Chan Buddhism - Knowledge

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as a whole ... Previous events in Chan were interpreted through the lens of the Song dynasty configuration, and subsequent developments in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were evaluated, even as they occurred, against what was known of the standards established during the Song. Thus the romanticized image of the great Tang dynasty masters – Mazu and his students, Caoshan, Dongshan, and their students, and of course Linji – was generated by Song dynasty authors and functioned within Song dynasty texts. Similarly, even where subsequent figures throughout East Asia – Hakuin Ekaku (1685–1769), the famous reviver of Japanese Rinzai, is the best example – evoke the examples of Bodhidharma, the Sixth Patriarch Huineng, Mazu, and the others, they do so through the conceptual filter of Song-dynasty Chan.

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Sangs rgyas ye shes. This influential work represented a crucial step in the codification of Chan, Mahayoga and the Great Perfection as distinct vehicles to enlightenment. In comparison, our group of manuscripts exhibits remarkable freedom, blurring the lines between meditation systems that were elsewhere kept quite distinct. The system of practice set out in these manuscripts did not survive into the later Tibetan tradition. Indeed, this creative integration of meditation practices derived from both Indic and Chinese traditions could only have been possible during the earliest years of Tibetan Buddhism, when doctrinal categories were still forming, and in this sense, it represents an important stage in the Tibetan assimilation of Buddhism.

4678: 2972:, which is equated with Buddha-nature. In this practice, one turns the attention from the objects of experience, to the perceiving subject itself. According to McRae, this type of meditation resembles the methods of "virtually all schools of Mahayana Buddhism," but differs in that "no preparatory requirements, no moral prerequisites or preliminary exercises are given," and is "without steps or gradations. One concentrates, understands, and is enlightened, all in one undifferentiated practice." Sharf notes that the notion of "Mind" came to be criticised by radical subitists, and was replaced by "No Mind," to avoid any reifications. 1295: 2777: 2486:... one important feature must not be overlooked: Chan was not nearly as separate from these other types of Buddhist activities as one might think he monasteries of which Chan monks became abbots were comprehensive institutions, "public monasteries" that supported various types of Buddhist activities other than Chan-style meditation. The reader should bear this point in mind: In contrast to the independent denominations of Soto and Rinzai that emerged (largely by government fiat) in seventeenth-century Japan, 1865: 2987:". The school was typified by a "loose practice," aiming to make meditation accessible to a larger audience. Shenxiu used short formulas extracted from various sutras to package the teachings, a style which is also used in the Platform Sutra. The establishment of a community in one location was a change from the wandering lives of Bodhidharma and Huike and their followers. It fitted better into the Chinese society, which highly valued community-oriented behaviour, instead of solitary practice. 2983:(神秀 606?–706), the most important successor to Hongren. By this time the group had grown into a matured congregation that became significant enough to be reckoned with by the ruling forces. The East Mountain community was a specialized meditation training centre. Hongren was a plain meditation teacher, who taught students of "various religious interests", including "practitioners of the Lotus Sutra, students of Madhyamaka philosophy, or specialists in the monastic regulations of Buddhist 3043: 18826: 13802: 11144: 11120: 331: 13813: 18836: 3593:(天聖廣燈錄), "Tiansheng Era Expanded Lamp Record", compiled by the official Li Zunxu (李遵勗) (988–1038) confirms the status of Shoushan Shengnian, but also pictures Linji as a major Chan patriarch and heir to the Mazu, displacing the prominence of the Fayan-lineage. It also established the slogan of "a special transmission outside the teaching", supporting the Linji-school claim of "Chan as separate from and superior to all other Buddhist teachings". 11211: 11198: 3866: 11188: 3326:, comparing seated meditation with polishing a tile. According to Faure, the criticism is not about dhyana as such, but "the idea of "becoming a Buddha" by means of any practice, lowered to the standing of a "means" to achieve an "end"". The criticism of seated dhyana reflects a change in the role and position of monks in Tang society, who "undertook only pious works, reciting sacred texts and remaining seated in 3276: 3261:(755–763) led to a loss of control by the Tang dynasty, and changed the Chan scene again. Metropolitan Chan began to lose its status, while "other schools were arising in outlying areas controlled by warlords. These are the forerunners of the Chan we know today. Their origins are obscure; the power of Shen-hui's preaching is shown by the fact that they all trace themselves to Hui-neng." 4447: 366: 5111:(1644–1912) Chan was part of a larger, syncretic Buddhist culture. A final phase can be distinguished from the 19th century onward, when western imperialism had a growing influence in South-East Asia, including China. A side effect of this imperial influence was the modernisation of Asian religions, adapting them to western ideas and rhetorical strategies. 2383:

politically stable and more vulnerable to sedition. As the philosophy and practice infiltrated society, many traditionalists banded together to stop the foreign influence, not so much out of intolerance (an attitude flatly rejected by both Taoism and Confucianism), but because they felt that the Chinese worldview was being turned upside down.

3345:, claimed that the Hongzhou school teaching led to a radical nondualism that denies the need for spiritual cultivation and moral discipline. While Zongmi acknowledged that the essence of Buddha-nature and its functioning in the day-to-day reality are but different aspects of the same reality, he insisted that there is a difference. 2526:. When they gathered together, the Buddha was completely silent and some speculated that perhaps the Buddha was tired or ill. The Buddha silently held up and twirled a flower and his eyes twinkled; several of his disciples tried to interpret what this meant, though none of them were correct. One of the Buddha's disciples, 3063:(惠能; 638–713), was one of the giants of Chan history, and all surviving schools regard him as their ancestor. The dramatic story of Huineng's life tells that there was a controversy over his claim to the title of patriarch. After being chosen by Hongren, the fifth ancestral founder, Huineng had to flee by night to 4905:) that obscure the transcendent wisdom of each being's Buddha-nature. Thus, Chan encourages its practitioners to distrust the very scripture or text being taught to them. The process of rediscovery goes under various terms such as "introspection", "a backward step", "turning-about" or "turning the eye inward". 3687:

One looked at the enlightened activities of one's lineal forebears in order to understand one's own identity taking the role of the participants and engaging in their dialogues instead Koan practice was a literary practice, styling snippets of encounter-dialogue into well-edited stories. It arose in

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After the 'dark period', all visible influences of Chan were eliminated from Tibetan Buddhism, and Mahayoga and Chan were carefully distinguished from each other. This trend can already be observed in the tenth-century Lamp for the Eyes in Contemplation by the great central Tibetan scholar Gnubs chen

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while the "Northern" or East Mountain school is associated with the teaching that enlightenment is gradual. This was a polemical exaggeration since both schools were derived from the same tradition, and the so-called Southern School incorporated many teachings of the more influential Northern School.

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prevailed, but Suzuki explained that in China social circumstances led to the development of a temple and training-center system in which the abbot and the monks all performed mundane tasks. These included food gardening or farming, carpentry, architecture, housekeeping, administration (or community

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Yogacara explains this "emptiness" in an analysis of the way we perceive "things". Everything we conceive of is the result of the working of the five skandhas—results of perception, feeling, volition, and discrimination. The five skandhas together compose consciousness. The "things" we are conscious

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The Caodong was the other school to survive into the Song period. Its main protagonist was Hung-chih Cheng-chueh, a contemporary of Dahui Zonggao. It put emphasis on "silent illumination", or "just sitting". This approach was attacked by Dahui as being mere passivity, and lacking emphasis on gaining

3095:. According to Zongmi, Shenhui's approach was officially sanctioned in 796, when "an imperial commission determined that the Southern line of Ch'an represented the orthodox transmission and established Shen-hui as the seventh patriarch, placing an inscription to that effect in the Shen-lung temple". 3070:

Modern scholarship, however, has questioned this narrative. Historic research reveals that this story was created around the middle of the 8th century, as part of a campaign to win influence at the Imperial Court in 731 by a successor to Huineng called Shenhui. He claimed Huineng to be the successor

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of the Hinayana works and from the early commentaries, it appears that Buddhism was being perceived and digested through the medium of religious Daoism (Taoism). Buddha was seen as a foreign immortal who had achieved some form of Daoist nondeath. The Buddhists' mindfulness of the breath was regarded

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or linguistically meaningless dialogues or questions. But to Chan Buddhists, the koan is "the place and the time and the event where truth reveals itself" unobstructed by the oppositions and differentiation of language. Answering a koan requires a student to let go of conceptual thinking and of the

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A koan (literally "public case") is a story or dialogue, generally related to Chan or other Buddhist histories; the most typical form is an anecdote involving early Chinese Chan masters. These anecdotes involving famous Chan teachers are a practical demonstration of their wisdom, and can be used to

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It took Chinese Buddhism several centuries to recognize that śūnyatā is not identical to "wu", nor does Buddhism postulate a permanent soul. The influence of those various doctrinal and textual backgrounds is still discernible in Zen. Zen teachers still refer to Buddha-nature, but the Zen tradition

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visited Shanghai in 1893, intending "to make a tour of China, to arouse the Chinese Buddhists to send missionaries to India to restore Buddhism there, and then to start a propaganda throughout the whole world", but eventually limiting his stay to Shanghai. Japanese Buddhist missionaries were active

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In the Song dynasty (960–1279), Chinese Chan Buddhism reached something of a climax paradigm. By "climax paradigm", I mean a conceptual configuration by which Chan was described in written texts, practiced by its adherents, and by extension understood as a religious entity by the Chinese population

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says. This was understood to mean that ultimate reality is not a transcendental realm, but equal to the daily world of relative reality. This idea is consistent with Chinese culture, which emphasized the mundane world and society. But this does not fully explain how the absolute is present in the

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This school developed "shock techniques such as shouting, beating, and using irrational retorts to startle their students into realization". Some of these are common today, while others are found mostly in anecdotes. It is common in many Chan traditions today for Chan teachers to have a stick with

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he genealogical presentation of the Chan transmission was first recorded on paper in the early years of metropolitan Chan activity. The earliest recorded instance of this was in the epitaph for a certain Faru, a student of Hongren's who died in 689, and by the second decade of the 8th century, the

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China. Shortly before his death, Bodhidharma appointed his disciple Dazu Huike to succeed him, making Huike the first Chinese-born ancestral founder and the second ancestral founder of Chan in China. Bodhidharma is said to have passed three items to Huike as a sign of transmission of the Dharma: a

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The Chan school had to develop a doctrinal tradition of its own to establish its position. Subsequently, the Chan tradition produced a rich corpus of written literature which has become a part of its practice and teaching. Among the earliest and most widely studied of the specifically Chan texts,

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was restored beginning in 1979, when a six-year restoration program began under the supervision of then 70-year-old Venerable Master Yuanzhou (圆拙老法师). In 1983 the temple became one of the Chinese Buddhism Regional Temples (汉族地区全国重点寺院) whilst 36-year-old Master Yiran (毅然法師) became abbot. The same

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The essence of enlightenment came to be identified with the interaction between masters and students. Whatever insight dhyana might bring, its verification was always interpersonal. In effect, enlightenment came to be understood not so much as an insight, but as a way of acting in the world with

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schools suffered from the changing circumstances, since they had depended on imperial support. The collapse of T'ang society also deprived the aristocratic classes of wealth and influence, which meant a further drawback for Buddhism. Shenxiu's Northern School and Henshui's Southern School didn't

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to lend credibility to the growing Chan-school. Only scarce historical information is available about him, but his hagiography developed when the Chan tradition grew stronger and gained prominence in the early 8th century. By this time a lineage of the six ancestral founders of Chan in China was

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Because Buddhism was a foreign influence, however, and everything "barbarian" was suspect, certain Chinese critics were jolted out of complacency by the spread of the dharma In the first four centuries of the Christian Era, this barbarian influence was infiltrating China just when it was least

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Chan is deeply rooted in the teachings and doctrines of Mahāyāna Buddhism. What the Chan tradition emphasizes is that the enlightenment of the Buddha came not through intellectual reasoning, but rather through self-realization in Dharma practice and meditation. Therefore, it is held that it is

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According to Borup the emphasis on 'mind to mind transmission' is a form of esoteric transmission, in which "the tradition and the enlightened mind is transmitted face to face". Metaphorically this can be described as the transmission from a flame from one candle to another candle, or the

5006:'s contention that a spiritual awakening was always the goal of Chan's training, but that part of what distinguished the tradition as it developed through the centuries in China was a way of life radically different from that of Indian Buddhists. In Indian Buddhism, the tradition of the 3397:

It was a desperate attempt on the part of the hard-pressed central government, which had been in disarray since the An Lu-shan rebellion of 756, to gain some measure of political, economic, and military relief by preying on the Buddhist temples with their immense wealth and extensive

2810:) in Chinese Chan texts. Only scarce historical information is available about him but his hagiography developed when the Chan tradition grew stronger and gained prominence in the early 8th century. By this time a lineage of the six ancestral founders of Chan in China was developed. 3314:

These shock techniques became part of the traditional and still popular image of Chan masters displaying irrational and strange behaviour to aid their students. Part of this image was due to later misinterpretations and translation errors, such as the loud belly shout known as

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As the Chan school grew in China, the monastic discipline also became distinct, focusing on practice through all aspects of life. Temples began emphasizing labor and humility, expanding the training of Chan to include the mundane tasks of daily life. The Chinese Chan master

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The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period was followed by the Song dynasty, which established a strong central government. During the Song dynasty, Chan (禪) was used by the government to strengthen its control over the country, and Chan grew to become the largest sect in

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is often pointed to as an event that enhanced its profile in the Western world. It was during the late 1950s and the early 1960s that the number of Westerners pursuing a serious interest in Zen, other than the descendants of Asian immigrants, reached a significant level.

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in the south to avoid the wrath of Hongren's jealous senior disciples. Shenhui succeeded in his campaign, and Huineng eventually came to be regarded as the Sixth Patriarch. In 745 Shenhui was invited to take up residence in the Heze Temple in the capital, Dongdu (modern

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These sources vary in their account of Bodhidharma being either "from Persia" (547 CE), "a Brahman monk from South India" (645 CE), "the third son of a Brahman king of South India" (c. 715 CE). Some traditions specifically describe Bodhidharma to be the third son of a

2293:, calling Chan a "natural evolution of Buddhism under Taoist conditions". Buddhism was first identified to be "a barbarian variant of Taoism", and Taoist terminology was used to express Buddhist doctrines in the oldest translations of Buddhist texts, a practice termed 1926:

The history of Chan in China can be divided into several periods. Zen, as we know it today, is the result of a long history, with many changes and contingent factors. Each period had different types of Zen, some of which remained influential, while others vanished.

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transmission from one vein to another. Exoteric transmission requires "direct access to the teaching through a personal discovery of one's self. This type of transmission and identification is symbolized by the discovery of a shining lantern, or a mirror."

4641:, the absolute reality which pervades everything in the world. In this way, it is also the primordial reality from which phenomenal reality springs. When this understanding is idealized, it becomes a transcendental reality beneath the world of appearances. 3573:

The Linji-school became the dominant school within Chan, due to support from the literati and the court. Before the Song dynasty, the Linji-school is rather obscure, and very little is known about its early history. The first mention of Linji is in the

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Later he went to live on Ta-mei mountain. When the Patriarch heard that he was residing on the mountain, he sent one of his monks to go there and ask Fa-ch'ang, "What did the Venerable obtain when he saw Ma-tsu, so that he has come to live on this

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Sunyata points to the "emptiness" or no-"thing"-ness of all "things". Though we perceive a world of concrete and discrete objects, designated by names, on close analysis the "thingness" dissolves, leaving them "empty" of inherent existence. The

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in many monasteries. In continuity with Buddhism in the previous dynasties, Buddhist masters taught integrated teachings from the various traditions as opposed to advocating for any sectarian delineation between the various schools of thought.

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state that every living being has the potential to realize awakening. Hence Buddhism offers salvation to everyone, not only to monks or those who have freed themselves almost completely from karma in previous lives. The Yogacara theory of the

2479:) masters tended to practice in solitary hermitages, or to be associated with Vinaya training monasteries or the dharma teaching centers. The later naming of the Zen school has its origins in this view of the threefold division of training. 2742:"One Vehicle", the early Chan school was sometimes referred to as the "One Vehicle School". In other early texts, the school that would later become known as Chan is sometimes even referred to as simply the "Laṅkāvatāra school" (Ch. 楞伽宗, 3429:

survive the changing circumstances. Nevertheless, Chan emerged as the dominant stream within Chinese Buddhism, but with various schools developing various emphasises in their teachings, due to the regional orientation of the period. The

3829:("The strict transmission of the five Chan schools") by Feiyin Tongrong's (1593–1662), a dharma heir of Miyun Yuanwu. The book placed self-proclaimed Chan monks without proper Dharma transmission in the category of "lineage unknown" ( 2534:

I possess the true Dharma eye, the marvelous mind of Nirvāṇa, the true form of the formless, the subtle Dharma gate that does not rest on words or letters but is a special transmission outside of the scriptures. This I entrust to

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At the beginning of the Song dynasty, practice with the koan method became popular, whereas others practiced "silent illumination." This became the source of some differences in practice between the Linji and Caodong traditions.

4019:. During his time in Taiwan, Sheng Yen was well known as one of the progressive Buddhist teachers who sought to teach Buddhism in a modern and Western-influenced world. As such, Sheng yen published over 30 Chan texts in English. 4745:, fifth-generation successor to Shenhui, also softened the edge between sudden and gradual. In his analysis, sudden awakening points to seeing into one's true nature, but is to be followed by a gradual cultivation to attain 7044: 2941:

580–651), Chan began to take shape as a distinct school. The link between Huike and Sengcan, and the fourth patriarch Daoxin "is far from clear and remains tenuous". With Daoxin and his successor, the fifth patriarch

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When Buddhism came to China, it was adapted to the Chinese culture and understanding. Theories about the influence of other schools in the evolution of Chan vary widely and are heavily reliant upon speculative

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during the Southern Sung the school of Ta-hui took precedence. The Chinese bureaucratic system entered into Chan temples throughout the country, and a highly organized system of temple rank and administration

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t was only when Hongren's successors moved into the environment of the two capitals, with its literate society and incomparably larger urban scale, that well-written texts were required for disseminating the

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Bailin Monastery was ruined long before 1949. In 1988, Jing Hui was persuaded to take over the Hebei Buddhist Association, and start rebuilding the Monastery. Jing Hui is a student and dharma successor of

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McRae gives no further information on this "Hubei faction". It may be the continuation of Shenxiu's "Northern School". See Nadeau 2012 p.89. Hebei was also the place where the Linji branch of chan arose.

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Chan was repressed in China during the recent modern era in the early periods of the People's Republic, but subsequently has been re-asserting itself on the mainland, and has a significant following in

3420:, China was without effective central control during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. China was divided into several autonomous regions. Support for Buddhism was limited to a few areas. The 3103:

Eventually both schools died out, but the influence of Shenhui was so immense that all later Chan schools traced their origin to Huineng, and "sudden enlightenment" became a standard doctrine of Chan.

3484:, or five "schools", were recognized. These were not originally regarded as "schools" or "sects", but based on the various Chan-genealogies. Historically they have come to be understood as "schools". 2135:

were assembled in this period, which reflect the influence of the "literati" on the development of Chan. In this phase Chan is transported to Japan, and exerts a great influence on Korean Seon via

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on the development of Chan. This period idealized the previous period as the "golden age" of Chan, producing the literature in which the spontaneity of the celebrated masters was portrayed.

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Monasteries and practice centers were created that tended to focus on either the Vinaya and training of monks or the teachings focused on one scripture or a small group of texts. Dhyāna (

3142:, which endorses the Buddha-nature, emphasized purity of mind, which can be attained in gradations. The Diamond-sutra emphasizes sunyata, which "must be realized totally or not at all". 2866:

in the fact that one and the same True Nature is possessed by all sentient beings, both ordinary and enlightened, and that this True Nature is only covered up and made imperceptible by

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Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant, and subsequent accounts became layered with legend. There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma's biography:

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the Chinese supposed that the teaching of Buddha-nature was, as stated by that sutra, the final Buddhist teaching, and that there is an essential truth above sunyata and the two truths.

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A review of the early historical documents and literature of early Chan masters clearly reveals that they were all well-versed in numerous Mahāyāna Buddhist sūtras. For example, in the

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Compare Mazu's "Mind is Buddha" versus "No mind, no Buddha": "When Ch'an Master Fa-ch'ang of Ta-mei Mountain went to see the Patriarch for the first time, he asked, "What is Buddha?"

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Classical Chinese Chan is characterised by a set of polarities: absolute-relative, Buddha-nature – sunyata, sudden and gradual enlightenment, esoteric and exoteric transmission.

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The teaching styles and words of the classical masters were recorded in the so-called "encounter dialogues". Snippets of these encounter dialogues were collected in texts as the

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Chan has become especially popular in its Japanese form. Although it is difficult to trace when the West first became aware of Chan as a distinct form of Buddhism, the visit of

4123:), including Chan. Fo Guang Shan is the most comprehensive of the major Buddhist organizations of Taiwan, focusing extensively on both social works and religious engagement. 4084:, who exhorted her to "work for Buddhism and for all sentient beings". The organisation began with a motto of "instructing the rich and saving the poor" as a group of thirty 9083: 8835: 3674:

The recorded encounter dialogues, and the koan collections which derived from this genre, mark a shift from solitary practice to the interaction between master and student:

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Buswell, Robert E. (1991), "The "Short-cut" Approach of K'an-hua Meditation: The Evolution of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism", in Peter N. Gregory (ed.),

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Over the course of Song dynasty (960–1279), the Guiyang, Fayan, and Yunmen schools were gradually absorbed into the Linji. Song Chan was dominated by the Linji school of

2956:. According to McRae, the "first explicit statement of the sudden and direct approach that was to become the hallmark of Ch'an religious practice" is associated with the 8397:

Mahakasyapa's smile. Silent Transmission and the Kung-an (Koan) Tradition. In: Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright (eds)(2000): "The Koan. Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism

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This persecution was devastating for metropolitan Chan, but the Chan school of Ma-tsu and his likes had survived, and took a leading role in the Chan of the later Tang.

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There were dangers involved in such a literary approach, such as fixing specific meanings to the cases. Dahui Zonggao is even said to have burned the woodblocks of the

2914:. The transmission then passed to the second ancestral founder Dazu Huike, the third Sengcan, the fourth ancestral founder Dayi Daoxin, and the fifth ancestral founder 3112:, which gives a popular account of the story of Huineng but also reconciles the antagonism created by Shenhui. Salient is that Shenhui himself does not figure in the 4117:, is the largest Buddhist monastery in Taiwan. Hsing Yun's stated position within Fo Guang Shan is that it is an "amalgam of all Eight Schools of Chinese Buddhism" ( 8712: 8479:

Linji Lu and Chinese Orthodoxy. Review of "Albert Welter. The Linji lu and the Creation of Chan Orthodoxy: The Development of Chan's Records of Sayings Literature.

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Although John R. McRae has reservations about the division of Chan history in phases or periods, he nevertheless distinguishes four phases in the history of Chan:

3770:(憨山德清), who wrote and taught extensively on both Chan and Pure Land Buddhism; Miyun Yuanwu (密雲圓悟), who came to be seen posthumously as the first patriarch of the 4695:

Early Chan recognized the "transcendence of the body and mind", followed by "non-defilement knowledge and perception", or sudden insight into the true nature (

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Though Zen-narrative states that it is a "special transmission outside scriptures" which "did not stand upon words", Zen does have a rich doctrinal background.

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According to Welter, the real founder of the Linji-school was Shoushan (or Baoying) Shengnian (首山省念) (926–993), a fourth generation dharma-heir of Linji. The

2581:, figures in the stories about Bodhidharma. Huike is regarded as the second Chan patriarch, appointed by Bodhidharma to succeed him. One of Huike's students, 2348:, and thus, rather than feeling bound to the abstract "wisdom of the sūtras", emphasized Buddha-nature to be found in "everyday" human life, just as the Tao. 5607: 3190:

also signifies a tension between Buddha-nature teachings, which imply a transcendental reality, versus śūnyatā, which denies such a transcendental reality.

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A large group of students gathered at a permanent residence, and extreme asceticism became outdated. The period of Daoxin and Hongren came to be called the

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Chan (c. 950–1300). In this phase, Chan took its definitive shape including the picture of the "golden age" of the Chan of the Tang-dynasty, and the use of

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The Formation of the Linji lu: An Examination of the Guangdeng lu/Sijia yulu and Linji Huizhao Chanshi yulu. Versions of the Linji lu in Historical Context

3609:... the Ta-hui school of Sung Chan had become closely associated with the Sung court, high officials, and the literati With the establishment of the 2259: 11952: 3750:(1263–1323). During this period, other Chan lineages, not necessarily connected with the original lineage, began to emerge with the 108th Chan Patriarch, 15246: 12867: 11342: 3881:

The modernisation of China led to the end of the Chinese Empire, and the installation of the Republic of China, which lasted on the mainland until the

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logical way we order the world, so that, like creativity in art, the appropriate insight and response arises naturally and spontaneously in the mind.

