755:, Belshazzar's father, as king. The sources suggest that while he was part of the conspiracy, Nabonidus had not intended, nor expected, to become king himself and he was hesitant to accept the nomination. Nabonidus's rise to the throne put Belshazzar first in the line of succession (it would not have been suitable for him to have become king himself while his father was still alive) and also made him one of the wealthiest men in Babylonia as he inherited Labashi-Marduk's family's estates. It is probable that Nabonidus, like Neriglissar, was also married to a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar II and that this was the method in which he had secured a claim to the throne. This would also explain later traditions that Belshazzar was a descendant of Nebuchadnezzar II. Nabonidus appears to have been a devotee of the god
759:, though the extent to which he might have attempted to elevate Sîn over Babylon's national deity Marduk is disputed. Subsequent Babylonians appear to have remembered Nabonidus as unorthodox and misguided, though not insane or necessarily a bad ruler. Belshazzar never became king and Babylon ultimately fell under Nabonidus's leadership, as Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire invaded Babylonia in 539 BC and put an end to the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The fates of Nabonidus and Belshazzar are not known. Nabonidus may have been allowed to live and retire but it is typically assumed that Belshazzar was killed.
43:
768:
children by
Kashshaya, or by another wife unrelated to the ruling dynasty. It is also not certain that Nabonidus actually married one of Nebuchadnezzar's daughters, which puts some uncertainty on the assumption that Belshazzar and his siblings were descendants of Nebuchadnezzar. The birth order of any of the children, besides Nebuchadnezzar being Nabopolassar's oldest son and
2253:
The native name of this dynasty is not preserved in any sources and thus several alternate names have been used by historians. In addition to the 'Chaldean dynasty' and 'Neo-Babylonian dynasty', other names historically used by some scholars include 'Nebuchadnezzar's dynasty', the 'Bit-Yakin dynasty'
2243:
The striding lion, with its tail curved upwards, was prominently used as a royal symbol during the Neo-Babylonian Empire, appearing on a large number of bricks, seals and contracts. Such lions were also, together with other animals, prominently used in the reliefs of
Babylon's Procession Street. The
767:
Broadly follows
Wiseman (1983). The reconstruction of Nabopolassar's ancestry follows Jursa (2007), Neriglissar's ancestry follows Wiseman (1991) and the children of Nebuchadnezzar II follow Beaulieu (1998) and Wiseman (1983). It is not clear whether Labashi-Marduk and Gigitum were Neriglissar's
676:
describing him as "of the lower sea" (also southernmost
Babylonia), there is no source that ascribes him a specific ethnic origin. Since the Chaldeans lived in southernmost Mesopotamia, many historians have identified Nabopolassar as Chaldean, but others have referred to him as
692:". This is almost certainly a lie since an actual son of a nobody, i.e. an obscure figure, would have been unable to gather enough influence to become king of Babylon. There is several pieces of evidence that links Nabopolassar and his dynasty to the city of
744:, who was deposed shortly thereafter. Why Labashi-Marduk was deposed is not known, but it is possible that he was the son of Neriglissar and a wife other than Nebuchadnezzar II's daughter, and thus completely unconnected to the Chaldean dynasty.
2254:
and the 'Third
Sealand dynasty'. The Bit-Yakin were a powerful Chaldean tribe in southern Babylonia. Though there is no evidence that connects them to the Chaldean dynasty, the tribe had supplied Babylonian kings previously, such as
712:
in Uruk, which would explain how
Nabopolassar could rise to power, and the names of his relatives correspond to names later given to Nabopolassar's descendants, possibly indicating a familial relationship through
717:. As Nabopolassar spent his reign fighting the Assyrians, calling himself a "son of a nobody" instead of associating himself with a pro-Assyrian governor might have been politically advantageous.
