Jean-François Champollion

1184: 1887: 475:, a former Coptic Christian monk and Arabic translator to Napoleon, who visited Grenoble in 1805. By 1806, Jacques-Joseph was making preparations to bring his younger brother to Paris to study at the University. Jean-François had by then already developed a strong interest for Ancient Egypt, as he wrote in a letter to his parents dated to January 1806: "I want to make a profound and continuous study of this ancient nation. The enthusiasm brought me by the study of their monuments, their power and knowledge filling me with admiration, all of this will grow further as I acquire new notions. Of all the people that I prefer, I shall say that none is as important to my heart as the Egyptians." To continue his studies, Champollion wanted to go to Paris, Grenoble offering few possibilities for such specialized subjects as ancient languages. His brother thus stayed in Paris from August to September that same year, so as to seek his admission in a specialized school. Around this time, he learned 1646: 1535: 541: 960:", published by an anonymous Englishman, which was largely favorable and encouraged Champollion to return to his former research. Champollion's biographers have suggested that the review was written by Young, who often published anonymously, but Robinson, who wrote biographies of both Young and Champollion, considers it unlikely, since Young elsewhere had been highly critical of that particular work. Soon Champollion returned to Grenoble to seek employment again at the university, which was in the process of reopening the faculty of Philosophy and Letters. He succeeded, obtaining a chair in history and geography, and used his time to visit the Egyptian collections in Italian museums. Nonetheless, most of his time in the following years was consumed by his teaching work. 1367:, Champollion realized that in order to advance further he needed more texts, and transcriptions of better quality. This caused him to spend the next years visiting collections and monuments in Italy, where he realized that many of the transcriptions from which he had been working had been inaccurate – hindering the decipherment; he made a point of making his own copies of as many texts as possible. During his time in Italy, he met the Pope, who congratulated him on having done a "great service to the Church," by which he was referring to the counter arguments he had provided against the challengers to the Biblical chronology. Champollion was ambivalent, but the Pope's support helped him in his efforts to secure funds for an expedition. 51: 1213:. All his main rivals and supporters were present at the reading, including Young who happened to be visiting Paris. This was the first meeting between the two. The presentation did not go into details regarding the script and in fact was surprisingly cautious in its suggestions. Although he must have been already certain of this, Champollion merely suggested that the script was phonetic already from the earliest available texts, which would mean that the Egyptians had developed writing independently of the other civilizations around the Mediterranean. The paper also still contained confusions regarding the relative role of ideographic and phonetic signs, still arguing that also hieratic and demotic were primarily ideographic. 713:, making the young scholar fear that his budding work had already been surpassed. But he was relieved to find that Lenoir still operated under the assumption that the hieroglyphs were mystic symbols and not a literary system expressing language. This experience made him even more determined to be the first to decipher the language and he began dedicating himself even more to the study of Coptic, writing in 1809 to his brother: "I give myself up entirely to Coptic ... I wish to know Egyptian like my French, because on that language will be based my great work on the Egyptian papyri." That same year, he was appointed to his first academic post, in history and politics at the 909:

using Åkerblad's decipherments. In 1815, Young replied in the negative, arguing that the French transcriptions were equally good as the British ones, and added that "I do not doubt that the collective efforts of savants, such as M. Åkerblad and yourself, Monsieur, who have so much deepened the study of the Coptic language, might have already succeeded in giving a more perfect translation than my own, which is drawn almost entirely from a very laborious comparison of its different parts and with the Greek translation". This was the first Champollion had heard of Young's research, and realizing that he also had a competitor in London was not to Champollion's liking.

1442: 641: 1070:, who scribbled the identification in the margin of the plate though without any actual reading of the individual glyphs. Young and others would later use the fact that the Cleopatra cartouche had been identified by Bankes to claim that Champollion had plagiarized his work. It remains unknown whether Champollion saw Bankes' margin note identifying the cartouche or whether he identified it by himself. All in all, using this method he managed to determine the phonetic value of 12 signs (A, AI, E, K, L, M, O, P, R, S, and T). By applying these to the decipherment of further sounds he soon read dozens of other names. 4853: 1657: 998:. Young was furthermore convinced that only in the late period had some foreign names been written entirely in phonetic signs, whereas he believed that native Egyptian names and all texts from the earlier period were written in ideographic signs. Several scholars have suggested that Young's true contribution to Egyptology was his decipherment of the Demotic script, in which he made the first major advances, correctly identifying it as being composed of both ideographic and phonetic signs. Nevertheless, for some reason Young never considered that the same might be the case with the hieroglyphs. 1998: 741: 2009: 514:. He divided his time between the College of France, the Special School of Oriental Languages, the National Library where his brother was a librarian and the Commission of Egypt, the institution in charge of publishing the findings of the Egyptian expedition. In 1808, he first began studying the Rosetta stone, working from a copy made by the Abbé de Tersan. Working independently he was able to confirm some of the readings of the demotic previously made by Johan David Åkerblad in 1802, finally identifying the Coptic equivalents of fifteen demotic signs present on the Rosetta stone. 624:

approve of the match, since Champollion was a mere assistant professor when they first met, but with his increasing reputation, he eventually agreed. Originally, Jacques-Joseph was opposed to his brother's marriage, too, finding Rosine too dull-witted, and he did not attend the wedding, but later he grew fond of his sister in-law. Although a happy family man, especially adoring his daughter, Champollion was frequently away for months or even years at a time, as he was traveling to Paris, to Italy, and to Egypt, while his family remained in Zoé and Jacques-Joseph's property in

1376: 1638: 566:, Champollion was a young bachelor and thus liable to compulsory military service, which would have put him in great danger due to the extremely high mortality of soldiers in Napoleon's armies. Through the assistance of his brother and the prefect of Grenoble Joseph Fourier, who was also an Egyptologist, he successfully avoided the draft by arguing that his work on deciphering the Egyptian script was too important to interrupt. First skeptical of the Napoleonic regime, after the fall of Napoleon in 1813 and the institution of the royalist regime under 454:. One biographer has stated that Fourier invited the 11-year-old Champollion to his home and showed him his collection of Ancient Egyptian artifacts and documents. Champollion was enthralled, and upon seeing the hieroglyphs and hearing that they were unintelligible, he declared that he would be the one to succeed in reading them. Whether or not the report of this visit is true, Fourier did go on to become one of Champollion's most important allies and supporters, and surely had an important role in instilling his interest in Ancient Egypt. 612: 1042:, in which he argued that the hieratic script was simply a modified form of hieroglyphic writing. Young had already anonymously published an argument to the same effect several years earlier in an obscure journal, but Champollion, having been cut off from academia, had probably not read it. In addition Champollion made the fatal error of claiming that the hieratic script was entirely ideographic. Champollion himself was never proud of this work and reportedly actively tried to suppress it by buying the copies and destroying them. 1875: 1046:

questioned whether the three scripts even represented the same language; and hieroglyphic had been considered a purely ideographic script, whereas hieratic and demotic were considered alphabetic. Young, in 1815, had been the first to suggest that the demotic was not alphabetic, but rather a mixture of "imitations of hieroglyphics" and "alphabetic" signs. Champollion on the other hand correctly considered the scripts to coincide almost entirely, being in essence different formal versions of the same script.

1579: 1030: 342: 1792:. At Philae, Champollion spent several days recovering from an attack of gout brought on by the hard trip, and he also received letters from his wife and brother, both sent many months earlier. Champollion attributed their delay to Drovetti's ill will. They arrived at Abu Simbel on 26 November, the site had been visited by Bankes and Belzoni in 1815 and 1817 respectively, but the sand that they had cleared from the entrance had now returned. On 1 January 1829, they reached 1707:. Drovetti had initiated his own business of exporting plundered Egyptian antiques and did not want Champollion meddling in his affairs. He sent a letter discouraging the expedition stating that the political situation was too unstable for the expedition to be advisable. The letter reached Jacques Joseph Champollion a few weeks before the expedition was scheduled to leave, but he conveniently delayed in sending it on to his brother until after the expedition had left. 1621:. The visitors entered this section of the Louvre via a first room devoted to the funerary world of the Egyptians, the second room presented artefacts relating to civilian life in Ancient Egypt, while the third and fourth rooms were devoted to more artefacts pertaining to mortuary activities and divinities. To accompany these extensive works, Champollion organised the Egyptian collection methodologically into well-defined series and pushed his 320:

of his decipherments. But subsequent findings and confirmations of his readings by scholars building on his results gradually led to the general acceptance of his work. Although some still argue that he should have acknowledged the contributions of Young, his decipherment is now universally accepted and has been the basis for all further developments in the field. Consequently, he is regarded as the "Founder and Father of Egyptology".

1851:. Champollion and the Pasha spoke often and on the Pasha's request Champollion wrote an outline of the history of Egypt. Here, Champollion had no choice but to challenge the short Biblical chronology arguing that Egyptian civilization had its origins at least 6000 years before Islam. The two also spoke about social reforms, Champollion championing education of the lower classes – a point on which the two did not agree. 334: 393:(the young). Later when his brother became the more famous of the two, Jacques added the town of his birth as a second surname and hence is often referred to as Champollion-Figeac, in contrast to his brother Champollion. Although studious and largely self-educated, Jacques did not have Jean-François' genius for language; however, he was talented at earning a living and supported Jean-François for most of his life. 1050:

were separate words in the Greek text. But there were in fact fewer, suggesting that the script mixed ideographic and phonetic signs. This realization finally made it possible for him to detach himself from the idea that the different scripts had to be either fully ideographic or fully phonetic, and he recognized it as being much more complex mixture of sign types. This realization gave him a distinct advantage.

823: 762: 382:, which he reached on 27 March, and where Jacques-Joseph lived in a two-room flat on the rue Neuve. Jacques-Joseph was then working as an assistant in the import-export company Chatel, Champollion and Rif, yet taught his brother to read, and supported his education. His brother also may have been part of the source of Champollion's interest in Egypt, since as a young man he wanted to join 949:" considering it bad form that he had invented a new name for it instead of using Young's. Young corresponded with Sacy, now no longer Champollion's mentor but his rival, who advised Young not to share his work with Champollion and described Champollion as a charlatan. Consequently, for several years Young kept key texts from Champollion and shared little of his data and notes. 1251:

finally been reached. He grew increasingly angry with Champollion, and shared his feelings with his friends who encouraged him to rebut with a new publication. When by a stroke of luck a Greek translation of a well-known demotic papyrus came into his possession later that year, he did not share that important finding with Champollion. In an anonymous review of the

974:) and a third script which he called epistolographic or enchorial, to belong to different historical periods and to represent different evolutionary stages of the script with increasing phoneticism. He failed to distinguish between hieratic and demotic, considering them a single script. Young was also able to identify correctly the hieroglyphic form of the name of 1723:

permission. However, after more than a week of waiting for the permissions, Champollion suspected that Drovetti was working against him and took a complaint to the French consulate. The complaint worked and soon the pasha provided the expedition with a large river boat. The expedition bought a small boat for five persons. Champollion named them the

695:"I want to make a profound and continuous study of this antique nation. The enthusiasm that brought me the study of their monuments, their power and knowledge filling me with admiration, all of this will grow further as I will acquire new notions. Of all the people that I prefer, I shall say that none is as important to my heart as the Egyptians." 1169:, Champollion was able to read the phonetic spelling of the second part of the word, and check it against the mentioning of births in the Rosetta stone. This finally confirmed to Champollion that the ancient texts as well as the recent ones used the same writing system, and that it was a system that mixed logographic and phonetic principles. 662:

the religious sphere and that they represented esoteric concepts within a universe of religious meaning that was now lost. But Kircher had been the first to suggest that modern Coptic was a degenerate form of the language found in the Egyptian demotic script, and he had correctly suggested the phonetic value of one hieroglyph – that of

1355:, which comprised over 450 ancient Egyptian words and hieroglyphics groupings, cemented Champollion as having the main claim to the decipherment of the hieroglyphs. In 1825, his former teacher and enemy Silvestre de Sacy reviewed his work positively stating that it was already well "beyond the need for confirmation". In the same year, 570:, Champollion came to consider the Napoleonic state the lesser of two evils. Anonymously he composed and circulated songs ridiculing and criticizing the royal regime – songs that became highly popular among the people of Grenoble. In 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte escaped from his exile on Elba and landed with an army at the 1932:

grammar including how to decline nouns and conjugate verbs. But it was marred by the still tentative nature of many readings, and Champollion's conviction that the hieroglyphs could be read directly in Coptic, whereas in fact they represented a much older stage of the language which differs in many ways from Coptic.