15337: 5137:(Records of the Masters of the Lankavatara). The Records of the Masters of the Lankavatara is associated with the early Chan tradition known as the " 4941:

postures. To regulate the mind, awareness is directed towards counting or watching the breath, or put in the energy center below the navel (see also

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When Buddhism was introduced in China it was understood in native terms. Various sects struggled to attain an understanding of the Indian texts. The

4295:) background began to travel to China to learn the newly developing tradition. Seon received its most significant impetus and consolidation from the 2274:. These Chinese translations of mostly Indian Sarvāstivāda Yogacara meditation manuals were the basis for the meditation techniques of Chinese Chan. 749: 4895:

In meditation practice, the Chan tradition holds that the very notions of doctrine and teachings create various other notions and appearances (Skt.

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were compiled, collections of sayings and deeds by the famous masters, appended with poetry and commentary. This genre reflects the influence of

4351:. Of these, Sōtō is the largest and Ōbaku the smallest. Rinzai is itself divided into several subschools based on temple affiliation, including 2408: 2230:(Chán-jing, 禪経, "meditation treatises"), which were influential early meditation texts mostly based on the Yogacara meditation teachings of the 705: 18685: 13095: 5165:

Fa-ch'ang said, "That old man still hasn't stopped confusing people. You can have 'neither mind nor Buddha,' I only care for 'mind is Buddha."'

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It was in this context that Buddhism entered into Chinese culture. Three types of teachers with expertise in each training practice developed:

8672: 9143: 4839:, attributed to Huineng. The most important Chan texts belong to the "encounter dialogue" genre, which developed into various collections of 4634:

explains how sensory input and the mind create the world we experience, and obscure the alaya-jnana, which is equated to the Buddha-nature.

18637: 15985: 11312: 3357:(Ch. 石頭希遷, c. 700 – c.790) is seen as the other great figure of this period. In the Chan lineages he is regarded as the predecessor of the 9092: 7789:

Gregory, Peter N. (1991), "Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation: Tsung-mi's Analysis of mind", in Peter N. Gregory (ed.),

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Gimello, Robert M. (1994), "Marga and Culture: Learning, Letters, and Liberation in Northern Sung Ch'an.", in Buswell; Gimello (eds.),

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propagated by Shenhui, insight into true nature is sudden; thereafter there can be no misunderstanding anymore about this true nature.

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in some cases. Chan Buddhism survived in Tibet for several centuries, but had mostly been replaced by the 10th century developments in

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Shuai, J. J.; Chen, H. C.; Chang, C. H. (2010-12-01). "Visualization of the Taiwaness Buddhism web based on social network analysis".

6369: 17473: 13850: 11177: 11047: 5623: 4491: 27: 17924: 7115: 3825:, Chan was "reinvented", by the "revival of beating and shouting practices" by Miyun Yuanwu (1566–1642), and the publication of the 2888:

Practice of accordance with the Dharma: to eradicate wrong thoughts and practice the six perfections, without having any "practice".

17764: 17638: 17623: 8602: 8324: 2796:, Bodhidharma is depicted as a rather ill-tempered, profusely bearded and wide-eyed barbarian. He is referred to as "The Blue-Eyed 2314:

in China were Taoists. They developed high esteem for the newly introduced Buddhist meditational techniques, and blended them with

9080: 8424:

Chan. A Historical Sketch. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori

7929: 5015:. Consequently, the enlightenment sought in Chan had to stand up well to the demands and potential frustrations of everyday life. 4490:, a master trained in both the Caodong and Linji schools. He first visited the United States in 1978 under the sponsorship of the 2879:

Practice of the retribution of enmity: to accept all suffering as the fruition of past transgressions, without enmity or complaint

13687: 13139: 9394: 9118: 8566: 8433:

Zen. A Historical Sketch. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori

7581: 8798: 8497: 3667:(大慧宗杲; 1089–1163) that Koan Chan entered its determinative stage." Gōng'àn practice was prevalent in the Linji school, to which 13342: 11322: 3892:(虛雲), a well-known figure of 20th-century Chinese Buddhism. Many Chan teachers today trace their lineage to Hsu Yun, including 3655:

These texts became classic gōng'àn cases, together with verse and prose commentaries, which crystallized into the systematized

3411: 2068: 1646: 1261: 15563: 8123: 4109:. Fo Guang Shan also calls itself the International Buddhist Progress Society. The headquarters of Fo Guang Shan, located in 3311:

them during formal ceremonies which is a symbol of authority and which can be also used to strike on the table during a talk.

17784: 9160: 9108: 8972: 8958: 8413: 8365: 8296: 8278: 8236: 8085: 8049: 8031: 7989: 7903: 7842: 7807: 7733: 7678: 7660: 7642: 7538: 7157: 3618:

The Wu-shan system was a system of state-controlled temples, which were established by the Song government in all provinces.

3319:. "Katsu" means "to shout", which has traditionally been translated as "yelled 'katsu'" – which should mean "yelled a yell". 8443:

Historical Introduction to The Record of Linji. In: The record of Linji, translated by Ruth Fuller Sasakia e.a. Pages 59–115

4994:) left behind a famous saying which had been the guiding principle of his life, "A day without work is a day without food". 3071:

of Hongren instead of Shenxiu, the recognized successor. A dramatic story of Huineng's life was created, as narrated in the

18249: 15241: 11505: 11347: 7895:

Ch'an Spirituality. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori

7802:, University of Hawai’i Press, Kuroda Institute, (originally published Princeton University Press, 1991, Princeton, N.J.), 4029:, China, and ordained in Taiwan. In 1982, he founded Lin Quan Temple in Taipei County and became known for his teaching on 3130:) in 8th-century Chinese Buddhism. Thereafter, the essential texts of the Chan school were often considered to be both the 18367: 17648: 17244: 13682: 9135: 8720: 3370: 1334: 4945:). Often, a square or round cushion placed on a padded mat is used to sit on; in some other cases, a chair may be used. 3170:

philosophies respectively. The same comparison has been made by McRae. The Madhyamaka school elaborated on the theme of

2184:

rather than on written records or histories. Some scholars have argued that Chan developed from the interaction between

18577: 18307: 18189: 17643: 16223: 14135: 13579: 13129: 11224: 8179: 3460:. An ideal picture of the Chan of the Tang period was produced, which served the legacy of this newly acquired status: 2953: 2862:

The entrance of principle is to become enlightened to the Truth on the basis of the teaching. One must have a profound

2165: 1950:. Little written information is left from this period. It is the time of the Six Patriarchs, including Bodhidharma and 1913: 1324: 729: 9027: 8375: 4887:

Central to Chan practice is dhyana or meditation. In the Lin-ji (Rinzai) school this is supplemented with koan study.

2015:(589–618 CE)). In this phase, Chan developed in multiple locations in northern China. It was based on the practice of 18627: 17448: 14656: 11425: 10316: 10090: 8878: 8863: 8755: 8344: 8219: 8023: 7780: 7696: 6851: 5953: 5576: 5546: 4483: 3922:, to spread Chinese Buddhism. Presently, Guanghua Monastery has seven branches in the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia. 3683:

This mutual enquiry of the meaning of the encounters of masters and students of the past gave students a role model:

2143:

Neither Ferguson nor McRae gives a periodisation for Chinese Chan following the Song-dynasty, though McRae mentions

1180: 744: 13672: 2850:

written by Tan Lin (曇林; 506–574), contains teachings that are attributed to Bodhidharma. The text is known from the

2569:

The actual origins of Chan may lie in ascetic practitioners of Buddhism, who found refuge in forests and mountains.

18680: 16233: 13357: 13102: 10111: 9053: 6507:

Zigmond, The Lost Tradition of Tibetan Zen Dan Zigmond reviews Sam van Schaik’s The Lost Tradition of Tibetan Zen,

4005:

Several Chinese Buddhist teachers left China during the Communist Revolution, and settled in Hong Kong and Taiwan.

3003:

later followers of Hongren had produced two separate texts describing the transmission from Bodhidharma to Shenxiu.

2488:

there was never any such thing as an institutionally separate Chan "school" at any time in Chinese Buddhist history

1294: 9010: 4784:

primarily through Dharma practice and meditation that others may attain enlightenment and become Buddhas as well.

4336:, a younger contemporary of Eisai's, journeyed to China himself, where he became a disciple of the Caodong master 18642: 18537: 17663: 17658: 17614: 17239: 16083: 15305: 14290: 13749: 13739: 11568: 8305:

Swanson, Paul L. (1993), "The Spirituality of Emptiness in Early Chinese Buddhism", in Takeuchi Yoshinori (ed.),

4864:

As a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, Chan draws many of its basic driving concepts from that tradition, such as the

3987:

year, Venerable Master Yuanzhou funded the establishment of the new Fujian Buddhism Academy (福建佛学院) on the site.

3860: 3512:(died 866), whose lineage came to be traced to Mazu, establishing him as the archetypal iconoclastic Chan-master; 2882:

Practice of the acceptance of circumstances: to remain unmoved even by good fortune, recognizing it as evanescent

2789: 2500: 2008: 8450: 18497: 18322: 17595: 16609: 16550: 16437: 16316: 16248: 14634: 14272: 14191: 13694: 13347: 13149: 13040: 12985: 11558: 8499:

Buddhism in China Today: The Example of the Bai Lin Chan Monastery. In: Perspectives, Volume 4, No.2, June 2003

7006: 5133:(JTFM, Instructions on essential expedients for calming the mind and accessing the path), itself a part of the 2753: 2071:(907–960/979)). In this phase developed the well-known Chan of the iconoclastic zen-masters. Prime figures are 1806: 1772: 1748: 734: 700: 243: 64: 16729: 16604: 4637:

When this potential is realized, and the defilements have been eliminated, the Buddha-nature manifests as the

3330:". Nevertheless, seated dhyana remained an important part of the Chan tradition, also due to the influence of 2530:, gazed at the flower and smiled. The Buddha then acknowledged Mahākāśyapa's insight by saying the following: 18647: 18062: 17799: 17458: 17307: 17229: 16651: 15693: 15204: 13843: 13664: 13362: 13045: 11337: 11170: 10620: 10363: 9191: 8849: 8633: 5198:

At least two westerners are, or claim, to be dharma successors to Jing Hui: Lily-Marie Johnson (Ming Qi) and

4332:

traveled to China and returned to establish a Linji lineage, which is known in Japan as the Rinzai. In 1215,

4147: 3075:, which tells that there was a contest for the transmission of the title of patriarch. After being chosen by 2695:, it is written that Bodhidharma was the 28th patriarch in a line of descent from Mahākāśyapa, a disciple of 1782: 1712: 50: 9286: 8694: 4827: 2730: 680: 18705: 18507: 15715: 14423: 13247: 13119: 13090: 12792: 10993: 10684: 10095: 10065: 7861: 5167:

The monk returned to the Patriarch and reported what has happened. "The plum is ripe." said the Patriarch."

5012: 4475: 4455: 4221:), which was associated with the teachings of Mazu Daoyi, and the Thảo Đường (Caodong), which incorporated 4127: 3240:

is traditionally regarded as the "golden age" of Chan. This proliferation is described in a famous saying:

16739: 4389:

In the 20th century, during the First Buddhist revival, missionaries were sent to Indonesia and Malaysia.

3900:(宣化), who have propagated Chan in the West where it has grown steadily through the 20th and 21st century. 3341:. Guifeng Zongmi (圭峰宗密) (780–841), an influential teacher-scholar and patriarch of both the Chan and the 645: 18715: 18427: 18422: 18194: 16712: 16673: 16228: 16142: 15710: 15374: 14040: 12938: 12847: 12317: 11962: 11475: 11370: 10689: 8489:

A Selected Bibliography on Chan Buddhism in China, Journal of Chinese Philosophy V. 3, (1976) pp. 299-311

7548: 4588: 4515: 3735: 2578: 1880:, which is the most commonly used English name for the school). Chan Buddhism spread from China south to 1307: 531: 16744: 16734: 12482: 9894: 9311: 6985: 3888:

After further centuries of decline during the Qing, Chan was revived again in the early 20th century by

2033:(618–907 CE)). In this phase, Chan took its first clear contours. Prime figures are the fifth patriarch 1918:

The historical records required for a complete, accurate account of early Chan history no longer exist.

724: 18870: 17488: 17433: 17129: 15869: 15364: 14035: 13977: 13787: 13267: 12743: 12229: 11352: 11185: 10753: 10573: 10311: 8095: 4614: 4499: 3433:, named after Fa-yen Wen-i (885–958) became the dominant school in the southern kingdoms of Nan-T'ang ( 3236:

Daoxin, Hongren, Shenxiu, Huineng and Shenhui all lived during the early Tang. The later period of the

2395:: reality exists on two levels, a relative level and an absolute level. Taoists at first misunderstood 2367:

Buddhism, which consequently influenced Chan deeply. On the other hand, Taoists at first misunderstood

1278: 1254: 15457: 12677: 9966: 8326:

Je kunt er niet uitvallen. Interview met Ton Lathouwers. In: Zen, jaargang 13, januari 1992, nummer 48

2053:(670–762), whose propaganda elevated Huineng to the status of sixth patriarch. Prime factions are the 1095: 18740: 18529: 18387: 17839: 16722: 16501: 16132: 15762: 15285: 14417: 14169: 14006: 13961: 13677: 13490: 13480: 13352: 12335: 11915: 11676: 11651: 10435: 8096:"A Review of Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China" 5275: 4677: 3802: 3207: 2855: 2734:. As a result, early masters of the Chan tradition were referred to as "Laṅkāvatāra masters". As the 2271: 1741: 1600: 1352: 16840: 11701: 8357:

Introduction to "Branching streams flow in the darkness: Zen talks on the Sandokai"by Shunryū Suzuki

7022: 4414: 3956:

of the 1970s, a new revival of Chinese Buddhism has been ongoing. Ancient Buddhist temples, such as

2998:, who paid him due to imperial reverence. The first lineage documents were produced in this period: 18244: 18204: 18159: 17949: 17939: 17744: 17493: 17318: 17254: 17224: 17114: 16879: 16788: 16756: 16717: 16629: 15526: 14751: 14687: 14157: 14142: 13836: 13782: 13134: 12948: 12926: 12919: 12822: 12355: 11975: 11791: 11736: 11357: 11163: 10358: 9260: 9239: 8680: 8654: 7962: 4272: 3983: 3961: 3919: 2558: 1590: 1314: 1208: 857: 454: 417: 303: 15194: 9357: 8603:"Tstuomu Kambe: Bodhidharma (around 440? - 528?). A collection of stories from Chinese literature" 6230:

The Formation of Ch'an Ideology in China and Korea: The Vajrasamadhi-Sutra, a Buddhist Apocryphon.

2792:

to teach a "special transmission outside scriptures" which "did not stand upon words". Throughout

1595: 1203: 18695: 18632: 18582: 18542: 18487: 18122: 18117: 18007: 17954: 17844: 17774: 17570: 17376: 17291: 16496: 16474: 16273: 16095: 15620: 15236: 15163: 14847: 14218: 14018: 13927: 13719: 13699: 13030: 13010: 12767: 12497: 11741: 10832: 9956: 4393:, who played a central role in the revival of Indonesian Buddhism, received ordination as a Chan 3957: 3953: 3912: 3846:

Around 1900, Buddhists from other Asian countries showed a growing interest in Chinese Buddhism.

3016:

Members of the "East Mountain Teaching" shifted the alleged scriptural basis, realizing that the

1175: 1085: 1080: 9362: 4560: 4544:

emphasize the non-duality of form and emptiness: "form is emptiness, emptiness is form", as the

2725: 2561:

or an Indian monk. The story of his life, and of the Six Patriarchs, was constructed during the

1988:, from around 950 to 1250, which spans the era of the Song dynasty (960–1279). In this time the 1628: 18860: 18562: 18457: 18417: 18397: 18254: 18229: 18134: 18107: 18057: 18027: 18017: 17934: 17899: 17884: 17869: 17824: 17759: 17428: 17359: 17264: 17259: 17000: 16923: 16685: 16567: 16491: 16288: 16278: 16137: 16105: 16043: 16014: 15521: 15516: 15300: 15181: 15141: 14926: 14267: 14262: 14242: 14238: 13729: 13569: 13237: 13207: 12980: 12931: 12772: 12720: 12715: 12477: 12298: 12195: 11947: 11942: 11691: 11131: 10455: 10348: 10003: 8245: 6881:

The Revival of Tiantai Buddhism in the Late Ming: On the Thought of Youxi Chuandeng (1554-1628)

5138: 4709: 4649:, a text from the prajñaparamita sutras, articulates this in the following saying in which the 4098: 3705:

insight into one's true nature. Cheng-chueh in his turn criticized the emphasis on koan study.

3390: 2976: 2957: 2885:

Practice of the absence of craving: to be without craving, which is the source of all suffering

2255: 2054: 1623: 1148: 807: 767: 625: 444: 12059: 10537: 10527: 9998: 2239: 2197: 1100: 792: 18803: 18748: 18665: 18617: 18592: 18392: 18214: 18209: 18077: 18067: 17889: 17565: 17503: 17323: 17269: 16690: 16668: 16587: 16528: 16194: 15633: 15484: 14614: 14213: 14125: 13734: 13704: 13285: 13217: 13050: 12965: 12960: 12884: 12879: 12797: 11327: 10705: 10647: 10425: 10240: 9847: 9059:

Dharma Drum Retreat Center (New York) Official Website. Established by Chan Master Sheng Yen.

9036: 8355: 7770: 5566: 4631: 4380: 3918:

Until 1949, monasteries were built in the Southeast Asian countries, for example by monks of

3206:. There seems to have been disputes between them and Indian Buddhists, as exemplified by the 2679: 2286: 1247: 822: 15504: 15452: 12350: 9971: 8124:"The Taoist Influence on Hua-yen Buddhism: A Case of the Scinicization of Buddhism in China" 7952: 7772:

History of Ch'an Buddhism previous to the times of Hui-neng (Wie-lang). In: A Buddhist Bible

6508: 5536: 4930: 3671:

and Dahui belonged, but it was also employed on a more limited basis by the Caodong school.

1830: 1442: 1090: 18793: 18783: 18768: 18675: 18602: 18572: 18547: 18512: 18472: 18467: 18442: 18312: 18234: 18184: 18164: 18154: 18042: 17989: 17964: 17814: 17809: 17789: 17754: 17739: 17683: 17453: 17386: 17354: 17234: 17169: 17035: 16913: 16766: 16646: 16545: 16457: 16425: 16420: 16268: 16000: 15369: 15253: 14837: 14597: 14208: 14152: 14103: 14088: 13941: 13757: 13724: 13709: 13227: 13124: 13070: 12955: 12894: 12862: 12857: 12842: 12827: 12817: 12782: 12695: 12387: 12310: 11613: 11553: 11302: 11269: 11219: 10968: 10496: 10275: 10070: 9152:

Exploring Chán: An Introduction to the Religious and Mystical Tradition of Chinese Buddhism

6972: 6366: 5051: 4410: 4196: 4170: 4131: 4012: 3847: 3610: 3215: 2851: 2311: 1885: 1329: 574: 15568: 14450: 13597: 12212: 12081: 12007: 11883: 11621: 5620: 5610:. Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan (TICOJ) 37, 42-57. 2095:(952), which contains many "encounter-stories" and the canon genealogy of the Chan-school. 8: 18798: 18773: 18753: 18730: 18657: 18607: 18587: 18502: 18492: 18447: 18407: 18362: 18357: 18347: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18317: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18259: 18169: 18144: 18022: 18012: 17974: 17944: 17929: 17914: 17904: 17894: 17859: 17854: 17804: 17749: 17724: 17668: 17525: 17508: 17396: 17391: 17381: 17249: 17050: 16963: 16908: 16884: 16771: 16656: 16614: 16409: 16258: 15886: 15678: 15553: 15332: 15119: 15004: 14932: 14822: 14743: 14570: 14223: 14047: 13893: 13564: 13443: 13277: 13252: 13242: 13202: 13179: 13062: 13035: 12995: 12914: 12904: 12832: 12759: 12190: 12047: 11828: 11806: 11758: 11578: 11378: 11234: 11214: 10837: 10589: 10568: 10420: 10389: 9852: 8506: 7964:

Buddhist Revival under State Watch, in: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 40, 2,107-134

7119: 5046: 4567: 4503: 4451: 4214: 4184: 4174: 4159: 4106: 4081: 3973: 3908: 3475: 3258: 3007:

The transition from the East Mountain to the two capitals changed the character of Chan:

2388: 2340:

was inherited by the early Chan disciples: they equated – to some extent – the ineffable

2219: 2064: 1962: 1943: 1605: 1165: 812: 173: 11538: 11465: 11007: 8609: 4600:, which was understood as a transcendental reality underlying the world of appearances. 2952:

601–674), there emerged a new style of teaching, which was inspired by the Chinese text

2893:

This text was used and studied by Huike and his students. The True Nature refers to the

2781: 2527: 2378:

The emerging Chinese Buddhism nevertheless had to compete with Taoism and Confucianism:

18778: 18758: 18725: 18622: 18612: 18557: 18552: 18482: 18462: 18452: 18437: 18432: 18412: 18382: 18377: 18352: 18342: 18274: 18239: 18224: 18129: 18102: 18092: 18052: 18037: 18032: 17984: 17979: 17919: 17874: 17834: 17729: 17716: 17518: 17498: 17423: 17296: 17119: 16793: 16751: 16592: 16560: 16535: 16462: 16442: 16263: 16211: 16199: 16177: 15769: 15727: 15600: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15214: 14998: 14974: 14353: 14277: 14025: 13971: 13627: 13532: 13374: 13337: 13332: 13262: 13212: 13159: 13154: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13005: 12990: 12975: 12970: 12909: 12889: 12852: 12777: 12582: 12283: 12207: 12085: 12027: 11868: 11768: 11696: 11671: 11317: 11247: 11138: 11074: 10842: 10517: 10475: 10080: 9565: 9041: 8540: 8406:

The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. Translated with notes by Philip B. Yampolski

8202: 8167: 7940: 7601: 7163: 5018: 4933:". During this sitting meditation, practitioners usually assume a position such as the 4873: 4625:, "Buddha Element", "Buddha-Principle"), the element from which awakening springs. The 4578:

doctrines also give depictions of the interplay between the absolute and the relative.