2324:(Armenian) origin. Regardless of the illegitimacy of these rebels, it is known that Nabonidus had great-grandchildren, though their names and precise lineages are not known. Records at
736:
clan. He was not completely unconnected to the
Chaldean dynasty, however, having secured his claim to the throne through marriage to one of Nebuchadnezzar II's daughters, possibly
2320:
both claimed to be sons of
Nabonidus, but this was not true for either rebel. Nebuchadnezzar III was actually the son of a man called Mukīn-zēri and Nebuchadnezzar IV was of
2244:
symbol was also used to denote royal property, with objects belonging to the king being marked with a striding lion, together with a short inscription naming the king.
3337:
Nielsen, John P. (2015). ""I Overwhelmed the King of Elam": Remembering
Nebuchadnezzar I in Persian Babylonia". In Silverman, Jason M.; Waerzeggers, Caroline (eds.).
2227:
2341:, serving as the high priest of that city's main temple, the Ezida. His family's presence in Babylonia is recorded since the reign of the 8th-century BC king
3408:
The
Cambridge Ancient History: III Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C.
3085:
648:
556–539 BC), was genealogically unconnected to the previous kings, but might, like Neriglissar, also have been connected to the dynasty through marriage.
570:
3222:
672:, such as the Uruk prophecy text describing Nabopolassar as a "king of the sea" (i.e. southernmost Babylonia) and a letter from the Assyrian king
728:
in 560 BC. Neriglissar was powerful and influential prior to becoming king, but was not related to the dynasty by blood, instead likely being of
696:(which was located south of Babylon), prominently that several of Nabopolassar's descendants lived in the city and that his son and successor,
3108:
2224:
563:
700:, worked as a priest there before becoming king. In 2007, the Assyriologist Michael Jursa identified Nabopolassar as the son of
688:
The issue is compounded by the fact that Nabopolassar never wrote of his ancestry, going as far as identifying himself as a "
2221:
162:
3389:
3346:
3327:
3120:
3074:
3051:
3027:
2993:
556:
3041:
3415:
3097:
2985:
Representations of Political Power: Case Histories from Times of Change and Dissolving Order in the Ancient Near East
2921:
978:
701:
2225:
2223:
2337:
Nabû-šuma-ukin was the son of a man named Širikti-Marduk and belonged to the prominent Arkâ-ilī-damqā family in
3561:
3556:
3551:
2222:
132:
2220:
3062:
3007:
835:
373:
784: Matrilineal descent – veracity of Chaldean dynasty descent not universally accepted by historians
626:
560–556 BC), though he was connected to the Chaldean kings through marriage and his son and successor,
3566:
544:
3406:. In Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E.; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
2328:
may indicate the existence of at least one more daughter of Nabonidus, though her name is not known.
3511:
3403:
611:
in 539 BC. The dynasty, as connected to Nabopolassar through descent, was deposed in 560 BC by the
267:
114:
3173:"Belshazzar's Feast and Feats: the Last prince of Babylon in Ancient Eastern and Western Sources"
3067:
Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire
118:
292:
276:
2255:
661:
637:
556 BC), might have reintroduced the bloodline to the throne. The final Neo-Babylonian king,
596:
410:
210:
185:
60:
3063:"Assyria's Demise as Recompense: A Note on Narratives of Resistance in Babylonia and Judah"
122:
3456:
8:
3357:
3037:
3003:
2975:
2947:
1655:
364:
3525:
3302:
3269:
3209:
3159:
3151:
2963:
2927:
2890:
2882:
2313:
470:
449:
20:
3436:
3531:
3411:
3385:
3363:
3342:
3323:
3163:
3116:
3093:
3070:
3047:
3023:
2989:
2935:
2917:
2894:
2345:. The Arkâ-ilī-damqā family is last attested in Borsippa and Babylon in the reign of
2342:
2317:
1319:
1235:
1222:
697:
440:
3504:
3294:
3261:
3234:
3184:
3143:
3019:
3015:
2909:
2874:
2346:
1252:
769:
709:
656:
The term "Chaldean dynasty", and the corresponding "Chaldean Empire", an alternate
600:
492:
385:
3379:
2983:
2980:"Nabonidus the Mad King: A Reconsideration of His Steles from Harran and Babylon"
2283:
1956:
704:(or Kudurru), a governor of Uruk who had been appointed by the Neo-Assyrian king
689:
678:
608:
522:
513:
379:
324:
243:
194:
2296:
978–943 BC) was mistakenly ascribed to a dynasty of his own, rather than to the
3432:
3399:
3375:
2370:
1885:
1082:
741:
664:, derives from the assumption that the dynasty's founder, Nabopolassar, was of
657:
627:
479:
92:
3545:
3225:[The Sons of Kudurru and the Origins of the New Babylonian Dynasty].