732:(1814). Because of the similarities in the topic matter, and the fact that Champollion's work was published after Quatremère's, allegations arose that Champollion had plagiarized the work of Quatremère. Even Silvestre de Sacy, the mentor of both authors, considered the possibility, to Champollion's great chagrin. 1813:. In a letter to the Pasha he recommended that tourism, excavation and trafficking of artefacts be strictly controlled. Champollion's suggestions may have led to Muhammad Ali's 1835 ordinance prohibiting all exports of antiquities and ordering the construction of a museum in which to house the ancient artifacts. 1021:"the man." He is sometimes right, but very much oftener wrong, and no one is able to distinguish between his right and his wrong results until the right method has been discovered.' Nonetheless, at the time it was clear that Young's work superseded everything Champollion had by then published on the script. 1089:". Young had identified the first determinative "divine female", but Champollion now identified several others. He presented the progress before the academy where it was well received, and even his former mentor-turned-archenemy, de Sacy, praised it warmly, leading to a reconciliation between the two. 1796:

and returned north. That day, Champollion composed a letter to M. Dacier stating that "I am proud now, having followed the course of the Nile from its mouth to the second cataract, to have the right to announce to you that there is nothing to modify in our 'Letter on the Alphabet of the Hieroglyphs.'

1557:

that were transliterated through alphabetic hieroglyphs, which led to suspicions that they were invented at the time of the Greeks and Romans, and fostered doubts whether phonetical hieroglyphs could be applied to decipher the names of ancient Egyptian Pharaohs. For the first time, here was a foreign

1505:

More advances were made on Grotefend's work and by 1847, most of the symbols were correctly identified. The decipherment of the Old Persian Cuneiform script was at the beginning of the decipherment of all the other cuneiform scripts, as various multi-lingual inscriptions between the various cuneiform

1279:

Young's claims that the new decipherments were merely a corroboration of his own method, meant that Champollion would have to publish more of his data to make clear the degree to which his own progress built on a systematicity that was not found in Young's work. He realized that he would have to make

1268:

represented no major progress from Young's work. Jomard had been insulted by Champollion's demonstration of the young age of the Dendera zodiac, which he had himself proposed was as old as 15,000 years. This exact finding had also brought Champollion in the good graces of many priests of the Catholic

1058:

Using the fact that it was known that names of rulers appeared in cartouches, he focused on reading names of rulers as Young had initially tried. Champollion managed to isolate a number of sound values for signs, by comparing the Greek and Hieroglyphic versions of the names of Ptolemy and Cleopatra –

1049:

In the same year, he identified the hieroglyphic script on the Rosetta stone as being written in a mixture of ideograms and phonetic signs, just as Young had argued for Demotic. He reasoned that if the script was entirely ideographic the hieroglyphic text would require as many separate signs as there

1037:

Although dismissive of Young's work even before he had read it, Champollion obtained a copy of the Encyclopedia article. Even though he was suffering from failing health, and the chicanery of the Ultras kept him struggling to maintain his job, it motivated him to return in earnest to the study of the

969:

claiming that he had discovered the principle behind the script. He had correctly identified only a small number of phonetic values for glyphs, but also made some eighty approximations of correspondences between Hieroglyphic and demotic. Young had also correctly identified several logographs, and the

908:

of which Young was the secretary, requesting better transcriptions of the Rosetta stone, to Young's irritation, arrogantly implying that he would be able to quickly decipher the script if he only had better copies. Young had at that time spent several months working unsuccessfully on the Rosetta text

1931:

had been left almost finished and was published posthumously in 1838. Before his death, he had told his brother "Hold it carefully, I hope that it will be my calling card for posterity". It contained his entire theory and method, including classifications of signs and their decipherments, and also a

912:

In his work on the Rosetta stone, Young proceeded mathematically without identifying the language of the text. For example, comparing the number of times a word appeared in the Greek text with the Egyptian text, he was able to point out which glyphs spelled the word "king", but he was unable to read

683:

Champollion's interest in Egyptian history and the hieroglyphic script developed at an early age. At the age of sixteen, he gave a lecture before the Grenoble Academy in which he argued that the language spoken by the ancient Egyptians, in which they wrote the Hieroglyphic texts, was closely related

661:

for example had stated that the hieroglyphs were symbols that "cannot be translated by words, but expressed only by marks, characters and figures", meaning that the script was in essence impossible to ever decipher. Others considered that the use of the hieroglyphs in Egyptian society was limited to

1628:

Champollion's work in the Louvre, as well as his and his brother's efforts to acquire a larger collection of Egyptian artefacts, had a profound impact on the Louvre museum itself, the nature of which changed the Louvre from a place dedicated to the fine-arts – to a museum in the modern sense of the

1255:

Young attributed the discovery of the hieratic as a form of hieroglyphs to de Sacy and described Champollion's decipherments merely as an extension of Åkerblad and Young's work. Champollion recognized that Young was the author, and sent him a rebuttal of the review, while maintaining the charade of

1250:

he was offended that he himself was mentioned only twice, and one of those times being harshly critiqued for his failure in deciphering the name "Berenice". Young was further disheartened because Champollion at no point recognized his work as having provided the platform from which decipherment had

1237:

At first Young was appreciative of Champollion's success, writing in a letter to his friend that "If he did borrow an English key, the lock was so dreadfully rusty that no common arm would have had strength enough to turn it. ... .You will easily believe that were I ever so much the victim of

319:

During his life as well as long after his death, intense discussions over the merits of his decipherment were carried out among Egyptologists. Some faulted him for not having given sufficient credit to the early discoveries of Young, accusing him of plagiarism, and others long disputed the accuracy

1145:

The main breakthrough in his decipherment was when he was also able to read the verb "MIS" related to birth, by comparing the Coptic verb for birth with the phonetic signs "MS" and the appearance of references to birthday celebrations in the Greek text. It was on 14 September 1822, while comparing

952:

When Champollion submitted his Coptic grammar and dictionary for publication in 1815, it was blocked by Silvestre de Sacy, who in addition to his personal animosity and envy towards Champollion also resented his Napoleonic affinities. During his exile in Figeac, Champollion spent his time revising

1767:

and which convinced him that the inscription was of recent date was in fact not found on the monument itself – it had seemingly been invented by Jomard's copyist. Champollion nonetheless realized that the late date was still correct, based on other evidence. After a day at Dendera, the expedition

1552:

Champollion had been confronted to the doubts of various scholars regarding the existence of phonetical hieroglyphs before the time of the Greeks and the Romans in Egypt, especially since Champollion had only proved his phonetic system on the basis of the names of Greek and Roman rulers found in

623:

It was around this time that Champollion met Rosine Blanc (1794–1871), whom he married in 1818, after four years of engagement. They had one daughter, Zoraïde Chéronnet-Champollion (1824–1889). Rosine was the daughter of a well-to-do family of Grenoblean glovemakers. At first, her father did not

396:

Given the difficulty of the task of educating his brother while earning a living, Jacques-Joseph decided to send his younger brother to the well-regarded school of the Abbé Dussert in November 1802, where Champollion would stay until the summer of 1804. During this period, his gift for languages

1722:

on 18 August. Here Champollion met with Drovetti who continued to warn about the political situation but assured Champollion that the Pasha would give his permission for the expedition to proceed. Champollion, Rosselini and Lenormant met with the Pasha on 24 August, and he immediately gave his

666:

the Coptic word for water. With the onset of Egyptomania in France in the early 19th century, scholars began approaching the question of the hieroglyphs with renewed interest, but still without a basic idea about whether the script was phonetic or ideographic, and whether the texts represented

619:

In 1807 Champollion first declared his love for Pauline Berriat, sister of Jacques-Joseph's wife Zoé. His love was not reciprocated, so Champollion instead had an affair with a married woman named Louise Deschamps that lasted until around 1809. In 1811, Louise remarried; in 1813 Pauline died.

1238:

the bad passions, I should feel nothing but exultation at Mr. Champollion's success: my life seems indeed to be lengthened by the accession of a junior coadjutor in my researches, and of a person too, who is so much more versed in the different dialects of the Egyptian language than myself."

1216:

Scholars have speculated that there had simply not been sufficient time between his breakthrough and collapse to fully incorporate the discovery into his thinking. But the paper presented many new phonetic readings of names of rulers, demonstrating clearly that he had made a major advance in

1045:

These errors were finally corrected later that year when Champollion correctly identified the hieratic script as being based on the hieroglyphic script, but used exclusively on papyrus, whereas the hieroglyphic script was used on stone, and demotic used by the people. Previously, it had been

280:, he was able to avoid conscription, but his Napoleonic allegiances meant that he was considered suspect by the subsequent Royalist regime. His own actions, sometimes brash and reckless, did not help his case. His relations with important political and scientific figures of the time, such as 574:

and marched directly on Grenoble where he was received as a liberator. Here he met with Champollion, whose many requests for exemption from the draft he remembered, and he asked him how his important work was progressing. Champollion replied, that he had just finished his Coptic grammar and

307:

in which he detailed a decipherment of the hieroglyphic script demonstrating the values of its phonetic and ideographic signs. In 1829, he traveled to Egypt where he was able to read many hieroglyphic texts that had never before been studied, and brought home a large body of new drawings of

632:, Champollion developed an infatuation with an Italian poet, Angelica Palli. She presented an ode to Champollion's work at a celebration in his honor, and the two exchanged letters over the period 1826–1829 revealing the poor state of Champollion's marriage, yet an affair never developed. 2389:

Champollion read the name Thutmose as consisting of the logogram Thoth represented by the Ibis and two phonetic signs M and S. In reality however the second sign was MS, not simple M, giving the actual reading THOTH-MS-S. Champollion never realized that some phonetic signs included two

1839:. Arriving in Alexandria, they were notified that the French boat that would take them back was delayed, and they had to stay here two months until the sixth of December. On their return to Alexandria, the Khedive Muhammad Ali Pasha, offered the two obelisks standing at the entrance of 269:(recording semantic concepts directly). Many thought that the script was only used for sacred and ritual functions, and that as such it was unlikely to be decipherable since it was tied to esoteric and philosophical ideas, and did not record historical information. The significance of 1429:

extended this work by realizing a king's name is often followed by "great king, king of kings" and the name of the king's father. Through deductions, Grotefend was able to figure out the cuneiform characters that are part of Darius, Darius's father Hystaspes, and Darius's son

1809:, by removing a wall panel of 2.26 x 1.05 m in a corridor. English explorers attempted to dissuade the destruction of the tomb, but Champollion persisted, stating that he had the permission of the Muhammad Ali Pasha. Champollion also carved his name into a pillar at 1675:

decided to organize an expedition to Egypt to confirm the validity of the discovery. Headed by Champollion and assisted by Rosellini, his first disciple and great friend, the mission was known as the Franco-Tuscan Expedition, and was made possible by the support of the

1832:, but it was badly looted. It was here that Champollion first received news of Young's campaign to vindicate himself as the decipherer of the hieroglyphs and to discredit Champollion's decipherments. He received this news only a few days after Young's death in London. 1978:, an Egyptologist, defended Champollion's method describing it as "the method of interpreting Hieroglyphics originated by Dr. Young and developed by Champollion". Also Sir Peter Le Page Renouf defended Champollion's method, although he was less deferential to Young. 349:

was discovered in 1799 and has been displayed in the British Museum since 1802. This trilingual stela presents the same text in hieroglyphics, demotic and Greek, thus providing the first clues based on which Young and Champollion deciphered the Egyptian hieroglyphic

1263:

In France, Champollion's success also produced enemies. Edmé-Francois Jomard was chief among them, and he spared no occasion to belittle Champollion's achievements behind his back, pointing out that Champollion had never been to Egypt and suggesting that really his

1241:

Nonetheless, the relation between them quickly deteriorated, as Young began to feel that he was being denied due credit for his own "first steps" in the decipherment. Also, because of the tense political climate between England and France in the aftermath of the

506:, and with Raphaël de Monachis who was now in Paris. Here he perfected his Arabic and Persian, in addition to the languages that he had already acquired. He was so immersed in his studies that he took up the habit of dressing in Arab clothing and calling himself 1746:

While examining texts in the tombs at Saqqara in October, Champollion realized that the hieroglyphic word for "hour" included the hieroglyph representing a star, which served no phonetic function in the word. He wrote in his journal that the star glyph was "the

1228:

He was congratulated by the amazed audience including de Sacy and Young. Young and Champollion became acquainted over the next days, Champollion sharing many of his notes with Young and inviting him to visit at his house, and the two parted on friendly terms.