4394: 4390: 4384: 4000: 3790: 3743: 3644: 2867: 2545: 2436: 2247: 1877: 1694: 1585: 1402: 1233: 1170: 594: 15881: 15430: 15026: 14756: 13426: 10975: 10394: 8786: 8590:

Soothill, William Edward; Hodous, Lewis (1995), A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms

8573: 8487: 7920: 7744:

The Anthropology of Religion, Charisma and Ghosts: Chinese Lessons for Adequate Theory

7609: 4716:, and his own line of teaching, which he called the "Southern school". Shenhui placed 4033:

practices by offering many lectures and seven-day Ch'an retreats. His order is called

3925: 1930:

Andy Ferguson distinguishes three periods from the 5th century into the 13th century:

1811: 18865: 18835: 18829: 18763: 18720: 18710: 18700: 18690: 18597: 18517: 18477: 18402: 18372: 18264: 18219: 18199: 18174: 18149: 18112: 18097: 18072: 18047: 17959: 17909: 17864: 17849: 17829: 17819: 17794: 17734: 17678: 17438: 17214: 16810: 16781: 16705: 16700: 16661: 16599: 16555: 16540: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16452: 16187: 16073: 15839: 15809: 15789: 15610: 15405: 15386: 15381: 15295: 15258: 14979: 14894: 14817: 14715: 14705: 14673: 14661: 14629: 14606: 14588: 14484: 14339: 14247: 14233: 14196: 14184: 14013: 13932: 13884: 13805: 13767: 13463: 13448: 13411: 13396: 13169: 13085: 13000: 12837: 12802: 12787: 12514: 12504: 12185: 12032: 12017: 11888: 11811: 11731: 11666: 11598: 11485: 11242: 11090: 10679: 10440: 9485: 9301: 9184: 9156: 9113: 8968: 8954: 8806: 8409: 8361: 8340: 8292: 8274: 8268: 8232: 8213: 8206: 8159: 8081: 8078:

Seeing through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism

8045: 8027: 8017: 7985: 7838: 7803: 7776: 7729: 7692: 7674: 7656: 7638: 7534: 7153: 7097: 7002: 6847: 5949: 5572: 5542: 5056: 5029: 4815: 4753: 4571: 4479: 4016: 3882: 3747: 3634: 3628: 3519: 3374: 3027: 2863: 2677:

In later writings, this lineage was extended to include 28 Indian patriarchs. In the

2555: 2132: 975: 931: 852: 695: 675: 19:

This article is about Chan/Zen Buddhism in China. For an overview of the school, see

16293: 15891: 15541: 15263: 12749: 11543: 11443: 10343: 9826: 8477: 8336:

The Lion's Roar of Queen Śrīmālā: A Buddhist Scripture on the Tathāgatagarbha Theory

7167: 5177: 4681: 4195:, the third patriarch of Chinese Chan. This, then, would be the first appearance of 3322:

A well-known story depicts Mazu practicing dhyana, but being rebuked by his teacher

2979:, due to the location of the residence of Hongren at Huangmei. The term was used by 2776: 2019:

and is connected to the figures of Bodhidharma and Huike. Its principal text is the

1127: 1021: 492: 18788: 18670: 18567: 18179: 18139: 18087: 18082: 17999: 17969: 17879: 17769: 17633: 17585: 17580: 17139: 17104: 17077: 16835: 16820: 16695: 16619: 16469: 16447: 16355: 16216: 15995: 15958: 15814: 15799: 15747: 15531: 15511: 15479: 15474: 15445: 15440: 15352: 15342: 15151: 15115: 15107: 15078: 14991: 14911: 14906: 14869: 14859: 14785: 14723: 14565: 14402: 14252: 13910: 13453: 13406: 13401: 13257: 13222: 13197: 13192: 12943: 12899: 12812: 12487: 12143: 12136: 11920: 11910: 11796: 11460: 11332: 11105: 10663: 10563: 10450: 10379: 9951: 9821: 9605: 9600: 9590: 9520: 9500: 9495: 9470: 9306: 8532: 8194: 8151: 7915: 7593: 7145: 7092: 7087: 7075: 6885: 5941: 5699: 5061: 4821: 4688:

In Zen Buddhism two main views on the way to enlightenment are discernible, namely

4495: 4467: 4204: 4095: 3946: 3457: 3296: 3219: 3143: 2969: 2748: 2116: 1717: 1689: 1477: 1437: 1286: 1223: 956: 87: 26:"Chan school" redirects here. For the Harvard University public health school, see 16432: 12532: 10150: 9946: 4799: 2227: 18839: 17463: 17443: 16933: 16825: 16815: 16484: 16152: 15943: 15923: 15854: 15819: 15752: 15536: 15462: 15435: 15410: 15347: 15310: 15098: 15041: 14812: 14329: 14130: 14056: 13996: 13951: 13920: 13817: 13762: 13714: 13642: 13512: 13310: 13290: 13232: 13144: 12807: 12705: 12552: 12288: 12271: 12256: 12234: 11786: 11656: 11490: 11470: 10604: 10532: 10522: 10460: 10445: 10410: 10008: 9842: 9805: 9615: 9595: 9570: 9545: 9530: 9460: 9445: 9150: 9087: 7862:"Review of Monks, Rulers and Literati: The Political Ascendancy of Chan Buddhism" 7149: 6841: 6373: 5627: 4897: 4478:, a monastery and retreat center located on a 237-acre (959,000 m) property near 4276: 4252: 4238: 3649: 3495: 3323: 3284: 3270: 2836: 2688: 2263: 2088: 1954:, and the legendary "split" between the Northern and the Southern School of Chan. 1722: 1372: 1357: 1117: 862: 787: 569: 330: 12562: 11716: 11706: 9265: 9070: 8737: 8249: 4601: 3809:

With the downfall of the Ming, several Chan masters fled to Japan, founding the

3751: 3171: 541: 17590: 17478: 17418: 17134: 17109: 16894: 16798: 16680: 16624: 16577: 15990: 15938: 15834: 15804: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15757: 15653: 15573: 15546: 15499: 15489: 14501: 14164: 14147: 13966: 13946: 13915: 13772: 13475: 13325: 13107: 12687: 12667: 12587: 12276: 12266: 12200: 12037: 11523: 11386: 11000: 10940: 10491: 10430: 10085: 10044: 10039: 9873: 9857: 9738: 9681: 9610: 9560: 9540: 9281: 8769: 8155: 4934: 4877: 4789: 4778: 4742: 4737: 4713: 4537: 4135: 4110: 4066:, Taiwan. She was inspired by her master and mentor, the late Venerable Master 4034: 3767: 3491: 3331: 3203: 3175: 3147: 3108: 3092: 3072: 2991: 2980: 2696: 2600:, the traditional list of patriarchs of the Chan lineage had been established: 2519: 2128: 2046: 2038: 1864: 1497: 1492: 1185: 1122: 980: 946: 901: 739: 663: 630: 526: 150: 143: 108: 14766: 9899: 9109:

Buddhism and Confucianism in Chan Sudden Approach: A Cunning Cultural Paradigm

8882: 5703: 4441: 3659:(koan) practice. According to Miura and Sasaki, "t was during the lifetime of 3098:

Doctrinally, Shenhui's "Southern School" is associated with the teaching that

2746:). Accounts recording the history of this early period are to be found in the 187: 18854: 17513: 17067: 16948: 16340: 16335: 16283: 16120: 16058: 15953: 15844: 15742: 15673: 15605: 15595: 15558: 15494: 15391: 15357: 15275: 15171: 15134: 15053: 14412: 14363: 14068: 13542: 13391: 12700: 12602: 12460: 12261: 12239: 12175: 11641: 11636: 11528: 11197: 10558: 10470: 10290: 10171: 10075: 10018: 9878: 9800: 9780: 9646: 9585: 9580: 9550: 9535: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9475: 9455: 9291: 9255: 9096: 8655:"Buddhism and Buddhists in China - IX. Present-Day Buddhism (by Lewis Hodus)" 8163: 7101: 5076: 4618: 4606: 4593: 4471: 4328:

was not introduced as a separate school in Japan until the 12th century when

4143: 3779: 3731: 3664: 3602: 3583: 3555: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3425: 3421: 3354: 3342: 3300: 3159: 3122: 3080: 3076: 3064: 2943: 2915: 2894: 2652: 2518:, the earliest source for which comes from the 14th century. It is said that 2515: 2441: 2407:: two different ways to look at reality. Based on their understanding of the 2364: 2345: 2169: 2124: 2108: 2084: 2076: 2034: 1580: 1547: 1482: 1467: 1319: 961: 951: 936: 926: 921: 896: 832: 802: 777: 635: 564: 449: 16182: 12000: 11990: 11362: 10895: 5157:

Fach'ang said, "Ma-tsu told me that mind is Buddha; so I came to live here."

4881: 4869: 4352: 4180: 2222:

was practiced in China centuries before the rise of Chan, by people such as

1787: 1777: 650: 17653: 17555: 17411: 17099: 17094: 17072: 17062: 16943: 16375: 16310: 16253: 16238: 16204: 15829: 15737: 14733: 14624: 14619: 14470: 14440: 14314: 14282: 14030: 14001: 13988: 13632: 13617: 13587: 13537: 13527: 13369: 13164: 12657: 12492: 12370: 12158: 12153: 11980: 11851: 11726: 11187: 11124: 11100: 10599: 10415: 10353: 10213: 10197: 10192: 10125: 10034: 10013: 9795: 9764: 9620: 9575: 9555: 9525: 9480: 9229: 9177: 8384: 6498:

Sam van Schaik, Where Chan and Tantra Meet: Buddhist Syncretism in Dunhuang

5688:"Exploring Chinese folk religion: Popularity, diffuseness, and diversities" 5621:

A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts

5562: 5212: 5199: 5108: 5104: 5066: 4320: 4063: 3822: 3763: 3739: 3719: 3668: 3660: 3568: 3547: 3509: 3505: 3450: 3430: 3417: 3307:(Rinzai). Linji is also regarded as the founder of one of the Five Houses. 3304: 3292: 3237: 3155: 2906: 2793: 2562: 2278: 2231: 2099: 2080: 2030: 1974: 1966: 1947: 1901: 1873: 1858: 1854: 1674: 1512: 1487: 1112: 1036: 941: 847: 393: 341: 94: 15876: 14521: 12415: 12400: 12360: 12057: 11721: 11297: 10905: 9123: 8198: 7982:

Cultivating the Empty Field: The Silent Illumination of Zen Master Hongzhi

7954:

The Religious Revival in China. In: Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 18

7626:

Sun-Face Buddha. The Teachings of Ma-tsu and the Hung-chou School of Ch'an

4368: 4360: 4347:

The schools of Zen that currently exist in Japan are the Sōtō, Rinzai and

4179:

According to traditional accounts of Vietnam, in 580 an Indian monk named

4051: 2363:(理事 Noumenon and Phenomenon, or Principle and Practice) first appeared in 2209: 2199: 1981:

genre, the recordings of the sayings and teachings of these great masters.

17575: 17550: 17369: 17337: 17328: 17274: 17204: 17189: 17082: 16973: 16634: 16582: 16370: 16088: 16068: 15908: 15849: 15587: 15583: 15396: 14884: 14832: 14802: 14639: 14493: 14385: 14309: 14174: 14110: 14061: 13602: 13431: 12572: 12557: 12340: 12148: 12076: 11856: 11686: 11588: 11435: 11307: 10947: 10594: 10542: 10501: 10261: 10256: 9785: 9686: 9450: 9435: 9296: 9224: 7570:

Ch'an Hermeneutics: A Korean View. In: Donald S. Lopez, Jr. (ed.)(1993),

5003: 4942: 4865: 4805: 4546: 4420: 4308: 4234: 4088:

who donated a small amount of money each day to care for needy families.

3854: 3723: 3551: 3088:) In 753, he fell out of grace and had to leave Dongdu to go into exile. 3042: 2840: 2824: 2771: 2640: 2604: 2586: 2551: 2523: 2504: 2331: 2302: 2290: 2243: 2181: 2161: 2092: 2012: 1939: 1893: 1684: 1679: 1664: 1537: 1457: 1452: 891: 827: 817: 782: 690: 620: 509: 401: 16889: 16830: 15933: 15327: 15146: 14695: 13592: 12052: 10145: 9961: 8140:"On Pure Land Buddhism and Ch'an/Pure Land Syncretism in Medieval China" 5152:

The Patriarch replied, "Mind is Buddha." Fa-ch'ang had great awakening.

4040:

Two additional traditions emerged in the 1960s, based their teaching on

3231: 17541: 17536: 17406: 17401: 17364: 17342: 17199: 17179: 17174: 17015: 17005: 16968: 16572: 16350: 16298: 16038: 15683: 15663: 15199: 15124: 15063: 14827: 14807: 14728: 14380: 14348: 14319: 14098: 14093: 14078: 13547: 13505: 13381: 13187: 13112: 12726: 12710: 12672: 12652: 12547: 12522: 12430: 12365: 12345: 12091: 12022: 11893: 11776: 11746: 11681: 11631: 11289: 11279: 11252: 11025: 10900: 10816: 10295: 9925: 9465: 9440: 9383: 9337: 9332: 8171: 8139: 7605: 4991: 4746: 4638: 4552: 4541: 4364: 4200: 4085: 3783: 3499: 3405: 3378: 3288: 3167: 3067:

in the south to avoid the wrath of Hongren's jealous senior disciples.

2616: 2400: 2250:

meditation, mindfulness of the impurities of the body; loving-kindness

2120: 2072: 1970: 1850: 1835: 1669: 1507: 1472: 1447: 1377: 1068: 916: 772: 615: 579: 514: 487: 16380: 15219: 12567: 11563: 10874: 8544: 8307:

Buddhist Spirituality. Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, Early Chinese

5176:

This role-taking is described by the Swedish psychologist of religion

3214:, where Chan and Tantric Buddhists lived side by side and this led to 2739: 2462:

masters specialized in all the rules of discipline for monks and nuns,

2387:

One point of confusion for this new emerging Chinese Buddhism was the

1969:

around 950 CE. This is the time of the great masters of Chan, such as

497: 17483: 17279: 17194: 17184: 17055: 17010: 16995: 16928: 16776: 16243: 16165: 16125: 16115: 16078: 16053: 16033: 15928: 15794: 15648: 15638: 15400: 15320: 15315: 15226: 15036: 15021: 14986: 14969: 14951: 14864: 14644: 14560: 14539: 14534: 14511: 14506: 14465: 14460: 14397: 14334: 14257: 14228: 14179: 14120: 14073: 13522: 13495: 12662: 12537: 12249: 12165: 12042: 11932: 11905: 11898: 11861: 11818: 11781: 11548: 11513: 11480: 11455: 11410: 11095: 10961: 10769: 10465: 10166: 9920: 9733: 9712: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9327: 9234: 9075: 7708:

The Will to Orthodoxy: A Critical Genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism

6986:

https://chancenter.org/cmc/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/MindDharma1.pdf

6889: 5282:(Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5007: 4964:

test a student's progress in Chan practice. Koans often appear to be

4556: 4487: 4463: 4356: 4114: 4091: 4047: 4022: 4008: 3942: 3897: 3893: 3870: 3362: 3151: 2995: 2797: 2788:

Bodhidharma is recorded as having come into China during the time of

2427: 2421:

When Buddhism came to China, there were three divisions of training:

2336: 2323: 2223: 1532: 1137: 1132: 1053: 1004: 837: 482: 409: 122: 14916: 14445: 13295: 12131: 11985: 11751: 11533: 11402: 11394: 9347: 9058: 7597: 7023:"The Origin of Tzu Chi: Work for Buddhism and for All Living Beings" 5019:

Reciprocal Relationship of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Buddhism

4696: 4247:

period (7th through 9th centuries) as Korean monks of predominantly

2539: 640: 459: 17286: 17030: 17020: 16875: 16365: 16345: 16172: 16048: 15903: 15467: 15189: 15129: 15048: 14956: 14943: 14921: 14901: 14879: 14874: 14854: 14794: 14761: 14700: 14544: 14529: 14407: 14368: 14324: 14115: 14052: 13956: 13859: 13812: 13652: 13607: 13552: 13517: 13421: 13080: 12647: 12642: 12592: 12527: 12445: 12410: 12405: 12066: 11937: 11925: 11836: 11495: 11192: 10954: 10934:

Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices

10879: 10869: 10384: 9790: 9743: 9651: 9407: 9342: 8536: 6879: 5041: 4987: 4689: 4658: 4303:(知訥) (1158–1210), who established a reform movement and introduced 4067: 4059: 4041: 4030: 3926:

People's Republic of China (1949–present) – Second Buddhist Revival

3865: 3727: 3696:, for the hindrance it had become to study of Chan by his students 3366: 3338: 3211: 3202:

first went to Tibet in the eighth century during the height of the

3163: 3099: 3054: 2848:

Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices

2820:

Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices

2319: 2185: 1842: 1839: 1826: 1542: 1502: 1407: 1392: 1382: 1362: 1142: 536: 469: 280: 129: 12637: 12627: 12612: 12435: 12305: 11573: 10811: 10176: 10140: 9759: 7791:

Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought

7561:

Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought

5163:

The monk said, "Nowadays he also says, 'Neither mind nor Buddha."'

4854: 4551:

relative world. This question is answered in such schemata as the

4462:

The first Chinese master to teach Westerners in North America was

4348: 4341: 4333: 3810: 3771: 3605:, which in turn became strongly affiliated to the Imperial Court: 2251: 1041: 1026: 842: 17560: 17159: 17124: 17045: 16958: 16899: 16803: 16506: 16360: 16110: 16063: 15948: 15824: 15643: 15068: 15031: 14842: 14392: 14358: 14201: 13902: 13557: 13500: 13485: 12632: 12622: 12597: 12472: 12467: 12425: 12395: 12327: 12293: 12180: 12121: 12116: 11970: 11873: 11711: 11661: 11448: 11274: 11069: 9707: 9656: 9490: 9402: 5035: 4965: 4794: 4717: 4705: 4650: 4575: 4424: 4398: 4192: 4139: 4055: 4026: 3969: 3889: 3798: 3515: 3434: 3358: 3199: 3085: 3060: 3046: 2875:

The entrance of practice includes the following four increments:

2692: 2664: 2628: 2597: 2593: 2582: 2396: 2368: 2352: 2235: 2174: 2155: 2112: 2050: 2042: 1951: 1881: 1575: 1552: 1527: 1462: 1427: 1417: 1412: 1397: 1218: 911: 906: 610: 589: 584: 439: 155: 12244: 12012: 10790: 8938:

Swampland Flowers: The Letters and Lectures of Zen Master Ta Hui

8896: 6458: 6456: 6075: 5215:

can be translated as "consciousness", but also as "discernment".

4704:

In the 8th century, Chan history was effectively refashioned by

4397:

on July 29, 1953 and received the name Ti Zheng (Te Cheng) from

4304: 4126:

In Taiwan, these four masters are popularly referred to as the "

3885:

and the installation of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

3210:. Many Tibetan Chan texts have been recovered from the caves at 2514:

The Chan tradition ascribes the origins of Chan in India to the

2104: 365: 17468: 17347: 17332: 17151: 17040: 17025: 16983: 16761: 16639: 15913: 15668: 15658: 15270: 15231: 15073: 14681: 14651: 14375: 13637: 13622: 13458: 13320: 13300: 13075: 12737: 12617: 12607: 12542: 12170: 12126: 12111: 12101: 12071: 11995: 11878: 11646: 11518: 11262: 11257: 11064: 10806: 9930: 9352: 9031: 6247: 5071: 4337: 4296: 4248: 4222: 4102: 3996: 3938: 3874: 3794: 3586:

lineage as heir to the legacy of Mazu and the Hongzhou-school.

3022: 2984: 2960:. It is a method named "Maintaining the one without wavering" ( 2932: 2573:, "a dhuta (extreme ascetic) who schooled others" and used the 2468: 2459: 2372: 2315: 2282: 2207: 2189: 1816: 1792: 1432: 1367: 1228: 1213: 1063: 1031: 999: 599: 464: 206: 15859: 7336: 5784: 5229:

Bodhisattva of compassion - the mystical tradition of kuan Yin

3498:(771–854) and Yangshan Huiji (813–890), dharma-descendants of 3275: 3091:

The most prominent of the successors of Shenhui's lineage was

3059:

According to tradition, the sixth and last ancestral founder,

17164: 16938: 16918: 16903: 16479: 16305: 16100: 15963: 15918: 15898: 15058: 14455: 14301: 14083: 13777: 13612: 13470: 13436: 13416: 13386: 13315: 12732: 12577: 12455: 12450: 12420: 12375: 12222: 12217: 12096: 11801: 11626: 11593: 11583: 10774: 10748: 9915: 9728: 9702: 9641: 9636: 9378: 9015: 8828:"Buddhism in Indonesia, Past and Present Ven. Ditthisampanno" 8060:

The Northern School and the Formation of Early Chʻan Buddhism

7549:"From India to China: Transformations in Buddhist Philosophy" 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6602: 6453: 4938: 4925: 4914: 4669:śūnyatā, the absence of an independent and substantial self. 4596:

were endorsed because of the perceived similarities with the

4494:, and subsequently founded the CMC Chan Meditation Center in 4344:

established the Sōtō school, the Japanese branch of Caodong.

4329: 4300: 4286: 4262: 4244: 4130:" of Taiwanese Buddhism, with their respective organizations 3977: 3931: 3904: 3639: 3444: 3438: 2570: 2465:

Dhyāna masters specialized in the practice of meditation, and

2327: 2193: 2136: 1897: 1889: 1846: 1522: 1517: 1422: 1387: 1058: 1016: 994: 559: 266: 220: 8638:. Asian Philosophy, Vol. 13, Nos. 2/3, 2003. Notes 26 and 41 8318:, Boston & London: Shambhala (translator: Thomas Cleary) 7687:

Dumoulin, Heinrich; Heisig, James W.; Knitter, Paul (2005).

7297: 7295: 5939: 4720:

into prominence as the sixth Chan-patriarch, and emphasized

4486:. Another Chinese Chan teacher with a Western following was 3789:

Chan was taught alongside other Buddhist traditions such as

2858:

are the entrance of principle and the entrance of practice:

2704:

Mahākāśyapa was the first, leading the line of transmission;

2425:

The training in virtue and discipline in the precepts (Skt.

2334:. Against this background, especially the Taoist concept of 17089: 16978: 14889: 13828: 13647: 12440: 12106: 11603: 9412: 9388: 7553:

Qi: The Journal of Traditional Eastern Health & Fitness

7174: 6431: 6429: 6123: 5813: 5811: 4958: 4841: 4446: 3656: 2724:

In its beginnings in China, Chan primarily referred to the

1989: 1727: 605: 8316:

The Undying Lamp of Zen. The Testament of Zen Master Torei

7522:

Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion

7471: 7377: 7375: 7314: 7312: 7310: 6932: 6920: 6099: 5909: 5823: 5444: 5432: 5396: 5384: 4741:, the dichotomy between sudden and gradual is reconciled. 4243:

Seon was gradually transmitted into Korea during the late

16988: 16953: 15628: 14965: 13305: 11841: 9214: 9200: 7764:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, pp. 475–505 7292: 7225: 7213: 7186: 6908: 6509:

https://tricycle.org/magazine/lost-tradition-tibetan-zen/

6198: 5640: 5638: 5636: 4724:, as opposed to the concurrent Northern School's alleged 4597: 4325: 4225:

chanting techniques; both were founded by Chinese monks.

3775: 3578:, compiled in 952, 86 years after Linji's death. But the 3337:

The Hung-chou school has been criticised for its radical

2550:

Traditionally the origin of Chan in China is credited to

2471:

masters specialized in the mastery of the Buddhist texts.

2341: 380: 355: 134: 20: 6653: 6537: 6426: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6235: 5808: 5796: 5243: 5159:

The monk said, "Ma-tsu's teaching has changed recently."

4191:) traveled to Vietnam after completing his studies with 4094:(1927-2023), founded the Fo Guang Shan an international 3708: 3037: 2921: 8756:"Modern Chan: A short biography of Chan Master Jinghui" 8231:, Livingston Manor, NY: The Zen Studies Society Press, 7888:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 7793:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 7563:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 7459: 7423: 7387: 7372: 7360: 7324: 7307: 7280: 6677: 6580: 6578: 6565: 6563: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6087: 5772: 5760: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5350: 5348: 5346: 3079:, the fifth patriarch, Huineng had to flee by night to 2817:

by Yáng Xuànzhī's (楊衒之, 547), Tan Lin's preface to the

2708:

The Lamp was then brought over the sea to this country;

2540:

First six patriarchs (c. 500 – early 8th century)

2494: 2326:

were deeply influenced by the Taoist keystone works of

2262:. Other important translators of meditation texts were 2226:(c. 148–180 CE) and his school, who translated various 2107:

for individual study and meditation. Prime figures are

13871: 9169: 8634:

James D. Sellmann & Hans Julius Schneider (2003),

7531:

The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen

7246: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7203: 7201: 7074:

Schak, David; Hsiao, Hsin-Huang Michael (2005-06-01).