3113:
Herodotus and His World: Essays from a Conference in Memory of George Forrest
673:
175:
3367:
2939:
2931:
2903:
3316:"The Last Campaign: the Assyrian Way of War and the Collapse of the Empire"
2297:
1583:
1098:
737:
705:
604:
340:
308:
78:
34:
3298:
3239:
19:
This article is about the Chaldean dynasty. For the modern Chaldeans, see
3132:"The "First Families" of Borsippa during the Early Neo-Babylonian Period"
2913:
1616:
1561:
725:
721:
669:
616:
88:
48:
3306:
3282:
3213:
3197:
2967:
747:
The leader of the coup to depose Labashi-Marduk was likely the courtier
3155:
3131:
2886:
2862:
1948:
1307:
748:
714:
3273:
3249:
3515:
2374:
1669:
752:
682:
638:
100:
3172:
3147:
2731:
3315:
3265:
3223:"Die Söhne Kudurrus und die Herkunft der neubabylonischen Dynastie"
3188:
2979:
2951:
2878:
2338:
946:
729:
612:
234:
42:
668:
origin. Though contemporary sources suggest an origin in southern
3481:
665:
166:
2518:
3494:
2366:
2325:
2321:
940:
733:
720:
Nabopolassar's descendants ruled Babylonia until his grandson,
2219:
756:
2634:
2632:
2365:
Later Jewish tradition ascribes Belshazzar a daughter called
2390:
693:
2629:
2649:
2647:
2607:
2605:
2453:
3283:"A Silver Bowl with an Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II"
2952:"Ba'u-asītu and Kaššaya, Daughters of Nebuchadnezzar II"
2779:
2743:
2566:
2542:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2407:
2405:
2803:
2767:
2755:
2695:
2683:
2590:
2578:
2554:
2863:"Recent Investigations in Ancient Oriental Chronology"
2791:
2671:
2659:
2644:
2602:
2530:
2494:
762:
2839:
2707:
2617:
2506:
2465:
2429:
2417:
2402:
2282:, was often used in older scholarship, when the king
2719:
2214:
3088:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
2827:
2815:
3359:A Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities
3355:
2524:
2441:
3543:
3381:Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon: The Schweich Letters
3339:Political Memory in and After the Persian Empire
2982:. In Heinz, Marlies; Feldman, Marian H. (eds.).
2905:Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon (556-539 BC)
772:being Nabopolassar's second son, is uncertain.
3287:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
3227:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
3280:
3065:. In Collins, John J.; Manning, J. G. (eds.).
2396:
708:. This Nebuchadnezzar belonged to a prominent
2377:. Her existence is not historically verified.
564:
3410:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3281:Lambert, Wilfred G.; Zilberg, Peter (2017).
3014:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–5.
2860:
2459:
3195:
2638:
2373:is described as the first wife of the king
751:, who in Labashi-Marduk's place proclaimed
724:, was deposed by the general and official
571:
557:
3457:"Sargon II, king of Assyria (721-705 BC)"
3431:
3238:
2623:
3313:
3254:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3247:
3083:
3036:
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2946:
2901:
2809:
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2701:
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2665:
2653:
2596:
2584:
2560:
2536:
2500:
2476:
2423:
2411:
2308:
2306:
740:. Neriglissar was succeeded by his son,
3398:
3374:
3336:
3322:. New York: New York University Press.