1314:"A real discovery would have been to have really read the hieroglyphic name, that is, to have fixed the proper value to each of the characters it is composed of, and in such a manner, that these values were applicable everywhere that these characters appear 1209:. The handwritten letter was originally addressed to De Sacy, but Champollion crossed out the letter of his mentor turned adversary, substituting the name of Dacier, who had faithfully supported his efforts. Champollion read the letter before the assembled 4314:(in French). Revue par l'auteur et augmentée de la Lettre à M. Dacier, relative à l'alphabet des hiéroglyphes phonétiques employés par les Egyptiens sur leurs monumens de l'époque grecque et de l'époque romaine (2 ed.). Paris: Imprimerie royale. 579:

when Napoleon was finally defeated, Grenoble being the last city to resist the royalist advances. In spite of the risk to themselves, having been put under Royalist surveillance, the Champollion brothers nonetheless aided the Napoleonic general

1359:

put Champollion's decipherment to the test, successfully using it to read further inscriptions. He published a corroboration of Champollion's system, in which he also criticized Champollion for not acknowledging his dependence on Young's work.

1260:, he complained that "however Mr Champollion may have arrived at his conclusions, I admit them, with the greatest pleasure and gratitude, not by any means as superseding my system, but as fully confirming and extending it."(p. 146). 744:

Thomas Young made substantial contributions to several fields apart from Egyptology, including optics, physics, music and medicine. During his rivalry some of his supporters blamed him for not dedicating himself fully to the study of the

1461:

It was only in 1823 that Grotefend's discovery was confirmed, when Champollion, who had just deciphered hieroglyphs, had the idea of trying to decrypt the quadrilingual hieroglyph-cuneiform inscription on a famous alabaster vase in the

1280:

it apparent to all that his was a total system of decipherment, whereas Young had merely deciphered a few words. Over the next year he published a series of booklets about the Egyptian gods, including some decipherments of their names.

1800:

Even though Champollion was appalled by the rampant looting of ancient artefacts and destruction of monuments, the expedition also contributed to the destruction. Most notably, while studying the Valley of the Kings, he damaged

4310:

Précis du système hiéroglyphique des anciens Égyptiens, ou, Recherches sur les élémens premiers de cette écriture sacrée, sur leurs diverses combinaisons, et sur les rapports de ce système avec les autres méthodes graphiques

4228: 3619:

Précis du système hiéroglyphique des anciens Égyptiens, ou Recherches sur les éléments premiers de cette écriture sacrée, sur leurs diverses combinaisons, et sur les rapports de ce système avec les autres méthodes graphiques

2234:

Précis du système hiéroglyphique des anciens Égyptiens, ou recherches sur les éléments premiers de cette écriture sacrée, sur leurs diverses combinaisons, et sur les rapports de ce systéme avec les autres méthodes graphiques

308:

hieroglyphic inscriptions. Home again, he was given a professorship in Egyptology, but only lectured a few times before his health, ruined by the hardships of the Egyptian journey, forced him to give up teaching. He died in

448:. An accomplished scholar in addition to a well known mathematical physicist, Fourier had been entrusted by Napoleon with the publication of the results of the expedition in the monumental series of publications titled 1601:

had purchased, cataloguing it. In Turin and Rome, he realized the necessity of seeing Egyptian monuments first hand and began to make plans for an expedition to Egypt while collaborating with Tuscan scholars and the

970:

grammatical principle of pluralization, distinguishing correctly between the singular, dual and plural forms of nouns. Young nonetheless considered the hieroglyphic, linear or cursive hieroglyphs (which he called

1038:

hieroglyphs. When he was eventually removed from his professorship by the Royalist faction, he finally had the time to work on it exclusively. While he awaited trial for treason, he produced a short manuscript,

978:, whose name had been identified by Åkerblad in the demotic script only. Nonetheless, he only assigned the correct phonetic values to some of the signs in the name, incorrectly dismissing one glyph, the one for 652:

The Egyptian hieroglyphs had been well known to scholars of the ancient world for centuries, but few had made any attempts to understand them. Many based their speculations about the script in the writings of

2149:

L'Égypte sous les Pharaons, ou recherches sur la géographie, la religion, la langue, les écritures et l'histoire de l'Égypte avant l'invasion de Cambyse. Tome premier: Description géographique. Introduction

354:

Jean-François Champollion was born on 23 December 1790, the last of seven children (two of whom had died prior). He was raised in humble circumstances; his father Jacques Champollion was a book trader from

4197:

Lettre sur l'inscription Égyptienne de Rosette: adressée au citoyen Silvestre de Sacy, Professeur de langue arabe à l'École spéciale des langues orientales vivantes, etc.; Réponse du citoyen Silvestre de

2051:. After two years of building work and extension, the museum re-opened in 2007. Besides Champollion's life and discoveries, the museum also recounts the history of writing. The whole façade is covered in 2027:

Champollion's most immediate legacy is in the field of Egyptology, of which he is now widely considered as the founder and father, with his decipherment the result of his genius combined with hard work.

1911:

dated to 12 March 1831. He only gave three lectures before his illness forced him to give up teaching. Exhausted by his labors during and after his scientific expedition to Egypt, Champollion died of an

1779:

sprang a leak and nearly sank. Having lost many provisions and spent several days repairing the boat they continued south to Aswan where the boats had to be left, since they could not make it across the

599:, who did not believe that education should be made accessible for the lower classes. In 1821, Champollion even led an uprising, in which he and a band of Grenobleans stormed the citadel and hoisted the 4737:"Des antiquités égyptiennes au musée. Modèles, appropriations et constitution du champ de l'égyptologie dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, à travers l'exemple croisé du Louvre et du British Museum" 588:, giving him shelter and helping him escape to Munich. The brothers were condemned to internal exile in Figeac, and Champollion was removed from his university post in Grenoble and the faculty closed. 1613:

Following his successes and after several months of negotiations and talks by Jacques-Joseph while he was still in Italy, Champollion was finally appointed curator of the Egyptian collections of the

371:. His father was a notorious drunk, and his mother, Jeanne-Françoise Gualieu, seems to have been largely an absent figure in the life of young Champollion, who was mostly raised by his older brother 1775:

Champollion was particularly captured by the array of important monuments and inscriptions at Thebes, and decided to spend as much time there as possible on the way back north. South of Thebes, the

1434:. Grotefend's contribution to Old Persian is unique in that he did not have comparisons between Old Persian and known languages, as opposed to the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphics and the 4978: 2201:

Lettre à M. Dacier relative à l'alphabet des hiéroglyphes phonétiques employés par les égyptiens pour écrire sur leurs monuments les titres, les noms et les surnoms des souverains grecs et romains

463:

in Grenoble but hated its strict curriculum which only allowed him to study oriental languages one day per week, and he begged his brother to move him to a different school. Nonetheless, at the

2318:

Monuments de l'Egypte et de la Nubie: d'après les dessins exécutés sur les lieux sous la direction de Champollion le-Jeune, et les descriptions autographes qu'il en a rédigées. Volume 1 & 2

471:, which would become his main linguistic interest for years to come and prove crucial in his approach to decipherment of the hieroglyphs. He had a chance to practice his Coptic when he met Dom 575:

dictionary. Napoleon requested that he send the manuscripts to Paris for publication. His brother Jacques joined the Napoleonic cause, putting both of the brothers in danger at the end of the

5008: 2167:

L'Égypte sous les Pharaons, ou recherches sur la géographie, la religion, la langue, les écritures et l'histoire de l'Égypte avant l'invasion de Cambyse. Description géographique. Tome Second

295:, who had made the first advances in decipherment before 1819. In 1822, Champollion published his first breakthrough in the decipherment of the Rosetta hieroglyphs, showing that the Egyptian 5003: 1590:, an antiquary who became his patron and managed to gain him the favor of the king. Thanks to this, in 1824, he traveled to Turin to inspect a collection of Egyptian materials assembled by 1671:, who had first met Champollion during his 1826 stay in Florence, went to Paris for a year in order to improve his knowledge of the method of Champollion's system of decipherment. The two 1506:

scripts were obtained from archaeological discoveries. The decipherment of Old Persian, the first cuneiform script to be deciphered, was then notably instrumental to the decipherment of

1985:

continued to develop the decipherment, realizing in contrast to Champollion that vowels were not written. Lepsius became the most important champion of Champollion's work. In 1866, the

1862:, the members of the expedition had to spend a month in quarantine on the ship before being able to continue on towards Paris. The expedition led to a posthumously published extensive 4232: 1066:, which enabled him to double check his readings of the names Ptolemy and Cleopatra from the Rosetta stone. The name "Cleopatra" had already been identified on the Philae obelisk by 1183: 1498:, "Xerxes : The Great King") were indeed the words which Grotefend had identified as meaning "king" and "Xerxes" through guesswork. This was the first time the hypotheses of 1348:

Champollion never admitted any debt to Young's work, although in 1828, a year before his death, Young was appointed to the French Academy of Sciences, with Champollion's support.

667:

profane topics or sacred mysticism. This early work was mostly speculative, with no methodology for how to corroborate suggested readings. The first methodological advances were

261:. Scholars debated the age of Egyptian civilization and the function and nature of hieroglyphic script, which language if any it recorded, and the degree to which the signs were 1269:

Church who had been antagonized by the claims that Egyptian civilization might be older than their accepted chronology, according to which the earth was only 6,000 years old.

4624:"XXVI. On the method of interpreting Egyptian Hieroglyphics by Young and Champollion, with a vindication of its correctness from the strictures of Sir George Cornewall Lewis" 1751:

of all divisions of time". Champollion probably coined this term, replacing his phrase "signs of the type", while in Egypt, as it had not appeared in the 1828 edition of the

1438:. All his decipherments were done by comparing the texts with known history. Grotefend presented his deductions in 1802, but they were dismissed by the Academic community. 1617:

in a decree of Charles X dated to 15 May 1826. The two Champollion brothers organised the Egyptian collection in four rooms on the first floor of the south side of the

2216:

Panthéon égyptien, collection des personnages mythologiques de l'ancienne Égypte, d'après les monuments (explanatory text to illustrations by Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois)

1258:

An Account of Some Recent Discoveries in Hieroglyphical Literature and Egyptian Antiquities, including the author's original alphabet, as extended by Mr. Champollion

1217:

deciphering the phonetic script. And it finally settled the question of the dating of the Dendera zodiac, by reading the cartouche that had been erroneously read as

105: 1966:

sided with Young and refused to consider Champollion to be more than a talented imitator of Young even after the posthumous publication of his grammar. In England,

375:. One biographer, Andrew Robinson, even speculated that Champollion was not in fact the son of Jacques Champollion's wife but the result of an extramarital affair. 1835:

The expedition arrived back in Cairo in late September 1829 where the expedition bought 10,000 francs worth of antiquities, a budget extended to them by minister

1502:

could be vindicated. In effect, the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs was decisive in confirming the first steps of the decipherment of the cuneiform script.