6953: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6390: 5921: 5633: 5420: 3855:

Republic of China (1912–1949) – First Buddhist Revival

3833:), thereby excluding several prominent Caodong monks. 3116:; he was effectively written out of Chan history. The 308: 7686: 7441: 6782: 6626: 6513: 6441: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6259: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6014: 6012: 5710: 5650: 5504: 5372: 5360: 4763: 3232:

Classical or Middle Chan – Tang dynasty (c. 750–1000)

2254:

meditation; the contemplation on the twelve links of

113: 99: 8523:

Zvelebil, K.V. (1987), "The Sound of the One Hand",

8229:

Points of Departure: Zen Buddhism with a Rinzai View

7717:

Visions of Power. Imaging Medieval Japanese Buddhism

7411: 7399: 7348: 6590: 6575: 6560: 6468: 6210: 6179: 6041: 6039: 5662: 5408: 5343: 5255: 4997: 3762:

Chan Buddhism enjoyed something of a revival in the

3406:

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)

2712:

His mantle, as we all know, passed over six Fathers,

2509: 2268:

The Sutra on the Concentration of Sitting Meditation

248: 7719:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 7623: 7483: 7237: 7198: 6689: 6614: 6414: 6402: 6253: 5876: 5874: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5492: 5480: 5456: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 4672: 4613:The doctrine of the Buddha-nature asserts that all 3841: 3365:) school. He is also regarded as the author of the 8951:Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China 8273:, New York: Bollingen/Princeton University Press, 8115:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions 8002:, Kuroda Institute (translator: William F. Powell) 7653:Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China 7447: 6896: 6799: 6797: 6722: 6710: 6305: 6162: 6051: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5948:. Vol. 2. New York: Proseworks. p. 749. 5847: 5468: 5211:Translations do differ, which makes a difference. 4760:), who described the five ranks of enlightenment. 4701:) followed by gradual purification of intentions. 4604:at first was understood as pointing to the Taoist 4153: 2994:was invited to the Imperial Court by Zhou Empress 2055:Northern School, Southern School and Oxhead School 9138:A Critical Survey of Works on Zen since Yampolsky 8732: 8730: 8469:Dharma Drum: The Life and Heart of Ch'an Practice 6036: 6024: 5859: 5835: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5516: 3911:, which is endorsed by Jing Hui, former abbot of 2815:The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang 2318:. Representatives of early Chinese Buddhism like 2289:influences when it came to China. Goddard quotes 1838:" or "meditative state"), is a Chinese school of 18852: 7904:"Ma-Tsu Tao-I And The Unfolding Of Southern Zen" 7533:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 7268: 6295: 6293: 6140: 6138: 5871: 5739: 5306: 5180:, though McRae does not seem to be aware of this 4708:, who created a dichotomy between the so-called 4474:during the early 1960s. He went on to found the 3445:Literary Chan – Song dynasty (c. 960–1300) 3248:The whole of it is the realm of the Chan school. 2592:By the late 8th century, under the influence of 2091:and the Hubei faction. An important text is the 1853:onwards, becoming especially popular during the 192: 178: 7142:2010 International Computer Symposium (ICS2010) 6794: 5990: 5120:Godard does not provide a source for this quote 4752:This gradual cultivation is also recognized by 4450:Covering over 480 acres of land and located in 3851:in China in the beginning of the 20th century. 2691:(永嘉玄覺, 665–713), one of the chief disciples of 8727: 7139: 6643: 6641: 5946:The Encyclopedia of American Religious History 5722: 5686:Zhang, Chunni; Lu, Yunfeng; Sheng, He (2021). 4835:dating to at least the 9th century CE, is the 3030:masters, as being the sutra that preluded the 2714:And by them many minds came to see the Light. 2706:Twenty-eight Fathers followed him in the West; 2434:The training in mind through meditation (Skt. 2399:to be akin to the Taoist non-being. In Indian 2306:as an extension of Daoist breathing exercises. 2175:Sinification of Buddhism and Taoist influences 2156:Introduction of Buddhism in China (c. 200–500) 285: 271: 13844: 11171: 9185: 8636:Liberating Language in Linji and Wittgenstein 8180:"Mindfullness and Mindlessness in Early Chan" 8093: 6926: 6494: 6492: 6290: 6135: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5608:Mindfulness of Breathing in the Dhyāna Sūtras 5590: 5588: 5297: 5295: 5129:It first appears in a Chinese text named the 4208: 4199:. Other early Thiền schools included that of 4118: 2947: 2936: 2710:And Bodhidharma became the First Father here: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2447:The training in the recorded teachings (Skt. 2391:. Chinese thinking took this to refer to two 2045:(638–713), protagonist of the quintessential 1749: 1255: 69: 55: 11953:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 8449:, University of Hawaii Press, archived from 8332: 7624:Cheng Chien Bhikshu (1992), "Introduction", 7301: 7015: 6846:. Princeton University Press. p. 1056. 6839: 6833: 6222: 5685: 4581: 4415:Japanese Zen § Zen in the Western world 4404: 4290: 4280: 4266: 4256: 3244:Look at the territory of the house of Tang — 3120:also reflects the growing popularity of the 2699:, and the first patriarch of Chan Buddhism. 2192:, while one believes that Chan has roots in 2131:. The classic koan-collections, such as the 225: 211: 8695:"RELIGION-CHINA: Buddhism Enjoys A Revival" 8649: 8647: 8645: 7997: 7832: 7207: 7076:"Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups" 6764: 6638: 4977:Chan developed a distinct monastic system. 3816: 3757: 3713: 3562: 3377:(Jp. Tōzan Ryōkan) and the teaching of the 3334:, who tried to balance dhyana and insight. 3283:The most important of these schools is the 13851: 13837: 11178: 11164: 9192: 9178: 8430: 8421: 8009:Hakuin on Kensho. The Four Ways of Knowing 7970: 7883: 7874: 7853:Basic Buddhism: exploring Buddhism and Zen 7837:, New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 7741: 7546: 7429: 7342: 7330: 7318: 7116:"Come to Taiwan,Return with good memories" 7073: 6947: 6815: 6752: 6740: 6683: 6647: 6531: 6489: 6462: 6384: 6069: 5962: 5644: 5585: 5568:China Root:Taoism, Ch'an, and Original Zen 5292: 5224: 5161:Fa-ch'ang asked, "What is the difference?" 4929:in Japanese, both simply meaning "sitting 4466:, who taught Chan and other traditions of 3393:persecuted the Buddhist schools in China: 3026:, commentary, and fabricated a lineage of 2926: 1756: 1742: 1262: 1248: 11048:Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance 9071:Sacred-text.com's collection of Zen texts 9054:Western Ch'an Fellowship Official Website 8870: 8864:"Tozan Ryokai's Verses on the Five Ranks" 8485: 8403: 7973:Meer dan een mens kan doen. Zentoespraken 7960: 7919: 7800:Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism 7689:Zen Buddhism: A History (India and China) 7668: 7650: 7528: 7180: 7091: 6959: 6914: 6827: 6608: 6272: 6117: 6105: 6093: 6081: 5927: 5915: 5904: 5829: 5817: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5594: 5571:. Shambala Publications. pp. 21–26. 5249: 4980: 4492:Buddhist Association of the United States 4307:practice to Korea. Jinul established the 2780:Bodhidharma with Dazu Huike. Painting by 28:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 16408: 10061:Buddha's Light International Association 8965:Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 2: Japan 8642: 8525:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8522: 8439: 8322: 7979: 7930:"Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey" 7723: 7671:Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 2: Japan 7635:Classics of Buddhism and Zen: Volume One 6973:"Chan Newsletter No. 106, February 1995" 6632: 6129: 5426: 5354: 5337: 5273: 4848: 4676: 4445: 4435: 4429:1893 Parliament of the World's Religions 4311:(松廣寺) as a new center of pure practice. 3864: 3384: 3369:, a poem which formed the basis for the 3274: 3106:Shenhui's influence is traceable in the 3041: 2775: 2416: 1876:(the Japanese pronunciation of the same 1863: 17705: 13140:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 8993:Buddhist Faith and Sudden Enlightenment 8820: 8304: 8226: 8039: 8015: 7892: 7850: 7797: 7788: 7768: 7759: 7582:"Ch'an Buddhism: Logical and Illogical" 7567: 7558: 7465: 7405: 7354: 7286: 7262: 7219: 6840:Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald (2014). 6776: 6596: 6543: 6519: 6447: 6435: 6396: 6330: 5716: 5656: 5600: 5541:. Shambala Publications. pp. 4–5. 5510: 5498: 5462: 5280:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5261: 5144: 4509: 3869:Traditional Chan Buddhist Grand Master 3540:(822–908), whose lineage was traced to 3252: 3198:Chinese Chan Buddhist teachers such as 18853: 13343:List of Buddhist architecture in China 9395:Who is the master that sees and hears? 8394: 8373: 8353: 8286: 8266: 8257: 8244: 8112: 7833:Isshū, Miura; Sasaki, Ruth F. (1993), 7750: 7637:, Boston, MA: Shambhala publications, 7632: 7489: 7477: 7045:"Biography of Dharma Master Cheng Yen" 6758: 6704: 6659: 6620: 6057: 5673: 5613: 5561: 5474: 5414: 5301: 3699: 3469: 3412:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period 2589:, is regarded as the third patriarch. 2069:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 1965:around 765 CE to the beginning of the 17704: 16857: 16407: 13870: 13832: 11159: 9173: 8475: 8333:Wayman, Alex; Wayman, Hideko (1990). 8313: 8289:The Training of the Zen Buddhist Monk 8177: 8137: 8075: 8066: 8057: 7939:, New York: Routledge, archived from 7908:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 7877:The Principles of Buddhist Psychology 7859: 7824: 7815: 7714: 7705: 7579: 7519: 7510: 7453: 7442:Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter (2005) 7417: 7393: 7381: 7366: 7250: 7231: 7192: 6996: 6902: 6866: 6803: 6788: 6728: 6716: 6671: 6584: 6569: 6555: 6474: 6420: 6408: 6354: 6342: 6299: 6284: 6241: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6156: 6144: 6045: 6030: 5985: 5892: 5522: 5486: 5450: 5438: 5402: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5325: 5227::221 mentions: Blofeld, John (1988), 5189:See for more information on Jinghui. 4908: 4837:Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch 4790:Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch 3709:Post-classical Chan (c. 1300–present) 3688:interaction with "educated literati". 3642:, both of the Linji lineage, and the 3038:Southern School – Huineng and Shenhui 2922:Early Chan in Tang China (c. 600–900) 2522:gathered his disciples one day for a 2238:circa 1st-4th centuries CE. The five 1872:Chan is the originating tradition of 9155:. Songlark Publishing. p. 472. 7950: 7927: 7118:. Info.taiwan.net.tw. Archived from 6843:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 6318: 6173: 6018: 5944:; Shattuck Jr., Gardiner H. (1996). 5880: 5865: 5853: 5841: 5754: 4859: 4531: 4374: 2829:Further Biographies of Eminent Monks 2719: 2495:Legendary or Proto-Chan (c. 500–600) 2206:, the consideration of objects, and 1946:around 765 CE, in the middle of the 1896:, and, in the 13th century, east to 1802: 9148: 9076:Buddhanet's collection of Zen texts 8495: 8466: 8006: 7901: 7753:Zen Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices 7728:, Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications, 7274: 6232:Princeton University Press, p. 141. 6003: 5141:" and has been dated to around 713. 5131:Ju-tao an-hsin yao-fang-pien fa-men 4972: 4665:also emphasizes that Buddha-nature 4164: 4015:, a Buddhist organization based in 4011:(1930–2009) was the founder of the 3371:Song of the Precious Mirror Samadhi 3264: 2444:and non-reactive state of mind, and 2355:concepts as well. Concepts such as 2260:Buddha's thirty-two Characteristics 1335:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China 16:Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism 13: 17674:Religions and spiritual traditions 13873:Religious groups and denominations 13130:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 8913: 8360:, University of California Press, 8121: 8080:, University of California Press, 7937:Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy 7503: 6877: 5733: 5534: 4890: 4764:Esoteric and exoteric transmission 3518:school (曹洞宗), named after masters 3128:Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra 2954:Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana 2749:Records of the Laṅkāvatāra Masters 2403:philosophy the two truths are two 2301:Judging from the reception by the 2166:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 2087:(822–908). Prime factions are the 1914:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 1293: 14: 18882: 10091:Dharma Realm Buddhist Association 8999: 8876: 8787:Biography (at bottom of the page) 8399:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 8024:University of Massachusetts Press 7921:10.18874/jjrs.12.2-3.1985.173-192 4998:Sinification of Buddhism in China 4772: 4484:Dharma Realm Buddhist Association 3182:also belongs. The shift from the 2510:Mahākāśyapa and the Flower Sermon 2093:Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall 1181:Zen organisation and institutions 797: 745:Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall 18834: 18825: 18824: 18638:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17780:Democratic Republic of the Congo 13811: 13801: 13800: 13358:Thai temple art and architecture 13103:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 11343:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 11209: 11196: 11186: 11143: 11142: 11119: 11118: 10112:Dharma Realm Buddhist University 9011:Zen Buddhism WWW Virtual Library 8897:"Digital Dictionary of Buddhism" 8889: 8861: 8855: 8842: 8791: 8780: 8762: 8748: 8705: 8687: 8665: 8626: 8471:, Boston & London: Shambhala 8071:, The University Press Group Ltd 8042:The Making of Buddhist Modernism 8011:, Boston & London: Shambhala 7980:Leighton, Taigen Daniel (2000), 7886:A history of Buddhist philosophy 7879:, Delhi: ri Satguru Publications 7435: 7256: 7133: 7108: 7067: 7037: 6990: 6979: 6965: 6871: 6860: 6821: 6809: 6770: 6746: 6734: 6665: 6549: 6486:Van Schaik, Tibetan Zen, page 1. 5630:, The Buddhist Academy of China. 5218: 5205: 5192: 5183: 5170: 5011:direction), and the practice of 4952: 4673:Sudden and gradual enlightenment 4559:("the Oxherding Pictures"), and 4228: 3842:19th century (late Qing dynasty) 3836: 3754:active in both China and Korea. 3596: 3554:(885–958), a "grand-student" of 3348: 2910:robe, a bowl, and a copy of the 2270:, amongst many other texts; and 2041:(606?–706), the sixth patriarch 2021:Two Entrances and Four Practices 1921: 720:Two Entrances and Four Practices 364: 329: 17240:Evolutionary origin of religion 11210: 8595: 8583: 8559: 8467:Yen, Chan Master Sheng (1996), 6884:(Thesis). Columbia University. 6525: 6501: 6480: 6378: 6360: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6278: 6150: 6111: 6063: 5933: 5898: 5886: 5679: 5555: 5528: 5123: 5114: 5097: 5088: 4314: 4160:Spread of Chan Buddhism in Asia 4154:Spread of Chan Buddhism in Asia 4058:as a charity organization with 3222:. According to Sam Van Schaik: 3193: 2790:Southern and Northern Dynasties 2501:Southern and Northern Dynasties 2258:; and the contemplation on the 2111:(1089–1163) who introduced the 2009:Southern and Northern Dynasties 1942:in the late 5th century to the 156: 135: 17596:Separation of church and state 16249:Polytheistic reconstructionism 13348:Japanese Buddhist architecture 13150:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 12230:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 11421:Places where the Buddha stayed 10715:Other Rinzai or Linji lineages 10583:Other Rinzai or Linji lineages 8926:Essays in Zen Buddhism, 3 vols 8552: 8178:Sharf, Robert (October 2014), 7529:Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), 7513:Zen and Zen Classics, Volume 4 7093:10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803 6228:Robert E. Buswell Jr. (2017). 5267: 4291: 4281: 4267: 4257: 4076: 3742:. Chan began to be mixed with 3722:was the empire established by 3621: 2806: 2765: 2757: 2410:Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra 2359:(體用 Essence and Function) and 2216:, total fixation of the mind. 1821: 1810: 1797: 1786: 1776: 1647:Buddhist architecture in China 735:Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment 309: 249: 193: 114: 100: 70: 56: 1: 15205:Traditional Sabahan religions 13363:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 10621:Soto Zen Buddhist Association 10364:Tassajara Zen Mountain Center 8486:Zeuschner, Robert B. (1976), 8408:, Columbia University Press, 8404:Yampolski, Philip B. (1967), 8218:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 7884:Kalupahana, David J. (1994), 7875:Kalupahana, David J. (1992), 7444:, pp. 68, 70–73, 167–168 6999:Zen: Tradition and Transition 5278:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5237: 4919:Sitting meditation is called 4712:or "Northern School", led by 4561:Hakuin's Four ways of knowing 4523: 3907:propagated a Chan-influenced 3487:The Five Houses of Chan are: 3174:, which was set forth in the 2482:McRae goes so far as to say: 2266:(334–413 CE), who translated 1713:Buddhist Association of China 493:Hakuin's Four ways of knowing 13858: 13120:Buddhism and the Roman world 13096:Decline of Buddhism in India 13091:History of Buddhism in India 11191: Topics in 10685:Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey 10317:Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat 10096:City of Ten Thousand Buddhas 10066:Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan) 8879:"Fundamentals of Meditation" 8832:www.buddhismandaustralia.com 8435:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 8426:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 8094:Meng-Tat Chia, Jack (2011), 8062:, University of Hawaii Press 7935:, in Cua, Antonio S. (ed.), 7897:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 7742:Feuchtwang, Stephen (2010), 7669:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005b), 7651:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005a), 7575:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 7150:10.1109/COMPSYM.2010.5685523 5692:Chinese Journal of Sociology 5013:Traditional Chinese medicine 4657:of are "mere concepts", not 4476:City Of Ten Thousand Buddhas 4456:City of Ten Thousand Buddhas 4105:in 1967. The order promotes 3482:Five Houses (Ch. 五家) of Chan 2738:teaches the doctrine of the 2246:(mindfulness of breathing); 2151:or perhaps multiple phases". 2023:, attributed to Bodhidharma. 952:Yunmen Wenyan (Ummon Bun'en) 7: 17449:National religiosity levels 16674:Nauruan Indigenous religion 16229:Hellenism (modern religion) 12318:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 12058: 10690:Norwich Zen Buddhist Priory 9144:Homepage of Robert H. Sharf 8963:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), 8949:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), 8906:, entry "Baizhang Huaihai". 8431:Yampolski, Philip (2003b), 8422:Yampolski, Philip (2003a), 8113:Nadeau, Randall L. (2012), 8044:, Oxford University Press, 8019:Taoism and Chinese Religion 7951:Lai, Hongyi Harry (2003b), 7893:Kasulis, Thomas P. (2003), 7710:, Stanford University Press 5023: 4692:and gradual enlightenment. 4516:Doctrinal background of Zen 3972:, but has also adopted the 3861:Republic of China (1912–49) 3494:(潙仰宗), named after masters 3162:, sudden) schools with the 2931:With the fourth patriarch, 2297:, "matching the concepts". 2210: 2200: 2119:(1091–1157) who emphasized 2037:(601–674), his dharma-heir 1868:Chinese Buddha Character Fo 532:Doctrinal background of Zen 10: 18887: 16858: 13268:The unanswerable questions 10826:Institutional organisation 10754:Buddhist initiation ritual 10574:Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji 10054:Contemperory Organizations 9081:Shambhala Sun Zen Articles 8713:"Erica B. Mitchell (201), 8323:Verboven, Lucette (1992), 8187:Philosophy East & West 8156:10.1163/156853202100368398 8128:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 8103:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 8040:McMahan, David L. (2008), 7869:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 7860:Jones, Charles B. (2010), 7798:Gregory, Peter N. (2002), 7580:Chang, Chung-Yuan (1967). 7568:Buswell, Robert E (1993), 7547:Brown Holt, Linda (1995), 7498: 5597::8–9, 68, 166–167, 169–172 4956: 4937:, half-lotus, Burmese, or 4912: 4880:embodies the striving for 4852: 4776: 4513: 4500:Dharma Drum Retreat Center 4439: 4423:, a Japanese Zen monk, to 4408: 4378: 4318: 4232: 4168: 4157: 4146:being referred to as the " 4062:ethics on May 14, 1966 in 3994: 3929: 3858: 3566: 3550:(法眼宗), named after master 3532:(雲門宗), named after master 3508:(臨濟宗), named after master 3473: 3448: 3409: 3268: 3052: 2769: 2585:, to whom is ascribed the 2543: 2498: 2351:Chinese Buddhism absorbed 2159: 1977:, and the creation of the 1911: 1907: 25: 18: 18820: 18739: 18656: 18528: 18273: 17998: 17715: 17711: 17700: 17609: 17534: 17305: 17213: 17150: 16868: 16864: 16853: 16416: 16403: 16328: 16151: 16133:Transcendental Meditation 16026: 16013: 15978: 15726: 15703: 15692: 15619: 15582: 15284: 15180: 15162: 15106: 15097: 15014: 14942: 14793: 14784: 14742: 14714: 14672: 14605: 14596: 14587: 14553: 14520: 14492: 14483: 14433: 14300: 13987: 13901: 13892: 13883: 13879: 13866: 13796: 13748: 13663: 13578: 13353:Buddhist temples in Korea 13276: 13178: 13061: 12758: 12686: 12513: 12386: 12326: 11961: 11916:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 11827: 11819:Three planes of existence 11767: 11612: 11504: 11434: 11426:Buddha in world religions 11288: 11233: 11205: 11114: 11083: 11057: 11039: 11017: 10994:Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind 10985: 10925: 10918: 10888: 10862: 10855: 10825: 10799: 10783: 10762: 10741: 10734: 10714: 10698: 10672: 10656: 10640: 10633: 10613: 10582: 10551: 10510: 10484: 10436:Zen Center of Los Angeles 10403: 10372: 10336: 10329: 10304: 10283: 10274: 10249: 10233: 10226: 10206: 10185: 10159: 10133: 10124: 10104: 10053: 10027: 9991: 9984: 9939: 9908: 9887: 9866: 9835: 9814: 9773: 9752: 9721: 9695: 9629: 9428: 9421: 9371: 9320: 9274: 9248: 9207: 8801:Biography of Daniel Odier 8592:, London: RoutledgeCurzon 8440:Yanagida, Seizan (2009), 8227:Shimano, Eido T. (1991), 8138:Sharf, Robert H. (2002), 7961:Laliberte, Andre (2011), 5704:10.1177/2057150X211042687 4816:Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra 4811:Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra 4582:Buddha-nature and śūnyatā 4458:was founded by Hsuan Hua. 4405:Chan in the Western world 4209: 4119: 4071: 3990: 3803:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 3536:(died 949), a student of 2948: 2937: 2801: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2556:Iranian-language speaking 2371:to be akin to the Taoist 2242:in the Dhyana sutras are 2123:. Prime factions are the 932:Dongshan Liangjie (Tozan) 320: 302: 297: 293: 286: 279: 272: 265: 260: 242: 237: 233: 226: 219: 212: 205: 200: 186: 172: 167: 149: 142: 128: 121: 107: 93: 86: 81: 77: 63: 49: 44: 40: 35: 17765:Central African Republic 14752:Vietnamese folk religion 14143:Charismatic Christianity 13135:Persecution of Buddhists 12356:Four stages of awakening 11737:Three marks of existence 11323:Physical characteristics 10359:San Francisco Zen Center 9895:Karlfried Graf Dürckheim 9240:Zen in the United States 9037:Zen centers of the world 9022:Overview of Chan centers 8354:Wegner, Michael (2001), 8270:Zen and Japanese Culture 7971:Lathouwers, Ton (2000), 7820:, Edison, NJ: Alva Press 7769:Goddard, Dwight (2007), 7628:, Asian Humanities Press 7586:Philosophy East and West 7515:, Tokyo: Hokuseido Press 7302:Wayman & Wayman 1990 6254:Cheng Chien Bhikshu 1992 5606:Deleanu, Florin (1992); 5274:Hershock, Peter (2019), 5135:Leng Ch'ieh Shih Tzu Chi 5082: 4653:are said to be "empty": 4482:, and thus founding the 4050:(born 1937), a Buddhist 4025:(1928–2016) was born in 3877:, sitting in meditation. 3821:At the beginning of the 3817:Qing dynasty (1644–1912) 3766:, with teachers such as 3758:Ming dynasty (1368–1644) 3714:Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) 3652:of the Caodong lineage. 3563:Rise of the Linji-school 2900: 2277:Buddhism was exposed to 2240:main types of meditation 2196:practices, specifically 1315:Buddhism in Central Asia 858:Ordinary Mind Zen School 750:Transmission of the Lamp 455:Turning the light around 418:Zen in the United States 65:Traditional Chinese 17659:New religious movements 17292:Theories about religion 17245:Evolutionary psychology 16274:Modern Finnish paganism 14219:Independent Catholicism 12498:Ten principal disciples 11381:(aunt, adoptive mother) 10833:Zen ranks and hierarchy 9199: 9114:History of Zen Buddhism 8850:Who Is Master Sheng-yen 8395:Welter, Albert (2000), 8374:Welter, Albert (2006), 8339:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8291:, Tokyo: Cosimo, inc., 8117:, John Wiley & Sons 8016:Maspero, Henri (1981), 8000:The Record of Tung-shan 7755:, Sussex Academic Press 7724:Ferguson, Andy (2000), 7715:Faure, Bernard (2000), 7706:Faure, Bernard (1997), 7633:Cleary, Thomas (2005), 6997:Kraft, Kenneth (1988). 6765:Isshū & Sasaki 1993 4797:cites and explains the 3964:have been refurbished. 3954:Chinese economic reform 3903:The Buddhist reformist 3746:as in the teachings of 3736:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 3291:, to which also belong 3100:enlightenment is sudden 2927:East Mountain Teachings 2905:Bodhidharma settled in 2868:false sense impressions 2854:. The two entrances to 1176:Zen ranks and hierarchy 1149:Category: Zen Buddhists 483:Ten Ox-Herding Pictures 51:Simplified Chinese 18308:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16289:Erzyan native religion 16138:Unitarian Universalism 15517:Native American Church 14263:Oneness Pentecostalism 13208:Buddhism and democracy 12721:Tibetan Buddhist canon 12716:Chinese Buddhist canon 11948:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 11943:Early Buddhist schools 10485:Philip Kapleau lineage 10456:Geoffrey Shugen Arnold 10349:Zentatsu Richard Baker 10337:Shunryū Suzuki lineage 10207:Academic organizations 10105:Academic organizations 10004:East Mountain Teaching 9358:Three Mysterious Gates 9130:Critical Chan Research 8967:. World Wisdom Books. 