,
923:Dictionnaire turk-oriental
529:
457:Rawshan Otturādiqi Darwāza
387:(i.e. parts of modern-day
29:
5819:Extinct languages of Asia
5804:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
5745:
5713:
5688:
5663:
5622:
5569:
5539:
5523:
5516:
5500:
5479:
5470:
5395:
5364:
5336:
5318:
5273:
5218:
5156:
5116:
5107:
5069:
5031:
5010:
5001:
4976:
4967:
4947:
4520:Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher
4018:Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı
3962:Grenoble, Lenore (2003).
3631:
3621:
3598:
3517:There are seven Chagatai
2931:
2882:
2601:
2009:
1977:
1945:
1913:
1881:
1563:
1534:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1268:
1245:
1234:
1212:
1200:
1173:
1129:
1112:
1085:
1036:
1014:
987:
980:
893:Dictionaries and grammars
883:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
716:was written in Chagatai.
375:. It remained the shared
316:
300:
284:
266:
261:
198:Official language in
196:
191:
170:
149:
110:
95:
85:
61:
44:
39:
4814:. Taylor & Francis.
3465:...in/on the firewood...
2940:
2750:
945:Sheykh Süleymān Efendi,
938:Sheykh Süleymān Efendi,
919:Abel Pavet de Courteille
5794:Vowel-harmony languages
5789:Agglutinative languages
5689:Disputed classification
4844:: 57–82. Archived from
4810:Eckmann, Janos (1997).
4179:Encyclopædia Britannica
4161:Vaidyanath, R. (1967).
4115:Encyclopedia Britannica
3373:...from the firewood...
857:Prominent 19th-century
853:19th and 20th centuries
800:17th and 18th centuries
733:
664:15th and 16th centuries
446:Chengde Mountain Resort
54:
4568:(Mulla Musa Sayrami's
4308:Dalby, Andrew (1998).
3472:
3445:
3425:
3380:
3353:
3325:
3280:
3253:
3233:
3196:
3169:
3149:
3112:
3105:...a/the firewood’s...
3085:
3065:
3034:
3013:
2979:
2958:
671:Muhakamat al-Lughatayn
539:
460:
32:Turki (disambiguation)
5448:Old Anatolian Turkish
4775:Cakan, Varis (2011).
4758:A Grammar of Chagatay
4715:A Grammar of Chagatay
4373:Aramco World Magazine
4111:"Chagatai literature"
3549:Conjugational suffix
3543:Conjugational suffix
3273:...to the firewood...
1464:Perso-Arabic alphabet
911:Muḥammad Mahdī Khān,
627:, then a part of the
537:
443:
4899:Encyclopædia Iranica
4650:Onur, Samet (2020).
4487:Archivum Ottomanicum
4011:Archivum Ottomanicum
3992:Encyclopedia Iranica
2817:Pentaglot Dictionary
1473:). It saw usage for
807:Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
789:Tarikh-i Dost Sultan
563:, which served as a
444:Lizheng Gate at the
5377:Chaharmahali Turkic
3766:Period (full stop)
3533:
3492:...in/on the cow...
2861:
2744:Й й, И и, Ы ы, Э э
2741:Й й, И и, Ы ы, Э э
1321:
962:Makhzeni Mir Haïder
575:Mehmet Fuat Köprülü
455:script which reads
181:Perso-Arabic script
4733:uyghur.ittc.ku.edu
4430:"Turkmen language"
3532:
3408:...from the cow...
2860:
2619:Ұ ұ, Ү ү О о, Ө ө
1507:Uzbek Letter name
1319:
812:Shajara-i Tarākima
540:
512:Edward A. Allworth
461:
5771:
5770:
5755:extinct languages
5659:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5565:
5564:
5466:
5465:
5413:South Azerbaijani
5408:North Azerbaijani
5314:
5313:
5103:
5102:
4895:Chagatai language
4821:978-0-7007-0860-4
4767:978-3-89586-563-3
4636:978-90-04-12135-5
4471:978-0-857-72081-8
4400:978-3-642-45185-0
4327:978-0-231-11568-1
4294:978-0-306-48083-6
4264:978-1-317-92978-9
4210:978-1-135-77681-7
4137:Contact Languages
4081:978-0-85771-091-8
3876:
3875:
3703:
3702:
3519:personal pronouns
3513:Personal Pronouns
3505:
3504:
3307:consonant harmony
3132:...a/the cow’s...