3060:
2785:
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2749:
2713:
2677:
2611:
2512:
2435:
3544:
3454:
3170:
3106:
2845:
2447:
47:A lion, as depicted in reliefs on the
3220:
3129:
3043:A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75
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1179:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
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1133:
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1125:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1096:
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1079:
1077:
1075:
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1070:
1068:
1050:
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1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
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1016:
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989:
986:
984:
977:
975:
973:
971:
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953:
951:
939:
937:
935:
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869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
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849:
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845:
839:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
778: Blood relatives of Nabopolassar
3320:Warfare and Culture in World History
3384:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3115:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
763:Family tree of the Chaldean dynasty
545:List of kings by Period and Dynasty
13:
3008:"Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire"
14:
3578:
3109:"The Hanging Gardens of Babylon?"
2215:Timeline of Neo-Babylonian rulers
16:Kings of Babylon, 626 BC – 539 BC
3196:Gruenthaner, Michael J. (1949).
3090:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
2312:The two later Babylonian rebels
595:, was the ruling dynasty of the
51:, of Babylon's Procession Street
41:
3202:The Catholic Biblical Quarterly
2854:
2359:
2351:
2331:
2288:
2260:
1676:
1623:
1568:
1242:
1105:
643:
632:
621:
3425:
3248:Johnston, Christopher (1901).
3020:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe220
2268:
2247:
2237:
1:
2902:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1989).
2384:
2293:
1679: 556 – 539 BC
1626: 562 – 560 BC
1571: 560 – 556 BC
1245: 605 – 562 BC
1108: 626 – 605 BC
348:
332:
316:
300:
284:
251:
218:
202:
133:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
3136:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
2861:Bayles Paton, Lewis (1901).
2740:, pp. 174–175, 199–200.
7:
3356:The British Museum (1908).
3314:Melville, Sarah C. (2011).
10:
3583:
3362:. London: British Museum.
3318:. In Lee, Wayne E. (ed.).
3198:"The Last King of Babylon"
3171:Grassi, Giulia F. (2008).
3107:Dalley, Stephanie (2003).
3084:Chavalas, Mark W. (2000).
3061:Bedford, Peter R. (2016).
3012:The Encyclopedia of Empire
2397:Lambert & Zilberg 2017
2274:The numerical designation
651:
18:
3522:
3509:
3501:
3477:
2908:. Yale University Press.
2101:
2099:
2067:
2065:
2015:
2013:
1989:
1983:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1873:
1871:
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1371:
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1335:
1333:
1327:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1143:
1141:
1129:
1127:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1006:
1004:
929:
927:
925:
919:
917:
915:
905:
901:
899:
897:
891:
889:
887:
138:
128:
110:
84:
74:
66:
56:
40:
33:
28:
3461:Assyrian empire builders
3404:"Babylonia 605–539 B.C."
2230:
732:origin, probably of the
3221:Jursa, Michael (2007).
2525:The British Museum 1908
2265:722–710 BC and 703 BC).
119:King of Sumer and Akkad
3455:Radner, Karen (2012).
3046:. Pondicherry: Wiley.
589:Neo-Babylonian dynasty
378:(combined rule of the
293:Second Sealand dynasty
277:Second Dynasty of Isin
3562:6th-century BC people
3557:7th-century BC people
3552:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3299:10.3917/assy.111.0141
3250:"The Fall of Nineveh"
3240:10.3917/assy.101.0125
2256:Marduk-apla-iddina II
662:Neo-Babylonian Empire
597:Neo-Babylonian Empire
211:First Sealand dynasty
3069:. Brill Publishers.
3038:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain
3004:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain
2976:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain
2948:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain
2914:10.2307/j.ctt2250wnt
593:Dynasty X of Babylon
587:, also known as the
123:King of the Universe
2575:, pp. 127–135.
2551:, pp. 130–131.
2491:, pp. 131–132.
603:from the ascent of
151:(through marriage?)
105:(through marriage?)
3526:Achaemenid dynasty
3400:Wiseman, Donald J.
3376:Wiseman, Donald J.
3130:Frame, G. (1984).