8953:. World Wisdom Books. 8848:Dharma Drum Mountain. 8715:A Revival of Buddhism? 8476:Young, Stuart (2009), 8251:Manual of Zen Buddhism 7825:Heine, Steven (2008), 7726:Zen's Chinese Heritage 7673:, World Wisdom Books, 7655:, World Wisdom Books, 6084:, p. 29, note 87. 4981:Emphasizing daily life 4872:is the counterpart of 4710:East Mountain Teaching 4685: 4627:Tathāgatagarbha sutras 4589:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 4459: 4218: 4188: 4099:new religious movement 3878: 3690: 3681: 3616: 3611:Wu-shan (Gozan) system 3591:Tiansheng Guangdeng lu 3467: 3416:After the fall of the 3400: 3280: 3250: 3229: 3050: 3014: 3005: 2977:East Mountain Teaching 2891: 2872: 2823:(6th century CE), and 2785: 2728:and especially to the 2717: 2579:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 2537: 2492: 2405:epistemological truths 2385: 2308: 1961:, from the end of the 1869: 1624:Chinese Buddhist canon 1325:Silk Road transmission 1299: 808:Plum Village Tradition 768:East Mountain Teaching 730:The Awakening of Faith 626:Prostration (Buddhism) 445:Original enlightenment 179: 18628:Saint Kitts and Nevis 17925:São Tomé and Príncipe 17785:Republic of the Congo 15986:Aboriginal Australian 14615:Chinese folk religion 13218:Eight Consciousnesses 11328:Life of Buddha in art 10706:Shinzan Miyamae Roshi 10648:Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle 10552:Soen Nakagawa lineage 10241:Nine mountain schools 9848:Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle 9136:Steven Heine (2007), 9048:Specific Chan centers 8932:Zen Mind, Buddha Mind 8683:on December 18, 2012. 8496:Zhu, Caifang (2003), 8309:, New York: Crossroad 8287:Suzuki, D.T. (2004), 8267:Suzuki, D.T. (1970), 8258:Suzuki, D.T. (1955), 8199:10.1353/pew.2014.0074 8122:Oh, Kang-nam (2000), 7984:, Tuttle Publishing, 7928:Lai, Whalen (2003a), 7851:Huaijin, Nan (1997), 7751:Fowler, Merv (2005), 7572:Buddhist Hermeneutics 7511:Blyth, R. H. (1966), 6878:Ma, Yung-fen (2011). 5940:Queen II, Edward L.; 5793:, pp. 70&74. 4849:Teaching and practice 4726:gradual enlightenment 4684:sitting in meditation 4680: 4632:Eight Consciousnesses 4449: 4436:Western Chan lineages 4381:Buddhism in Indonesia 3868: 3740:Southern Song dynasty 3685: 3676: 3607: 3462: 3395: 3385:The Great Persecution 3278: 3242: 3224: 3178:sutras, to which the 3146:associates the later 3045: 3020:is not a sutra but a 3009: 3000: 2873: 2860: 2779: 2701: 2680:Song of Enlightenment 2532: 2484: 2417:Divisions of training 2380: 2299: 1867: 1849:from the 6th century 1297: 962:Dahui Zonggao (Tahui) 942:Linji Yixuan (Rinzai) 937:Xuefeng Yicun (Seppo) 922:Shitou Xiqian (Kisen) 823:Kwan Um School of Zen 706:Mahaparinirvana Sutra 676:Prajñaparamita sutras 670:Indian Mahayana texts 18250:United Arab Emirates 17036:Religious experience 16410:Historical religions 15370:Four Mothers Society 14772:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 14104:Schwenkfelder Church 13695:East Asian religions 13125:Buddhism in the West 12696:Early Buddhist texts 12311:Four Right Exertions 11777:Ten spiritual realms 11270:Noble Eightfold Path 11008:Three Pillars of Zen 10969:The Gateless Barrier 10735:Hierarchy and titles 10497:Rochester Zen Center 10071:Dharma Drum Mountain 9363:Four Ways of Knowing 9343:Sudden Enlightenment 9249:Doctrinal background 8979:Critical Zen-studies 8701:. November 30, 2010. 8673:"Voice of Longquan, 8076:McRae, John (2004), 8067:McRae, John (2003), 8058:McRae, John (1986), 8007:Low, Albert (2006), 7998:Liang-Chieh (1986), 7946:on November 12, 2014 7902:Lai, Whalen (1985), 7827:Zen Skin, Zen Marrow 7520:Borup, Jørn (2008), 7144:. pp. 187–191. 5942:Prothero, Stephen R. 5453:, p. 13, 19–21. 5441:, p. 13, 18–19. 5405:, p. 13, 17–18. 5393:, p. 13, 15–17. 5139:East Mountain School 5107:(1368–1644) and the 5052:Timeline of Buddhism 4730:sudden enlightenment 4722:sudden enlightenment 4592:and the idea of the 4510:Doctrinal background 4442:Western Zen lineages 4411:Buddhism in the West 4340:. After his return, 4148:Four Great Mountains 4132:Dharma Drum Mountain 4013:Dharma Drum Mountain 3883:Communist Revolution 3848:Anagarika Dharmapala 3726:, the leader of the 3480:During the Song the 3253:An Lu-shan rebellion 3216:religious syncretism 2958:East Mountain School 2852:Dunhuang manuscripts 2063:(c. 750–1000) (from 1330:Dunhuang manuscripts 575:Bodhisattva Precepts 244:Revised Romanization 18643:Trinidad and Tobago 18538:Antigua and Barbuda 17706:Religion by country 16762:Cult of Magna Mater 15242:Philippine Dayawism 14823:Nimbarka Sampradaya 14571:Chinese Manichaeism 14243:Jehovah's Witnesses 14048:Proto-Protestantism 13818:Religion portal 13565:Temple of the Tooth 13444:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 12483:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 11976:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 11759:Two truths doctrine 11579:Mahapajapati Gotamī 11379:Mahapajapati Gotamī 10889:Main Rinzai Temples 10838:Dharma transmission 10673:Other Sōtō lineages 10657:Kōdō Sawaki lineage 10590:Kyozan Joshu Sasaki 10569:Zen Studies Society 10538:Gudō Wafu Nishijima 10528:Kōbun Chino Otogawa 10511:Other Sōtō lineages 10421:Robert Baker Aitken 10373:Kōdō Sawaki lineage 9999:Five Houses of Chán 9261:East Asian Yogācāra 9149:Zhi, Chuan (2019). 8984:Jeffrey Broughton, 8758:. December 8, 2008. 8699:Inter Press Service 7816:Grigg, Ray (1999), 7775:, Forgotten Books, 7762:Paths to Liberation 7746:, Walter de Gruyter 7234:, pp. 123–138. 7195:, pp. 138–142. 6611:, pp. 165–166. 6207:, p. 939, 951. 5565:(2020). "Ch1-Tao". 5538:The Essence of Chan 5231:. Boston: Shanbhala 5047:Outline of Buddhism 4728:. According to the 4568:two truths doctrine 4504:Pine Bush, New York 4452:Talmage, California 4273:East Asian Yogācāra 4175:Buddhism in Vietnam 4128:Four Heavenly Kings 4107:Humanistic Buddhism 4082:Humanistic Buddhism 3974:Humanistic Buddhism 3909:humanistic Buddhism 3700:Silent illumination 3476:Five Houses of Chan 3470:Five Houses of Chan 3259:An Lushan Rebellion 2389:two truths doctrine 2310:The first Buddhist 2220:Buddhist meditation 2149:postclassical phase 2065:An Lushan Rebellion 1990:gong'an-collections 1963:An Lushan Rebellion 1944:An Lushan Rebellion 1773:traditional Chinese 1606:Humanistic Buddhism 1166:Dharma transmission 813:Order of Interbeing 793:Five Houses of Chán 537:Representation-only 488:Five ranks of Tozan 174:Vietnamese alphabet 18578:Dominican Republic 17624:Abrahamic prophets 16713:Proto-Indo-Iranian 15215:Aliran Kepercayaan 14418:Non-denominational 14340:Modernist Salafism 14026:Oriental Orthodoxy 13740:Western philosophy 13338:Dzong architecture 13160:Vipassana movement 13155:Buddhist modernism 12583:Emperor Wen of Sui 12351:Pratyekabuddhayāna 12284:Threefold Training 12086:Vipassana movement 11802:Hungry Ghost realm 11622:Avidyā (Ignorance) 11569:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 11318:Great Renunciation 11313:Eight Great Events 11195: 11075:Pure Land Buddhism 11040:Cultural influence 10843:Zen lineage charts 10476:Kanzeon Zen Center 10312:Vạn Hạnh Monastery 10250:Contemporary sects 10081:Tzu Chi Foundation 9566:Liangshan Yuanguan 9275:Influential Sutras 9086:2008-09-24 at the 8675:Guanghua Monastery 8069:Seeing Through Zen 7975:, Rotterdam: Asoka 7480:, p. 155–156. 7345:, p. 160–169. 7080:China Perspectives 6927:Meng-Tat Chia 2011 6465:, p. 228–236. 6372:2013-09-16 at the 6244:, p. 945-950. 6132:, p. 125–126. 5626:2013-05-08 at the 4909:Sitting meditation 4686: 4460: 4391:Ashin Jinarakkhita 4385:Ashin Jinarakkhita 4056:Tzu Chi Foundation 4001:Buddhism in Taiwan 3984:Guanghua Monastery 3962:Guanghua Monastery 3920:Guanghua Monastery 3879: 3744:Pure Land Buddhism 3645:Book of Equanimity 3632:(1125) of Yuanwu, 3437:, Chiang-hsi) and 3281: 3051: 3032:Awakening of Faith 3018:Awakening of Faith 2831:(7th century CE). 2786: 2559:Central Asian monk 2546:Lineage (Buddhism) 2393:ontological truths 2248:paṭikūlamanasikāra 1870: 1845:. It developed in 1783:simplified Chinese 1695:White Horse Temple 1300: 1234:Pure Land Buddhism 1171:Zen lineage charts 595:Walking meditation 18871:Buddhism in China 18848: 18847: 18816: 18815: 18812: 18811: 17800:Equatorial Guinea 17696: 17695: 17692: 17691: 17230:Cognitive science 16849: 16848: 16782:Mysteries of Isis 16556:Frankish paganism 16399: 16398: 16395: 16394: 16391: 16390: 16143:White Brotherhood 16009: 16008: 15974: 15973: 15375:Keetoowah Society 15276:Sundanese Wiwitan 15093: 15092: 15089: 15088: 14818:Brahma Sampradaya 14780: 14779: 14583: 14582: 14579: 14578: 14561:Assianism/Uatsdin 14479: 14478: 14248:British Israelism 14234:Nontrinitarianism 14197:Plymouth Brethren 14192:Nondenominational 14126:Congregationalism 14014:Eastern Orthodoxy 13962:Reconstructionist 13826: 13825: 13464:Om mani padme hum 13170:Women in Buddhism 13086:Buddhist councils 12956:Western countries 12744:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 12505:Shaolin Monastery 12082:Samatha-vipassanā 11692:Pratītyasamutpāda 11496:Metteyya/Maitreya 11414: 11406: 11398: 11390: 11382: 11374: 11366: 11243:Four Noble Truths 11153: 11152: 11091:Heinrich Dumoulin 11084:Academic research 11035: 11034: 10914: 10913: 10863:Main Sōtō Temples 10851: 10850: 10730: 10729: 10680:Houn Jiyu-Kennett 10629: 10628: 10441:White Plum Asanga 10325: 10324: 10270: 10269: 10222: 10221: 10198:Ningen Zen Kyodan 10186:Lay organizations 10120: 10119: 9980: 9979: 9867:White Plum Asanga 9486:Dongshan Liangjie 9302:Vimalakirti Sutra 9287:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 9162:978-1-73331-430-5 8973:978-0-941532-90-7 8959:978-0-941532-89-1 8862:Says, Anonymous. 8838:on March 9, 2013. 8774:www.jaysquare.com 8742:www.jaysquare.com 8723:on July 14, 2014. 8659:www.authorama.com 8415:978-0-231-08361-4 8367:978-0-520-23212-9 8298:978-1-59605-041-9 8280:978-0-691-09849-4 8262:, New York: Delta 8238:978-0-9629246-0-6 8087:978-0-520-23798-8 8051:978-0-19-518327-6 8033:978-0-87023-308-1 7991:978-0-8048-3240-3 7844:978-0-15-699981-6 7809:978-0-8248-2623-9 7735:978-0-86171-163-5 7680:978-0-941532-90-7 7662:978-0-941532-89-1 7644:978-1-57062-831-3 7540:978-0-520-21972-4 7222:, pp. 26–29. 7159:978-1-4244-7639-8 7055:on 23 August 2016 6546:, pp. 28–29. 5619:Ven. Dr. Yuanci, 5057:List of Buddhists 5030:Blue Cliff Record 4860:Bodhisattva ideal 4828:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 4754:Dongshan Liangjie 4570:and the Yogacara 4532:Absolute-relative 4480:Ukiah, California 4375:Chan in Indonesia 4080:) a proponent of 3945:as well as among 3748:Zhongfeng Mingben 3694:Blue Cliff Record 3635:The Gateless Gate 3629:Blue Cliff Record 3520:Dongshan Liangjie 3375:Dongshan Liangjie 3184:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 3140:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 3132:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 3028:Lankavatara Sutra 2912:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 2736:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 2731:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 2720:Lankavatara Sutra 2613:) c. 440 – c. 528 2490:(emphasis McRae). 2316:Taoist meditation 2256:pratītyasamutpāda 2133:Blue Cliff Record 2011:(420 to 589) and 1766: 1765: 1601:Esoteric Buddhism 1298:Chinese: "Buddha" 1272: 1271: 976:Zhongfeng Mingben 917:Mazu Daoyi (Baso) 853:White Plum Asanga 696:Vimalakirti Sutra 686:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra 681:Lankavatara Sutra 510:Bodhisattva ideal 324: 323: 316: 315: 256: 255: 163: 162: 88:Standard Mandarin 18878: 18838: 18828: 18827: 18706:Papua New Guinea 18681:Marshall Islands 18508:Northern Ireland 17713: 17712: 17702: 17701: 17586:Secular theology 17581:Secular humanism 16866: 16865: 16855: 16854: 16730:Ancestral Pueblo 16405: 16404: 16024: 16023: 15701: 15700: 15104: 15103: 14860:Shaiva Siddhanta 14791: 14790: 14724:Korean shamanism 14603: 14602: 14594: 14593: 14490: 14489: 14403:Mahdawi movement 14273:Swedenborgianism 14253:Christadelphians 13899: 13898: 13890: 13889: 13881: 13880: 13868: 13867: 13853: 13846: 13839: 13830: 13829: 13816: 13815: 13804: 13803: 13643:Sacred languages 13491:Maya Devi Temple 13454:Mahabodhi Temple 13258:Secular Buddhism 13223:Engaged Buddhism 12063: 11911:Tibetan Buddhism 11862:Vietnamese Thiền 11461:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 11412: 11404: 11396: 11388: 11380: 11372: 11364: 11213: 11212: 11200: 11190: 11180: 11173: 11166: 11157: 11156: 11146: 11145: 11122: 11121: 11106:William Bodiford 10923: 10922: 10860: 10859: 10739: 10738: 10664:Taisen Deshimaru 10638: 10637: 10564:Eido Tai Shimano 10451:John Daido Loori 10404:Yasutani lineage 10334: 10333: 10281: 10280: 10276:Vietnamese Thiền 10234:Historical sects 10231: 10230: 10134:Historical sects 10131: 10130: 9992:Historical sects 9989: 9988: 9940:Vietnamese Thiền 9606:Tiantong Zongjue 9601:Zhenxie Qingliao 9591:Hongzhi Zhengjue 9521:Dongshan Shouchu 9501:Nanyang Huizhong 9496:Baizhang Huaihai 9471:Baizhang Huaihai 9426: 9425: 9307:Avatamsaka Sutra 9235:Vietnamese Thiền 9194: 9187: 9180: 9171: 9170: 9166: 8907: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8885:on 13 June 2010. 8881:. Archived from 8874: 8868: 8867: 8859: 8853: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8834:. Archived from 8824: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8805:. Archived from 8799:"zhaozhou-chan, 8795: 8789: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8734: 8725: 8724: 8719:. Archived from 8709: 8703: 8702: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8679:. Archived from 8669: 8663: 8662: 8651: 8640: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8614: 8608:. Archived from 8607: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8579:on May 18, 2015. 8578: 8572:. Archived from 8571: 8563: 8547: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8511: 8505:, archived from 8504: 8492: 8482: 8472: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8455: 8448: 8436: 8427: 8418: 8400: 8391: 8389: 8383:, archived from 8382: 8370: 8350: 8329: 8319: 8310: 8301: 8283: 8263: 8254: 8241: 8223: 8217: 8209: 8184: 8174: 8150:(4/5): 282–331, 8134: 8118: 8109: 8100: 8090: 8072: 8063: 8054: 8036: 8012: 8003: 7994: 7976: 7967: 7957: 7947: 7945: 7934: 7924: 7923: 7914:(2/3): 173–192, 7898: 7889: 7880: 7871: 7866: 7856: 7847: 7829: 7821: 7812: 7794: 7785: 7765: 7756: 7747: 7738: 7720: 7711: 7702: 7691:. World Wisdom. 7683: 7665: 7647: 7629: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7608:. Archived from 7576: 7564: 7555: 7543: 7525: 7516: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7396:, p. 60-67. 7391: 7385: 7384:, p. 54–56. 7379: 7370: 7369:, p. 88–92. 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7305: 7299: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7208:Liang-Chieh 1986 7205: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7183:, p. 85–94. 7178: 7172: 7171: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7095: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7051:. Archived from 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7019: 7013: 7012: 6994: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6890:10.7916/d81g0t8p 6875: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6662:, p. 86–87. 6657: 6651: 6645: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6573: 6567: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6487: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6438:, p. 26–28. 6433: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6303: 6297: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6177: 6171: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6108:, p. 85-94. 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6007: 6001: 5988: 5983: 5960: 5959: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5918:, p. 54-55. 5913: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5832:, p. 45–49. 5827: 5821: 5815: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5737: 5731: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5631: 5617: 5611: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5535:Gu, Guo (2020). 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5381:, p. 11-21. 5376: 5370: 5369:, p. 11-15. 5364: 5358: 5352: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5304: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5232: 5222: 5216: 5209: 5203: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5181: 5174: 5168: 5148: 5142: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5062:Chinese Buddhism 4973:Chan monasticism 4496:Queens, New York 4468:Chinese Buddhism 4294: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4260: 4259: 4212: 4211: 4189:Tì-ni-đa-lưu-chi 4171:Vietnamese Thiền 4165:Thiền in Vietnam 4122: 4121: 4096:Chinese Buddhist 4078: 4073: 3958:Bailin Monastery 3947:Overseas Chinese 3913:Bailin Monastery 3730:clan, after the 3458:Chinese Buddhism 3297:Baizhang Huaihai 3265:Hung-chou School 3220:Tibetan Buddhism 3144:David Kalupahana 2951: 2950: 2940: 2939: 2808: 2803: 2759: 2697:Śākyamuni Buddha 2672: 2671: 2660: 2659: 2648: 2647: 2636: 2635: 2624: 2623: 2612: 2611: 2213: 2203: 2117:Hongzhi Zhengjue 2083:(died 867), and 2067:(755–763) until 1959:Classical period 1936:Legendary period 1823: 1814: 1804: 1799: 1790: 1780: 1758: 1751: 1744: 1690:Tiantai Mountain 1629:Taishō Tripiṭaka 1478:Hongzhi Zhengjue 1287:Chinese Buddhism 1274: 1273: 1264: 1257: 1250: 1075:Thiền in Vietnam 957:Yongming Yanshou 701:Avatamsaka Sutra 470:Sudden awakening 368: 358: 350: 346: 340: 333: 326: 325: 312: 311: 295: 294: 289: 288: 275: 274: 252: 251: 235: 234: 229: 228: 215: 214: 196: 195: 182: 159: 158: 138: 137: 117: 116: 103: 102: 79: 78: 73: 72: 59: 58: 33: 32: 18886: 18885: 18881: 18880: 18879: 18877: 18876: 18875: 18851: 18850: 18849: 18844: 18808: 18735: 18716:Solomon Islands 18652: 18524: 18428:North Macedonia 18269: 17994: 17707: 17688: 17649:Mass gatherings 17617: 17612: 17605: 17544: 17539: 17530: 17464:Religiocentrism 17444:National church 17312: 17309: 17301: 17216: 17209: 17146: 17068:Bodies of water 16860: 16845: 16630:Jamaican Maroon 16412: 16387: 16324: 16154: 16147: 16018: 16016: 16005: 15970: 15944:Trinidad Orisha 15729: 15722: 15695: 15688: 15615: 15578: 15564:Washat Dreamers 15287: 15280: 15176: 15158: 15085: 15059:Srilankan Vedda 15010: 14938: 14813:Sri Vaishnavism 14776: 14738: 14710: 14668: 14575: 14549: 14516: 14475: 14429: 14354:Twelver Shi'ism 14296: 14158:Neo-charismatic 14131:Presbyterianism 13983: 13875: 13862: 13857: 13827: 13822: 13810: 13792: 13744: 13659: 13574: 13311:Ordination hall 13272: 13174: 13145:Buddhist crisis 13057: 12754: 12706:Mahayana sutras 12682: 12678:Thích Nhất Hạnh 12509: 12382: 12322: 12272:Bodhisattva vow 11957: 11823: 11763: 11722:Taṇhā (Craving) 11657:Five hindrances 11608: 11500: 11430: 11284: 11229: 11201: 11184: 11154: 11149: 11110: 11079: 11058:Related schools 11053: 11031: 11013: 10981: 10910: 10884: 10847: 10821: 10795: 10779: 10758: 10726: 10710: 10694: 10668: 10652: 10625: 10609: 10605:Keido Fukushima 10578: 10547: 10533:Gyokuko Carlson 10523:Dainin Katagiri 10506: 10480: 10461:Zen Peacemakers 10446:Bernie Glassman 10411:Hakuun Yasutani 10399: 10395:Shōhaku Okumura 10368: 10321: 10300: 10266: 10245: 10218: 10202: 10181: 10155: 10116: 10100: 10049: 10023: 10009:Hongzhou school 9976: 9967:Thích Nhất Hạnh 9935: 9904: 9883: 9862: 9843:Hakuun Yasutani 9831: 9810: 9806:Keido Fukushima 9769: 9753:Traditional Zen 9748: 9717: 9691: 9625: 9616:Tiantong Rujing 9596:Wansong Xingxiu 9571:Dayang Jingxuan 9546:Yunyan Tansheng 9531:Qingyuan Xingsi 9461:Nanyue Huairang 9446:Jianzhi Sengcan 9417: 9367: 9316: 9312:Śūraṅgama Sūtra 9270: 9244: 9203: 9198: 9163: 9124:Zen Quick Facts 9088:Wayback Machine 9002: 8991:Sung Bae Park, 8944:Classic history 8930:Thomas Cleary, 8919:Modern classics 8916: 8914:Further reading 8911: 8910: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8875: 8871: 8860: 8856: 8847: 8843: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8812: 8810: 8797: 8796: 8792: 8785: 8781: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8736: 8735: 8728: 8711: 8710: 8706: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8653: 8652: 8643: 8631: 8627: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8576: 8569: 8565: 8564: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8502: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8416: 8387: 8380: 8368: 8347: 8299: 8281: 8239: 8211: 8210: 8182: 8098: 8088: 8052: 8034: 7992: 7943: 7932: 7864: 7855:, Samuel Weiser 7845: 7810: 7783: 7736: 7699: 7681: 7663: 7645: 7615: 7613: 7598:10.2307/1397043 7541: 7506: 7504:Printed sources 7501: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7430:Lathouwers 2000 7428: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7343:Kalupahana 1994 7341: 7337: 7331:Kalupahana 1994 7329: 7325: 7319:Kalupahana 1992 7317: 7308: 7300: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7249: 7238: 7230: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7206: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7160: 7138: 7134: 7125: 7123: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7072: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7025:. Tzu Chi Merit 7021: 7020: 7016: 7009: 7001:. Grove Press. 6995: 6991: 6984: 6980: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6948:Feuchtwang 2010 6946: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6816:Yampolski 2003a 6814: 6810: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6753:Yampolski 2003b 6751: 6747: 6741:Yampolski 2003b 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6690: 6684:Yampolski 2003a 6682: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6648:Yampolski 2003a 6646: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6583: 6576: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6532:Yampolski 2003a 6530: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6463:Kalupahana 1992 6461: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6385:Yampolski 2003a 6383: 6379: 6374:Wayback Machine 6365: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6317: 6306: 6298: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6180: 6172: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6070:Yampolski 2003b 6068: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6010: 6002: 5991: 5984: 5963: 5956: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5740: 5732: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5645:Brown Holt 1995 5643: 5634: 5628:Wayback Machine 5618: 5614: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5283: 5276:"Chan Buddhism" 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5252:, p. xvii. 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5225:Lathouwers 2000 5223: 5219: 5210: 5206: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5026: 5021: 5002:It was scholar 5000: 4983: 4975: 4961: 4955: 4917: 4911: 4893: 4891:Chan meditation 4862: 4857: 4851: 4822:Śūraṅgama Sūtra 4781: 4775: 4766: 4675: 4615:sentient beings 4584: 4566:The Madhyamaka 4534: 4526: 4518: 4512: 4444: 4438: 4417: 4407: 4387: 4377: 4323: 4317: 4241: 4239:Korean Buddhism 4231: 4177: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4077:Yìn Shùn dǎoshī 4003: 3993: 3934: 3928: 3863: 3857: 3844: 3839: 3819: 3760: 3716: 3711: 3702: 3650:Wansong Xingxiu 3624: 3599: 3571: 3565: 3496:Guishan Lingyou 3478: 3472: 3453: 3447: 3414: 3408: 3389:During 845–846 3387: 3351: 3324:Nanyue Huairang 3285:Hongzhou school 3273: 3271:Hongzhou school 3267: 3255: 3246: 3234: 3196: 3154:, gradual) and 3057: 3040: 2929: 2924: 2903: 2784:, 15th century. 