3027:A/The firewood...
2926:Consonant harmony
2913:
2912:
2768:South Azerbaijani
2748:
2747:
1471: old script
1452:
1451:
1309:
1308:
906:Lexico Ćiagataico
829:Magtymguly Pyragy
769:Muhammad Shaybani
764:
763:
405:Eastern Turkestan
385:Russian Turkestan
377:literary language
367:), is an extinct
349:), also known as
332:
331:
162:Khorezmian Turkic
18:Chagatay language
16:(Redirected from
5841:
5814:Chagatai Khanate
5799:Karluk languages
5784:Turkic languages
5521:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5477:
5476:
5344:Khorasani Turkic
5334:
5333:
5114:
5113:
5008:
5007:
4974:
4973:
4941:Turkic languages
4934:
4927:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4877:
4852:
4850:
4835:
4825:
4806:
4804:
4798:. Archived from
4784:大阪大学世界言語研究センター論集
4781:
4771:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4710:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4570:Tarikh-i amniyya
4563:
4557:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4502:
4494:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4457:
4451:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4315:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4065:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3959:
3942:
3913:
3907:
3889:
3713:
3712:
3696:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3673:
3672:
3658:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3636:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3534:
3531:
3529:as conjugation.
3525:added to end of
3300:...to the cow...
3189:...the firewood.
2948:
2947:
2862:
2859:
2843:Turkic languages
1492:
1491:
1472:
1469:
1446:
1437:
1423:
1414:
1407:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1322:
1318:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1256:
1250:
1226:
1217:
1210:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
978:
977:
875:Tārīkh-i amniyya
843:Subhan Quli Khan
777:Greater Khorasan
742:
727:
485:Chagatai Khanate
366:
348:
342:
341:
328:
312:
296:
289:
280:
279:
271:
233:Khanate of Khiva
206:Chagatai Khanate
176:
116:
106:
103:
75:
74:
73:
66:
57:
51:
50:
49:
37:
36:
21:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5809:Timurid dynasty
5774:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5741:
5709:
5684:
5647:
5618:
5561:
5535:
5512:
5496:
5462:
5455:Ottoman Turkish
5391:
5360:
5332:
5310:
5269:
5227:Fergana Kipchak
5214:
5183:Karachay-Balkar
5152:
5099:
5065:
5027:
4997:
4963:
4943:
4938:
4884:
4874:
4848:
4833:
4822:
4812:Chagatay Manual
4802:
4779:
4768:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4711:
4704:
4693:
4689:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4564:
4560:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4531:
4516:
4512:
4496:
4495:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4441:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4416:Chagatay Manual
4412:
4408:
4401:
4385:
4381:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4195:
4191:
4174:
4170:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4132:
4128:
4119:
4117:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4097:Chagatay Manual
4093:
4089:
4082:
4066:
4057:
4050:Chagatay Manual
4046:
4039:
4027:) and firmans (
4007:
4003:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3914:
3910:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3779:Quotation mark
3708:
3515:
3510:
3494:
3481:
3467:
3454:
3440:
3431:
3410:
3395:اينكدين/اينكتين
3393:
3381:اينكدين/اينكتين
3375:
3362:
3348:
3339:
3331:
3302:
3289:
3275:
3262:
3248:
3239:
3218:
3205:
3191:
3178:
3164:
3155:
3134:
3121:
3107:
3094:
3080:
3071:
3050:
3040:
3029:
3019:
2995:
2985:
2974:
2964:
2943:
2934:
2845:, Chagatai has
2839:
2830:
2825:
2806:Cyrillic script
2795:
2764:
2753:
2643:Ө ө, У у, Ү ү
2637:Ө ө, У у, Ү ү
1470:
1460:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1317:
1162:
1118:
1074:
1025:
1019:
976:
971:
895:
879:Tārīkh-i ḥamīdi
855:
802:
765:
757:
754:
752:
750:
744:
739:
737:
735:
666:
661:
614:
599:Ali-Shir Nava'i
532:
516:Ali-Shir Nava'i
495:'s second son,
483:relates to the
477:
435:Ali-Shir Nava'i
369:Turkic language
364:Čaġatāy türkīsi
359:Chagatai Turkic
324:
308:
305:
292:
285:
275:
274:
267:
257:
248:Crimean Khanate
238:Bukhara Khanate
218:Yarkand Khanate
199:
192:Official status
177:
172:
166:
152:
145:
117:
114:Language family
112:
104:
81:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5847:
5837:
5836:
5834:Lingua francas
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5757:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5700:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5675:
5669:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5638:
5630:
5628:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5587:Northern Altai
5584:
5579:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5451:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5410:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5331:
5330:
5324:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5301:Siberian Tatar
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5281:Dobrujan Tatar
5277:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5255:Siberian Tatar
5252:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5238:Southern Altai
5235:
5230:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5204:Mamluk-Kipchak
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5173:
5168:
5165:Armeno-Kipchak
5160:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5141:
5136:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5023:Southern Uzbek
5020:
5018:Northern Uzbek
5014:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4982:
4980:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4953:
4951:
4949:Proto-language
4945:
4944:
4937:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4901:
4892:
4883:
4882:External links
4880:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4853:
4851:on 2020-07-11.
4826:
4820:
4807:
4805:on 2016-12-19.
4772:
4766:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4720:
4702:
4687:
4673:
4642:
4635:
4615:
4608:
4585:
4558:
4539:
4529:
4510:
4477:
4470:
4452:
4439:
4421:
4406:
4399:
4379:
4363:
4357:978-0817987329
4356:
4336:
4326:
4300:
4293:
4270:
4263:
4243:
4237:978-9004201453
4236:
4216:
4209:
4189:
4168:
4153:
4146:
4126:
4102:
4087:
4080:
4055:
4037:
4001:
3979:
3972:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3908:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:Four-dot mark
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3680:
3677:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3652:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3599:Second person
3596:
3595:
3585:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3303:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2855:vowel backness
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2763:
2760:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1244:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
965:
957:
950:
943:
936:
926:
916:
909:
894:
891:
854:
851:
817:Shajara-i Turk
801:
798:
762:
761:
747:
745:
730:
725:
702:attributed to
665:
662:
660:
657:
613:
610:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
531:
528:
501:Turkic peoples
499:. Many of the
476:
473:
355:Eastern Turkic
330:
329:
322:
314:
313:
306:
301:
298:
297:
290:
282:
281:
272:
264:
263:
262:Language codes
259:
258:
256:
255:
253:Ottoman Empire
250:
245:
243:Kokand Khanate
240:
235:
230:
225:
223:Timurid Empire
220:
215:
214:
213:
202:
200:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
178:
174:Writing system
171:
168:
167:
165:
164:
155:
153:
150:
147:
146:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
120:
118:
111:
108:
107:
99:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
67:
59:
58:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5846:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5644:
5643:
5642:Orkhon Turkic
5639:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5615:
5614:Western Yugur
5612:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Balkan Gagauz
5425:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5171:Crimean Tatar
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4969:Common Turkic
4966:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4930:
4928:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4873:90-6022-113-3
4869:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4854:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4716:
4709:
4707:
4698:
4691:
4683:
4677:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4609:0-8047-4884-5
4605:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4506:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4417:
4410:
4402:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4383:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4340:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4304:
4296:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4157:
4149:
4147:9781614513711
4143:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4044:
4042:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3975:
3973:1-4020-1298-5
3969:
3965:
3958:
3954:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3891:Also spelled
3888:
3884:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:English name
3724:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3699:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3666:Third person
3665:
3664:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3586:
3584:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3564:
3556:
3554:First person
3553:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3500:
3499:vowel harmony
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:Vowel harmony
3308:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:Front vowels
2893:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2847:vowel harmony
2844:
2834:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2756:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2661:hoy-i havvaz
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:ئۆ/ئو, ئۈ/ئۇ
2628:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2607:
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2018:
2015:
2012:
2006:
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1998:
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1199:
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1022:
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997:
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990:
985:
982:
979:
963:
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
929:Ármin Vámbéry
927:
924:
920:
917:
914:
910:
907:
903:
900:
899:
898:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
797:
795:
791:
790:
786:entitled the
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
760:
756:
746:
743:
741:
729:
728:
724:
722:
717:
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
700:
695:
694:Mughal Empire
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
672:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
609:
606:
605:
600:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
579:
578:
576:
572:
570:
566:
565:lingua franca
562:
561:Middle Turkic
558:
557:Karluk branch
554:
550:
549:Azerbaijanian
546:
536:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
497:Chagatai Khan
494:
490:
489:Mongol Empire
486:
482:
472:
470:
466:
458:
454:
451:
447:
442:
438:
436:
432:
430:
426:
422:
421:Bashkortostan
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
360:
356:
352:
347:
336:
327:
323:
321:
320:
315:
311:
307:
304:
303:Linguist List
299:
295:
291:
288:
283:
278:
273:
270:
265:
260:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:Mughal Empire
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
201:
195:
190:
186:
182:
179:
175:
169:
163:
160:
159:
158:
154:
148:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:Common Turkic
125:
124:
123:
119:
115:
109:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
79:
76:) written in
65:
60:
56:
43:
38:
33:
19:
5750:
5703:
5696:
5678:
5641:
5634:
5623:
5454:
5447:
5418:
5305:Tobol-Irtysh
5226:
5203:
5176:
5164:
5144:
5139:Mishar Tatar
5093:
5086:
5079:
5078:
5070:
4986:
4958:Proto-Turkic
4957:
4887:
4863:
4858:
4846:the original
4841:
4837:
4811:
4800:the original
4787:
4783:
4757:
4750:Bibliography
4736:. Retrieved
4732:
4723:
4714:
4690:
4676:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4625:
4618:
4598:
4594:Kim, Ho-dong
4588:
4582:(in Russian)
4573:
4569:
4561:
4542:
4532:
4526:: 1 and n.4.
4523:
4519:
4513:
4499:cite journal
4490:
4486:
4480:
4461:
4455:
4433:
4424:
4415:
4409:
4389:
4382:
4372:
4366:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4311:
4303:
4283:
4253:
4246:
4226:
4219:
4199:
4192:
4177:
4171:
4162:
4156:
4136:
4129:
4118:. Retrieved
4114:
4105:
4096:
4090:
4070:
4049:
4014:
4010:
4004:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3963:
3957:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3843:Parentheses
3830:Double dash
3717:
3709:
3697:
3687:
3674:
3659:
3649:
3637:
3627:
3617:
3607:
3592:
3582:
3572:
3562:
3516:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3048:A/The cow...