1303:

dedicated to and funded by King Louis XVIII. Here he presented the first correct translation of the hieroglyphs and the key to the Egyptian grammatical system.

1481: 1699:

In preparation for the expedition, Champollion wrote the French Consul General Bernardino Drovetti for advice on how to secure permission from the Egyptian

1570:

published in 1824, Champollion wrote of this discovery: "It has thus been proved that Egyptian hieroglyphs included phonetic signs, at least since 460 BC".

5018: 1283:

Building on his progress, Champollion now began to study other texts in addition to the Rosetta stone, studying a series of much older inscriptions from

273:

was that he showed these assumptions to be wrong, and made it possible to begin to retrieve many kinds of information recorded by the ancient Egyptians.

4948: 291:

In 1820, Champollion embarked in earnest on the project of decipherment of hieroglyphic script, soon overshadowing the achievements of British polymath

1989:, discovered by Lepsius, was successfully deciphered using Champollion's method, cementing his reputation as the true decipherer of the hieroglyphs. 1763:

on 16 November, Champollion was excited to see the Zodiac that he had deciphered in Paris. Here he realized that the glyph that he had deciphered as

675:'s compilation of a catalogue of hieroglyphs, and discovery that the direction of reading depended on the direction in which the glyphs were facing. 1886: 1341:

That the ancient Egyptians used the system in all of the periods of Egyptian history to represent the sounds of their spoken language phonetically.

941:, but rejected several other signs as "inessential" and misread others, due to the lack of a systematic approach. Young called the Demotic script " 1816:

On the way back, they stayed again at Thebes from March to September, making many new drawings and paintings of the monuments there. Here, at the

1154:(I've got it!) but collapsed from the excitement. Champollion subsequently spent the short period from 14 to 22 September writing up his results. 3635: 1246:, there was little inclination to accept Champollion's decipherments as valid among the English. When Young later read the published copy of the 429:. It was while a student here that he took up an interest in Ancient Egypt, likely encouraged in this direction by Dussert and his brother, both 5013: 1607: 276:

Champollion lived in a period of political turmoil in France which continuously threatened to disrupt his research in various ways. During the

2048: 1205: 4998: 1935:

Jacques's son, Aimé-Louis (1812–1894), wrote a biography of the two brothers, and he and his sister Zoë Champollion were both interviewed by

250: 4983: 532:. His health first began to deteriorate during his time in Paris, where the dank climate and unsanitary environment did not agree with him. 4581: 1731:

after Egyptian goddesses. On 19 September, they arrived in Cairo, where they stayed until 1 October when they left for the desert sites of

1335:

That his "alphabet" (in the sense of phonetic readings) could be employed to read inscriptions from all of the periods of Egyptian history.

4498:

Mémoires d'Égypte. Hommage de l'Europe à Champollion, catalogue d'exposition, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, 17 novembre 1990–17 mars 1991

730:

L'Egypte sous les pharaons ou recherches sur la géographie, la langue, les écritures et l'histoire de l'Egypte avant l'invasion de Cambyse

5028: 4089:– Article : Figeac, musée Champollion, "Et c'est parti ... Le 3 octobre 2005" – n° 478 – du 6 au 12 octobre 2005 – p. 11. 1645: 1324:

This task was exactly what Champollion set out to accomplish in the Précis, and the entire framing of the argument was as a rebuttal to

684:

to Coptic. This view proved crucial in becoming able to read the texts, and the correctness of his proposed relation between Coptic and

5043: 4125: 4099: 5038: 5033: 4862: 2088: 1924:(Here rests Jean-François Champollion, born at Figeac, Department of the Lot, on 23 December 1790, died at Paris on 4 March 1832). 1660:

Champollion depicted in Egyptian dress and with a beard, in a pastel drawing made in Florence at the return from the expedition by

1547: 556: 246: 1967: 1759:

and lamented that the inscription on its chest was covered by more sand than they would be able to remove in a week. Arriving in

1534: 793: 521:. His salary as an assistant professor at Grenoble was fixed at 750 francs, a quarter of the salary received by full professors. 1106: 1103: 1836: 1109: 802: 799: 796: 791: 581: 1553:

hieroglyphs on Egyptian monuments. Until his decipherment of the Caylus vase, he had not found any foreign names earlier than

788: 4988: 4827: 4771: 4658: 4612: 4571: 4522: 4336: 4272: 4249: 4184: 3483: 3440: 2336:

Grammaire égyptienne, ou Principes généraux de l'ecriture sacrée égyptienne appliquée a la représentation de la langue parlée

785: 783: 5023: 1081:, arguing that the small stars following certain signs referred to constellations. Champollion published a response in the 270: 115: 337:

Jacques-Joseph Champollion-Figeac, brother and faithful supporter of the scientific endeavors of Jean-François Champollion

3532:"Extrait d'un mémoire relatif aux antiques inscriptions de Persépolis lu à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres" 1587: 1582:

The first room of the Egyptian collection in the Louvre as it was in 1863, very similar to Champollion's original design.

1296: 1161:

had also been identified (but not read) by Young who realized that the first syllable was spelled with a depiction of an

595:, in an effort to provide the general population with education. This was considered a revolutionary undertaking by the 3599: 1033:

Champollion's comparison of his own decipherment of the letters in the name Ptolemy, with that of Young (middle column)

552: 495:

before the Academy of Grenoble whose members were so impressed that they admitted him to the Academy six months later.

383: 254: 4879: 1681: 1603: 524:

Never well off and struggling to make ends meet, he also suffered since youth from chronically bad health, including

372: 211: 141: 3722: 2039:

was created in his birthplace at Figeac in Lot. It was inaugurated on 19 December 1986 in the presence of President

1489: 921:, he realized that there were phonetic elements in the writing of the name Ptolemy. He correctly read the signs for 688:

has been confirmed by history. This enabled him to propose that the demotic script represented the Coptic language.

603:

instead of the Bourbon Royalist flag. He was charged with treason and went into hiding but was eventually pardoned.

953:

the grammar and doing local archeological work, being for a time cut off from being able to continue his research.

4717:"Styles of Decipherment: Thomas Young, Jean-François Champollion and the Decipherment of the Egyptian Hieroglyphs" 1415:

realized that recurring groups of characters in Old Persian inscriptions must be the Old Persian word for "king" (

4973: 2105: 2031:

Figeac honors him with La place des Écritures, a monumental reproduction of the Rosetta Stone by American artist

2016: 1951: 1922:

Ici repose Jean-François Champollion, né à Figeac dept. du Lot le 23 décembre 1790, décédé à Paris le 4 mars 1832

540: 285: 963:

Meanwhile, Young kept working on the Rosetta stone, and in 1819, he published a major article on "Egypt" in the

591:

Under the new Royalist regime, the Champollion brothers invested much of their time and efforts in establishing

4958: 4885: 691:

Already in 1806, he wrote to his brother about his decision to become the one to decipher the Egyptian script:

517:

In 1810, he returned to Grenoble to take up a seat as joint professor of Ancient History at the newly reopened

728:. Champollion saw himself forced to publish as a stand-alone paper the "Introduction" to his work in progress 389:

Often known as the younger brother of better known Jacques-Joseph, Jean-François was often called Champollion

4993: 4953: 1344:

That all of the hieroglyphic texts are composed almost entirely of the phonetic signs that he had discovered.

1085:, demonstrating that they were in fact grammatical signs, which he called "signs of the type", today called " 1338:

That the discovery of the phonetic alphabet is the true key to understanding the entire hieroglyphic system.

450: 4963: 1688:, representing the French government, and a team of eleven Frenchmen including the Egyptologist and artist 721: 31: 4782: 1086: 714: 4968: 4716: 4284: 1478:, who accompanied Champollion, was able to confirm that the corresponding words in the cuneiform script ( 414: 17: 4872: 1328:, and the translation in his 1819 article which Champollion brushed off as "a conjectural translation". 1005:

summed up Young's method: 'He worked mechanically, like the schoolboy who finding in a translation that

4429:

Hammond, N. (2014). "Cracking the Egyptian Code: The Revolutionary Life of Jean-François Champollion".

1970:

still maintained 40 years after the decipherment, that since the Egyptian language was extinct, it was

1825: 50: 2073:

Champollion has also been portrayed in many films and documentaries: For example, he was portrayed by

1641:

The Franco-Tuscan expedition made it as far up the Nile as Abu Simbel before returning north to Cairo.

965: 904:. Young and Champollion first became aware of each other's work in 1814 when Champollion wrote to the 1963: 1475: 1426: 1356: 1917: 1879: 1441: 2067: 1684:, and Charles X. Champollion and his second-in-command Rossellini were joined on the expedition by 883: 292: 4802: 1463: 644:

Champollion's table of hieroglyphic phonetic characters with their demotic and Greek equivalents,

548: 503: 4867: 4129: 1310:, Champollion referred to Young's 1819 claim of having deciphered the script when he wrote that: 4669: 4585: 2351: 1899:

After his return from the second expedition to Egypt, Champollion was appointed to the chair of

1891: 901: 555:(1798–1801) raised the profile of Egypt and its civilization in France, and started a period of 4355: 1943: 1927:

Certain portions of Champollion's works were edited by Jacques and published posthumously. His

1388:

confirmed the decipherment of Grotefend once Champollion was able to read Egyptian hieroglyphs.

3654: 3589: 3572: 3556: 3499: 2040: 472: 4920: 4290: 3473: 3430: 2008: 1975: 1781: 1704: 1677: 1538:

Equivalence between the hieroglyph and cuneiform signs for "Xerxes", made by Champollion, in

1454: 1408: 1394: 657:

who considered the symbols to be ideographic, not representing any specific spoken language.

567: 444:, who had accompanied Napoleon Bonaparte on the Egyptian expedition which had discovered the 4562:

The linguist and the emperor: Napoleon and Champollion's quest to decipher the Rosetta Stone

4539: 4143: 3616: 2252: 2207: 1188: 1178: 994:. He also read the name of Berenice, but here only managed to correctly identify the letter 645: 4943: 4938: 4103: 2134: 2130: 1982: 1947: 1848: 1515: 1125: 1002: 891: 862: 851: 426: 203: 159: 4906: 3455:

Kent, R. G.: "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", p. 10. American Oriental Society, 1950.

2271: 2020: 1904: 726:

Mémoires géographiques et historiques sur l'Égypte ... sur quelques contrées voisines

333: 101: 8: 4820:

A World Beneath the Sands: Adventurers and Archaeologists in the Golden Age of Egyptology

3531: 2096: 1817: 1598: 1591: 1563: 1554: 1511: 1375: 1067: 518: 4764:

The Life of J. D. Åkerblad: Egyptian Decipherment and Orientalism in Revolutionary Times

4308: 2199: 2092: 1412: 4878: 4560: 4446: 4417: 4388: 4215: 3629: 2165: 2036: 1829: 1693: 1668: 1661: 1431: 1295:

written in cartouches in these ancient texts. With the help of a new acquaintance, the

1284: 1074: 658: 585: 300: 219: 4195: 2358: 2214: 288:, helped him, although in some periods he lived exiled from the scientific community. 4848: 4823: 4767: 4654: 4648: 4608: 4567: 4543: 4518: 4501: 4480: 4463: 4450: 4442: 4359: 4348: 4332: 4315: 4295: 4268: 4260: 4245: 4180: 4174: 3595: 3536: 3479: 3436: 2364: 2340: 2322: 2296: 2277: 2258: 2239: 2220: 2187: 2171: 2153: 2083: 1986: 1942:

Champollion's decipherment remained controversial even after his death. The brothers

1936: 1685: 1523: 1519: 1200: 1150:

that he made the realization. Running down the street to find his brother he yelled "

846: 685: 668: 592: 499: 410: 313: 4602: 1859: 1656: 1622: 4857: 4748: 4694: 4635: 4438: 4409: 4380: 2316: 1955: 1908: 1689: 1586:

After his groundbreaking discoveries in 1822, Champollion made the acquaintance of

1507: 1062:

In 1822 Champollion received transcriptions of the text on the recently discovered

858: 706: 488: 437: 368: 195: 4685:

Ridley, R. T. (1991). "Champollion in the Tomb of Seti I: an Unpublished Letter".