2774: 2768: 2726:Mahāyāna sūtras 2722: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2689:Yongjia Xuanjue 2548: 2542: 2512: 2507: 2497: 2419: 2177: 2172: 2158: 2089:Hongzhou school 1986:Literary period 1924: 1916: 1910: 1762: 1733: 1732: 1708: 1700: 1699: 1660: 1652: 1651: 1642: 1634: 1633: 1619: 1611: 1610: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1310: 1268: 1239: 1238: 1199: 1198:Related schools 1191: 1190: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1118:Hakuun Yasutani 1096:Thích Nhất Hạnh 881: 876: 868: 867: 863:Zen Peacemakers 788:Hongzhou school 763: 755: 754: 725:Śūraṅgama Sūtra 666: 656: 655: 651:Zen calligraphy 570:Bodhisattva vow 565:Six Perfections 555: 547: 546: 478: 436: 431: 423: 422: 376: 356: 348: 342: 338: 168:Vietnamese name 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18884: 18874: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18846: 18845: 18843: 18842: 18832: 18821: 18818: 18817: 18814: 18813: 18810: 18809: 18807: 18806: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18756: 18751: 18745: 18743: 18737: 18736: 18734: 18733: 18728: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18662: 18660: 18654: 18653: 18651: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18635: 18630: 18625: 18620: 18615: 18610: 18605: 18600: 18595: 18590: 18585: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18534: 18532: 18526: 18525: 18523: 18522: 18521: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18498:United Kingdom 18495: 18490: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18279: 18277: 18271: 18270: 18268: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18126: 18125: 18120: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18004: 18002: 17996: 17995: 17993: 17992: 17987: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17721: 17719: 17709: 17708: 17698: 17697: 17694: 17693: 17690: 17689: 17687: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17620: 17618: 17610: 17607: 17606: 17604: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17591:Secularization 17588: 17583: 17578: 17573: 17571:Deconstruction 17568: 17563: 17558: 17553: 17547: 17545: 17535: 17532: 17531: 17529: 17528: 17523: 17522: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17419:Fundamentalism 17416: 17415: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17399: 17389: 17384: 17379: 17374: 17373: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17352: 17351: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17326: 17321: 17315: 17313: 17306: 17303: 17302: 17300: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17283: 17282: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17221: 17219: 17211: 17210: 17208: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17156: 17154: 17148: 17147: 17145: 17144: 17143: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17086: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17060: 17059: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16992: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16897: 16895:Call to prayer 16892: 16887: 16882: 16880:Disaffiliation 16872: 16870: 16862: 16861: 16851: 16850: 16847: 16846: 16844: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16807: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16786: 16785: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16754: 16749: 16748: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16727: 16726: 16725: 16720: 16710: 16709: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16683: 16678: 16677: 16676: 16666: 16665: 16664: 16659: 16649: 16644: 16643: 16642: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16596: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16578:Greco-Buddhism 16575: 16565: 16564: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16538: 16533: 16532: 16531: 16521: 16516: 16511: 16510: 16509: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16488: 16487: 16482: 16472: 16467: 16466: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16429: 16428: 16417: 16414: 16413: 16401: 16400: 16397: 16396: 16393: 16392: 16389: 16388: 16386: 16385: 16384: 16383: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16332: 16330: 16326: 16325: 16323: 16322: 16321: 16320: 16308: 16303: 16302: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16220: 16219: 16209: 16208: 16207: 16202: 16192: 16191: 16190: 16185: 16175: 16170: 16169: 16168: 16159: 16157: 16149: 16148: 16146: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16129: 16128: 16123: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16092: 16091: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16030: 16028: 16021: 16011: 16010: 16007: 16006: 16004: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15982: 15980: 15976: 15975: 15972: 15971: 15969: 15968: 15967: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15939:Tambor de Mina 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15895: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15865: 15864: 15863: 15862: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15766: 15765: 15760: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15734: 15732: 15724: 15723: 15721: 15720: 15719: 15718: 15716:Guanche church 15707: 15705: 15698: 15690: 15689: 15687: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15625: 15623: 15621:Tibeto-Burmese 15617: 15616: 15614: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15592: 15590: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15550: 15549: 15544: 15534: 15529: 15527:Nuu-chah-nulth 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15508: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15471: 15470: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15449: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15436:Muscogee Creek 15433: 15428: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15378: 15377: 15372: 15362: 15361: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15324: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15303: 15298: 15292: 15290: 15282: 15281: 15279: 15278: 15273: 15271:Sumbese Marapu 15268: 15267: 15266: 15261: 15251: 15250: 15249: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15223: 15222: 15217: 15209: 15208: 15207: 15202: 15192: 15190:Batak Parmalim 15186: 15184: 15178: 15177: 15175: 15174: 15168: 15166: 15160: 15159: 15157: 15156: 15155: 15154: 15149: 15139: 15138: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15112: 15110: 15101: 15095: 15094: 15091: 15090: 15087: 15086: 15084: 15083: 15082: 15081: 15076: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15045: 15044: 15039: 15029: 15024: 15018: 15016: 15012: 15011: 15009: 15008: 15001: 14996: 14995: 14994: 14984: 14983: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14954: 14948: 14946: 14940: 14939: 14937: 14936: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14898: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14852: 14851: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14799: 14797: 14788: 14782: 14781: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14748: 14746: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14720: 14718: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14692: 14691: 14678: 14676: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14659: 14649: 14648: 14647: 14642: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14611: 14609: 14600: 14591: 14585: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14577: 14576: 14574: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14557: 14555: 14551: 14550: 14548: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14526: 14524: 14518: 14517: 14515: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14502:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 14498: 14496: 14487: 14481: 14480: 14477: 14476: 14474: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14437: 14435: 14431: 14430: 14428: 14427: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14389: 14388: 14378: 14373: 14372: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14346: 14345: 14344: 14343: 14342: 14337: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14306: 14304: 14298: 14297: 14295: 14294: 14287: 14286: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14239:Bible Students 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14209:Restorationism 14206: 14205: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14165:Evangelicalism 14162: 14161: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14140: 14139: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14107: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14076: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14059: 14045: 14044: 14043: 14038: 14028: 14023: 14022: 14021: 14011: 14010: 14009: 14004: 13993: 13991: 13985: 13984: 13982: 13981: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13936: 13935: 13925: 13924: 13923: 13907: 13905: 13896: 13887: 13877: 13876: 13864: 13863: 13856: 13855: 13848: 13841: 13833: 13824: 13823: 13821: 13820: 13808: 13797: 13794: 13793: 13791: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13754: 13752: 13746: 13745: 13743: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13691: 13690: 13685: 13675: 13669: 13667: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13657: 13656: 13655: 13650: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13584: 13582: 13576: 13575: 13573: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13561: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13509: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13467: 13466: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13378: 13377: 13375:Greco-Buddhist 13367: 13366: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13329: 13328: 13326:Burmese pagoda 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13282: 13280: 13274: 13273: 13271: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13184: 13182: 13176: 13175: 13173: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13116: 13115: 13108:Greco-Buddhism 13105: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13067: 13065: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13055: 13054: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13041:United Kingdom 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12986:Czech Republic 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12953: 12952: 12951: 12946: 12936: 12935: 12934: 12924: 12923: 12922: 12917: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12876: 12875: 12865: 12860: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12764: 12762: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12752: 12750:Abhidharmadīpa 12747: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12692: 12690: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12668:B. R. Ambedkar 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12588:Songtsen Gampo 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12519: 12517: 12511: 12510: 12508: 12507: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12392: 12390: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12332: 12330: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12320: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12303: 12302: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12267:Eight precepts 12264: 12254: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12204: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12146: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12055: 12045: 12040: 12038:Five Strengths 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12004: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11978: 11973: 11967: 11965: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11929: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11865: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11833: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11815: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11779: 11773: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11761: 11756: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11677:Mental factors 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11618: 11616: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11529:Mahamoggallāna 11526: 11521: 11516: 11510: 11508: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11452: 11451: 11444:Avalokiteśvara 11440: 11438: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11408: 11400: 11392: 11384: 11376: 11368: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11294: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11266: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11245: 11239: 11237: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11183: 11182: 11175: 11168: 11160: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11147: 11135: 11128: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11087: 11085: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11061: 11059: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11043: 11041: 11037: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11029: 11021: 11019: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11004: 11001:The Way of Zen 10997: 10989: 10987: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10958: 10951: 10944: 10941:Platform Sutra 10937: 10929: 10927: 10920: 10919:Zen literature 10916: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10892: 10890: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10866: 10864: 10857: 10853: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10829: 10827: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10803: 10801: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10793: 10787: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10766: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10756: 10751: 10745: 10743: 10736: 10732: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10724: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10702: 10700: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10676: 10674: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10666: 10660: 10658: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10650: 10644: 10642: 10635: 10631: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10623: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10586: 10584: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10555: 10553: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10492:Philip Kapleau 10488: 10486: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10431:Taizan Maezumi 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10397: 10392: 10390:Kōshō Uchiyama 10387: 10382: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10344:Shunryū Suzuki 10340: 10338: 10331: 10327: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10293: 10287: 10285: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10264: 10259: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10243: 10237: 10235: 10228: 10224: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10210: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10200: 10195: 10189: 10187: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10163: 10161: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10137: 10135: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10114: 10108: 10106: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10086:Chung Tai Shan 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10057: 10055: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10045:Guiyang school 10042: 10040:Caodong school 10037: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9995: 9993: 9986: 9982: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9972:Thích Thanh Từ 9969: 9964: 9959: 9957:Trần Nhân Tông 9954: 9949: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9912: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9881: 9876: 9874:Taizan Maezumi 9870: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9858:Philip Kapleau 9855: 9850: 9845: 9839: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9827:Shunryū Suzuki 9824: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9767: 9762: 9756: 9754: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9725: 9723: 9722:Modern Guiyang 9719: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9696:Modern Caodong 9693: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9631: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9611:Xuedou Zhijian 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9561:Tongan Guanzhi 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9541:Yaoshan Weiyan 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9432: 9430: 9429:Classical Chan 9423: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9386: 9381: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9282:Zen scriptures 9278: 9276: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9204: 9197: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9161: 9146: 9141: 9127: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9100: 9099: 9090: 9078: 9073: 9062: 9061: 9056: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9001: 9000:External links 8998: 8997: 8996: 8989: 8986:Zongmi on Chan 8976: 8975: 8961: 8941: 8940: 8936:J. C. Cleary, 8934: 8928: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8888: 8869: 8854: 8841: 8819: 8790: 8779: 8761: 8747: 8726: 8704: 8686: 8664: 8641: 8625: 8594: 8582: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8537:10.2307/602960 8531:(1): 125–126, 8520: 8493: 8483: 8473: 8464: 8437: 8428: 8419: 8414: 8401: 8392: 8371: 8366: 8351: 8345: 8330: 8320: 8314:Torei (2010), 8311: 8302: 8297: 8284: 8279: 8264: 8260:Studies in Zen 8255: 8242: 8237: 8224: 8193:(4): 933–964, 8175: 8135: 8119: 8110: 8091: 8086: 8073: 8064: 8055: 8050: 8037: 8032: 8013: 8004: 7995: 7990: 7977: 7968: 7958: 7948: 7925: 7899: 7890: 7881: 7872: 7857: 7848: 7843: 7830: 7822: 7813: 7808: 7795: 7786: 7781: 7766: 7757: 7748: 7739: 7734: 7721: 7712: 7703: 7697: 7684: 7679: 7666: 7661: 7648: 7643: 7630: 7621: 7592:(1/4): 37–49. 7577: 7565: 7556: 7544: 7539: 7526: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7468:, p. 152. 7458: 7446: 7434: 7422: 7410: 7398: 7386: 7371: 7359: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7306: 7291: 7289:, p. 373. 7279: 7267: 7255: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7197: 7185: 7181:Dumoulin 2005a 7173: 7158: 7132: 7107: 7066: 7036: 7014: 7007: 6989: 6978: 6964: 6960:Laliberte 2011 6952: 6950:, p. 189. 6931: 6919: 6917:, p. 299. 6915:Dumoulin 2005b 6907: 6895: 6870: 6859: 6852: 6832: 6828:Dumoulin 2005a 6820: 6808: 6793: 6791:, p. 130. 6781: 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6688: 6676: 6664: 6652: 6637: 6625: 6613: 6609:Dumoulin 2005a 6601: 6589: 6574: 6559: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6500: 6488: 6479: 6477:, p. 123. 6467: 6452: 6440: 6425: 6413: 6401: 6399:, p. 279. 6389: 6377: 6359: 6347: 6335: 6323: 6304: 6289: 6277: 6273:Dumoulin 2005a 6258: 6246: 6234: 6221: 6219:, p. 939. 6209: 6197: 6195:, p. 143. 6178: 6161: 6149: 6134: 6122: 6118:Dumoulin 2005a 6110: 6106:Dumoulin 2005a 6098: 6094:Dumoulin 2005a 6086: 6082:Yampolski 1967 6074: 6062: 6050: 6035: 6023: 6008: 5989: 5961: 5954: 5932: 5928:Broughton 1999 5920: 5916:Broughton 1999 5908: 5905:Dumoulin 2005a 5897: 5885: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5830:Dumoulin 2005a 5822: 5820:, p. 168. 5818:Dumoulin 2005a 5807: 5805:, p. 167. 5803:Dumoulin 2005a 5795: 5791:Dumoulin 2005a 5783: 5779:Dumoulin 2005a 5771: 5767:Dumoulin 2005a 5759: 5738: 5721: 5709: 5698:(4): 575–592. 5678: 5661: 5649: 5632: 5612: 5599: 5595:Dumoulin 2005a 5584: 5577: 5554: 5547: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5443: 5431: 5419: 5407: 5395: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5342: 5330: 5305: 5291: 5266: 5254: 5250:Dumoulin 2005a 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5217: 5204: 5191: 5182: 5178:Hjalmar Sundén 5169: 5143: 5122: 5113: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 4999: 4996: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4971: 4957:Main article: 4954: 4951: 4935:lotus position 4913:Main article: 4910: 4907: 4892: 4889: 4884:, compassion. 4878:Avalokiteśvara 4861: 4858: 4850: 4847: 4779:Zen and Sutras 4777:Main article: 4774: 4773:Chan scripture 4771: 4765: 4762: 4743:Guifeng Zongmi 4738:Platform Sutra 4714:Yuquan Shenxiu 4682:Avalokiteśvara 4674: 4671: 4583: 4580: 4555:of Tozan, the 4538:Prajnaparamita 4533: 4530: 4525: 4522: 4514:Main article: 4511: 4508: 4437: 4434: 4406: 4403: 4376: 4373: 4316: 4313: 4230: 4227: 4197:Thiền Buddhism 4166: 4163: 4155: 4152: 4136:Chung Tai Shan 4111:Dashu District 4054:, founded the 4035:Chung Tai Shan 3992: 3989: 3927: 3924: 3856: 3853: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3827:Wudeng yantong 3818: 3815: 3768:Hanshan Deqing 3759: 3756: 3734:conquered the 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3663:'s successor, 3623: 3620: 3598: 3595: 3567:Main article: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3545: 3527: 3522:(807–869) and 3513: 3503: 3492:Guiyang school 3471: 3468: 3446: 3443: 3441:(Che-chiang). 3407: 3404: 3391:Emperor Wuzong 3386: 3383: 3353:Traditionally 3350: 3347: 3332:Guifeng Zongmi 3269:Main article: 3266: 3263: 3254: 3251: 3233: 3230: 3204:Tibetan Empire 3195: 3192: 3176:prajnaparamita 3148:Caodong school 3118:Platform Sutra 3114:Platform Sutra 3109:Platform Sutra 3093:Guifeng Zongmi 3073:Platform Sutra 3049:tearing sutras 3039: 3036: 2981:Yuquan Shenxiu 2970:nature of mind 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2902: 2899: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2770:Main article: 2767: 2764: 2721: 2718: 2702: 2675: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2544:Main article: 2541: 2538: 2520:Gautama Buddha 2511: 2508: 2496: 2493: 2473: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2440:) to attain a 2432: 2418: 2415: 2287:Folk religious 2176: 2173: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2141: 2140: 2129:Caodong school 2096: 2058: 2047:Platform Sutra 2039:Yuquan Shenxiu 2029:(c. 600–900) ( 2024: 2007:(c. 500–600) ( 1998: 1997: 1982: 1955: 1923: 1920: 1909: 1906: 1859:Song dynasties 1764: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1753: 1746: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1498:Hanshan Deqing 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1443:Śubhakarasiṃha 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1252: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1186:Zen Narratives 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1128:Shunryū Suzuki 1125: 1123:Taizan Maezumi 1120: 1115: 1104: 1103: 1101:Thích Thiên-Ân 1098: 1093: 1091:Thích Thanh Từ 1088: 1086:Trần Nhân Tông 1083: 1081:Trần Thái Tông 1072: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 984: 983: 981:Hanshan Deqing 978: 969:Post-classical 965: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 866: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 764: 761: 760: 757: 756: 753: 752: 747: 742: 740:Platform Sutra 737: 732: 727: 722: 709: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 667: 662: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 631:Buddhist chant 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 556: 553: 552: 549: 548: 545: 544: 539: 534: 529: 527:Zen and Sutras 518: 517: 512: 501: 500: 495: 490: 485: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424: 421: 420: 415: 407: 399: 391: 383: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 361: 360: 352: 351: 335: 334: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 306: 300: 299: 298:Transcriptions 291: 290: 283: 277: 276: 269: 263: 262: 258: 257: 254: 253: 246: 240: 239: 238:Transcriptions 231: 230: 223: 217: 216: 209: 203: 202: 198: 197: 190: 184: 183: 176: 170: 169: 165: 164: 161: 160: 153: 151:Middle Chinese 147: 146: 144:Middle Chinese 140: 139: 132: 126: 125: 123:Yue: Cantonese 119: 118: 111: 105: 104: 97: 91: 90: 84: 83: 82:Transcriptions 75: 74: 67: 61: 60: 53: 47: 46: 42: 41: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18883: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18861:Chan Buddhism 18859: 18858: 18856: 18841: 18837: 18833: 18831: 18823: 18822: 18819: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18746: 18744: 18742: 18741:South America 18738: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18663: 18661: 18659: 18655: 18649: 18648:United States 18646: 18644: 18641: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18535: 18533: 18531: 18530:North America 18527: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18500: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18388:Liechtenstein 18386: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18280: 18278: 18276: 18272: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18115: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18005: 18003: 18001: 17997: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17840:Guinea-Bissau 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17722: 17720: 17718: 17714: 17710: 17703: 17699: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17664:Organizations 17662: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17608: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17527: 17524: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17501: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17489:Vegetarianism 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17434:Homosexuality 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17394: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17375: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17357: 17356: 17353: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17335: 17334: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17304: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17281: 17278: 17277: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17255:Neurotheology 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17222: 17220: 17218: 17212: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17157: 17155: 17153: 17149: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17127: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17065: 17064: 17061: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17043: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16976: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16949:Folk religion 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16877: 16874: 16873: 16871: 16867: 16863: 16856: 16852: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16787: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16772:Imperial cult 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16759: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16732: 16731: 16728: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16715: 16714: 16711: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16688: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16675: 16672: 16671: 16670: 16667: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16654: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16641: 16638: 16637: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16570: 16569: 16566: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16543: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16530: 16527: 16526: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16450: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16427: 16424: 16423: 16422: 16419: 16418: 16415: 16411: 16406: 16402: 16382: 16379: 16378: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16341:Discordianism 16339: 16337: 16336:Anthroposophy 16334: 16333: 16331: 16327: 16319: 16318: 16314: 16313: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16284:Mari religion 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16266: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16218: 16215: 16214: 16213: 16210: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16197: 16196: 16193: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16180: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16167: 16164: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16156: 16150: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16121:Neo-Theosophy 16119: 16118: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16090: 16087: 16086: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16059:New Acropolis 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16031: 16029: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16012: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15983: 15981: 15977: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15879: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15871: 15867: 15866: 15861: 15858: 15857: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15755: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15735: 15733: 15731: 15725: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15712: 15709: 15708: 15706: 15704:North African 15702: 15699: 15697: 15691: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15626: 15624: 15622: 15618: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15589: 15585: 