3047:
3044:
3041:
3026:
3023:
3020:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2944:
2935:
2924:
2921:
2914:
2865:Back vowels
2840:
2831:
2813:Qing dynasty
2810:
2802:Latin script
2798:Soviet Union
2776:Chaharmahali
2765:
2757:
2754:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
1821:hoy-i hutti
1580:
1574:
1527:Kazan Tatar
1461:
1453:
1310:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
922:
912:
905:
901:
896:
878:
874:
871:Musa Sayrami
856:
837:
816:
810:
803:
787:
784:Golden Horde
781:
772:
767:Uzbek ruler
766:
758:
748:
731:
718:
712:
704:Kamran Mirza
698:
686:Tuska Babure
685:
679:
669:
667:
653:Turkmenistan
638:
637:
629:Soviet Union
615:
602:
596:
573:
541:
505:
493:Genghis Khan
480:
478:
462:
456:
450:Perso-Arabic
433:
429:Oghuz branch
413:Volga region
393:Turkmenistan
373:Central Asia
358:
354:
350:
334:
333:
317:
136:
90:Central Asia
5577:Fuyu Kyrgyz
5419:Ajem-Turkic
5403:Azerbaijani
4796:11094/12239
4790:: 143–158.
3928:türkī lafẓï
3920:türk alfāzï
3804:Whitespace
3792:Underscore
3706:Punctuation
3216:...the cow.
2841:Like other
2613:U u, Oʻ oʻ
2226:zo (izgʻi)
1511:Uzbek Latin
1458:Orthography
1270:Approximant
931:1832–1913,
865:also wrote
708:Bairam Khan
645:Afghanistan
211:Moghulistan
151:Early forms
105: 1921
5778:Categories
5635:Old Uyghur
5437:Karapapakh
5286:Karakalpak
5094:Karakhanid
5087:Khorezmian
4738:2021-11-13
4662:(1): 136.
4434:Ethnologue
4120:2021-09-19
3949:References
3934:or simply
3932:türkčä til
3924:türkī tili
3869:Ellipsis:
3718:Graphemes
3337:(/dan/dän)
3143:Accusative
3004:Nominative
2917:inflection
2828:Word order
2191:to (itqi)
1865:К к (Х х)
1862:Қ қ (Х х)
974:Consonants
659:Literature
640:Ethnologue
625:Uzbekistan
465:Uzbekistan
401:Kyrgyzstan
397:Kazakhstan
389:Uzbekistan
157:Karakhanid
68:Chagatai (
5761:varieties
5753:indicate
5737:Qoqmončaq
5145:Old Tatar
5056:Ili Turki
4668:2587-1900
3916:Türk tili
3905:Chaghatay
3897:Chaghatai
3728:Function
3540:Singular
3096:اوتوننينک
3086:اوتوننينک
2780:Khorasani
2762:Influence
2731:Ы ы, И и
2725:Ы ы, І і
2723:Й й, И и
2719:Е e, I i
2625:О о, Ө ө
2623:У у, Ү ү
2016:je (zhe)
1352:unrounded
1341:unrounded
1119:voiceless
1114:Fricative
1026:voiceless
1021:Affricate
969:Phonology
935:; (1867).
681:Baburnama
633:Uzbek SSR
601:'s first
545:Old Tatar
479:The word
475:Etymology
453:Nastaʿlīq
417:Tatarstan
415:(such as
319:Glottolog
287:ISO 639-3
269:ISO 639-2
5704:Pecheneg
5501:Southern
5480:Northern
5472:Siberian
5365:Southern
5354:Trukhmen
5248:Telengit
5193:Krymchak
5134:Nagaibak
5080:Chagatai
4596:(2004).
4578:Alma Ata
4554:40042097
3901:Jaghatai
3893:Chagatay
3716:Symbol/
3523:suffixes
3508:Pronouns
3419:Locative
3364:اوتوندين
3354:اوتوندين
3319:Ablative
3123:اينكنينک
3113:اينكنينک
3059:Genitive
2972:firewood
2849:(though
2465:ـنگـ/ـݣـ
2340:П п/Б б
1524:Bashkir
1495:Isolated
989:Alveolar
913:Sanglakh
887:Xinjiang
847:Budapest
839:Bukharan
794:Khwarazm
491:left to
481:Chagatai
423:), etc.