2867:The Biblical World
2314:Nebuchadnezzar III
591:and enumerated as
450:Achaemenid dynasty
21:Chaldean Catholics
3540:
3539:
3535:
3532:Achaemenid Empire
3523:Succeeded by
2788:, pp. 55–57.
2752:, pp. 10–12.
2460:Bayles Paton 1901
2343:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
2318:Nebuchadnezzar IV
2211:
2210:
1965:Ina-Esagila-remat
1892:
1681:
1638:Marduk-nadin-šumi
1628:
1573:
1320:Nabû-balātsu-iqbi
1247:
1236:Nebuchadnezzar II
1110:
698:Nebuchadnezzar II
658:historiographical
607:in 626 BC to the
581:
580:
534:
533:
504:
503:
461:
460:
431:
430:
401:
400:
391:
355:
354:
268:Middle Babylonian
258:
257:
225:
224:
156:
155:
3574:
3567:Chaldean dynasty
3529:
3505:Sargonid dynasty
3502:Preceded by
3489:Chaldean dynasty
3475:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3421:
3395:
3371:
3352:
3333:
3310:
3277:
3244:
3242:
3217:
3192:
3167:
3126:
3103:
3080:
3057:
3033:
2999:
2971:
2943:
2898:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2776:, pp. 7–12.
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2639:Gruenthaner 1949
2636:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2400:
2394:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2347:Darius the Great
2335:
2329:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2251:
2245:
2241:
1890:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1610:Eanna-šarra-uṣur
1605:Marduk-nadin-ahi
1572:
1570:
1566:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1109:
1107:
1103:
788:
787:
783:
777:
770:Nabu-shum-lishir
710:political family
647:
645:
636:
634:
625:
623:
601:kings of Babylon
585:Chaldean dynasty
573:
566:
559:
519:
518:
493:Seleucid dynasty
476:
475:
446:
445:
420:Chaldean dynasty
416:
415:
377:
374:Assyrian dynasty
370:
369:
350:
334:
318:
302:
286:
273:
272:
253:
240:
239:
220:
204:
191:
190:
158:
157:
152:
146:
106:
98:
45:
29:Chaldean dynasty
26:
25:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3528:
3519:
3507:
3497:
3493:Founding year:
3491:
3486:
3465:
3463:
3445:
3443:
3433:Lendering, Jona
3428:
3418:
3392:
3349:
3330:
3148:10.2307/1360012
3123:
3100:
3077:
3054:
3030:
2996:
2988:. Eisenbrauns.
2924:
2857:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2336:
2332:
2311:
2304:
2300:(Dynasty VIII).
2287:
2284:Nabu-mukin-apli
2273:
2269:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2175:Descendants (?)
2128:Descendants (?)
1979:
1957:Ennigaldi-Nanna
1889:
1675:
1673:
1652:
1633:Marduk-šum-uṣur
1622:
1620:
1567:
1565:
1259:Nabû-zer-ušabši
1241:
1239:
1104:
1102:
981:
944:
785:
781:
779:
775:
765:
690:son of a nobody
654:
642:
631:
620:
609:fall of Babylon
577:
548:
536:
535:
523:Arsacid dynasty
516:
506:
505:
473:
463:
462:
443:
433:
432:
413:
403:
402:
387:
381:
376:
367:
357:
356:
325:Elamite dynasty
270:
260:
259:
244:Kassite dynasty
237:
227:
226:
195:Amorite dynasty
188:
178:
150:
149:
147:
144:
143:
121:
117:
115:King of Babylon
104:
103:
99:
96:
95:
52:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3580:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3538:
3537:
3524:
3521:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3452:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3396:
3391:978-0197261002
3390:
3372:
3353:
3348:978-0884140894
3347:
3334:
3329:978-0814752784
3328:
3311:
3278:
3266:10.2307/592409
3245:
3233:(1): 125–136.
3218:
3208:(4): 406–427.
3193:
3189:10.1400/118348
3183:(5): 187–210.
3168:
3127:
3122:978-0199253746
3121:
3104:
3098:
3081:
3076:978-9004330184
3075:
3058:
3053:978-1405188999
3052:
3034:
3029:978-1118455074
3028:
3000:
2995:978-1575061351
2994:
2972:
2962:(2): 173–201.