15581: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15539: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15487: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15469: 15466: 15465: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15458:Kwakwakaʼwakw 15456: 15454: 15451: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15423: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15367: 15366: 15363: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15308: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15293: 15291: 15289: 15283: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15256: 15255: 15252: 15248: 15245: 15244: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15212: 15210: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15197: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15183: 15179: 15173: 15170: 15169: 15167: 15165: 15164:Austroasiatic 15161: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15144: 15143: 15140: 15136: 15135:Vattisen Yaly 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15122: 15121: 15117: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15109: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15096: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15071: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15054:Kirat Mundhum 15052: 15050: 15047: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15019: 15017: 15013: 15007: 15006: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14993: 14990: 14989: 14988: 14985: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14967: 14963: 14960: 14959: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14945: 14941: 14935: 14934: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14857: 14856: 14853: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14805: 14804: 14801: 14800: 14798: 14796: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14783: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14749: 14747: 14745: 14741: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14713: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14690: 14689: 14685: 14684: 14683: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14675: 14671: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14653: 14650: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14612: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14586: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14552: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14527: 14525: 14523: 14519: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14499: 14497: 14495: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14482: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14436: 14432: 14426: 14425: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14413:Milah Abraham 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14387: 14384: 14383: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14350: 14347: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14332: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14312: 14311: 14308: 14307: 14305: 14303: 14299: 14293: 14292: 14288: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14236: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14186: 14183: 14182: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14145: 14144: 14141: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14123: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14071: 14070: 14069:Protestantism 14067: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14054: 14051: 14050: 14049: 14046: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14033: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14020: 14017: 14016: 14015: 14012: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13999: 13998: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13990: 13986: 13980: 13979: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13926: 13922: 13919: 13918: 13917: 13914: 13913: 13912: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13904: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13882: 13878: 13874: 13869: 13865: 13861: 13854: 13849: 13847: 13842: 13840: 13835: 13834: 13831: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13807: 13799: 13798: 13795: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13751: 13747: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13666: 13662: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13645: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13581: 13580:Miscellaneous 13577: 13571: 13570:Vegetarianism 13568: 13566: 13563: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13535: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13465: 13462: 13461: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13414: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13392:Buddha in art 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13376: 13373: 13372: 13371: 13368: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13288: 13287: 13284: 13283: 13281: 13279: 13275: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13183: 13181: 13177: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13114: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13064: 13060: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13046:United States 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12958: 12957: 12954: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12940: 12937: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12928: 12925: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12873: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12689: 12685: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12603:Padmasambhava 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12515:Major figures 12512: 12506: 12503: 12499: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12462: 12461:Western tulku 12459: 12458: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12385: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12358: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12329: 12325: 12319: 12316: 12312: 12309: 12308: 12307: 12304: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12285: 12282: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12262:Five precepts 12260: 12259: 12258: 12255: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12240:Dhamma vicaya 12238: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12228: 12224: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12087: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12008:Buddhābhiṣeka 12006: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11983: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11817: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11766: 11760: 11757: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11652:Enlightenment 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11642:Dhamma theory 11640: 11638: 11637:Buddha-nature 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11476:Samantabhadra 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11433: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11407: 11401: 11399: 11393: 11391: 11385: 11383: 11377: 11375: 11369: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11232: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11208: 11207: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11181: 11176: 11174: 11169: 11167: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11141: 11140: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11132:Zen Buddhists 11129: 11127: 11126: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11082: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11050: 11049: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11038: 11028: 11027: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11016: 11010: 11009: 11005: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10996: 10995: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10959: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10861: 10858: 10854: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10824: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10798: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10761: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10733: 10723: 10722:Kaishin Inshu 10720: 10719: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10697: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10671: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10655: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10636: 10632: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10581: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10559:Soen Nakagawa 10557: 10556: 10554: 10550: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10518:Sōyū Matsuoka 10516: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10483: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10471:Dennis Merzel 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10335: 10332: 10328: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10248: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10232: 10229: 10225: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10205: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10184: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10158: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10076:Fo Guang Shan 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10052: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10026: 10020: 10019:Yunmen school 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9983: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9907: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9880: 9879:Dennis Merzel 9877: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9853:Robert Aitken 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9801:Soen Nakagawa 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9781:Imakita Kosen 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774:Modern Rinzai 9772: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9720: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9647:Nan Huai-Chin 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9630:Modern Lingji 9628: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9586:Danxia Zichun 9584: 9582: 9581:Furong Daokai 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9551:Yunju Daoying 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9536:Shitou Xiqian 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9516:Yunmen Wenyan 9514: 9512: 9511:Xuefeng Yicun 9509: 9507: 9506:Dahui Zonggao 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9476:Huangbo Xiyun 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9389:Koan practice 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9292:Diamond Sutra 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9256:Buddha-nature 9254: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9220:Chan Buddhism 9218: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208:Main articles 9206: 9202: 9195: 9190: 9188: 9183: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9164: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9104: 9098: 9097:Fo Guang Shan 9094: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9006: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8939: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8927: 8924:D.T. Suzuki, 8923: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8898: 8892: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8865: 8858: 8851: 8845: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8809:on 2016-03-03 8808: 8804: 8802: 8794: 8788: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8757: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8722: 8718: 8716: 8708: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8676: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8639: 8637: 8629: 8615:on 2015-11-06 8611: 8604: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8575: 8568: 8562: 8558: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8521: 8512:on 2010-09-29 8508: 8501: 8500: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8456:on 2012-06-22 8452: 8445: 8444: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8420: 8417: 8411: 8407: 8402: 8398: 8393: 8390:on 2013-03-16 8386: 8379: 8378: 8372: 8369: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8352: 8348: 8346:9788120807310 8342: 8338: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8303: 8300: 8294: 8290: 8285: 8282: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8074: 8070: 8065: 8061: 8056: 8053: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8035: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8020: 8014: 8010: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7993: 7987: 7983: 7978: 7974: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7949: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7887: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7846: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7828: 7823: 7819: 7818:The Ta of Zen 7814: 7811: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7787: 7784: 7782:9781605061047 7778: 7774: 7773: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7737: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7698:0-941532-89-5 7694: 7690: 7685: 7682: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7664: 7658: 7654: 7649: 7646: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7612:on 2011-05-24 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7566: 7562: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7545: 7542: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7523: 7518: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7491: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7467: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7431: 7426: 7420:, p. 58. 7419: 7414: 7407: 7402: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7376: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7320: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7303: 7298: 7296: 7288: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7264: 7259: 7252: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7233: 7228: 7221: 7216: 7209: 7204: 7202: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7122:on 2012-02-27 7121: 7117: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7082:(in French). 7081: 7077: 7070: 7054: 7050: 7049:tw.tzuchi.org 7046: 7040: 7024: 7018: 7010: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6987: 6982: 6974: 6968: 6961: 6956: 6949: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6928: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6874: 6868: 6863: 6855: 6853:9780691157863 6849: 6845: 6844: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6798: 6790: 6785: 6778: 6773: 6766: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6685: 6680: 6673: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6642: 6634: 6633:Leighton 2000 6629: 6622: 6617: 6610: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6587:, p. 74. 6586: 6581: 6579: 6572:, p. 73. 6571: 6566: 6564: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6540: 6533: 6528: 6522:, p. 95. 6521: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6495: 6493: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6457: 6450:, p. 92. 6449: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6430: 6423:, p. 62. 6422: 6417: 6411:, p. 63. 6410: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6363: 6356: 6351: 6344: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6321:, p. 18. 6320: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6301: 6296: 6294: 6286: 6281: 6274: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6231: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6176:, p. 17. 6175: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6131: 6130:Zvelebil 1987 6126: 6119: 6114: 6107: 6102: 6096:, p. 52. 6095: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6032: 6027: 6021:, p. 17. 6020: 6015: 6013: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5955:0-8160-3545-8 5951: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5875: 5867: 5862: 5856:, p. 11. 5855: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5781:, p. 64. 5780: 5775: 5769:, p. 65. 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5735: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5719:, p. 11. 5718: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5676:, p. 79. 5675: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5659:, p. 10. 5658: 5653: 5646: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5616: 5609: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5589: 5580: 5578:9781611807134 5574: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5563:Hinton, David 5558: 5550: 5548:9781611808711 5544: 5540: 5539: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5513:, p. 46. 5512: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5489:, p. 13. 5488: 5483: 5476: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5429:, p. 63. 5428: 5427:Yanagida 2009 5423: 5417:, p. 89. 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5356: 5355:Ferguson 2000 5351: 5349: 5347: 5339: 5338:Ferguson 2000 5334: 5327: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5264:, p. 24. 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5186: 5179: 5173: 5147: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5117: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5077:Putong Temple 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4978: 4970: 4967: 4960: 4953:Koan practice 4950: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4800:Diamond Sūtra 4796: 4792: 4791: 4785: 4780: 4770: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4651:five skandhas 4648: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4619:Buddha-nature 4616: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594:Buddha-nature 4591: 4590: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572:three natures 4569: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4472:San Francisco 4469: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4229:Seon in Korea 4226: 4224: 4220: 4219:Vô Ngôn Thông 4216: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4144:Fo Guang Shan 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3852: 3849: 3837:Modernisation 3834: 3832: 3831:sifa weixiang 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3780:Yunqi Zhuhong 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732:Mongol Empire 3729: 3725: 3721: 3706: 3697: 3695: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3665:Dahui Zonggao 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3603:Dahui Zonggao 3597:Dahui Zonggao 3594: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3584:Xuefeng Yicun 3582:pictures the 3581: 3577: 3570: 3557: 3556:Xuefeng Yicun 3553: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3542:Shitou Xiqian 3539: 3538:Xuefeng Yicun 3535: 3534:Yunmen Wenyan 3531: 3530:Yunmen school 3528: 3525: 3524:Caoshan Benji 3521: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3477: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355:Shítóu Xīqiān 3349:Shitou Xiqian 3346: 3344: 3343:Huayan school 3340: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3249: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3188:Diamond Sutra 3185: 3181: 3180:Diamond Sutra 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3160:Rinzai school 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3136:Diamond Sūtra 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3123:Diamond Sūtra 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3081:Nanhua Temple 3078: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3065:Nanhua Temple 3062: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2934: 2919: 2917: 2916:Daman Hongren 2913: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2895:Buddha-nature 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2856:enlightenment 2853: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2715: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2666: 2663: 2654: 2653:Daman Hongren 2651: 2642: 2639: 2630: 2627: 2618: 2615: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2577:, one of the 2576: 2575:Srimala Sutra 2572: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516:Flower Sermon 2506: 2502: 2491: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2346:Buddha-nature 2343: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228:Dhyāna sutras 2225: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2195: 2191: 2188:Buddhism and 2187: 2183: 2171: 2170:Six Dynasties 2167: 2163: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2115:practice and 2114: 2110: 2109:Dahui Zonggao 2106: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085:Xuefeng Yicun 2082: 2078: 2077:Shitou Xiqian 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035:Daman Hongren 2032: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1922:Periodisation 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1888:and north to 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1800: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1548:Nan Huai-Chin 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1483:Dahui Zonggao 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1468:Daman Hongren 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1347:Major figures 1344: 1343: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320:Dharmaguptaka 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1232: 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799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 778:Oxhead school 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 765: 759: 758: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 716: 715: 714: 713:Chinese texts 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 673: 672: 671: 665: 664:Zen scripture 660: 659: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 636:Dharma combat 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 557: 551: 550: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 522: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 506: 505: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 479: 477: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 450:Buddha-nature 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 435: 434:The "essence" 427: 426: 419: 416: 414: 413: 408: 406: 405: 400: 398: 397: 392: 390: 389: 384: 382: 379: 378: 375:Main articles 372: 371: 367: 363: 362: 359: 354: 353: 347: 345: 337: 336: 332: 328: 327: 319: 307: 305: 301: 296: 292: 284: 282: 278: 270: 268: 264: 261:Japanese name 259: 247: 245: 241: 236: 232: 224: 222: 218: 210: 208: 204: 199: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 175: 171: 166: 154: 152: 148: 145: 141: 133: 131: 127: 124: 120: 112: 110: 106: 98: 96: 92: 89: 85: 80: 76: 68: 66: 62: 54: 52: 48: 43: 39: 36:Chan Buddhism 34: 29: 22: 18245:Turkmenistan 18205:Saudi Arabia 17950:South Africa 17940:Sierra Leone 17745:Burkina Faso 17654:Names of God 17601:Unaffiliated 17556:Antireligion 17412:Universalism 17360:Assimilation 17225:Anthropology 17100:Supernatural 17095:Spirituality 17063:Sacred space 17051:Purification 16924:Denomination 16878: / 16686:Paleo-Balkan 16652:Mesopotamian 16492:Cook Islands 16463:Old Prussian 16376:UFO religion 16315: 16311:Zalmoxianism 16239:Neoshamanism 16096:Spiritualism 15979:Other ethnic 15868: 15694:Traditional 15654:Bongthingism 15542:Acoma Pueblo 15485:Mesoamerican 15182:Austronesian 15003: 14999:Neo-Buddhism 14961: 14931: 14927:Neo-Hinduism 14848:Swaminarayan 14686: 14635:Salvationist 14620:Confucianism 14471:Samaritanism 14441:Ali-Illahism 14422: 14289: 14283:Unitarianism 14224:Old Catholic 14031:Nestorianism 13989:Christianity 13976: 13942:Conservative 13758:Bodhisattvas 13678:Christianity 13673:Baháʼí Faith 13538:Dharmachakra 13528:Prayer wheel 13518:Prayer beads 13286:Architecture 13165:969 Movement 12949:Saudi Arabia 12927:Central Asia 12920:South Africa 12742: 12725: 12658:Panchen Lama 12563:Buddhapālita 12159:Satipatthana 12154:Mindful Yoga 12067:Recollection 11981:Brahmavihara 11852:Japanese Zen 11847:Chinese Chan 11846: 11807:Animal realm 11614:Key concepts 11436:Bodhisattvas 11248:Three Jewels 11137: 11130: 11125:Zen Buddhism 11123: 11101:Steven Heine 11046: 11024: 11006: 10999: 10992: 10974: 10967: 10960: 10953: 10946: 10939: 10932: 10699:Zendo Kyodan 10641:Sanbo Kyodan 10634:European Zen 10600:Shodo Harada 10426:John Tarrant 10416:Sanbo Kyodan 10354:Mel Weitsman 10284:Extant sects 10214:Kyoto School 10193:Sanbo Kyodan 10160:Extant sects 10126:Japanese Zen 10035:Linji school 10028:Extant sects 10014:Fayan school 9985:Chinese Chán 9836:Sanbo Kyodan 9796:D. T. Suzuki 9765:Hakuin Ekaku 9621:Xueting Fuyu 9576:Touzi Yiqing 9556:Tongan Daopi 9526:Yuanwu Keqin 9481:Linji Yixuan 9230:Japanese Zen 9219: 9151: 9137: 9129: 9128: 9102: 9101: 9064: 9063: 9047: 9046: 9021: 9020: 9016:The Zen Site 9004: 9003: 8992: 8985: 8978: 8977: 8964: 8950: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8918: 8917: 8900:. Retrieved 8891: 8883:the original 8877:Sheng, Yen. 8872: 8857: 8844: 8836:the original 8831: 8822: 8811:. Retrieved 8807:the original 8800: 8793: 8782: 8773: 8764: 8750: 8741: 8721:the original 8714: 8707: 8698: 8689: 8681:the original 8674: 8667: 8658: 8635: 8628: 8617:. Retrieved 8610:the original 8597: 8585: 8574:the original 8561: 8528: 8524: 8514:, retrieved 8507:the original 8498: 8488: 8478: 8468: 8458:, retrieved 8451:the original 8442: 8432: 8423: 8405: 8396: 8385:the original 8376: 8356: 8335: 8325: 8315: 8306: 8288: 8269: 8259: 8250: 8246:Suzuki, D.T. 8228: 8190: 8186: 8147: 8143: 8131: 8127: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8077: 8068: 8059: 8041: 8018: 8008: 7999: 7981: 7972: 7963: 7953: 7941:the original 7936: 7911: 7907: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7868: 7852: 7835:The Zen Koan 7834: 7826: 7817: 7799: 7790: 7771: 7761: 7752: 7743: 7725: 7716: 7707: 7688: 7670: 7652: 7634: 7625: 7614:. Retrieved 7610:the original 7589: 7585: 7573: 7569: 7560: 7552: 7530: 7521: 7512: 7485: 7473: 7466:Shimano 1991 7461: 7449: 7437: 7425: 7413: 7406:Gregory 1991 7401: 7389: 7362: 7355:Swanson 1993 7350: 7338: 7326: 7287:Swanson 1993 7282: 7270: 7263:Kasulis 2003 7258: 7253:, p. 9. 