335:Chagatai
326:chag1247
185:Nastaliq
137:Chagatai
78:Nastaliq
40:Chagatai
5751:Italics
5719:pidgins
5715:Creoles
5673:Chuvash
5597:Chelkan
5592:Kumandy
5570:Yenisei
5442:Turkish
5396:Western
5387:Sonqori
5382:Qashqai
5372:Afshari
5349:Turkmen
5337:Eastern
5124:Bashkir
5109:Kipchak
5032:Eastern
5011:Western
4184:Chicago
3638:-sizlär
3634:-سيزلار
3546:Plural
3537:Number
3456:اوتونده
3446:اوتونده
3264:اوتونغه
3254:اوتونغه
3180:اوتوننى
3170:اوتوننى
2823:Grammar
2804:or the
2772:Qashqai
2737:ئى، ئې
2678:Э э, е
2672:Э э, е
2471:nungof
1521:Uyghur
1518:Kyrgyz
1515:Kazakh
1504:Initial
1468:transl.
1357:rounded
1347:rounded
1320:Vowels
1016:Plosive
1009:Glottal
994:Palatal
942:(1902).
925:(1870).
867:ghazals
825:Turkmen
721:ruba'is
649:Turkmen
553:Persian
530:History
425:Turkmen
381:western
346:Čaġatāy
97:Extinct
55:Čaġatāy
5732:Kurbet
5727:Hezhou
5697:Khazar
5679:Bulgar
5582:Khakas
5547:Dukhan
5524:Steppe
5508:Chulym
5487:Dolgan
5432:Gagauz
5291:Kazakh
5260:Baraba
5243:Teleut
5233:Kyrgyz
5219:Kyrgyz
5188:Karaim
5117:Bulgar
5044:Khoton
5039:Uyghur
5003:Karluk
4993:Khalaj
4870:
4818:
4764:
4666:
4633:
4606:
4552:
4468:
4397:
4354:
4324:
4291:
4261:
4234:
4207:
4144:
4078:
4030:yarlığ
3970:
3940:türkčä
3856:colon
3671:او/اول
3628:sizlär
3624:سيزلار
3483:اينكده
3473:اينكده
3436:-da/dä
3429:-da/dä
3334:
3291:اينككه
3281:اينككه
3244:-ka/ǧa
3241:-غه/كه
3237:-ka/ǧa
3234:-غه/كه
3227:Dative
3207:اينكنى
3197:اينكنى
2998:Notes
2953:Affix
2932:Number
2792:Khalaj
2790:, and
2784:Uyghur
2684:ئە/ئا
2474:Ng ng
2468:نگـ/ݣـ
2462:ـنگ/ـݣ
2299:Gʻ gʻ
2089:Sh sh
1789:Ch ch
1538:Hamza
1501:Medial
1485:, and
1483:Uyghur
1479:Kyrgyz
1475:Kazakh
1315:Vowels
1163:voiced
1075:voiced
1004:Uvular
984:Labial
859:Khivan
841:ruler
759:
713:Divans
621:Uyghur
569:Arabic
524:Uyghur
411:, the
409:Crimea
132:Karluk
122:Turkic
86:Region
80:script
5665:Oghur
5557:Soyot
5540:Taiga
5531:Tuvan
5517:Sayan
5492:Yakut
5328:Salar
5320:Oghuz
5296:Nogai
5274:Nogai
5198:Kumyk
5177:Cuman
5157:Cuman
5129:Tatar
4862:[
4849:(PDF)
4834:(PDF)
4803:(PDF)
4780:(PDF)
4550:JSTOR
4493:: 98.
4024:bitig
3936:türkī
3879:Notes
3817:Dash
3722:Name
3684:اولار
3527:verbs
3402:/inäk
3388:/inäk
3073:-نينک
3066:-نينک
3021:اوتون
3014:اوتون
2966:اوتون
2959:اوتون
2941:Cases
2851:Uzbek
2751:Notes
2641:О о,
2635:О о,
2296:ğayn
2086:shin
1786:chim
1570:alif
1498:Final
1487:Uzbek
1364:Close
1328:Front
1240:Trill
1202:Nasal
999:Velar
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