2944:
2922:
2899:
2879:10.1086/472845
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2848:, p. 200.
2838:
2826:
2814:
2812:, p. 137.
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2764:, p. 164.
2754:
2742:
2730:
2728:, p. 133.
2718:
2706:
2704:, p. 231.
2694:
2692:, p. 139.
2682:
2680:, p. 244.
2670:
2658:
2643:
2641:, p. 409.
2628:
2624:Lendering 2006
2616:
2614:, p. 241.
2601:
2599:, p. 200.
2589:
2587:, p. 199.
2577:
2565:
2563:, p. 198.
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2438:, p. 229.
2428:
2416:
2401:
2399:, p. 144.
2388:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2371:Book of Esther
2358:
2330:
2302:
2278:, rather than
2267:
2246:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1908:Nabû-šuma-ukin
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1646:
1644:
1643:Mušezib-Marduk
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1253:Nabû-šum-līšir
1250:
1248:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1115:Nabû-šumu-ukīn
1113:
1111:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:Median dynasty
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1073:Nabû-epir-la'a
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
979:Nebuchadnezzar
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
938:
936:
933:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
909:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:
838:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
786:
780:
774:
764:
761:
742:Labashi-Marduk
702:Nebuchadnezzar
653:
650:
628:Labashi-Marduk
579:
578:
576:
575:
568:
561:
553:
550:
549:
541:
538:
537:
532:
531:
528:
525:
517:
512:
511:
508:
507:
502:
501:
498:
495:
489:
488:
485:
482:
480:Argead dynasty
474:
469:
468:
465:
464:
459:
458:
455:
452:
444:
439:
438:
435:
434:
429:
428:
425:
422:
414:
411:Neo-Babylonian
409:
408:
405:
404:
399:
398:
395:
392:
368:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
352:
346:
343:
337:
336:
330:
327:
321:
320:
314:
311:
305:
304:
298:
295:
289:
288:
282:
279:
271:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
255:
249:
246:
238:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
222:
216:
213:
207:
206:
200:
197:
189:
186:Old Babylonian
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:All years are
173:
170:
169:
154:
153:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
112:
108:
107:
93:Labashi-Marduk
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
46:
38:
37:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3579:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3533:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3476:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3442:
3438:
3437:"Neriglissar"
3434:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3417:0-521-22717-8
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:. SBL Press.
3340:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3229:(in German).
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3099:9789053565032
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2923:9780300043143
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2847:
2842:
2836:, p. 73.
2835:
2830:
2824:, p. 70.
2823:
2818:
2811:
2810:Beaulieu 1989
2806:
2800:, p. 77.
2799:
2798:Beaulieu 1989
2794:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2762:Chavalas 2000
2758:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2738:Beaulieu 1998
2734:
2727:
2722:
2716:, p. 12.
2715:
2710:
2703:
2702:Beaulieu 1989
2698:
2691:
2690:Beaulieu 2007
2686:
2679:
2674:
2668:, p. 89.
2667:
2666:Beaulieu 1989
2662:
2656:, p. 98.
2655:
2654:Beaulieu 1989
2650:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2597:Beaulieu 1998
2593:
2586:
2585:Beaulieu 1998
2581:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2561:Beaulieu 1998
2557:
2550:
2545:
2539:, p. 16.
2538:
2537:Melville 2011
2533:
2527:, p. 10.
2526:
2521:
2515:, p. 56.
2514:
2509:
2503:, p. 20.
2502:
2501:Johnston 1901
2497:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2477:Beaulieu 2016
2473:
2471:
2469:
2462:, p. 16.
2461:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2437:
2432:
2426:, p. 13.
2425:
2424:Beaulieu 2018
2420:
2414:, p. 12.