7227: 7220:Kasulis 2003 7215: 7188: 7176: 7141: 7135: 7124:. Retrieved 7120:the original 7110: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7059:15 September 7057:. Retrieved 7053:the original 7048: 7039: 7027:. Retrieved 7017: 6998: 6992: 6981: 6967: 6955: 6922: 6910: 6898: 6880: 6873: 6862: 6842: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6784: 6777:Kasulis 2003 6772: 6760: 6748: 6736: 6724: 6712: 6679: 6667: 6655: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6597:Gregory 2002 6592: 6551: 6544:Kasulis 2003 6539: 6527: 6520:Huaijin 1997 6515: 6503: 6482: 6470: 6448:Huaijin 1997 6443: 6436:Kasulis 2003 6416: 6404: 6397:Gregory 1991 6392: 6380: 6362: 6350: 6338: 6331:Kasulis 2003 6326: 6280: 6249: 6237: 6229: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6152: 6125: 6113: 6101: 6089: 6077: 6065: 6053: 6026: 5945: 5935: 5930:, p. 8. 5923: 5911: 5900: 5888: 5868:, p. 8. 5861: 5849: 5844:, p. 8. 5837: 5825: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5717:Goddard 2007 5712: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5657:Goddard 2007 5652: 5615: 5602: 5567: 5557: 5537: 5530: 5518: 5511:Maspero 1981 5506: 5499:McMahan 2008 5494: 5482: 5470: 5463:Gimello 1994 5458: 5446: 5434: 5422: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5357:, p. 3. 5333: 5284:, retrieved 5279: 5269: 5262:Kasulis 2003 5257: 5245: 5228: 5220: 5207: 5200:Daniel Odier 5194: 5185: 5172: 5146: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5116: 5109:Qing dynasty 5105:Ming dynasty 5099: 5090: 5067:Japanese Zen 5034: 5001: 4984: 4976: 4962: 4947: 4924: 4920: 4918: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4886: 4863: 4855:Zen practice 4840: 4836: 4833: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4767: 4757: 4751: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4687: 4666: 4663: 4655: 4646: 4643: 4636: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4605: 4587: 4585: 4565: 4545: 4535: 4527: 4519: 4461: 4418: 4388: 4346: 4324: 4321:Japanese Zen 4315:Zen in Japan 4242: 4213:; 4178: 4125: 4090: 4075: 4046: 4039: 4021: 4007: 4004: 3982: 3966: 3951: 3935: 3917: 3902: 3887: 3880: 3845: 3830: 3826: 3823:Qing dynasty 3820: 3811:Ōbaku school 3808: 3788: 3764:Ming dynasty 3761: 3752:Dhyānabhadra 3720:Yuan dynasty 3717: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3679:other people 3677: 3673: 3654: 3643: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3617: 3608: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3569:Linji school 3548:Fayan school 3510:Linji Yixuan 3506:Linji school 3486: 3481: 3479: 3463: 3454: 3451:Song dynasty 3431:Fayan school 3418:Tang dynasty 3415: 3401: 3396: 3388: 3352: 3336: 3327: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3293:Dazhu Huihai 3282: 3256: 3245: 3243: 3238:Tang dynasty 3235: 3225: 3208:Samye debate 3197: 3194:Tibetan Chan 3187: 3183: 3179: 3156:Linji school 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3097: 3090: 3069: 3058: 3031: 3021: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2989: 2974: 2965: 2962:shou-i pu i, 2961: 2930: 2911: 2907:Northern Wei 2904: 2892: 2874: 2861: 2847: 2845: 2837:Pallava king 2833: 2828: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2805: 2794:Buddhist art 2787: 2760: 2747: 2744:Léngqié Zōng 2743: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2703: 2684: 2678: 2676: 2637:) ?–606 2591: 2568: 2563:Tang dynasty 2549: 2535:Mahākāśyapa. 2533: 2513: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2454: 2448: 2435: 2426: 2420: 2409: 2404: 2392: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2335: 2309: 2300: 2294: 2276: 2272:Buddhabhadra 2267: 2232:Sarvāstivāda 2218: 2208: 2198: 2178: 2148: 2147:"at least a 2142: 2125:Linji school 2100:Song dynasty 2098: 2081:Linji Yixuan 2060: 2031:Tang dynasty 2026: 2016: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1985: 1978: 1975:Linji Yixuan 1967:Song dynasty 1958: 1948:Tang dynasty 1935: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1902:Japanese Zen 1874:Zen Buddhism 1871: 1829: 1820: 1796: 1768: 1767: 1723:Martial arts 1675:Mount Jiuhua 1659:Sacred Sites 1641:Architecture 1570: 1513:Miyun Yuanwu 1147: 1113:D. T. Suzuki 1106: 1105: 1074: 1073: 1047: 1046: 1037:Hakuin Ekaku 1011:Zen in Japan 1010: 1009: 988:Contemporary 987: 986: 985: 968: 967: 966: 884: 883: 882: 878: 848:Sanbo Kyodan 843:Ōbaku school 798:Tibetan Chan 712: 711: 710: 669: 668: 520: 519: 503: 502: 475: 474: 433: 411: 403: 395: 387: 385: 357:Zen Buddhism 343: 304:Romanization 95:Hanyu Pinyin 45:Chinese name 18696:New Zealand 18633:Saint Lucia 18583:El Salvador 18488:Switzerland 18423:Netherlands 18195:Philippines 18123:South Korea 18118:North Korea 18008:Afghanistan 17955:South Sudan 17845:Ivory Coast 17629:Deification 17576:Objectivism 17551:Agnosticism 17504:Persecution 17494:Video games 17459:Populations 17370:Proselytism 17338:Monasticism 17329:Clericalism 17319:Agriculture 17310:and society 17275:Soteriology 17235:Comparative 17205:Transtheism 17190:Panentheism 16974:Monasticism 16767:Gallo-Roman 16669:Micronesian 16635:Manichaeism 16583:Hermeticism 16551:Continental 16546:Anglo-Saxon 16426:Paleolithic 16421:Prehistoric 16371:Scientology 16234:Italo-Roman 16089:Radha Soami 16069:New Thought 15909:Espiritismo 15850:Waaqeffanna 15790:Fon and Ewe 15728:Sub-Saharan 15611:Satsana Phi 15397:Ghost Dance 15338:Californian 15306:Anishinaabe 15232:Karo Pemena 15211:Indonesian 14885:Lingayatism 14833:Mahanubhava 14803:Vaishnavism 14734:Jeungsanism 14657:Folk Taoism 14640:Xiantiandao 14494:Zoroastrian 14153:Charismatic 14148:Pentecostal 14111:Anglicanism 14062:Waldensians 13997:Catholicism 13603:Dharma talk 13432:Asalha Puja 13228:Eschatology 13031:Switzerland 13011:New Zealand 12939:Middle East 12848:Philippines 12768:Afghanistan 12573:Bodhidharma 12558:Buddhaghosa 12478:Householder 12388:Monasticism 12341:Bodhisattva 12196:Prostration 12149:Mindfulness 12077:Anapanasati 12060:Kammaṭṭhāna 11857:Korean Seon 11797:Asura realm 11792:Human realm 11732:Ten Fetters 11687:Parinirvana 11589:Uppalavanna 11554:Mahākaccana 11539:Mahākassapa 11471:Kṣitigarbha 11466:Ākāśagarbha 11363:Suddhodāna 11308:Four sights 11235:Foundations 10948:Xinxin Ming 10614:Pan-lineage 10595:Omori Sogen 10543:Brad Warner 10502:Toni Packer 10380:Kōdō Sawaki 10262:Jogye Order 10257:Taego Order 10227:Korean Seon 9909:Korean Seon 9900:Muhō Noelke 9822:Kōdō Sawaki 9815:Modern Sōtō 9786:Soyen Shaku 9687:Shi Yinshun 9451:Dayi Daoxin 9436:Bodhidharma 9297:Heart Sūtra 9225:Korean Seon 9119:Zen history 9042:Zen centers 9028:Zen Centers 8553:Web-sources 7490:Suzuki 1970 7478:Suzuki 1955 6705:Welter 2006 6660:Welter 2000 6621:Wegner 2001 6058:Suzuki 1935 5674:Fowler 2005 5475:Welter 2000 5415:Nadeau 2012 5302:Cleary 2005 5103:During the 5004:D.T. Suzuki 4966:paradoxical 4943:anapanasati 4866:Bodhisattva 4806:Lotus Sūtra 4647:Heart sutra 4623:Buddhadhātu 4547:Heart sutra 4540:sutras and 4427:during the 4421:Soyen Shaku 4309:Songgwangsa 4289:: 4279:: 4265:: 4255:: 4235:Korean Seon 4044:practices. 3782:(雲棲祩宏) and 3724:Kublai Khan 3622:Koan-system 3552:Fayan Wenyi 2841:Kanchipuram 2825:Dayi Daoxin 2782:Sesshū Tōyō 2772:Bodhidharma 2766:Bodhidharma 2685:Zhèngdào gē 2641:Dayi Daoxin 2605:Bodhidharma 2587:Xinxin Ming 2566:developed. 2552:Bodhidharma 2528:Mahākāśyapa 2524:Dharma talk 2505:Sui dynasty 2337:naturalness 2291:D.T. Suzuki 2244:anapanasati 2201:kammaṭṭhāna 2182:correlation 2162:Han dynasty 2079:(710–790), 2075:(709–788), 2061:Middle Chan 2013:Sui dynasty 1940:Bodhidharma 1680:Mount Putuo 1665:Mount Wutai 1538:Yang Wenhui 1458:Bodhidharma 1453:Amoghavajra 1373:Dharmakṣema 1160:Institution 1107:Western Zen 892:Bodhidharma 838:Sōtō school 828:Taego Order 818:Jogye Order 783:Heze school 691:Lotus Sutra 498:One Vehicle 410:Vietnamese 201:Korean name 18855:Categories 18686:Micronesia 18563:Costa Rica 18458:San Marino 18418:Montenegro 18398:Luxembourg 18255:Uzbekistan 18230:Tajikistan 18135:Kyrgyzstan 18108:Kazakhstan 18058:East Timor 18028:Bangladesh 18018:Azerbaijan 17935:Seychelles 17900:Mozambique 17885:Mauritania 17870:Madagascar 17760:Cape Verde 17542:irreligion 17537:Secularism 17439:Minorities 17407:Toleration 17402:Syncretism 17387:Fanaticism 17377:Disability 17365:Missionary 17355:Conversion 17343:Ordination 17265:Psychology 17260:Philosophy 17200:Polytheism 17180:Monotheism 17175:Henotheism 17016:Orthopraxy 17006:Ordination 16969:Meditation 16964:Indigenous 16929:Entheogens 16914:Conversion 16740:Pueblo III 16657:Babylonian 16647:Melanesian 16573:Gnosticism 16458:Lithuanian 16351:Fourth Way 16205:Circassian 16183:Dievturība 16106:Tensegrity 16039:Falun Gong 15684:Sanamahism 15664:Donyi-Polo 15254:Polynesian 15200:Kaharingan 15125:Burkhanism 15064:Ravidassia 15042:Śvetāmbara 14828:Pushtimarg 14808:Krishnaism 14744:Vietnamese 14729:Cheondoism 14662:Yao Taoism 14598:East Asian 14364:Isma'ilism 14320:Maturidism 14099:Mennonites 14094:Hutterites 14079:Anabaptism 13972:Humanistic 13720:Psychology 13700:Gnosticism 13688:Comparison 13683:Influences 13665:Comparison 13548:Bhavacakra 13506:Kushinagar 13481:Pilgrimage 13427:Māgha Pūjā 13382:Bodhi Tree 13198:Buddhology 13188:Abhidharma 13180:Philosophy 13113:Menander I 12981:Costa Rica 12932:Uzbekistan 12773:Bangladesh 12727:Dhammapada 12711:Pali Canon 12673:Ajahn Chah 12653:Dalai Lama 12553:Kumārajīva 12548:Vasubandhu 12523:The Buddha 12431:Zen master 12366:Sakadagami 12346:Buddhahood 12277:Pratimokṣa 12092:Shikantaza 12048:Meditation 12023:Deity yoga 11894:Madhyamaka 11787:Deva realm 11682:Mindstream 11632:Bodhicitta 11544:Aṅgulimāla 11411:Devadatta 11387:Yaśodharā 11290:The Buddha 11280:Middle Way 11026:Zen at War 10976:Shōbōgenzō 10901:Daitoku-ji 10896:Myōshin-ji 10817:Zen master 10763:Attendants 10296:Wu Yantong 9926:Seongcheol 9888:German Zen 9466:Mazu Daoyi 9441:Dazu Huike 9384:Shikantaza 9338:Five Ranks 9333:Shikantaza 8902:2008-03-26 8813:2013-03-27 8619:2011-12-13 8516:2013-03-29 8460:2021-05-29 8144:T'oung Pao 7616:2011-12-13 7454:Blyth 1966 7418:Faure 2000 7394:McRae 2003 7382:McRae 2003 7367:McRae 2003 7251:Borup 2008 7232:McRae 2003 7193:McRae 2003 7126:2012-02-15 7008:080213162X 6903:Sharf 2002 6867:Sharf 2002 6804:McRae 2003 6789:McRae 2003 6729:Young 2009 6717:Jones 2010 6672:McRae 2003 6585:Faure 1997 6570:Faure 1997 6556:Heine 2008 6475:McRae 2003 6421:McRae 2003 6409:McRae 2003 6355:McRae 2003 6343:McRae 2003 6300:McRae 2003 6285:McRae 2003 6242:Sharf 2014 6217:Sharf 2014 6205:Sharf 2014 6193:McRae 1986 6157:McRae 2003 6145:McRae 2003 6046:Chang 1967 6031:McRae 2004 5986:McRae 2003 5893:McRae 2003 5523:Grigg 1999 5487:McRae 2003 5451:McRae 2003 5439:McRae 2003 5403:McRae 2003 5391:McRae 2003 5379:McRae 2003 5367:McRae 2003 5326:McRae 2003 5286:2020-01-17 5238:References 5155:mountain?" 4853:See also: 4825:, and the 4756:(Japanese 4747:Buddhahood 4639:Dharmakaya 4553:Five Ranks 4542:Madhyamaka 4524:Polarities 4440:See also: 4409:See also: 4401:Ben Qing. 4379:See also: 4365:Daitoku-ji 4353:Myōshin-ji 4319:See also: 4233:See also: 4215:Vietnamese 4201:Wu Yantong 4185:Vietnamese 4181:Vinītaruci 4169:See also: 4158:See also: 4086:housewives 3995:See also: 3952:Since the 3930:See also: 3859:See also: 3784:Ouyi Zhixu 3774:school of 3648:(1223) by 3638:(1228) of 3614:developed. 3526:(840–901); 3500:Mazu Daoyi 3474:See also: 3449:See also: 3426:T'ient-tai 3410:See also: 3379:Five Ranks 3168:Madhyamaka 3158:(Japanese 3150:(Japanese 3053:See also: 2968:being the 2617:Dazu Huike 2499:See also: 2401:Madhyamaka 2353:Neo-Daoist 2285:and local 2264:Kumārajīva 2234:school of 2160:See also: 2121:Shikantaza 2073:Mazu Daoyi 2027:Early Chan 2005:Proto-Chan 1971:Mazu Daoyi 1912:See also: 1836:meditation 1834:(meaning " 1670:Mount Emei 1565:Traditions 1508:Ouyi Zhixu 1473:Mazu Daoyi 1448:Vajrabodhi 1378:Paramartha 1358:Kumārajīva 1069:Seongcheol 773:Sanjiejiao 762:Traditions 646:Zen poetry 616:Samu (Zen) 580:Shikantaza 521:Background 515:Buddhahood 504:The "goal" 109:Wade–Giles 18804:Venezuela 18749:Argentina 18666:Australia 18618:Nicaragua 18593:Guatemala 18393:Lithuania 18215:Sri Lanka 18210:Singapore 18190:Palestine 18078:Indonesia 18068:Hong Kong 17890:Mauritius 17611:Overviews 17566:Criticism 17519:Sectarian 17509:Terrorism 17484:Theocracy 17429:Happiness 17397:Pluralism 17382:Education 17308:Religion 17280:Salvation 17270:Sociology 17215:Religious 17195:Pantheism 17185:Nontheism 17078:Mountains 17056:Sacrifice 17011:Orthodoxy 17001:Mythology 16996:Mysticism 16885:Behaviour 16794:Canaanite 16777:Mithraism 16745:Pueblo IV 16735:Pueblo II 16640:Mazdakism 16615:Hungarian 16588:Mysteries 16497:Dravidian 16279:Hungarian 16195:Caucasian 16166:Godianism 16126:Agni Yoga 16116:Theosophy 16079:Rastafari 16054:Modekngei 16034:Brahmoism 16027:Syncretic 16019:movements 16017:religious 15929:Quimbanda 15877:Candomblé 15870:Diasporic 15649:Bathouism 15639:Benzhuism 15554:Tsimshian 15505:Purépecha 15426:Longhouse 15401:Sun Dance 15333:Blackfoot 15321:Wabunowin 15316:Midewiwin 15237:Malaysian 15227:Kapitayan 15037:Digambara 15022:Ayyavazhi 14987:Vajrayana 14952:Theravada 14865:Ganapatya 14838:Ramanandi 14767:Hoahaoism 14645:Yiguandao 14540:Yarsanism 14535:Shabakism 14522:Yazdânism 14512:Zurvanism 14507:Mazdaznan 14466:Rastafari 14461:Mandaeism 14335:Wahhabism 14315:Ash'arism 14278:Tolstoyan 14268:Spiritual 14258:Mormonism 14229:Judaizers 14202:Quakerism 14180:Methodist 14170:Irvingism 14121:Calvinism 14074:Adventism 14057:Moravians 13894:Abrahamic 13788:Festivals 13768:Buddhists 13730:Theosophy 13533:Symbolism 13523:Hama yumi 13496:Bodh Gaya 13263:Socialism 13238:Evolution 13213:Economics 13051:Venezuela 12966:Australia 12961:Argentina 12885:Sri Lanka 12880:Singapore 12798:Indonesia 12760:Countries 12701:Tripiṭaka 12663:Ajahn Mun 12538:Nagarjuna 12533:Aśvaghoṣa 12416:Anagārika 12411:Śrāmaṇerī 12406:Śrāmaṇera 12401:Bhikkhunī 12361:Sotāpanna 12250:Passaddhi 12191:Offerings 12166:Nekkhamma 12043:Iddhipada 11963:Practices 11933:Theravada 11906:Vajrayana 11899:Yogachara 11869:Pure Land 11782:Six Paths 11769:Cosmology 11549:Anuruddha 11524:Sāriputta 11514:Kaundinya 11506:Disciples 11481:Vajrapāṇi 11333:Footprint 11298:Tathāgata 11139:Zen texts 11096:Masao Abe 10962:Denkoroku 10906:Tōfuku-ji 10770:Jikijitsu 10466:Joko Beck 9947:Pháp Hiền 9921:Seungsahn 9734:Hsuan Hua 9713:Sheng-yen 9677:Wei Chueh 9672:Cheng Yen 9667:Hsing Yun 9662:Sheng-yen 9328:Ten Bulls 9321:Teachings 9005:Oversight 8207:144208166 8164:0082-5433 7102:1996-4617 6319:Lai 2003b 6174:Lai 2003a 6019:Lai 2003b 5881:Lai 2003b 5866:Lai 2003b 5854:Lai 2003b 5842:Lai 2003a 5755:Lai 2003a 5008:mendicant 4990:(720–814 4901:; Ch. 相, 4557:Ten Bulls 4488:Sheng Yen 4464:Hsuan Hua 4395:śrāmaṇera 4369:Tōfuku-ji 4361:Tenryū-ji 4357:Nanzen-ji 4115:Kaohsiung 4101:based in 4092:Hsing Yun 4048:Cheng Yen 4023:Wei Chueh 4009:Sheng Yen 3943:Hong Kong 3898:Hsuan Hua 3896:(聖嚴) and 3894:Sheng Yen 3871:Wei Chueh 3791:Pure Land 3778:; and as 3580:Zutang ji 3576:Zutang ji 3287:(洪州宗) of 3012:teaching. 2996:Wu Zetian 2798:Barbarian 2673:) 638–713 2661:) 601–674 2649:) 580–651 2625:) 487–593 2594:Huineng's 2373:non-being 2324:Tao Sheng 2279:Confucian 2224:An Shigao 1878:character 1586:Pure Land 1533:Hsuan Hua 1438:Chengguan 1353:Lokakṣema 1138:Seungsahn 1133:Hsuan Hua 1054:Taego Bou 1005:Sheng-yen 885:Classical 554:Practices 542:Emptiness 430:Teachings 394:Japanese 18866:Yogacara 18830:Category 18794:Suriname 18784:Paraguay 18769:Colombia 18676:Kiribati 18603:Honduras 18573:Dominica 18548:Barbados 18513:Scotland 18473:Slovenia 18468:Slovakia 18443:Portugal 18313:Bulgaria 18235:Thailand 18185:Pakistan 18165:Mongolia 18160:Maldives 18155:Malaysia 18043:Cambodia 17990:Zimbabwe 17965:Tanzania 17815:Ethiopia 17810:Eswatini 17790:Djibouti 17755:Cameroon 17740:Botswana 17684:Timeline 17679:Scholars 17639:Founders 17499:Violence 17454:Politics 17324:Business 17287:Theology 17031:Prophecy 17021:Paganism 16909:Covenant 16876:Apostasy 16811:Scythian 16752:Rapa Nui 16706:Thracian 16701:Illyrian 16691:Albanian 16662:Sumerian 16605:Harappan 16541:Germanic 16536:Georgian 16529:Selk'nam 16514:Etruscan 16502:Egyptian 16480:Druidism 16443:Armenian 16366:Satanism 16346:Eckankar 16269:Estonian 16254:Romanian 16244:Ossetian 16224:Germanic 16173:Armenian 16162:African 16155:paganism 16084:Sant Mat 16074:Rajneesh 16049:Meivazhi 16044:Japanese 16001:Siberian 15934:Santería 15904:Convince 15770:Bushongo 15674:Kiratism 15601:Hmongism 15468:Wocekiye 15453:Jivaroan 15421:Iroquois 15416:Ho-Chunk 15365:Cherokee 15288:American 15259:Hawaiian 15172:Sarnaism 15142:Tungusic 15130:Tengrism 15120:Mongolic 15049:Sarnaism 14980:Nichiren 14957:Mahayana 14944:Buddhism 14922:Sant Mat 14912:Sauraism 14907:Smartism 14902:Shaktism 14895:Balinese 14880:Kaumaram 14875:Kapalika 14870:Kashmiri 14855:Shaivism 14795:Hinduism 14762:Caodaism 14706:Ryukyuan 14701:Tenrikyo 14696:Shugendō 14674:Japanese 14545:Yazidism 14530:Ishikism 14408:Quranism 14381:Khawarij 14330:Salafism 14325:Atharism 14214:Esoteric 14185:Holiness 14175:Lutheran 14136:Reformed 14116:Baptists 14089:Brethren 14053:Hussites 14041:Assyrian 13957:Haymanot 13911:Orthodox 13860:Religion 13806:Category 13735:Violence 13705:Hinduism 13653:Sanskrit 13608:Hinayana 13593:Amitābha 13553:Swastika 13422:Uposatha 13412:Holidays 13397:Calendar 13243:Humanism 13081:Kanishka 13071:Timeline 12895:Thailand 12863:Kalmykia 12858:Buryatia 12843:Pakistan 12828:Mongolia 12823:Maldives 12818:Malaysia 12783:Cambodia 12648:Shamarpa 12643:Nichiren 12593:Xuanzang 12528:Nagasena 12446:Rinpoche 12176:Pāramitā 12018:Devotion 11938:Navayana 11926:Dzogchen 11889:Nichiren 11837:Mahayana 11829:Branches 11707:Saṅkhāra 11456:Mañjuśrī 11413:(cousin) 11405:(cousin) 11373:(mother) 11365:(father) 11353:Miracles 11303:Birthday 11220:Glossary 11193:Buddhism 11018:Critical 10955:Sandokai 10880:Antai-ji 10870:Eihei-ji 10385:Antai-ji 10291:Trúc Lâm 10146:Fuke-shū 9962:Pháp Loa 9952:Vạn Hạnh 9791:Sokei-an 9744:Chuanyin 9652:Yuanying 9408:Zazenkai 9372:Practice 9093:Booklets 9084:Archived 8738:"Dharma" 8248:(1935), 8214:citation 7275:Low 2006 7168:18858823 6830::256–257 6674::119–120 6370:Archived 6004:Lai 1985 5624:Archived 5042:Buddhism 5024:See also 4988:Baizhang 4698:jiànxìng 4659:noumenon 4498:and the 4068:Yin Shun 4060:Buddhist 3786:(蕅益智旭). 3738:and the 3728:Borjigin 3367:Sandokai 3339:subitism 3212:Dunhuang 3164:Yogacara 3134:and the 3055:Subitism 2807:Bìyǎn hú 2596:student 2442:luminous 2357:T'i-yung 2332:Zhuangzi 2320:Sengzhao 2312:converts 2186:Mahāyāna 2127:and the 1994:literati 1843:Buddhism 1840:Mahāyāna 1827:Sanskrit 1825:), from 1685:Mount Lu 1543:Yin Shun 1503:Zhu Hong 1393:Woncheuk 1383:Xuanzang 1363:Sengzhao 1279:a series 1277:Part of 1143:Sokei-an 803:Trúc Lâm 386:Chinese 344:a series 281:Hiragana 130:Jyutping 18799:Uruguay 18774:Ecuador 18754:Bolivia 18731:Vanuatu 18658:Oceania 18608:Jamaica 18588:Grenada 18543:Bahamas 18503:England 18493:Ukraine 18448:Romania 18408:Moldova 18368:Ireland 18363:Iceland 18358:Hungary 18348:Germany 18338:Finland 18333:Estonia 18328:Denmark 18323:Czechia 18318:Croatia 18303:Belgium 18298:Belarus 18293:Austria 18288:Andorra 18283:Albania 18260:Vietnam 18170:Myanmar 18145:Lebanon 18063:Georgia 18023:Bahrain 18013:Armenia 17975:Tunisia 17945:Somalia 17930:Senegal 17915:Nigeria 17905:Namibia 17895:Morocco 17860:Liberia 17855:Lesotho 17805:Eritrea 17775:Comoros 17750:Burundi 17725:Algeria 17669:Outline 17634:Deities 17561:Atheism 17474:Science 17392:Freedom 17250:History 17217:studies 17170:Dualism 17160:Animism 17125:Worship 17105:Symbols 17046:Liturgy 16959:Goddess 16919:Deities 16900:Laicism 16890:Beliefs 16869:Aspects 16841:Zapotec 16836:Vainakh 16804:Yahwism 16789:Semitic 16718:Iranian 16620:Hurrian 16610:Hittite 16600:Guanche 16593:Orphism 16524:Fuegian 16519:Finnish 16507:Atenism 16453:Latvian 16438:Arabian 16381:Raëlism 16361:Jediism 16356:Goddess 16329:De novo 16217:Druidry 16111:Thelema 16064:New Age 15949:Umbanda 15840:Tumbuka 15825:Odinala 15810:Lugbara 15730:African 15696:African 15644:Bimoism 15634:Burmese 15480:Mapuche 15446:Wyandot 15406:Guarani 15387:Choctaw 15382:Chilote 15301:Alaskan 15296:Abenaki 15247:Tagalog 15220:Kejawèn 15069:Sikhism 15032:Jainism 14992:Tibetan 14975:Amidism 14843:Warkari 14757:Đạo Mẫu 14607:Chinese 14589:Eastern 14566:Roshani 14485:Iranian 14393:Alevism 14386:Ibadism 14359:Zaydism 14036:Ancient 14007:Eastern 13967:Renewal 13952:Karaite 13933:Zionist 13921:Hasidic 13903:Judaism 13885:Western 13783:Temples 13763:Buddhas 13725:Science 13715:Judaism 13710:Jainism 13628:Lineage 13588:Abhijñā 13558:Thangka 13501:Sarnath 13486:Lumbini 13407:Funeral 13402:Cuisine 13278:Culture 13253:Reality 13203:Creator 13193:Atomism 13063:History 13036:Ukraine 12996:Germany 12915:Senegal 12905:Vietnam 12833:Myanmar 12633:Shinran 12623:Karmapa 12598:Shandao 12568:Dignāga 12493:Śrāvaka 12473:Donchee 12468:Kappiya 12426:Sayadaw 12396:Bhikkhu 12371:Anāgāmi 12328:Nirvana 12294:Samadhi 12181:Paritta 12122:Tonglen 12117:Mandala 12072:Smarana 12053:Mantras 12001:Upekkha 11971:Bhavana 11921:Shingon 11874:Tiantai 11727:Tathātā 11717:Śūnyatā 11712:Skandha 11702:Saṃsāra 11697:Rebirth 11672:Kleshas 11662:Indriya 11564:Subhūti 11449:Guanyin 11403:Ānanda 11395:Rāhula 11275:Nirvana 11215:Outline 11070:Tiantai 10926:Classic 10875:Sōji-ji 10856:Temples 10800:Teacher 10330:USA Zen 10151:Niō Zen 9739:Yicheng 9708:Dongchu 9682:Yicheng 9657:Benhuan 9491:Huineng 9456:Hongren 9422:Persons 9403:Sesshin 9266:Śūnyatā 9103:History 8770:"intro" 8172:4528903 7606:1397043 7524:, Brill 7499:Sources 7029:July 5, 6367:禅宗研究一百年 5734:Oh 2000 5213:Vijñāna 5036:Hua Tou 4921:zuòchán 4868:ideal. 4813:), the 4795:Huineng 4735:In the 4718:Huineng 4706:Shenhui 4602:Śūnyatā 4576:Trikaya 4425:Chicago 4205:Chinese 4193:Sengcan 4140:Tzu Chi 4064:Hualien 4027:Sichuan 3970:Hsu Yun 3890:Hsu Yun 3799:Tiantai 3661:Yüan-wu 3657:gōng'àn 3516:Caodong 3435:Jiangxi 3422:Hua-yen 3359:Caodong 3301:Huangbo 3200:Moheyan 3186:to the 3172:śūnyatā 3086:Luoyang 3077:Hongren 3061:Huineng 3047:Huineng 2992:Shenxiu 2990:In 701 2966:the one 2964:守一不移), 2944:Hongren 2754:Chinese 2740:Ekayāna 2693:Huìnéng 2665:Huineng 2629:Sengcan 2598:Shenhui 2583:Sengcan 2397:sunyata 2369:sunyata 2365:Hua-yen 2361:Li-shih 2236:Kashmir 2113:Hua Tou 2051:Shenhui 2043:Huineng 1952:Huineng 1938:, from 1908:History 1882:Vietnam 1807:Chinese 1718:Cuisine 1707:Culture 1576:Tiantai 1553:Nenghai 1528:Hsu Yun 1463:Huineng 1428:Zhanran 1418:Shandao 1413:Daochuo 1408:Tanluan 1403:Huiyuan 1398:Daoxuan 1308:History 1224:Shingon 1219:Tiantai 927:Huangbo 912:Shenhui 902:Shenxiu 897:Hongren 875:Persons 611:Hua Tou 590:Dhāraṇī 585:Sesshin 476:The way 440:No-mind 402:Korean 339:Part of 188:Chữ Hán 18840:Portal 18779:Guyana 18759:Brazil 18726:Tuvalu 18623:Panama 18613:Mexico 18558:Canada 18553:Belize 18483:Sweden 18463:Serbia 18453:Russia 18438:Poland 18433:Norway 18413:Monaco 18383:Latvia 18378:Kosovo 18353:Greece 18343:France 18275:Europe 18240:Turkey 18225:Taiwan 18130:Kuwait 18103:Jordan 18093:Israel 18053:Cyprus 18038:Brunei 18033:Bhutan 17985:Zambia 17980:Uganda 17920:Rwanda 17875:Malawi 17835:Guinea 17825:Gambia 17730:Angola 17717:Africa 17526:Wealth 17469:Schism 17424:Growth 17348:Priest 17333:Clergy 17152:Theism 17135:Nature 17130:Astral 17073:Groves 17041:Ritual 17026:Prayer 16984:Novice 16934:Ethnic 16859:Topics 16831:Urartu 16826:Tongan 16821:Somali 16816:Slavic 16696:Dacian 16475:Celtic 16470:Basque 16448:Baltic 16299:Udmurt 16264:Uralic 16259:Slavic 16212:Celtic 16200:Abkhaz 16188:Romuva 16178:Baltic 16153:Modern 15996:Papuan 15959:Voodoo 15914:Kumina 15855:Yoruba 15845:Urhobo 15815:Maasai 15800:Lotuko 15748:Baluba 15738:Akamba 15711:Berber 15669:Heraka 15659:Dongba 15537:Pueblo 15532:Pawnee 15522:Navajo 15512:Muisca 15475:Lenape 15463:Lakota 15441:Seneca 15431:Mohawk 15353:Ohlone 15328:Apache 15311:Ojibwe 15286:Native 15152:Manchu 15147:Evenki 15108:Altaic 15099:Ethnic 15074:Khalsa 15027:Kalash 14917:Śrauta 14786:Indian 14716:Korean 14682:Shinto 14652:Taoism 14625:Luoism 14451:Baháʼí 14446:Bábism 14398:Ahmadi 14376:Sufism 14369:Alawis 14019:Church 13947:Reform 13928:Modern 13916:Haredi 13778:Sutras 13773:Suttas 13638:Siddhi 13623:Koliya 13598:Brahmā 13513:Poetry 13459:Mantra 13449:Kasaya 13321:Pagoda 13301:Kyaung 13296:Vihāra 13291:Temple 13233:Ethics 13076:Ashoka 13026:Sweden 13021:Poland 13016:Norway 13006:Mexico 12991:France 12976:Canada 12971:Brazil 12910:Africa 12890:Taiwan 12853:Russia 12778:Bhutan 12738:Vinaya 12618:Naropa 12608:Saraha 12543:Asanga 12299:Prajñā 12208:Refuge 12171:Nianfo 12132:Tertön 12127:Tantra 12112:Ganana 12102:Tukdam 12028:Dhyāna 11996:Mudita 11991:Karuṇā 11884:Risshū 11879:Huayan 11812:Naraka 11752:Anattā 11747:Dukkha 11742:Anicca 11647:Dharma 11599:Channa 11534:Ānanda 11519:Assaji 11486:Skanda 11389:(wife) 11358:Family 11338:Relics 11263:Sangha 11258:Dharma 11253:Buddha 11065:Huayan 10986:Modern 10807:Sensei 10784:Priest 10742:Novice 10305:Temple 10172:Rinzai 9931:Daewon 9353:Satori 9348:Kenshō 9159: 9032:Curlie 8971: 8957: 8545:602960 8543: 8412: 8364: 8343: 8295: 8277: 8235: 8205: 8170: 8162: 8084: 8048: 8030: 7988: 7841: 7806: 7779: 7732: 7695: 7677: 7659: 7641: 7604: 7537: 7166: 7156: 7100: 7086:(59). 7005: 6850: 6333::25–26 6287::33–36 6120::85–90 5952: 5575: 5545: 5072:Yiduan 4931:dhyāna 4923:(坐禅), 4898:saṃjñā 4882:Karuna 4874:prajna 4870:Karuṇā 4819:, the 4803:, the 4690:sudden 4621:(Skt. 4454:, the 4399:bhikṣu 4367:, and 4338:Rujing 4297:Goryeo 4285:; 4277:Korean 4271:) and 4261:; 4253:Korean 4249:Hwaeom 4223:nianfo 4142:, and 4103:Taiwan 4017:Taiwan 3997:Taiwan 3991:Taiwan 3939:Taiwan 3875:Taiwan 3795:Huayan 3669:Yuanwu 3398:lands. 3328:dhyana 3138:. The 3023:sastra 2985:Vinaya 2933:Daoxin 2756:: 2469:Dharma 2460:Vinaya 2449:Dharma 2437:dhyāna 2283:Taoist 2252:maitrī 2211:kasiṇa 2190:Taoism 2168:, and 2049:, and 2017:dhyana 1831:dhyāna 1822:chánnà 1819:: 1817:pinyin 1809:: 1795:: 1793:pinyin 1785:: 1775:: 1596:Sanlun 1591:Weishi 1581:Huayan 1493:Zongmi 1433:Fazang 1368:Jizang 1229:Tendai 1214:Huayan 1209:Wéishí 1204:Sānlùn 1064:Daewon 1032:Bankei 1022:Bassui 1000:Xu Yun 947:Zongmi 641:Kyōgai 621:Ōryōki 600:Nianfo 465:Satori 460:Kenshō 207:Hangul 18764:Chile 18721:Tonga 18711:Samoa 18701:Palau 18691:Nauru 18598:Haiti 18518:Wales 18478:Spain 18403:Malta 18373:Italy 18265:Yemen 18220:Syria 18200:Qatar 18175:Nepal 18150:Macau 18113:Korea 18098:Japan 18073:India 18048:China 17960:Sudan 17910:Niger 17865:Libya 17850:Kenya 17830:Ghana 17820:Gabon 17795:Egypt 17735:Benin 17644:Index 17615:lists 17479:State 17297:Women 17165:Deism 17140:Place 17120:Water 17115:Truth 17083:Trees 16939:Faith 16904:Laity 16799:Punic 16757:Roman 16723:Vedic 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