4533: 1916:

attack (stroke) in Paris on 4 March 1832 at the age of 41. His body was buried in

222:

in his late teens. As a young man he was renowned in scientific circles, and read

4766:. Brill's studies in intellectual history. Vol. 123. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 4493: 2607: 2334: 2186:. Grenoble: Imprimerie Typographique et Lithographique de Baratier Frères. 1821. 2147: 1959: 1920:. On his tomb is a simple obelisk erected by his wife, and a stone slab stating: 1243: 611: 596: 563: 502:, the first Frenchman to attempt to read the Rosetta stone, and with orientalist 468: 422: 418: 406: 277: 235: 223: 179: 4283: 2254:

Lettres à M. le Duc de Blacas d'Aulps relatives au Musée Royal Egyptien de Turin

2232: 1974:

impossible to decipher the Hieroglyphs. In a reply to Lewis' scathing critique,

1629:

term, with important galleries devoted to the history of various civilisations.

1562:") transcribed phonetically with Egyptian hieroglyphs, already 150 years before 672: 56: 4844: 4708:

Cracking the Egyptian Code: The Revolutionary Life of Jean-Francois Champollion

2110: 1732: 1595: 1078: 1063: 895: 600: 571: 484: 441: 402: 296: 281: 4639: 3393: 3019: 1618: 493:

Essay on the Geographical Description of Egypt before the Conquest of Cambyses

190:('the Younger'; 23 December 1790 – 4 March 1832), was a French 4932: 4505: 4467: 4319: 4299: 2368: 2326: 2300: 2281: 2262: 2243: 2224: 2191: 2175: 2157: 2123: 2115: 2032: 1997: 1844: 1769: 1652:, the tomb of Seti I, which Champollion visited and damaged on the expedition 1578: 1435: 905: 445: 346: 258: 227: 215: 4067: 2344: 2063: 1470:. The Egyptian inscription on the vase turned out to be in the name of King 1195:

A week later on 27 September 1822, he published some of his findings in his

625: 4698: 4674:

Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

4601:

Parkinson, Richard; Diffie, Whitfield; Fischer, M.; Simpson, R. S. (1999).

4547: 4484: 4350:

The stone that spoke: and other clues to the decipherment of lost languages

2074: 2044: 1840: 887: 740: 576: 3591:

History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C.

1625:

work to the point of choosing the appearance of the stands and pedestals.

1529: 1485: 982:, as unnecessary, and assigning partially correct values to the signs for 756: 4363: 4329:

The rape of the Nile: tomb robbers, tourists, and archaeologists in Egypt

2698: 2599: 2290: 1821: 1785: 1672: 1467: 1446: 1381: 491:. Before leaving however Champollion presented, on 1 September 1807, his 476: 430: 356: 266: 4118: 2770: 27:

French classical scholar, decipherer of Egyptian hieroglyphs (1790–1832)

4421: 4392: 1900: 1793: 1719: 1637: 1292: 1288: 1147: 654: 245:

During the early 19th century, French culture experienced a period of '

207: 4219: 3285: 2052: 1855: 1499: 1450: 1404: 1398: 975: 191: 4753: 4736: 4623: 4413: 4384: 2782: 2686: 2119:, the character named "Champ Pollion" was derived from Champollion. 1874: 1573: 1479: 1416: 1029: 640: 4650:

The Story of Decipherment: From Egyptian Hieroglyphs to Maya Script

4331:(Revised and updated ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 3504:(in French). Société Havraise d'Etudes Diverses. 1869. p. 423. 2056: 1913: 1559: 1526:, through the discovery of ancient Akkadian-Sumerian dictionaries. 1471: 1385: 1158: 971: 898: 529: 379: 360: 262: 218:

in philology, giving his first public paper on the decipherment of

199: 4231:(in French). Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art. Archived from 1907:, a chair which had been specially created for him by a decree of 1331:

In the introduction Champollion described his argument in points:

459: 4176:

The Keys of Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs

3668: 3666: 3574:

Recueil des publications de la Société Havraise d'Études Diverses

3501:

Recueil des publications de la Société Havraise d'Études Diverses

1760: 1736: 1700: 1287:. During 1822, he succeeded in identifying the names of pharaohs 724:, like Champollion a student of Silvestre de Sacy, published his 629: 480: 316:

was published posthumously under the supervision of his brother.

4979:

Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales alumni

4242:

Egyptian Diaries: How One Man Unveiled the Mysteries of the Nile

3917: 2534: 2532: 1370: 671:' discovery that cartouches identified the names of rulers, and 341: 4400:

Griffith, F. L. (1951). "The Decipherment of the Hieroglyphs".

4371:

Gardiner, A. H. (1952). "Champollion and the Biliteral Signs".

4259:

Bianchi, Robert Steven (2001). "Champollion Jean-François". In

3997: 3995: 3615:

Champollion, Jean-François (1790–1832) Auteur du texte (1824).

3333: 3297: 3207: 3183: 3159: 2995: 2959: 2746: 2722: 1810: 1806: 1789: 1756: 1715: 1614: 913:

the word. Using Åkerblad's decipherment of the demotic letters

705:

In 1808, Champollion received a scare when French Archeologist

535: 364: 239: 70: 4206:

Allen, Don Cameron (1960). "The Predecessors of Champollion".

3678: 3663: 3369: 3251: 3249: 3084: 3082: 2925: 2923: 1939:, whose major biography of Champollion was published in 1906. 5009:

Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

4600: 4462:(in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. 4102:(in French). L'internaute – Musée Champollion. Archived from 4073: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3399: 3025: 2908: 2842: 2674: 2638: 2529: 2273:

Notice descriptive des monuments Égyptiens du musée Charles X

1166: 584:

who had been sentenced to death for his participation in the

398: 378:

Towards the end of March 1801, Jean-François left Figeac for

309: 231: 89: 4150: 3992: 3941: 3929: 3905: 3893: 3857: 3809: 3797: 3785: 822: 761: 303:– the first such script discovered. In 1824, he published a 3773: 3405: 3321: 3309: 3273: 3246: 3219: 3171: 3147: 3079: 3067: 3043: 3031: 3007: 2983: 2971: 2947: 2935: 2920: 2794: 2734: 2710: 2100: 2070:

is located at the former abode of Jean-François's brother.

1802: 1740: 1649: 1566:, thereby essentially proving Champollion's thesis. In his 1162: 767: 525: 5004:

Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

4863:

Giants of Egyptology: Jean-François Champollion, 1790–1832

4670:"Champollion et le déchiffrement de l'écriture hiératique" 3968: 3690: 3577:(in French). Société Havraise d'Etudes. 1869. p. 423. 3508: 3236: 3234: 2896: 2662: 2556: 2544: 4031: 3558:

Bulletin des sciences historiques, antiquités, philologie

3357: 3055: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2517: 2495: 2493: 2468: 2466: 2078: 106:

Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales

4580: 3958: 3956: 3881: 3821: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2788: 2451: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2321:. Paris: Typographie de Firmin Didot Frères. 1835–1845. 4783:"Jean François Champollion and the True Story of Egypt" 4477:

Myth of Egypt and its hieroglyphs in European tradition

4055: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3345: 3231: 3195: 3123: 2758: 2614: 2580: 2568: 2238:. Paris, Strasbourg, Londres: Treuttel et Würtz. 1824. 1530:

Confirmation of the antiquity of phonetical hieroglyphs

1407:

script started with the first efforts at understanding

1077:

published a proposed decipherment of the controversial

635: 498:

From 1807 to 1809, Champollion studied in Paris, under

4043: 3980: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3094: 2854: 2490: 2463: 2427: 1301:

Précis du système hiéroglyphique des anciens Égyptiens

1256:

the anonymous review. Furthermore, Young, in his 1823

720:

In 1811, Champollion was embroiled in controversy, as

4535:

An Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients

4019: 3953: 3845: 2875: 2830: 2626: 2478: 2439: 2406: 1540:

Tableau Général des signes et groupes hieroglyphiques

3869: 3135: 2650: 2122:

In Cairo, a street carries his name, leading to the

4653:(Revised ed.). New York: Thames & Hudson. 3833: 3261: 3106: 2806: 2339:. Paris: Typographie de Firmin Didot Frères. 1836. 4604:Cracking Codes: the Rosetta stone and decipherment 4559: 4347: 4294:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4265:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 1 3561:(in French). Treuttel et Würtz. 1825. p. 135. 3381: 1059:correcting Young's readings in several instances. 30:"Champollion" redirects here. For other uses, see 4208:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 4007: 2818: 2295:. Vol. 10764. Project Gutenberg. 1828–1829. 1710:On 21 July 1828, the expedition boarded the ship 1574:Curator of the Egyptian Antiquities in the Louvre 4930: 3725:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 3588:Laet, Sigfried J. de; Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1994). 2505: 2360:Dictionnaire égyptien en écriture hiéroglyphique 1784:. They traveled by small boats and camelback to 1232: 3435:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–14 . 1981:Building on Champollion's grammar, his student 894:, basing his own work on the investigations of 210:. Partially raised by his brother, the scholar 4803:"How Champollion deciphered the Rosetta stone" 4734: 3709: 3478:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–14. 2184:De l'écriture hiératique des anciens Égyptiens 1518:, which ultimately led to the decipherment of 1040:De l'écriture hiératique des anciens Égyptiens 397:first became evident: he started out learning 299:was a combination of phonetic and ideographic 4267:. Oxford University Press. pp. 260–261. 3475:The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions 3432:The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions 1950:famously championed his decipherment, as did 1449:by Champollion, confirming the hypothesis of 1371:Contribution to the decipherment of cuneiform 4607:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4172: 4156: 4001: 3974: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3540:(in French). Société asiatique (France): 86. 3529: 3411: 3375: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3255: 3225: 3213: 3189: 3165: 3153: 3073: 3049: 3037: 3013: 3001: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2914: 2902: 2848: 2776: 2752: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2644: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2523: 1606:. In 1824, he became a correspondent of the 735: 536:Political trouble during the Napoleonic Wars 386:, and often regretted not being able to go. 5019:Academic staff of Grenoble Alpes University 4854:Works by or about Jean-François Champollion 4306: 3684: 3672: 3634:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3614: 3530:Saint-Martin, Antoine-Jean (January 1823). 3514: 3363: 3351: 3061: 2037:museum devoted to Jean-François Champollion 1718:and set sail for Egypt and they arrived in 1632: 1299:in 1824, Champollion finally published the 1206:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 956:In 1817, Champollion read a review of his " 709:published the first of his four volumes on 436:At age 11, he came to the attention of the 328: 257:which also brought to light the trilingual 4538:. London: Parker, Son, and Bourn. p. 2257:. Paris: Firmin Didot Père et Fils. 1824. 1929:Grammar and Dictionary of Ancient Egyptian 615:Portrait of Rosine and Zoraïde Champollion 49: 4817: 4800: 4780: 4761: 4752: 4512: 4457: 4049: 3986: 2890: 2632: 2620: 2586: 2574: 2499: 2472: 2433: 2204:. Paris: Firmin Didot Père et Fils. 1822. 4714: 4705: 4557: 4500:(in French). Strasbourg: La Nuée Bleue. 4491: 4399: 4370: 4193: 4144:"Cairo correspondent on the city's best" 4126:"La propriété familiale, Museum Website" 3962: 3887: 3863: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3622:Planches / . Par Champollion le jeune... 3587: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3279: 3240: 3201: 3177: 3141: 3129: 3088: 2989: 2800: 2764: 2656: 2484: 2457: 2445: 2391: 2007: 1996: 1885: 1873: 1655: 1644: 1636: 1577: 1548:Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts 1533: 1440: 1374: 1182: 1146:his readings to a set of new texts from 1028: 739: 639: 610: 539: 340: 332: 4949:Academic staff of the Collège de France 4667: 4474: 4428: 4345: 4258: 4239: 4226: 4201:. Paris: L'imprimerie de la République. 4179:. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. 4061: 3875: 3723:"Jean-François Champollion (1790–1832)" 3659:(in French). Leleux. 1844. p. 444. 3267: 3117: 3100: 2869: 2836: 2812: 2421: 2276:. Paris: Imprimerie de Crapelet. 1827. 1588:Pierre Louis Jean Casimir Duc de Blacas 711:Nouvelles Explications des Hieroglyphes 14: 4931: 4684: 3839: 3551: 3549: 3547: 2126:where the Egyptian Museum is located. 1820:the expedition moved into the tomb of 312:in 1832, 41 years old. His grammar of 206:and a founding figure in the field of 4621: 4531: 4460:Champollion: sein leben und sein Werk 4326: 4281: 4205: 4037: 4025: 3851: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3525: 3523: 3471: 3458: 3428: 3417: 2824: 2598: 2511: 1522:(predecessor of Babylonian) and then 363:who had settled in the small town of 178: 4999:Knights of the Order of Saint Joseph 4646: 4173:Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (2000). 4013: 3387: 2363:. Paris: Firmin Didot Frères. 1841. 2292:Lettres écrites d'Égypte et de Nubie 1864:Monuments de l'Égypte et de la Nubie 1843:to France in 1829, but only one was 945:", and resented Champollion's term " 636:Deciphering the Egyptian hieroglyphs 457:From 1804, Champollion studied at a 116:Decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs 4868:Key words: unlocking lost languages 4790:21st Century Science and Technology 4402:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 4373:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 3544: 3449: 2309: 2049:Academy of Inscriptions and Letters 2004:in Figeac, Champollion's birthplace 1895:published after Champollion's death 1172: 24: 5029:19th-century French archaeologists 4880:"Champollion, Jean François" 4845:Works by Jean-François Champollion 3642: 3520: 2592: 1692:and Italians including the artist 1608:Royal Institute of the Netherlands 1221:by Young, in its correct reading " 1053: 25: 5055: 5044:People associated with the Louvre 4984:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery 4838: 4735:Tanré-Szewczyk, Juliette (2017). 4354:. Science survey book. New York: 4285:"Jean-François Champollion" 1828:). They also located the tomb of 1496:Xšayāršā : XŠ : vazraka 547:(Bonaparte Before the Sphinx) by 212:Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac 142:Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac 5039:19th-century French male writers 5014:Members of the Société Asiatique 4801:Weissbach, Muriel Mirak (1999). 4741:Les Cahiers de l'École du Louvre 4552:Sir George Lewis on Champollion. 4532:Lewis, George Cornewall (1862). 4515:Champollion, Une vie de lumières 4443:10.1179/146195714x13820028180487 4288:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 4136: 4092: 4079: 1901:Egyptian history and archaeology 1568:Précis du système hiéroglyphique 1009:means 'Arms and the man," reads 886:was one of the first to attempt 821: 760: 678: 265:(representing speech sounds) or 5034:French male non-fiction writers 4622:Poole, Reginald Stuart (1864). 4431:European Journal of Archaeology 4165: 3715: 3608: 3581: 3565: 3492: 3472:Sayce, Archibald Henry (2019). 3429:Sayce, Archibald Henry (2019). 2383: 2349:See also the wikipedia article 2206:See also the wikipedia article 2113:'s thriller involving the CIA, 2106:Champollion: A Scribe for Egypt 2035:(pictured to the right). And a 1024: 1001:Later the British Egyptologist 251:Napoleon's discoveries in Egypt 4886:New International Encyclopedia 4873:BBC: Jean-François Champollion 4566:. New York: Ballantine Books. 4282:Butin, Romain Francis (1913). 4194:Åkerblad, Johan David (1802). 2087:. His life and process of the 606: 384:Napoleon's Egyptian expedition 255:his campaign there (1798–1801) 55:Jean-François Champollion, by 13: 1: 4822:(Hardbook). London: Picador. 4517:(in French). Paris: Grasset. 2789:Musée Champollion de Vif 2018 2707:, pp. 81, 89–90, 99–100. 2219:. Paris: Firmin Didot. 1823. 2089:decipherment of hieroglyphics 2047:, Permanent Secretary of the 1847:, where it now stands on the 1421:, now known to be pronounced 1233:Reactions to the decipherment 180:[ʒɑ̃fʁɑ̃swaʃɑ̃pɔljɔ̃] 4989:People from Lot (department) 4240:Clayton, Peter, ed. (2001). 4229:"Champollion, Jean-François" 2779:, pp. 106–107, 147–148. 2400: 2129:Also named after him is the 405:, but quickly progressed to 323: 32:Champollion (disambiguation) 7: 5024:19th-century French writers 4762:Thomasson, Fredrik (2013). 4458:Hartleben, Hermine (1906). 4307:Champollion, J.-F. (1828). 1755:. Champollion also saw the 1445:Reading of "Xerxes" on the 10: 5060: 4710:. Oxford University Press. 4492:Kanawaty, Monique (1990). 2606:(2nd ed.). New York: 2604:Gods, Graves, and Scholars 1545: 1480: 1417: 1392: 1176: 1095: 814: 775: 770: 628:, near Grenoble. While in 545:Bonaparte Devant le Sphinx 510:, the Arab translation of 271:Champollion's decipherment 29: 4917: 4901: 4896: 4781:Weissbach, M. M. (2000). 4706:Robinson, Andrew (2012). 4640:10.1017/s026134090000446x 4558:Meyerson, Daniel (2004). 4494:"Pharaon entre au Louvre" 3294:, pp. 175, 187, 192. 1992: 1514:thanks to the trilingual 1476:Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin 1427:Georg Friedrich Grotefend 1272: 1203:, secretary of the Paris 774: 736:Rivalry with Thomas Young 198:, known primarily as the 172:Jean-François Champollion 165: 155: 148: 137: 129: 121: 111: 97: 78: 63: 48: 43:Jean-François Champollion 41: 4818:Wilkinson, Toby (2020). 4668:Posener, George (1972). 4582:"Musée Champollion. Vif" 4513:Lacouture, Jean (1988). 4346:Frimmer, Steven (1969). 4227:Aufrère, Sydney (2008). 4157:Adkins & Adkins 2000 4100:"Les Ecritures du Monde" 4002:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3975:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3948:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3936:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3924:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3912:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3900:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3412:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3376:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3340:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3328:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3316:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3304:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3292:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3256:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3226:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3214:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3190:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3166:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3154:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3074:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3050:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3038:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3014:Adkins & Adkins 2000 3002:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2978:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2966:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2954:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2942:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2930:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2915:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2903:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2849:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2777:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2753:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2741:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2729:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2717:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2705:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2695:, pp. 79, 205, 236. 2693:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2681:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2669:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2645:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2563:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2551:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2539:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2524:Adkins & Adkins 2000 2376: 2170:. Paris: De Bure. 1814. 