2413:
2412:Beaulieu 2018
2408:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2376:
2372:
2369:, who in the
2368:
2362:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2257:
2250:
2240:
2236:
2208:
2108:
2106:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1939:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1886:Labaši-Marduk
1878:
1875:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1783:
1781:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1689:
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1672:
1671:
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1619:
1618:
1600:
1593:
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1585:
1564:
1563:
1554:
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1531:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1441:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1310:
1309:
1254:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1224:
1212:Bel-šum-iškun
1206:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1120:
1118:
1101:
1100:
1084:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1034:
997:
995:
980:
948:
942:
934:
931:
923:
921:
913:
911:
910:
903:
895:
893:
885:
883:
844:
842:
837:
789:
773:
771:
760:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
675:
674:Sinsharishkun
671:
667:
663:
660:name for the
659:
649:
640:
629:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
554:
552:
551:
547:
546:
540:
539:
530:141 BC–AD 224
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
515:
510:
509:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
472:
467:
466:
456:
453:
451:
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447:
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437:
436:
426:
423:
421:
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417:
412:
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406:
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389:
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366:
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331:
328:
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315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
299:
296:
294:
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290:
283:
280:
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269:
264:
263:
250:
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245:
242:
241:
236:
231:
230:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
187:
182:
181:
177:
172:
171:
168:
164:
160:
159:
142:560 or 556 BC
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
102:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
50:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
3512:Ruling House
3510:
3488:
3479:
3464:. Retrieved
3460:
3444:. Retrieved
3440:
3407:
3380:
3358:
3338:
3319:
3290:
3286:
3257:
3253:
3230:
3226:
3205:
3201:
3180:
3176:
3142:(1): 67–80.
3139:
3135:
3112:
3092:. Eerdmans.
3089:
3086:"Belshazzar"
3066:
3042:
3011:
2984:
2959:
2955:
2932:j.ctt2250wnt
2904:
2873:(1): 13–30.
2870:
2866:
2855:Bibliography
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2786:Nielsen 2015
2781:
2774:Wiseman 1983
2769:
2757:
2750:Wiseman 1983
2745:
2733:
2721:
2714:Wiseman 1983
2709:
2697:
2685:
2678:Wiseman 1991
2673:
2661:
2619:
2612:Wiseman 1991
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2513:Bedford 2016
2508:
2496:
2484:
2479:, p. 4.
2455:
2443:
2436:Wiseman 1991
2431:
2419:
2392:
2361:
2356:522–486 BC).
2333:
2298:dynasty of E
2279:
2275:
2270:
2249:
2239:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1937:
1897:
1884:
1668:
1654:
1648:
1615:
1598:
1592:Innin-etirat
1591:
1582:
1560:
1306:
1234:
1221:
1099:Nabopolassar
1097:
766:
746:
719:
706:Ashurbanipal
687:
655:
605:Nabopolassar
599:, ruling as
592:
588:
584:
582:
542:
419:
365:Neo-Assyrian
341:Dynasty of E
309:Bazi dynasty
161:Periods and
79:Nabopolassar
35:Royal family
3520:626–539 BC
3482:Royal house
3426:Web sources
3293:: 141–146.
2846:Grassi 2008
2448:Radner 2012
2204:Descendants
1972:Akkabuʾunma
1617:Amel-Marduk
1562:Neriglissar
1308:Adad-gûppîʾ
992:Bēl-uballiṭ
987:Nabû-ušabši
982:('Kudurru')
726:Neriglissar
722:Amel-Marduk
715:patronymics
670:Mesopotamia
617:Neriglissar
471:Hellenistic
145:(bloodline)
97:(bloodline)
89:Amēl-Marduk
85:Final ruler
49:Ishtar Gate
3546:Categories
3466:9 February
2956:Orientalia
2834:Frame 1984
2822:Frame 1984
2726:Jursa 2007
2573:Jursa 2007
2549:Jursa 2007
2489:Jursa 2007
2385:References
1949:Belshazzar
1649:A daughter
1599:Ba'u-asitu
836:Nabonassar
749:Belshazzar
683:Babylonian
543:See also:
139:Deposition
129:Traditions
3516:Babylonia
3446:22 August
3402:(2003) .
3260:: 20–22.
3164:163534822
2895:144421909
2375:Ahasuerus
1891:r. 556 BC
1670:Nabonidus
753:Nabonidus
639:Nabonidus
615:official
303:1025–1005
287:1157–1026
254:1594–1155
221:1732–1475
205:1894–1595
163:dynasties
101:Nabonidus
61:Babylonia
3435:(2006).
3378:(1983).
3368:70331064
3307:44646411
3214:43720153
3040:(2018).
3006:(2016).
2978:(2007).
2968:43076387
2950:(1998).
2940:20391775
2339:Borsippa
2322:Urartian
1656:Nitocris
947:Arameans
679:Assyrian
666:Chaldean
514:Parthian
386:Sargonid
384:and the
319:1004–985
3156:1360012
2887:3137273
2354:
2291:
2263:
1898:Gigitum
1584:Kaššaya
738:Kaššaya
730:Aramean
652:History
646:
635:
624:
613:Aramean
500:311–141
487:331–309
457:539–331
441:Persian
427:626–539
397:732–626
388:dynasty
382:dynasty
380:Adaside
351:978–732
335:984–979
235:Kassite
167:Babylon
75:Founder
67:Founded
57:Country
3495:626 BC
3441:Livius
3414:
3388:
3366:
3345:
3326:
3305:
3274:592409
3272:
3212:
3177:KASKAL
3162:
3154:
3119:
3096:
3073:
3050:
3026:
2992:
2966:
2938:
2930:
2920:
2893:
2885:
2367:Vashti
2326:Sippar
1978:Others
1223:Amytis
941:Puqudu
782:
776:
734:Puqudu
148:539 BC
111:Titles
70:626 BC
3303:JSTOR
3270:JSTOR
3210:JSTOR
3160:S2CID
3152:JSTOR
2964:JSTOR
2928:JSTOR
2891:S2CID
2883:JSTOR
2231:Notes
3468:2020
3448:2020
3412:ISBN
3386:ISBN
3364:OCLC
3343:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3094:ISBN
3071:ISBN
3048:ISBN
3024:ISBN
2990:ISBN
2936:OCLC
2918:ISBN
2316:and
1938:Indû
943:clan
694:Uruk
583:The
497:XIII
345:VIII
3514:of
3295:doi
3291:111
3262:doi
3235:doi
3231:101
3185:doi
3144:doi
3016:doi
2910:doi
2875:doi
1651:(?)
757:Sîn
681:or
527:XIV
484:XII
329:VII
248:III
165:of
91:or
3548::
3480:—
3459:.
3439:.
3301:.
3289:.
3285:.
3268:.
3258:22
3256:.
3252:.
3206:11
3204:.
3200:.
3179:.
3175:.
3158:.
3150:.
3140:36
3138:.
3134:.
3111:.
3022:.
3010:.
2960:67
2958:.
2954:.
2934:.
2926:.
2916:.
2889:.
2881:.
2871:18
2869:.
2865:.
2646:^
2631:^
2604:^
2467:^
2404:^
2352:r.
2305:^
2294:c.
2289:r.
2276:XI
2261:r.
1677:r.
1659:?)
1624:r.
1569:r.
1243:r.
1106:r.
685:.
644:r.
633:r.
622:r.
454:XI
394:IX
349:c.
333:c.
317:c.
313:VI
301:c.
285:c.
281:IV
252:c.
219:c.
215:II
203:c.
176:BC
3534:)
3530:(
3484:—
3470:.
3450:.
3420:.
3394:.
3370:.
3351:.
3332:.
3309:.
3297::
3276:.
3264::
3243:.
3237::
3216:.
3191:.
3187::
3181:5
3166:.
3146::
3125:.
3102:.
3079:.
3056:.
3032:.
3018::
2998:.
2970:.
2942:.
2912::
2897:.
2877::
2626:.
2450:.
2349:(
2286:(
2280:X
2258:(
1653:(
949:)
945:(
641:(
630:(
619:(
572:e
565:t
558:v
424:X
390:)
297:V
199:I
23:.
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