2152:. Paris: De Bure. 1814. 2140: 2133:, a lunar crater on the 1878:Grave of Champollion in 1869: 1633:Franco-Tuscan Expedition 1453:for the decipherment of 1003:Sir Peter Le Page Renouf 958:Égypte sous les pharaons 467:he took up the study of 329:Early life and education 1797:Our Alphabet is good." 1403:The deciphering of the 966:Encyclopædia Britannica 722:Étienne Marc Quatremère 551:. Napoleon Bonaparte's 451:Description de l'Égypte 4974:French Roman Catholics 4903:Chair of Egyptology at 4699:10.1484/j.cde.2.308853 4647:Pope, Maurice (1999). 4475:Iversen, Erik (1961). 2024: 2005: 2002:La place des Écritures 1954:, but others, such as 1918:Père Lachaise Cemetery 1896: 1883: 1880:Père Lachaise Cemetery 1664: 1653: 1642: 1583: 1543: 1474:, and the orientalist 1458: 1390: 1322: 1225:" (Emperor in Greek). 1192: 1152:Je tiens mon affaire!" 1034: 746: 715:University of Grenoble 703: 649: 616: 559: 351: 338: 4959:French archaeologists 4921:Jean Antoine Letronne 4715:Robinson, A. (2011). 4327:Fagan, B. M. (2004). 4291:Catholic Encyclopedia 4074:Parkinson et al. 1999 3594:UNESCO. p. 229. 3400:Parkinson et al. 1999 3026:Parkinson et al. 1999 2011: 2000: 1889: 1877: 1705:Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1678:grand-duke of Tuscany 1659: 1648: 1640: 1581: 1537: 1464:Cabinet des Médailles 1455:Old Persian cuneiform 1444: 1409:Old Persian cuneiform 1395:Old Persian cuneiform 1378: 1363:With his work on the 1312: 1186: 1032: 743: 693: 643: 614: 543: 504:Louis-Mathieu Langlès 367:in the Department of 344: 336: 4994:Hellenic epigraphers 4954:French Egyptologists 2352:Grammaire égyptienne 2135:far side of the Moon 2059:of the whole world. 2055:, from the original 1983:Karl Richard Lepsius 1964:Edmé-François Jomard 1948:Wilhelm von Humboldt 1892:Grammaire égyptienne 1849:Place de la Concorde 1845:transported to Paris 1703:and Ottoman Viceroy 1516:Behistun inscription 1083:Revue encyclopédique 902:Johan David Åkerblad 892:Egyptian hieroglyphs 214:, Champollion was a 204:Egyptian hieroglyphs 160:Egyptian hieroglyphs 4964:French philologists 4479:. Copenhagen: Gad. 4356:G. P. Putnam's Sons 4040:, pp. 471–482. 3926:, pp. 287–288. 3866:, pp. 216–217. 3818:, pp. 203–204. 3806:, pp. 199–200. 3794:, pp. 193–199. 3782:, pp. 179–181. 3710:Tanré-Szewczyk 2017 3687:, pp. 231–233. 3675:, pp. 225–233. 3656:Revue archéologique 3342:, pp. 202–203. 3306:, pp. 187–189. 3282:, pp. 127–129. 3216:, pp. 176–177. 3192:, pp. 170–175. 3180:, pp. 133–137. 3168:, pp. 172–173. 3091:, pp. 123–124. 3004:, pp. 140–145. 2992:, pp. 115–116. 2968:, pp. 137–140. 2803:, pp. 165–166. 2755:, pp. 156–160. 2731:, pp. 120–135. 2097:Jean-Hugues Anglade 2066:near Grenoble, The 2041:François Mitterrand 1818:Valley of the Kings 1592:Bernardino Drovetti 1564:Alexander the Great 1555:Alexander the Great 1380:The quadrilingual " 1326:M. le docteur Young 1068:William John Bankes 867:(2686–2181 BC) 519:Grenoble University 473:Raphaël de Monachis 4969:French epigraphers 4687:Chronique d'Égypte 4261:Redford, Donald B. 4235:on 5 January 2017. 4132:on 13 August 2013. 3378:, pp. 240–41. 2208:Lettre à M. Dacier 2131:Champollion crater 2068:Champollion Museum 2025: 2006: 1897: 1884: 1830:Ramesses the Great 1694:Giuseppe Angelelli 1669:Ippolito Rosellini 1665: 1662:Giuseppe Angelelli 1654: 1643: 1584: 1544: 1459: 1391: 1197:Lettre à M. Dacier 1193: 1189:Lettre à M. Dacier 1179:Lettre à M. Dacier 1075:Jean-Baptiste Biot 1035: 747: 659:Athanasius Kircher 650: 646:Lettre à M. Dacier 617: 586:Battle of Waterloo 560: 352: 339: 4927: 4926: 4918:Succeeded by 4907:Collège de France 4849:Project Gutenberg 4829:978-1-5098-5870-5 4773:978-1-283-97997-9 4660:978-0-500-28105-5 4614:978-0-520-22248-9 4573:978-0-345-45067-8 4524:978-2-246-41211-3 4338:978-0-8133-4061-6 4274:978-0-19-510234-5 4251:978-1-903933-02-2 4244:. Gibson Square. 4186:978-0-06-019439-0 4087:La Semaine du Lot 3537:Journal asiatique 3485:978-1-108-08239-6 3442:978-1-108-08239-6 3402:, pp. 38–39. 3028:, pp. 32–33. 2917:, pp. 97–98. 2851:, pp. 60–62. 2683:, pp. 92–94. 2647:, pp. 74–76. 2541:, pp. 51–52. 2103:documentary film 2091:were narrated by 2021:Collège de France 2017:Auguste Bartholdi 2013:J. F. Champollion 1987:Decree of Canopus 1952:Silvestre de Sacy 1937:Hermine Hartleben 1905:Collège de France 1686:Charles Lenormant 1384:" in the name of 1201:Bon-Joseph Dacier 1187:An extract from " 1143: 1142: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 882:British polymath 880: 879: 868: 841: 840: 829: 828: 818: 817: 810: 809: 806: 805: 700:Champollion, 1806 669:Joseph de Guignes 593:Lancaster schools 553:campaign in Egypt 500:Silvestre de Sacy 477:Classical Chinese 411:Semitic languages 286:Silvestre de Sacy 249:', brought on by 183:), also known as 169: 168: 150:Scientific career 102:Collège de France 16:(Redirected from 5051: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4882: 4858:Internet Archive 4833: 4814: 4797: 4787: 4777: 4758: 4756: 4731: 4721: 4711: 4702: 4681: 4664: 4643: 4618: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4584:. Archived from 4577: 4565: 4554: 4528: 4509: 4488: 4471: 4454: 4425: 4396: 4367: 4353: 4342: 4323: 4303: 4287: 4278: 4255: 4236: 4223: 4202: 4190: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4128:. Archived from 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3688: 3685:Champollion 1828 3682: 3676: 3673:Champollion 1828 3670: 3661: 3660: 3651: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3625: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3553: 3542: 3541: 3527: 3518: 3515:Champollion 1828 3512: 3506: 3505: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3469: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3426: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3364:Champollion 1828 3361: 3355: 3352:Champollion 1828 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3244: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3062:Champollion 1828 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2873: 2867: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2461: 2460:, p. ch. 2. 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2394: 2387: 2372: 2348: 2330: 2310:Posthumous works 2304: 2285: 2266: 2247: 2228: 2205: 2195: 2179: 2161: 2093:Françoise Fabian 1968:Sir George Lewis 1956:Gustav Seyffarth 1909:Louis Philippe I 1768:continued on to 1604:Archduke Leopold 1560:Xerxes the Great 1493: 1492: 1420: 1419: 1413:Friedrich Münter 1320: 1173:Letter to Dacier 1100: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1091: 866: 825: 780: 779: 776: 768: 764: 757: 753: 752: 749: 748: 707:Alexandre Lenoir 701: 686:Ancient Egyptian 549:Jean-Léon Gérôme 489:Persian language 314:Ancient Egyptian 182: 177: 85: 67:23 December 1790 53: 39: 38: 21: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5048: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4877: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4785: 4774: 4754:10.4000/cel.681 4719: 4661: 4615: 4591: 4589: 4574: 4525: 4414:10.2307/3855155 4385:10.2307/3855503 4339: 4275: 4252: 4187: 4168: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4106:on 29 June 2017 4098: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3664: 3653: 3652: 3643: 3627: 3626: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3555: 3554: 3545: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3470: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3427: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2876: 2868: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2608:Alfred A. Knopf 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2392:Gardiner (1952) 2388: 2384: 2379: 2357: 2333: 2315: 2312: 2289: 2270: 2251: 2231: 2213: 2198: 2182: 2164: 2146: 2143: 1995: 1960:Julius Klaproth 1872: 1635: 1615:Musée du Louvre 1576: 1550: 1532: 1401: 1393:Main articles: 1389: 1373: 1321: 1318: 1277: 1244:Napoleonic Wars 1235: 1199:, addressed to 1181: 1175: 1157:While the name 1123: 1056: 1054:Names of rulers 1027: 865: 849: 792: 784: 738: 702: 699: 681: 638: 609: 597:Ultra-royalists 564:Napoleonic Wars 538: 331: 326: 278:Napoleonic Wars 175: 104: 98:Alma mater 93: 87: 83: 74: 68: 59: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5057: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4916: 4900: 4892: 4891: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4851: 4840: 4839:External links 4837: 4835: 4834: 4828: 4815: 4798: 4778: 4772: 4759: 4732: 4712: 4703: 4693:(131): 23–30. 4682: 4665: 4659: 4644: 4634:(2): 471–482. 4619: 4613: 4598: 4588:on 9 July 2017 4578: 4572: 4555: 4529: 4523: 4510: 4489: 4472: 4455: 4437:(1): 176–179. 4426: 4397: 4368: 4343: 4337: 4324: 4304: 4279: 4273: 4256: 4250: 4237: 4224: 4214:(5): 527–547. 4203: 4191: 4185: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4159:, p. 308. 4149: 4135: 4117: 4091: 4078: 4066: 4064:, p. 573. 4054: 4050:Thomasson 2013 4042: 4030: 4028:, p. 382. 4018: 4006: 4004:, p. 294. 3991: 3987:Hartleben 1906 3979: 3967: 3952: 3950:, p. 292. 3940: 3938:, p. 307. 3928: 3916: 3914:, p. 286. 3904: 3902:, p. 279. 3892: 3890:, p. 224. 3880: 3868: 3856: 3854:, p. 170. 3844: 3832: 3830:, p. 213. 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3770:, p. 178. 3760: 3758:, p. 176. 3748: 3746:, p. 143. 3736: 3714: 3689: 3677: 3662: 3641: 3607: 3601:978-9231028113 3600: 3580: 3564: 3543: 3519: 3517:, p. 232. 3507: 3491: 3484: 3457: 3448: 3441: 3416: 3414:, p. 224. 3404: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3330:, p. 199. 3320: 3318:, p. 188. 3308: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3260: 3258:, p. 181. 3245: 3243:, p. 142. 3230: 3228:, p. 179. 3218: 3206: 3204:, p. 139. 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3156:, p. 171. 3146: 3134: 3132:, p. 130. 3122: 3105: 3103:, p. 566. 3093: 3078: 3076:, p. 159. 3066: 3054: 3052:, p. 122. 3042: 3040:, p. 172. 3030: 3018: 3016:, p. 277. 3006: 2994: 2982: 2980:, p. 142. 2970: 2958: 2956:, p. 128. 2946: 2944:, p. 129. 2934: 2932:, p. 125. 2919: 2907: 2895: 2891:Weissbach 2000 2874: 2872:, p. 260. 2853: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2767:, p. 106. 2757: 2745: 2743:, p. 144. 2733: 2721: 2719:, p. 126. 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2633:Weissbach 1999 2625: 2621:Hartleben 1906 2613: 2591: 2587:Lacouture 1988 2579: 2575:Lacouture 1988 2567: 2555: 2543: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2500:Lacouture 1988 2489: 2477: 2473:Lacouture 1988 2462: 2450: 2438: 2434:Lacouture 1988 2426: 2424:, p. 261. 2404: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2355: 2331: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2287: 2268: 2249: 2229: 2211: 2196: 2180: 2162: 2142: 2139: 2111:David Baldacci 1994: 1991: 1976:Reginald Poole 1871: 1868: 1805:, the tomb of 1782:first Cataract 1634: 1631: 1575: 1572: 1546:Main article: 1531: 1528: 1482:𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 1418:𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 1411:in 1802, when 1379: 1372: 1369: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1316: 1297:Duke de Blacas 1276: 1271: 1234: 1231: 1177:Main article: 1174: 1171: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1087:determinatives 1079:Dendera zodiac 1064:Philae obelisk 1055: 1052: 1026: 1023: 878: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 855: 854: 843: 842: 839: 838: 831: 830: 827: 826: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 804: 803: 800: 797: 794: 789: 786: 772: 771: 765: 737: 734: 697: 680: 677: 637: 634: 608: 605: 582:Drouet d'Erlon 537: 534: 485:Middle Persian 442:Joseph Fourier 373:Jacques-Joseph 330: 327: 325: 322: 297:writing system 282:Joseph Fourier 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 146: 145: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 113: 112:Known for 109: 108: 99: 95: 94: 88: 86:(aged 41) 80: 76: 75: 69: 65: 61: 60: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5056: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4922: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4743:(in French). 4742: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4680:(3): 566–573. 4679: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4599: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4158: 4153: 4145: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4076:, p. 43. 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3963:Griffith 1951 3959: 3957: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3908: 3901: 3896: 3889: 3888:Robinson 2012 3884: 3877: 3872: 3865: 3864:Robinson 2012 3860: 3853: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3828:Robinson 2012 3824: 3817: 3816:Robinson 2012 3812: 3805: 3804:Robinson 2012 3800: 3793: 3792:Robinson 2012 3788: 3781: 3780:Robinson 2012 3776: 3769: 3768:Robinson 2012 3764: 3757: 3756:Robinson 2012 3752: 3745: 3744:Kanawaty 1990 3740: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3658: 3657: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3576: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3390:, p. 84. 3389: 3384: 3377: 3372: 3366:, p. 15. 3365: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3280:Robinson 2012 3276: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3242: 3241:Robinson 2012 3237: 3235: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3202:Robinson 2012 3198: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3178:Robinson 2012 3174: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3142:Robinson 2011 3138: 3131: 3130:Robinson 2012 3126: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3089:Robinson 2012 3085: 3083: 3075: 3070: 3064:, p. 33. 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2990:Robinson 2012 2986: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2911: 2905:, p. 87. 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2850: 2845: 2839:, p. 97. 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2801:Robinson 2012 2797: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2766: 2765:Robinson 2012 2761: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2694: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2671:, p. 85. 2670: 2665: 2658: 2657:Åkerblad 1802 2653: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2623:, p. 65. 2622: 2617: 2610:. p. 91. 2609: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2589:, p. 94. 2588: 2583: 2577:, p. 91. 2576: 2571: 2565:, p. 66. 2564: 2559: 2553:, p. 51. 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2526:, p. 50. 2525: 2520: 2513: 2508: 2502:, p. 74. 2501: 2496: 2494: 2487:, p. 31. 2486: 2485:Meyerson 2004 2481: 2475:, p. 72. 2474: 2469: 2467: 2459: 2458:Robinson 2012 2454: 2448:, p. 34. 2447: 2446:Robinson 2012 2442: 2436:, p. 40. 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2393: 2386: 2382: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2124:Tahrir Square 2120: 2118: 2117: 2116:Simple Genius 2112: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033:Joseph Kosuth 2029: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1999: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1854:Returning to 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837:Rochefoucauld 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:determinative 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1690:Nestor L'Hote 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1658: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1549: 1541: 1536: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1436:Rosetta Stone 1433: 1428: 1424: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1239: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1170: 1168: 1165:representing 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1031: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007:Arma virumque 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 967: 961: 959: 954: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 910: 907: 906:Royal Society 903: 900: 897: 893: 889: 885: 876: 875: 872: 871: 864: 860: 857: 856: 853: 848: 845: 844: 837:or birth name 836: 833: 832: 824: 820: 813: 801: 798: 795: 790: 787: 782: 781: 778: 777: 773: 769: 766: 763: 759: 758: 755: 754: 751: 750: 742: 733: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 696: 692: 689: 687: 679:Early studies 676: 674: 670: 665: 660: 656: 647: 642: 633: 631: 627: 621: 613: 604: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 578: 573: 569: 565: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 533: 531: 527: 522: 520: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461: 455: 453: 452: 447: 446:Rosetta Stone 443: 440:of Grenoble, 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 394: 392: 387: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 348: 347:Rosetta Stone 343: 335: 321: 317: 315: 311: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 259:Rosetta Stone 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 228:Ancient Greek 225: 221: 217: 216:child prodigy 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 188: 181: 173: 164: 161: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 91: 81: 77: 72: 66: 62: 58: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4912:1st creation 4911: 4902: 4898:New creation 4897: 4884: 4819: 4810: 4806: 4793: 4789: 4763: 4744: 4740: 4727: 4723: 4707: 4690: 4686: 4677: 4673: 4649: 4631: 4628:Archaeologia 4627: 4603: 4590:. Retrieved 4586:the original 4561: 4551: 4534: 4514: 4497: 4476: 4459: 4434: 4430: 4405: 4401: 4376: 4372: 4349: 4328: 4309: 4289: 4264: 4241: 4233:the original 4211: 4207: 4196: 4175: 4166:Bibliography 4152: 4138: 4130:the original 4120: 4108:. Retrieved 4104:the original 4094: 4086: 4081: 4069: 4062:Posener 1972 4057: 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3982: 3977:, p. 7. 3970: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3876:Clayton 2001 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3727:. Retrieved 3717: 3680: 3655: 3621: 3620:égyptiennes. 3617: 3610: 3590: 3583: 3573: 3567: 3557: 3535: 3510: 3500: 3494: 3474: 3451: 3431: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3268:Aufrère 2008 3263: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3137: 3125: 3118:Hammond 2014 3101:Posener 1972 3096: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2910: 2898: 2870:Bianchi 2001 2844: 2837:Iversen 1961 2832: 2820: 2813:Frimmer 1969 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2603: 2600:Ceram, C. W. 2594: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2519: 2507: 2480: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2422:Bianchi 2001 2385: 2359: 2350: 2335: 2317: 2291: 2272: 2253: 2233: 2215: 2200: 2183: 2166: 2148: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2104: 2099:in the 2000 2082: 2077:in the 2005 2075:Elliot Cowan 2072: 2061: 2045:Jean Leclant 2030: 2026: 2012: 2001: 1980: 1971: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1898: 1890: 1863: 1853: 1841:Luxor Temple 1834: 1826:20th Dynasty 1815: 1799: 1776: 1774: 1764: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1728: 1724: 1711: 1709: 1698: 1673:philologists 1666: 1627: 1612: 1585: 1567: 1551: 1539: 1504: 1495: 1460: 1422: 1402: 1364: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1313: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1265: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1240: 1236: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1204: 1196: 1194: 1156: 1151: 1144: 1082: 1072: 1061: 1057: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1036: 1025:Breakthrough 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 964: 962: 957: 955: 951: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911: 888:decipherment 884:Thomas Young 881: 834: 729: 725: 719: 710: 704: 694: 690: 682: 673:George Zoëga 663: 651: 622: 618: 590: 577:Hundred Days 561: 544: 523: 516: 511: 507: 497: 492: 464: 458: 456: 449: 435: 431:orientalists 395: 390: 388: 377: 353: 318: 304: 293:Thomas Young 290: 275: 244: 186: 185:Champollion 184: 171: 170: 149: 125:Rosine Blanc 84:(1832-03-04) 82:4 March 1832 57:Léon Cogniet 36: 4944:1832 deaths 4939:1790 births 4796:(4): 26–39. 4379:: 127–128. 4311:égyptiennes 3840:Ridley 1991 2390:consonants. 2235:égytpiennes 1860:Côte d'Azur 1822:Ramesses IV 1786:Elephantine 1619:Cour Carrée 1468:Caylus vase 1447:Caylus vase 1382:Caylus vase 1126:hieroglyphs 1073:Astronomer 863:Old Kingdom 852:hieroglyphs 745:hieroglyphs 607:Family life 572:Côte d'Azur 568:Louis XVIII 562:During the 557:Egyptomania 357:Valjouffrey 267:ideographic 247:Egyptomania 196:orientalist 192:philologist 18:Champollion 4933:Categories 4915:1831–1837 4730:: 123–132. 4146:. CNN.com. 4110:31 January 4038:Poole 1864 4026:Lewis 1862 3852:Fagan 2004 2825:Allen 1960 2512:Butin 1913 2081:docudrama 2053:pictograms 1914:apoplectic 1794:Wadi Halfa 1765:autocrator 1720:Alexandria 1682:Leopold II 1623:museologic 1512:Babylonian 1357:Henry Salt 1285:Abu Simbel 1223:autocrator 1148:Abu Simbel 655:Horapollon 487:, and the 409:and other 208:Egyptology 200:decipherer 4506:496441116 4468:899972029 4451:161646266 4408:: 38–46. 4320:489942666 4300:945776031 4014:Pope 1999 3630:cite book 3388:Pope 1999 2401:Citations 2369:943840005 2327:603401775 2301:979571496 2282:461098669 2263:312365529 2244:490765498 2225:743026987 2192:557937746 2176:311538010 2158:716645794 2057:ideograms 1944:Alexander 1856:Marseille 1667:In 1827, 1599:Charles X 1500:Grotefend 1451:Grotefend 1423:xšāyaθiya 1405:cuneiform 1399:Cuneiform 976:Ptolemy V 943:enchorial 601:tricolore 508:Al Seghir 324:Biography 144:(brother) 138:Relatives 4085:Journal 2602:(1967). 2345:25326631 1972:a priori 1866:(1845). 1824:(of the 1727:and the 1594:, which 1524:Sumerian 1520:Akkadian 1490:𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 1472:Xerxes I 1386:Xerxes I 1317:— 1293:Thutmose 1289:Ramesses 1211:Académie 1159:Thutmose 1122:Thutmose 1013:"arms," 972:hieratic 899:diplomat 698:— 648:, (1822) 530:tinnitus 512:le jeune 427:Chaldean 415:Ethiopic 413:such as 391:le Jeune 380:Grenoble 361:Grenoble 263:phonetic 187:le jeune 130:Children 92:, France 73:, France 4889:. 1905. 4856:at the 4807:Fidelio 4724:Scripta 4592:7 April 4548:3566805 4485:1006828 4422:3855155 4393:3855503 4263:(ed.). 3729:21 July 2023:(Paris) 1903:at the 1882:(Paris) 1858:on the 1761:Dendera 1737:Saqqara 1733:Memphis 1701:Khedive 1558:name (" 1508:Elamite 1306:In the 1219:Arsinoë 1017:"and", 947:demotic 896:Swedish 890:of the 847:Ptolemy 630:Livorno 481:Avestan 438:prefect 350:script. 253:during 220:Demotic 176:French: 4826: 4770: 4747:(11). 4657: 4611: 4570: 4546: 4521: 4504: 4483: 4466: 4449: 4420: 4391: 4362: 4335: 4318: 4298: 4271: 4248: 4220:985236 4218: 4183: 3598: 3482: 3439: 2367: 2343: 2325: 2299: 2280: 2261: 2242: 2223: 2190: 2174: 2156: 1993:Legacy 1811:Karnak 1807:Seti I 1790:Philae 1770:Thebes 1757:sphinx 1753:Précis 1716:Toulon 1466:, the 1432:Xerxes 1365:Précis 1353:Précis 1308:Précis 1274:Précis 1266:lettre 1253:lettre 1248:lettre 990:, and 937:, and 469:Coptic 423:Syriac 419:Arabic 407:Hebrew 365:Figeac 305:Précis 240:Arabic 236:Hebrew 224:Coptic 156:Fields 122:Spouse 71:Figeac 4786:(PDF) 4720:(PDF) 4447:S2CID 4418:JSTOR 4389:JSTOR 4364:11707 4216:JSTOR 2377:Notes 2141:Works 2109:. In 2084:Egypt 1870:Death 1729:Athyr 1167:Thoth 1015:virum 835:nomen 465:lycée 460:lycée 403:Greek 399:Latin 359:near 310:Paris 301:signs 232:Latin 90:Paris 4905:the 4824:ISBN 4813:(3). 4811:VIII 4768:ISBN 4655:ISBN 4609:ISBN 4594:2018 4568:ISBN 4544:OCLC 4519:ISBN 4502:OCLC 4481:OCLC 4464:OCLC 4360:OCLC 4333:ISBN 4316:OCLC 4296:OCLC 4269:ISBN 4246:ISBN 4198:Sacy 4181:ISBN 4112:2015 3731:2015 3636:link 3596:ISBN 3480:ISBN 3437:ISBN 2365:OCLC 2341:OCLC 2323:OCLC 2297:OCLC 2278:OCLC 2259:OCLC 2240:OCLC 2221:OCLC 2188:OCLC 2172:OCLC 2154:OCLC 2101:Arte 2095:and 2043:and 1962:and 1946:and 1803:KV17 1788:and 1777:Isis 1741:Giza 1739:and 1725:Isis 1712:Eglé 1650:KV17 1596:King 1510:and 1397:and 1351:The 1291:and 1163:ibis 1011:Arma 917:and 528:and 526:gout 425:and 401:and 345:The 284:and 238:and 194:and 79:Died 64:Born 4847:at 4749:doi 4695:doi 4678:116 4636:doi 4540:382 4439:doi 4410:doi 4381:doi 4212:104 2079:BBC 2064:Vif 2062:In 2015:by 1714:at 1488:𐏐 1484:𐏐 1425:). 1124:in 1019:que 859:Era 850:in 664:mu, 626:Vif 369:Lot 202:of 4935:: 4883:. 4809:. 4805:. 4794:12 4792:. 4788:. 4745:11 4739:. 4726:. 4722:. 4691:66 4689:. 4676:. 4672:. 4632:39 4630:. 4626:. 4550:. 4542:. 4496:. 4445:. 4435:17 4433:. 4416:. 4406:37 4404:. 4387:. 4377:38 4375:. 4358:. 4210:. 3994:^ 3955:^ 3692:^ 3665:^ 3644:^ 3632:}} 3628:{{ 3546:^ 3534:. 3522:^ 3460:^ 3419:^ 3248:^ 3233:^ 3108:^ 3081:^ 2922:^ 2877:^ 2856:^ 2531:^ 2492:^ 2465:^ 2408:^ 2137:. 2019:, 1958:, 1772:. 1743:. 1735:, 1696:. 1680:, 1610:. 1494:, 1486:𐏋 1191:". 986:, 933:, 925:, 861:: 717:. 483:, 479:, 433:. 421:, 417:, 242:. 234:, 230:, 226:, 4832:. 4776:. 4757:. 4751:: 4728:3 4701:. 4697:: 4663:. 4642:. 4638:: 4617:. 4596:. 4576:. 4527:. 4508:. 4487:. 4470:. 4453:. 4441:: 4424:. 4412:: 4395:. 4383:: 4366:. 4341:. 4322:. 4302:. 4277:. 4254:. 4222:. 4189:. 4114:. 4052:. 4016:. 3989:. 3965:. 3878:. 3842:. 3733:. 3712:. 3638:) 3604:. 3488:. 3445:. 3354:. 3270:. 3144:. 3120:. 2893:. 2827:. 2815:. 2791:. 2659:. 2635:. 2514:. 2371:. 2347:. 2329:. 2305:; 2303:. 2286:; 2284:. 2267:; 2265:. 2248:; 2246:. 2227:. 2210:. 2194:. 2178:. 2160:. 1542:. 1457:. 1319:" 996:n 992:s 988:l 984:m 980:o 939:s 935:i 931:m 929:, 927:t 923:p 919:t 915:p 174:( 133:1 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Jean-François Champollion

Index